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327 relations: Abi-Eshuh, Abisare, Achaemenid Empire, Adad-apla-iddina, Adad-nirari I, Adad-nirari II, Adad-nirari III, Adad-shuma-iddina, Adad-shuma-usur, Agum II, Agum III, Akhenaten, Akkadian Empire, Alalakh, Aleppo, Alexander the Great, Amar-Sin, Amarna letters, Amenhotep II, Amenhotep III, Ammi-Ditana, Ammi-Saduqa, Ammittamru I, Ammittamru II, Ammuna, Ammurapi, Amorites, Amurru kingdom, Anatolia, Ancient Egypt, Apil-Sin, Apilkin, Arhalba, Arik-den-ili, Arnuwanda II, Arnuwanda III, Artashumara, Artatama I, Artatama II, Asharid-apal-Ekur, Ashur, Ashur-bel-kala, Ashur-bel-nisheshu, Ashur-dan I, Ashur-dan II, Ashur-dan III, Ashur-nadin-apli, Ashur-nadin-shumi, Ashur-nirari III, Ashur-nirari IV, ..., Ashur-nirari V, Ashur-rabi II, Ashur-resh-ishi I, Ashur-resh-ishi II, Ashur-uballit I, Ashurbanipal, Ashurnasirpal I, Ashurnasirpal II, Assyria, Assyrian eclipse, Ḫattušili I, Ḫattušili III, Šuppiluliuma I, Baba-aha-iddina, Babylon, Babylonia, Babylonian Chronicles, Battle of Kadesh, Battle of Nihriya, Battle of Qarqar, Bay (chancellor), Bel-ibni, Bur-Suen, Burna-Buriash II, Burnaburiash I, Chronological synchronism, Chronology of the ancient Near East, Damascus, Damiq-ilishu, Dendrochronology, Dudu of Akkad, Dur-Kurigalzu, Ea-mukin-zeri, Ebla, Elam, Elulmesh, Emisum, Enlil-bani, Enlil-kudurri-usur, Enlil-nadin-ahi, Enlil-nadin-apli, Enlil-nadin-shumi, Enlil-nirari, Eriba-Adad I, Eriba-Adad II, Eriba-Marduk, Erishum I, Erra-imitti, Erridupizir, Esarhaddon, Eulmash-shakin-shumi, First Babylonian dynasty, Gudea, Gungunum, Gutian dynasty of Sumer, Gutian people, Hablum, Hammurabi, Hantili I, Hattusa, Hellenistic period, Hittites, Huzziya I, Ibbi-Sin, Ibbi-Sipish, Ibiranu, Ibranum, Ibrium, Iddin-Dagan, Idrimi, Igigi, Igrish-Halam, Ilu-shuma, Ilulu, Imi, Imta, Inimabakesh, Inkishush, Irarum, Irkab-Damu, Iron Age, Ishbi-Erra, Ishme-Dagan, Isin, Iter-pisha, Itti-Marduk-balatu (king), Kadashman-Enlil I, Kadashman-Enlil II, Kadashman-harbe I, Kadashman-Harbe II, Kadashman-Turgu, Kandalanu, Karaindash, Kashshu-nadin-ahi, Kashtiliash III, Kashtiliash IV, Kaskians, Kassites, Kirta, Kudur-Enlil, Kudur-Mabuk, Kudurru, Kurigalzu I, Kurigalzu II, Kurum, La-erabum, Labarna I, Lagash, Larsa, Late Bronze Age collapse, Lipit-Enlil, Lipit-Ishtar, List of Assyrian kings, List of kings of Babylon, List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran, Lugal-zage-si, Manishtushu, Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina, Mar-biti-apla-usur, Marduk-ahhe-eriba, Marduk-apla-iddina I, Marduk-apla-iddina II, Marduk-apla-usur, Marduk-balassu-iqbi, Marduk-bel-zeri, Marduk-kabit-ahheshu, Marduk-nadin-ahhe, Marduk-shapik-zeri, Marduk-zakir-shumi I, Marduk-zakir-shumi II, Marduk-zer-X, Mari, Syria, Medes, Meli-Shipak II, Merneptah, Middle chronology, Mitanni, Muršili II, Mursili I, Mursili III, Mursili's eclipse, Mushezib-Marduk, Mutakkil-Nusku, Muwatalli II, Nabû-mukin-apli, Nabonassar, Nabu-apla-iddina, Nabu-mukin-zeri, Nabu-nadin-zeri, Nabu-shum-libur, Nabu-shuma-ishkun, Nabu-shuma-ukin I, Nabu-suma-ukin II, Nanum (king), Naplanum, Naram-Sin of Akkad, Nazi-Maruttash, Nebuchadnezzar I, Neo-Assyrian Empire, Neo-Babylonian Empire, Nergal-ushezib, Ninurta-apal-Ekur, Ninurta-apla-X, Ninurta-kudurri-usur I, Ninurta-kudurri-usur II, Ninurta-nadin-shumi, Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur, Nippur, Niqmaddu II, Niqmaddu III, Niqmepa, Nur-Adad, Parshatatar, Pepi I Meryre, Pharaoh, PU-Sarruma, Puzer-Mama, Puzur-Ashur III, Puzur-Suen, Ramesses II, Ramesses III, Rim-Sin I, Rim-Sin II, Rimush, Rusa I, Sabium, Samium, Samsu-Ditana, Samsu-iluna, Sargon II, Sargon of Akkad, Sarlagab, Sea Peoples, Sealand Dynasty, Sennacherib, Shagarakti-Shuriash, Shalmaneser I, Shalmaneser II, Shalmaneser III, Shalmaneser IV, Shalmaneser V, Shamash-mudammiq, Shamash-shum-ukin, Shammuramat, Shamshi-Adad I, Shamshi-Adad IV, Shamshi-Adad V, Shar-Kali-Sharri, Shattiwaza, Shattuara, Shaushtatar, Shirikti-shuqamuna, Shu-Ilishu, Shu-Sin, Shu-turul, Shulgi, Shulme, Shutruk-Nakhunte, Shuttarna II, Shuttarna III, Silli-Adad, Simbar-shipak, Sin-Eribam, Sin-Iddinam, Sin-Iqisham, Sin-Muballit, Sin-shumu-lishir, Sinsharishkun, Stele, Stephanie Dalley, Suen-magir, Sumerian King List, Sumu-abum, Sumu-la-El, Sumuel, Suppiluliuma II, Susa, Syria, Taharqa, Tell Brak, Tell Leilan, Third Dynasty of Ur, Thutmose IV, Tiglath-Pileser I, Tiglath-Pileser II, Tiglath-Pileser III, Timeline of Middle Eastern history, Tirigan, Tudḫaliya IV, Tudhaliya III, Tudiya, Tukulti-Ninurta I, Tukulti-Ninurta II, Tushratta, Ulamburiash, Umma, Ur, Ur-du-kuga, Ur-Nammu, Ur-Ninurta, Urartu, Uruk, Urukagina, Utu-hengal, Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, Warad-Sin, Wasashatta, Washukanni, Yarla, Yarlagab, Yarlaganda, Zababa-shuma-iddin, Zabaia, Zambiya, Zidanta I, Zimri-Lim, 2nd millennium BC. Expand index (277 more) »
Abi-Eshuh
Abī-Ešuḫ (variants: ma-bi-ši,Chronicle of Early Kings, (ABC 20), Tablet B, reverse, lines 8 to 10. "Abiši", mE-bi-šum,Babylonian King List B, obverse line 8. "Ebišum") was the 8th king of the 1st Dynasty of Babylon and reigned for 28 years from ca.
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Abisare
Abisare ruled the ancient West Asian city-state of Larsa from 1841 BC to 1830 BC.
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Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire, also called the First Persian Empire, was an empire based in Western Asia, founded by Cyrus the Great.
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Adad-apla-iddina
Adad-apla-iddina, typically inscribed in cuneiform mdIM-DUMU.UŠ-SUM-na, mdIM-A-SUM-namdAdad-àpla-idinnana.
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Adad-nirari I
Adad-nārārī I, rendered in all but two inscriptions ideographically as mdadad-ZAB+DAḪ, meaning “Adad (is) my helper,” (1307–1275 BC or 1295–1263 BC short chronology) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire.
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Adad-nirari II
Adad-nirari II (reigned from 911 to 891 BC) is generally considered to be the first King of Assyria in the Neo-Assyrian period.
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Adad-nirari III
Adad-nirari III (also Adad-narari) was a King of Assyria from 811 to 783 BC.
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Adad-shuma-iddina
Adad-šuma-iddina, inscribed mdIM-MU-SUM-na, ("Adad has given a name") and dated to around ca.
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Adad-shuma-usur
Adad-šuma-uṣur, inscribed dIM-MU-ŠEŠ, meaning "O Adad, protect the name!," and dated very tentatively ca.
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Agum II
Agum IIInscribed a-gu-um-ka-ak-ri-me in his eponymous inscription, elsewhere unattested.
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Agum III
Agum IIIInscribed mA-gu-um in the Chronicle of Early Kings.
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Akhenaten
Akhenaten (also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, Ikhnaton, and Khuenaten; meaning "Effective for Aten"), known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (sometimes given its Greek form, Amenophis IV, and meaning "Amun Is Satisfied"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC.
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Akkadian Empire
The Akkadian Empire was the first ancient Semitic-speaking empire of Mesopotamia, centered in the city of Akkad and its surrounding region, also called Akkad in ancient Mesopotamia in the Bible.
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Alalakh
Alalakh (Hittite: Alalaḫ) was an ancient city-state, a late Bronze Age capital in the Amuq River valley of Turkey's Hatay Province.
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Aleppo
Aleppo (ﺣﻠﺐ / ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most-populous Syrian governorate.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Aléxandros ho Mégas), was a king (basileus) of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon and a member of the Argead dynasty.
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Amar-Sin
Amar-Sin (initially misread as Bur-Sin) (ca. 1981–1973 BC short chronology) was the third ruler of the Ur III Dynasty.
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Amarna letters
The Amarna letters (sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA) are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru during the New Kingdom.
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Amenhotep II
Amenhotep II (sometimes called Amenophis II and meaning Amun is Satisfied) was the seventh Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt.
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Amenhotep III
Amenhotep III (Hellenized as Amenophis III; Egyptian Amāna-Ḥātpa; meaning Amun is Satisfied), also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
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Ammi-Ditana
Ammi-Ditana was a king of Babylon who reigned from 1683–1640s BC.
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Ammi-Saduqa
Ammi-Saduqa (or Ammisaduqa, Ammizaduga) was a king (c. 1646–1626 BC according to the Middle Chronology dating, and c.1582-1562 according to the Short Chronology) of the First Dynasty of Babylon.
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Ammittamru I
Ammittamru I (Known by some sources as Amishtammru I or Amistammru I) was a king of the Ancient Syrian city of Ugarit who ruled c. 1350 BC.
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Ammittamru II
Ammittamru II was a king of the ancient Syrian city of Ugarit who ruled from 1260 to 1235 BC.
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Ammuna
Ammuna was a King of the Hittites ca.
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Ammurapi
Ammurapi was the last Bronze Age ruler and king (c. 1215 to 1180 BC) of the ancient Syrian city of Ugarit.
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Amorites
The Amorites (Sumerian 𒈥𒌅 MAR.TU; Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm; Egyptian Amar; Hebrew אמורי ʼĔmōrī; Ἀμορραῖοι) were an ancient Semitic-speaking people from Syria who also occupied large parts of southern Mesopotamia from the 21st century BC to the end of the 17th century BC, where they established several prominent city states in existing locations, notably Babylon, which was raised from a small town to an independent state and a major city.
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Amurru kingdom
Amurru was an Amorite kingdom established c. 2000 BC, in a region spanning present-day western and north-western Syria and northern Lebanon The first documented leader of Amurru was Abdi-Ashirta, under whose leadership Amurru was part of the Egyptian empire.
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Anatolia
Anatolia (Modern Greek: Ανατολία Anatolía, from Ἀνατολή Anatolḗ,; "east" or "rise"), also known as Asia Minor (Medieval and Modern Greek: Μικρά Ἀσία Mikrá Asía, "small Asia"), Asian Turkey, the Anatolian peninsula, or the Anatolian plateau, is the westernmost protrusion of Asia, which makes up the majority of modern-day Turkey.
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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River - geographically Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, in the place that is now occupied by the countries of Egypt and Sudan.
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Apil-Sin
Apil-Sin was an Amorite King of the First Dynasty of Babylon (the Amorite Dynasty).
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Apilkin
Apilkin (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 11th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Arhalba
Ar-Halba was the third known ruler of Ugarit, an Ancient Syrian city state in northwestern Syria, reigning for no less than two years, possibly from 1315 to 1313 BC.
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Arik-den-ili
Arik-den-ili, inscribed mGÍD-DI-DINGIR, “long-lasting is the judgment of god,” (1319 BC–1308 BC or 1307 BC–1296 BC) (short chronology) was an Assyrian king of the Middle Assyrian Empire (1366–1050 BC) who succeeded Enlil-nirari, his father, and was to rule for twelve years and inaugurate the tradition of annual military campaigns against Assyria’s neighbors.
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Arnuwanda II
Arnuwanda II was a king of the Hittite Empire (new kingdom) ca.
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Arnuwanda III
Arnuwanda III was the penultimate king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom) (c. 1209–1207 BC (short chronology).
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Artashumara
Artashumara (Sanskrit Ṛta-smara, "he remembers Ṛta") was a pretender to the throne of Mitanni in the fourteenth century BC.
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Artatama I
Artatama I (Sanskrit: Ṛta-dhaman, "his abode is Ṛta") was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the late fifteenth century BC.
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Artatama II
Artatama II (Sanskrit: Ṛta-dhaman, "his abode is Ṛta") was a usurper to the throne of king Tushratta of Mitanni in the fourteenth century BC.
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Asharid-apal-Ekur
Ašarēd-apil-Ekur, inscribed ma-šá-rid-A-É.KURKhorsabad Kinglist: iii 41.
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Ashur
Ashur (אַשּׁוּר) was the second son of Shem, the son of Noah.
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Ashur-bel-kala
Aššūr-bēl-kala, inscribed maš-šur-EN-ka-la and meaning “Aššur is lord of all,” was the king of Assyria 1074/3–1056 BC, the 89th to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist.
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Ashur-bel-nisheshu
Aššūr-bēl-nīšēšu, inscribed mdaš-šur-EN-UN.MEŠ--šú,Nassouhi King List, Istanbul A. 116 (Assur 8836), iii 11–12.
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Ashur-dan I
Aššur-dān I, mAš-šur-dān(kal)an, was the 83rd king of Assyria, reigning for 46Khorsabad King List and the SDAS King List both read, iii 19, 46 MU.MEŠ KI.MIN.
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Ashur-dan II
Ashur-Dan II (Aššur-dān) (934–912 BC), son of Tiglath Pileser II, was the earliest king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
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Ashur-dan III
Ashur-dan III was King of Assyria from 772 to 755 BC.
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Ashur-nadin-apli
Aššūr-nādin-apli, inscribed maš-šur-SUM-DUMU.UŠ, was king of Assyria (1207 BC – 1204 BC or 1196 BC – 1194 BC short chronology).
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Ashur-nadin-shumi
Ashur-nadin-shumi (d. 694 BC) was the son of the Assyrian king Sennacherib, and an ancient King of Babylon.
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Ashur-nirari III
Aššur-nerari III, inscribed maš-šur-ERIM.GABA, “Aššur is my help,” was king of Assyria (1203–1198 BC or 1193–1187 BC).
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Ashur-nirari IV
Aššur-nērārī IV, inscribed maš-šur-ERIM.GABA, "(the god) Aššur is my help," was the king of Assyria, the 94th to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist,Khorsabad Kinglist, tablet IM 60017 (excavation nos.: DS 828, DS 32-54), iv 8.
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Ashur-nirari V
Ashur-nirari V was King of Assyria from 755 to 745 BC.
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Ashur-rabi II
Aššur-rabi II, inscribed maš-šur-GAL-bi, "(the god) Aššur is great," was king of Assyria 1012–972 BC.
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Ashur-resh-ishi I
Aššur-rēša-iši I, inscribed maš-šur-SAG-i-ši and meaning “Aššur has lifted my head,” c. 1133–1116 BC, son of Mutakkil-Nusku, was a king of Assyria, the 86th to appear on the Assyrian King ListAssyrian King List’s: Nassouhi, iv 4, 6; Khorsabad, iii 37, 39; SDAS, iii 23, 25.
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Ashur-resh-ishi II
Aššūr-reš-iši II, inscribed maš-šur-SAG-i-ši, meaning "(the god) Aššur has lifted my head," was the king of Assyria, 971–967 BC, the 96th to be listed on the Assyrian Kinglist.
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Ashur-uballit I
Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I), who reigned between 1365 and 1330 BC, was the first king of the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC).
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Ashurbanipal
Ashurbanipal (Aššur-bāni-apli; ܐܫܘܪ ܒܢܐ ܐܦܠܐ; 'Ashur is the creator of an heir'), also spelled Assurbanipal or Ashshurbanipal, was King of the Neo-Assyrian Empire from 668 BC to c. 627 BC, the son of Esarhaddon and the last strong ruler of the empire, which is usually dated between 934 and 609 BC.
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Ashurnasirpal I
Aššur-nāṣir-apli I, inscribed maš-šur-PAB-A, “the god Aššur is the protector of the heir,” was the king of Assyria, 1049–1031 BC, and the 92nd to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist.
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Ashurnasirpal II
Ashur-nasir-pal II (transliteration: Aššur-nāṣir-apli, meaning "Ashur is guardian of the heir") was king of Assyria from 883 to 859 BC.
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Assyria
Assyria, also called the Assyrian Empire, was a major Semitic speaking Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant.
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Assyrian eclipse
The Assyrian eclipse, also known as "Bur-Sagale eclipse", is a solar eclipse recorded in Assyrian eponym lists, most likely ¨dating the ninth year of the reign of king Ashur-dan III.
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Ḫattušili I
Hattusili I (Ḫattušili I) was a king of the Hittite Old Kingdom.
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Ḫattušili III
Hattusili III (Hittite: "from Hattusa") was king of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom) c. 1267–1237 BC (short chronology timeline).
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Šuppiluliuma I
Suppiluliuma I or Suppiluliumas I was king of the Hittites (r. c. 1344–1322 BC (short chronology)).
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Baba-aha-iddina
Bāba-aḫa-iddina, typically inscribed mdBA.Ú-PAB-AŠSynchronistic Kinglist fragment, Ass.
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Babylon
Babylon (KA2.DIĜIR.RAKI Bābili(m); Aramaic: בבל, Babel; بَابِل, Bābil; בָּבֶל, Bavel; ܒܒܠ, Bāwēl) was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia from the 18th to 6th centuries BC.
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Babylonia
Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).
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Babylonian Chronicles
The Babylonian Chronicles are many series of tablets recording major events in Babylonian history.
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Battle of Kadesh
The Battle of Kadesh or Battle of Qadesh took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire under Muwatalli II at the city of Kadesh on the Orontes River, just upstream of Lake Homs near the modern Syrian-Lebanese border.
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Battle of Nihriya
The Battle of Niḫriya was the culminating point of the hostilities between the Hittites and the Assyrians for control over the remnants of the former empire of Mitanni.
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Battle of Qarqar
The Battle of Qarqar (or Ḳarḳar) was fought in 853 BC, when the army of Assyria led by king Shalmaneser III encountered an allied army of eleven kings at Qarqar, led by Hadadezer (also called Adad-idr and possibly to be identified with Benhadad II) of Damascus and King Ahab of Israel.
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Bay (chancellor)
Bay, also called Ramesse Khamenteru, (died 1192 BC) was an important Asiatic official in ancient Egypt, who rose to prominence and high office under Seti II Userkheperure Setepenre and later became an influential powerbroker in the closing stages of the 19th Dynasty.
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Bel-ibni
Bel-ibni was a Babylonian nobleman who served as King of Babylon for several years as the nominee of the Assyrian king Sennacherib.
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Bur-Suen
Būr-Sîn, inscribed dbur-dEN.ZU, c. 1831 – 1811 BC (short chronology) or c. 1895 – 1874 BC (middle chronology) was the 7th king of the 1st Dynasty of Isin and ruled for 21 years according to the Sumerian King List,Sumerian King List, WS 444, the Weld Blundell prism.
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Burna-Buriash II
Burna-Buriaš II, rendered in cuneiform as Bur-na- or Bur-ra-Bu-ri-ia-aš in royal inscriptions and letters, and meaning servant or protégé of the Lord of the lands in the Kassite language, where Buriaš is a Kassite storm god possibly corresponding to the Greek Boreas, was a king in the Kassite dynasty of Babylon, in a kingdom contemporarily called Karduniaš, ruling ca.
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Burnaburiash I
Burna-Buriyåš I,For example, inscribed Bur-na-Bu-ra-ri-ia-aš in a votive inscription of Ula-Burariaš or restored as m – in tablet A.117.
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Chronological synchronism
Chronological synchronism is an event that links two chronologies.
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Chronology of the ancient Near East
The chronology of the ancient Near East provides a framework of dates for various events, rulers and dynasties.
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Damascus
Damascus (دمشق, Syrian) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city.
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Damiq-ilishu
Damiq-ilīšu, inscribed dda-mi-iq ì-lí-šu, c. 1752 – 1730 BC (short chronology) or c. 1816 – 1794 BC (middle chronology) was the 15th and final king of Isin.
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Dendrochronology
Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history.
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Dudu of Akkad
Dudu was a 21st-century BC king of Akkad, who reigned for 21 years according to the Sumerian king list, although he is poorly attested archaeologically.
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Dur-Kurigalzu
Dur-Kurigalzu (modern عقرقوف in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq) was a city in southern Mesopotamia near the confluence of the Tigris and Diyala rivers about west of the center of Baghdad.
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Ea-mukin-zeri
Ea-mukin-zēri, inscribed mdÉ-a-mu-kin-NUMUN, son of HašmarDynastic Chronicle v 5-6: mdÉ-a-mu-kin-NUMUN LUGAL IM.GI DUMU mḪaš-mar iti 3 in.ak, ina raq-qa-ti šá É-mḪaš-mar qí-bir.
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Ebla
Ebla (إبلا., modern: تل مرديخ, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria.
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Elam
Elam (Elamite: haltamti, Sumerian: NIM.MAki) was an ancient Pre-Iranian civilization centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.
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Elulmesh
Elulmesh (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 4th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Emisum
Emisum or Iemsium ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1940 BC to 1912 BC (short chronology).
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Enlil-bani
Enlil-bāni,Inscribed dEn-líl-dù or dEn-líl-ba-ni.
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Enlil-kudurri-usur
Enlil-kudurrī-uṣur, mdEnlil(be)-ku-dúr-uṣur, (Enlil protect the eldest son), was the 81st king of Assyria.
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Enlil-nadin-ahi
Enlil-nādin-aḫe,Written contemporarily as dEN.LÍL-MU-ŠEŠ.
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Enlil-nadin-apli
Enlil-nādin-apli, "Enlil (is) giver of an heir," ca.
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Enlil-nadin-shumi
Enlil-nādin-šumi, inscribed mdEN.LĺL-MU-MUKinglist A, BM 33332, ii 8.
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Enlil-nirari
Enlil-nirari (“Enlil is my helper”) was King of Assyria from 1330 BC to 1319 BC, (or from 1317 BC to 1308 BC short chronology) during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365 - 1050 BC).
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Eriba-Adad I
Eriba-Adad, inscribed mSU-dIM or mSU-d10 (" Adad has replaced"), was king of Assyria from 1392 BC to 1366 BC.
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Eriba-Adad II
Erība-Adad II, inscribed mSU-dIM, “Adad has replaced,” was the king of Assyria 1056/55-1054 BC, the 94th to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist.
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Eriba-Marduk
Erība-Marduk, inscribed mri-ba,Kinglist A, tablet BM 33332, iv 1.
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Erishum I
Erishum I or Erišu(m) I (inscribed me-ri-šu, or mAPIN-ìš in later texts but always with an initial i in his own seal, inscriptions, and those of his immediate successors, “he has desired,”) c. 1905 BC — c. 1866 BC (short chronology) or c. 1974 BC — c. 1935 BC (middle chronology),Some historians quote ca.
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Erra-imitti
Erra-Imittī, (cuneiform: dèr-ra-i-mit-tiUr-Isin King List 14. or èr-ra-ZAG.LUChronicle of Early Kings (ABC 20) A 31 to 36 and repeated as B 1 to 7. meaning “Support of Erra”) ca.
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Erridupizir
Erridupizir (fl. Late 3rd millennium BC) was a Gutian ruler in Sumer.
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Esarhaddon
Esarhaddon (Akkadian: Aššur-aḥa-iddina "Ashur has given a brother";; Ασαρχαδδων; Asor Haddan) was a king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire who reigned 681 – 669 BC.
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Eulmash-shakin-shumi
Eulmaš-šākin-šumi, inscribed in cuneiform as É-ul-maš-GAR-MU,In contemporary arrowheads, such as IMJ 74.049.0124 in the Israel Museum, Jerusalem, at or prefixed with the masculine determinative m,Babylonian King List A, BM 33332, iii '10.
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First Babylonian dynasty
The chronology of the first dynasty of Babylonia (also First Babylonian Empire) is debated as there is a Babylonian King List A and a Babylonian King List B. In this chronology, the regnal years of List A are used due to their wide usage.
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Gudea
Gudea (Sumerian Gu3-de2-a) was a ruler (ensi) of the state of Lagash in Southern Mesopotamia who ruled c. 2144–2124 BC.
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Gungunum
Gungunum was a king of the city state of Larsa in southern Mesopotamia, ruling from 1932 to 1906 BC.
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Gutian dynasty of Sumer
The Gutian dynasty (Sumerian:, gu-ti-umKI) was a dynasty that came to power in Mesopotamia c. 2154—2112 BC after displacing the "Sargonic" dynasty.
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Gutian people
The Guti or Quti, also known by the derived exonyms Gutians or Guteans, were a nomadic people of the Zagros Mountains (on the border of modern Iran and Iraq) during ancient times.
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Hablum
Hablum (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 15th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Hammurabi
Hammurabi was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty, reigning from 1792 BC to 1750 BC (according to the Middle Chronology).
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Hantili I
Hantili I was a king of the Hittites during the Hittite Old Kingdom.
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Hattusa
Hattusa (also Ḫattuša or Hattusas; Hittite: URUḪa-at-tu-ša) was the capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age.
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Hellenistic period
The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year.
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Hittites
The Hittites were an Ancient Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC.
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Huzziya I
Huzziya I was a king of the Hittites (Old Kingdom), ruling for 5 years, ca.
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Ibbi-Sin
Ibbi-Sin, son of Shu-Sin, was king of Sumer and Akkad and last king of the Ur III dynasty, and reigned c. 1963 BC-1940 BC (Short chronology).
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Ibbi-Sipish
Ibbi-Sipish or Ibbi-Zikir (ca. 23rd century BC) was the vizier of Ebla for king Ishar-Damu for 17 years.
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Ibiranu
Ibiranu (reigned 1235 BC – 1225/20 BC) was the sixth king of Ugarit, a city-state in northwestern Syria.
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Ibranum
Ibranum (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 14th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Ibrium
Ibrium (24th century BC), also spelt Ebrium, was the vizier of Ebla for king Irkab-Damu and his successor Isar-Damu.
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Iddin-Dagan
Iddin-Dagan (Akkadian: Iddin-Dagān, inscribed di-din dda-gan; fl. c. 1910 BC — c. 1890 BC by the short chronology of the ancient Near East or c. 1975 BC — c. 1954 BC by the middle chronology) was the 3rd king of the dynasty of Isin.
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Idrimi
Idrimi was the king of Alalakh in the 15th century BC (c. 1460–1400 BC).
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Igigi
Igigi was a term used to refer to the gods of heaven in East Semitic mythology.
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Igrish-Halam
Igrish-Halam was a king of the ancient city state of Ebla.
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Ilu-shuma
Ilu-shuma or Ilu-šūma, inscribed DINGIR-šum-ma,Khorsabad copy of the Assyrian King List i 24, 26.
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Ilulu
Ilulu or Elulu, according to the Sumerian king list, was the fourth of four rivals (Igigi, Imi, Nanum, and Ilulu) vying to be king of the Akkadian Empire during a three-year period following the death of Shar-kali-sharri.
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Imi
Imi was a king of the Akkadian Empire in c. 2127 BC (short chronology).
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Imta
Imta or Nibia (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was a Gutian ruler in Sumer.
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Inimabakesh
Inimabakesh (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 5th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Inkishush
Inkishush or Inkicuc (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 1st Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Irarum
Irarum (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 13th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Irkab-Damu
Irkab-Damu (reigned c. 2340 BC), was the king (Malikum) of the first Eblaite kingdom, whose era saw Ebla's turning into the dominant power in the Levant.
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Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three-age system, preceded by the Stone Age (Neolithic) and the Bronze Age.
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Ishbi-Erra
Ishbi-Erra (Akkadian: Išbi-erra, name was written phonetically in cuneiform: ddiš-bi-èr-ra, in contemporary inscriptions; fl. c. 1953 BC — c. 1920 BC by the short chronology of the ancient Near East) was the founder of the dynasty of Isin.
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Ishme-Dagan
Ishme-Dagan (Akkadian: Išme-Dagān; fl. c. 1889 BC — c. 1871 BC by the short chronology of the ancient near east) was the 4th king of the First Dynasty of Isin, according to the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Isin
Isin (Sumerian: I3-si-inki, modern Arabic: Ishan al-Bahriyat) is an archaeological site in Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate, Iraq.
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Iter-pisha
Īter-pīša, inscribed in cuneiform as i-te-er-pi/pi4-ša and meaning "Her command is surpassing", ca.
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Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)
Itti-Marduk-balāṭu, inscribed mKI-dAMAR.UTU-DIN-(ilu)Marduk-balâṭu.
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Kadashman-Enlil I
Kadašman-Enlil I, typically rendered mka-dáš-man-dEN.LÍL in contemporary inscriptions (with the archaic masculine determinative preceding his name), was a Kassite King of Babylon from ca.
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Kadashman-Enlil II
Kadašman-Enlil II, typically rendered dka-dáš-man-dEN.LÍLThe replacement of the masculine determinative m by the divine one d is a distinction of Kassite monarchs after Nazi-Maruttaš.
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Kadashman-harbe I
Kadašman-Ḫarbe I,inscribed in cuneiform contemporarily as Ka-da-áš-ma-an-Ḫar-be and meaning “he believes in Ḫarbe (a Kassite god equivalent to Enlil),” was the 16th King of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty of Babylon, and the kingdom contemporarily known as Kar-Duniaš, during the late 15th to early 14th century, BC.
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Kadashman-Harbe II
Kadašman-Ḫarbe II, inscribed dKa-dáš-man-Ḫar-be, Kad-aš-man-Ḫar-be or variants and meaning I believe in Ḫarbe, the lord of the Kassite pantheon corresponding to Enlil, succeeded Enlil-nādin-šumi, as the 30th Kassite or 3rd dynasty king of Babylon.
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Kadashman-Turgu
Kadašman-Turgu, inscribed Ka-da-aš-ma-an Túr-gu and meaning he believes in Turgu, a Kassite deity, (1281–1264 BC short chronology) was the 24th king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty of Babylon.
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Kandalanu
Kandalānu, king of Babylonia, from 648 BC to 627 BC.
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Karaindash
Karaindaš was one of the more prominent rulers of the Kassite dynasty and reigned towards the end of the 15th century, BC.
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Kashshu-nadin-ahi
Kaššu-nādin-aḫi or -aḫḫē, mBI(.
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Kashtiliash III
Kaštiliašu III, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform as mKaš-til-ia-šu, is a possible Kassite king of Babylonia in the 15th century BC (Short Chronology).
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Kashtiliash IV
Kaštiliašu IV was the twenty-eighth Kassite king of Babylon and the kingdom contemporarily known as Kar-Duniaš, c. 1232–1225 BC (short chronology).
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Kaskians
The Kaska (also Kaška, later Tabalian Kasku and Gasga) were a loosely affiliated Bronze Age non-Indo-European tribal people, who spoke the unclassified Kaskian language and lived in mountainous East Pontic Anatolia, known from Hittite sources.
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Kassites
The Kassites were people of the ancient Near East, who controlled Babylonia after the fall of the Old Babylonian Empire c. 1531 BC and until c. 1155 BC (short chronology).
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Kirta
Kirta is a legendary Amorite king.
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Kudur-Enlil
Kudur-Enlil, Ku-dur dEN.LÍL (c. 1254–1246 BC short chronology), “son of Enlil,” was the 26th king of the 3rd or Kassite dynasty of Babylon.
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Kudur-Mabuk
Kudur-Mabuk was a ruler in the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1770 BC to 1754 BC.
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Kudurru
Kudurru was a type of stone document used as boundary stones and as records of land grants to vassals by the Kassites in ancient Babylonia between the 16th and 12th centuries BCE.
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Kurigalzu I
Kurigalzu I (died c. 1375 BC), usually inscribed ku-ri-gal-zu but also sometimes with the m or d determinative, the 17th king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty that ruled over Babylon, was responsible for one of the most extensive and widespread building programs for which evidence has survived in Babylonia.
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Kurigalzu II
Kurigalzu II (c. 1332–1308 BC short chronology) was the 22nd king of the Kassite or 3rd dynasty that ruled over Babylon.
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Kurum
Kurum (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 10th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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La-erabum
La-erabum or Lasirab (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 12th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Labarna I
Labarna I was the traditional first king of the Hittites, c. early 16th century BC (short chronology).
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Lagash
Lagash (cuneiform: LAGAŠKI; Sumerian: Lagaš) is an ancient city located northwest of the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers and east of Uruk, about east of the modern town of Ash Shatrah, Iraq.
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Larsa
Larsa (Sumerian logogram: UD.UNUGKI, read Larsamki) was an important city of ancient Sumer, the center of the cult of the sun god Utu.
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Late Bronze Age collapse
The Late Bronze Age collapse involved a dark-age transition period in the Near East, Asia Minor, Aegean region, North Africa, Caucasus, Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, a transition which historians believe was violent, sudden, and culturally disruptive.
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Lipit-Enlil
Lipit-Enlil, written dli-pí-it den.líl, where the Sumerian King ListThe Sumerian King List Ash.
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Lipit-Ishtar
Lipit-Ishtar (Akkadian: Lipit-Ištar; fl. c. 1870 BC — c. 1860 BC by the short chronology of the ancient near east) was the 5th king of the First Dynasty of Isin, according to the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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List of Assyrian kings
The list of Assyrian kings are compiled from the Assyrian King List, which begins approximately 2500 BC and continues to the 8th century BC.
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List of kings of Babylon
The following is a list of the kings of Babylonia (ancient southern-central Iraq), compiled from the traditional Babylonian king lists and modern archaeological findings.
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List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran
The Elamites settlement was in southwestern Iran, where is modern Khuzestan, Ilam, Fars, Bushehr, Lorestan, Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh provinces.
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Lugal-zage-si
Lugal-Zage-Si (lugal-zag-ge4-si.
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Manishtushu
Manishtushu (or Maništušu) was a king of the Akkadian Empire from 2270 to 2255 BC (Middle Chronology).
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Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
Mār-bῑti-aḫḫē-idinna, mdMār-bῑti-áḫḫē-idinna (mdDUMU-E-PAP-AŠ),Synchronistic King List Fragments (KAV 10) ii 5 and (KAV 182) iii 8.
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Mar-biti-apla-usur
Mār-bīti-apla-uṣur, inscribed dDUMU-É-A-PAB on (presumably) contemporary inscriptions on Lorestān bronze arrowheads or dA-É-AxA-ŠEŠ in the Dynastic Chronicle and meaning “O Mar-bīti (a deity associated with Dēr with a sanctuary in Borsippa), protect the heir,” reigned 984–979 BC and was the sole king of Babylon’s short-lived 7th or Elamite Dynasty.
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Marduk-ahhe-eriba
Marduk-aḫḫē-erība, inscribed in cuneiform contemporarily as mdAMAR.UTU-ŠEŠ-MEŠ-SU, meaning: “Marduk has replaced the brothers for me,” a designation given to younger sons whose older siblings have typically predeceased them, ca.
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Marduk-apla-iddina I
Marduk-apla-iddina I, contemporarily written in cuneiform as dAMAR.UTU-IBILA-SUM-na and meaning in Akkadian: "Marduk has given an heir", was the 34th Kassite king of Babylon ca.
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Marduk-apla-iddina II
Marduk-apla-iddina II (cuneiform spelling ᴰMES.A.SUM-na; in the Bible Merodach-Baladan, also called Marduk-Baladan, Baladan and Berodach-Baladan, lit. Marduk has given me an heir) was a Chaldean prince who usurped the Babylonian throne in 721 BC and reigned in 722 BC--710 BC, and 703 BC--702 BC.
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Marduk-apla-usur
Marduk-apla-uṣur, inscribed dAMAR.UTU-A-ŠE,Dynastic Chronicle (ADD 888) vi 3’-5’.
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Marduk-balassu-iqbi
Marduk-balāssu-iqbi, inscribed mdAMAR.UTU-TI-su-iq-biKudurru AO 6684 in the Louvre, published as RA 16 (1919) 126 iv 17.
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Marduk-bel-zeri
Marduk-bēl-zēri, inscribed in cuneiform as dAMAR.UTU.EN.NUMUNTablet YBC 11546 in the Yale Babylonian Collection.
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Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
Marduk-kabit-aḫḫēšu, "Marduk is the most important among his brothers", ca.
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Marduk-nadin-ahhe
Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē, inscribed mdAMAR.UTU-na-din-MU, ca.
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Marduk-shapik-zeri
Marduk-šāpik-zēri, inscribed in cuneiform dAMAR.UTU-DUB-NUMUN or phonetically -ša-pi-ik-ze-ri, and meaning “Marduk (is) the outpourer of seed”, ca.
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Marduk-zakir-shumi I
Marduk-zâkir-šumi, inscribed mdPA-za-kir-MU in a reconstruction of two kinglists,Synchronistic Kinglist KAV 10 (VAT 11261) ii 9.
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Marduk-zakir-shumi II
Marduk-zâkir-šumi II was a Babylonian nobleman who served briefly as King of Babylon for a few months in 703 BC, following a revolt against the rule of the Assyrian king Sennacherib.
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Marduk-zer-X
Marduk-zer-X (ca. 1046–1033 BC) was the 10th and penultimate king of the 2nd Dynasty of Isin, the 4th Dynasty of Babylon.
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Mari, Syria
Mari (modern Tell Hariri, تل حريري) was an ancient Semitic city in modern-day Syria.
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Medes
The Medes (Old Persian Māda-, Μῆδοι, מָדַי) were an ancient Iranian people who lived in an area known as Media (northwestern Iran) and who spoke the Median language. At around 1100 to 1000 BC, they inhabited the mountainous area of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia and located in the Hamadan (Ecbatana) region. Their emergence in Iran is thought to have occurred between 800 BC and 700 BC, and in the 7th century the whole of western Iran and some other territories were under Median rule. Its precise geographical extent remains unknown. A few archaeological sites (discovered in the "Median triangle" in western Iran) and textual sources (from contemporary Assyrians and also ancient Greeks in later centuries) provide a brief documentation of the history and culture of the Median state. Apart from a few personal names, the language of the Medes is unknown. The Medes had an ancient Iranian religion (a form of pre-Zoroastrian Mazdaism or Mithra worshipping) with a priesthood named as "Magi". Later during the reigns of the last Median kings, the reforms of Zoroaster spread into western Iran.
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Meli-Shipak II
Meli-Šipak II, or alternatively MelišiḫuMe-li-dŠI-ḪU or mMe-li-ŠI-ḪU, where the reading of ḪU is uncertain, -ḫu or -pak.
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Merneptah
Merneptah or Merenptah was the fourth ruler of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.
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Middle chronology
The middle chronology is one chronology of the Near Eastern Bronze and Early Iron Age, which fixes the reign of Hammurabi to 1792–1750 BCE and the sack of Babylon to 1595 BCE.
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Mitanni
Mitanni (Hittite cuneiform; Mittani), also called Hanigalbat (Hanigalbat, Khanigalbat cuneiform) in Assyrian or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia from c. 1500 to 1300 BC.
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Muršili II
Mursili II (also spelled Mursilis II) was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom) c. 1321–1295 BC (short chronology).
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Mursili I
Mursili I (sometimes transcribed as Murshili) was a king of the Hittites c. 1556–1526 BC (short chronology), and was likely a grandson of his predecessor, Hattusili I. His sister was Ḫarapšili and his wife was queen Kali.
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Mursili III
Mursili III, also known as Urhi-Teshub, was a king of the Hittites who assumed the throne of the Hittite empire (New Kingdom) at Tarhuntassa upon his father's death around 1272 BC.
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Mursili's eclipse
The solar eclipse mentioned in a text dating to the reign of Mursili II could be of great importance for the absolute chronology of the Hittite Empire within the chronology of the Ancient Near East.
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Mushezib-Marduk
Mushezib-Marduk (r. 693 BC - 689 BC), Chaldean prince chosen as King of Babylon after Nergal-ushezib.
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Mutakkil-Nusku
Mutakkil-Nusku, inscribed mmu-ta/tak-kil-dPA.KU, "he whom Nusku endows with confidence," was king of Assyria briefly c. 1133 BC, during a period of political decline.
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Muwatalli II
Muwatalli II (also Muwatallis, or Muwatallish) was a king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite empire (c. 1295–1272 BC (short chronology)).
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Nabû-mukin-apli
Nabû-mukin-apli, typically inscribed dAG-DU-A, “Nabû (is) establisher of a legitimate heir,” 978 – 943 BC, founded Babylon’s 8th dynasty, the so-called Dynasty of E, and ruled for 36 years.
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Nabonassar
Nabû-nāṣir, inscribed in cuneiform as dAG-PAB or dAG-ŠEŠ-ir, Greek: Ναβονάσσαρος, whence "Nabonassar", and meaning "Nabû (is) protector", was the king of Babylon 747–734 BC.
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Nabu-apla-iddina
Nabû-apla-iddina, inscribed mdNábû-ápla-iddinanaSynchronistic History, tablet K4401a (ABC 21), iii 22–26.
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Nabu-mukin-zeri
Nabû-mukin-zēri, inscribed mdAG-DU-NUMUN, also known as Mukin-zēri,Kinglist A, BM 33332, iv 7.
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Nabu-nadin-zeri
Nabû-nādin-zēri, inscribed mbû-nādìn-zēri in the King List A,Kinglist A, BM 33332 iv.
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Nabu-shum-libur
Nabû-šumu-libūr, inscribed dAG.MU-li-burTablet BM 33332 Kinglist A, iii 4'.
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Nabu-shuma-ishkun
Nabû-šuma-iškun, inscribed mdNabû-šuma-iškunun,Kinglist A, BM 33332, iv 2.
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Nabu-shuma-ukin I
Nabû-šuma-ukin I, inscribed mdNābû-šuma-ú-kin,Synchronistic King List iii 16 and variant fragments KAV 10 ii 7, KAV 182 iii 10.
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Nabu-suma-ukin II
Nabû-šuma-ukîn II, inscribed mNabû-šuma-úkînKinglist A, BM 33332, iv 5.
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Nanum (king)
Nanum or Nanium was a king of the Akkadian Empire who ascended the throne in c. 2127 BC (short chronology).
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Naplanum
Naplanum was the first independent king of the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa ca.
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Naram-Sin of Akkad
Naram-Sin (also transcribed Narām-Sîn or Naram-Suen, meaning "Beloved of Sin"; reigned c. 2254–2218 BC) was a ruler of the Akkadian Empire, the third successor and grandson of King Sargon of Akkad.
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Nazi-Maruttash
Nazi-Maruttaš, typically inscribed Na-zi-Ma-ru-ut-ta-aš or mNa-zi-Múru-taš, Maruttaš (a Kassite god synonymous with Ninurta) protects him, was a Kassite king of Babylon c. 1307–1282 BC (short chronology) and self-proclaimed šar kiššati, or “King of the World,” according to the votive inscription pictured.
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Nebuchadnezzar I
Nebuchadnezzar I, r. c. 1125–1104 BC, was the fourth king of the Second Dynasty of Isin and Fourth Dynasty of Babylon.
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Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was an Iron Age Mesopotamian empire, in existence between 911 and 609 BC, and became the largest empire of the world up till that time.
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Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire (also Second Babylonian Empire) was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 626 BC and ended in 539 BC.
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Nergal-ushezib
Nergal-ushezib, originally Shuzub, was a Babylonian nobleman who was installed as King of Babylon by the Elamites in 694 BC, after their capture of Babylon and deposition and murder of the previous king Ashur-nadin-shumi, son of King Sennacherib of Assyria.
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Ninurta-apal-Ekur
Ninurta-apal-Ekur, inscribed mdMAŠ-A-é-kur, meaning “Ninurta is the heir of the Ekur,” was a king of Assyria in the early 12th century BC who usurped the throne and styled himself king of the universe and priest of the gods Enlil and Ninurta.
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Ninurta-apla-X
Ninurta-apla-X, speculatively ca.
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Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur I, “Ninurta protect my offspring/border” (the ambiguity may be intentional),CAD K p. 497: Ninurta-NÍG.DU-ŠEŠ.
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Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur II, a name meaning “O Ninurta protect my offspring”, inscribed in cuneiform as mdMAŠ-NÍG.DU-PAP,Synchronistic King List fragments VAT 11261 (KAV 10) ii 4’ and VAT 11261 (KAV 182) iii 7’.
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Ninurta-nadin-shumi
Ninurta-nādin-šumi,Ninurta-nādin-šumāti in the Chronicle of Aššur-reš-iši.
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Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
Ninurta-tukultī-Aššur, inscribed mdNinurta2-tukul-ti-Aš-šur, was briefly king of Assyria during 1133 BC, the 84th to appear on the Assyrian Kinglist, marked as holding the throne for his ṭuppišu, "his tablet," a period thought to correspond just to the inauguration year.
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Nippur
Nippur (Sumerian: Nibru, often logographically recorded as, EN.LÍLKI, "Enlil City;": Vol. 1, Part 1. Accessed 15 Dec 2010. Akkadian: Nibbur) was among the most ancient of Sumerian cities.
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Niqmaddu II
Niqmaddu II was the second ruler and king of Ugarit, an Ancient Syrian citystate in northwestern Syria, reigning c. 1350–1315 BC (or possibly c. 1380–1346 BC) and succeeding his less known father, Ammittamru I. He took his name from the earlier Amorite ruler Niqmaddu, meaning "Addu has vindicated" to strengthen the supposed origins of his Ugaritic dynasty in the Amorites.
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Niqmaddu III
Niqmaddu III was the seventh known ruler and king of Ugarit, an Ancient Syrian citystate in northwestern Syria, reigning from 1225 to 1220 BC, succeeding king Ibiranu.
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Niqmepa
Niqmepa (died 1270 BC) was the fifth-from-last King of Ugarit, a city-state in northwestern Syria.
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Nur-Adad
Nur-Adad ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1801 BC to 1785 BC (short chronology).
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Parshatatar
Parshatatar, Paršatar, Barattarna, or Parattarna was the name of a Hurrian king of Mitanni in the fifteenth century BC.
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Pepi I Meryre
Pepi I Meryre (reigned 2332 – 2287 BC) was the third king of the Sixth dynasty of Egypt.
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Pharaoh
Pharaoh (ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ Prro) is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE, although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until circa 1200 BCE.
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PU-Sarruma
PU-Sarruma (PU-LUGAL-ma, mPU-Šàr-(rù)-ma, possibly representing Hišmi-Šarruma) is a conjectured pre-Empire king of the Hittites.
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Puzer-Mama
Puzer-Mama was a ruler of Lagash before Gudea.
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Puzur-Ashur III
Puzur-Ashur III was the king of Assyria from 1503 BC to 1479 BC.
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Puzur-Suen
Puzur-Suen (c. 24th – 23rd century BC) was a king of Sumer, son of Queen Kugbau (not to be confused with Puzur-Suen, son of Hablum, King of Gutium), the 1st ruler of the 4th dynasty of Kish.
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Ramesses II
Ramesses II (variously also spelt Rameses or Ramses; born; died July or August 1213 BC; reigned 1279–1213 BC), also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the 19th Dynasty of Egypt.
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Ramesses III
Usermaatre Ramesses III (also written Ramses and Rameses) was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt.
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Rim-Sin I
Rim-Sin I ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1758 BC to 1699 BC (in short chronology) or 1822 BC to 1763 BC (middle chronology).
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Rim-Sin II
Rim-Sin II ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1678 BC to 1674 BC (short chronology).
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Rimush
Rimush (or Rimuš) was the second king of the Akkadian Empire.
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Rusa I
Rusa I (Ռուսա Ա, ruled: 735–713 BC) was a King of Urartu.
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Sabium
Sabium (also Sabum) was an Amorite King in the First Dynasty of Babylon, the Amorite Dynasty.
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Samium
Samium ruled the ancient Near Eastern city-state of Larsa from 1912 BC to 1877 BC short chronology.
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Samsu-Ditana
Samsu-ditāna, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform sa-am-su-di-ta-na in the seals of his servants, the 11th and last king of the Amorite or First Dynasty of Babylon, reigned for 31 years,BM 33332 Babylonian King List A i 2.
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Samsu-iluna
Samsu-iluna (Amorite: Shamshu; c. 1750–1712 BC) was the seventh king of the founding Amorite dynasty of Babylon, ruling from 1750 BC to 1712 BC (middle chronology), or from 1686 to 1648 BC (short chronology).
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Sargon II
Sargon II (Assyrian Šarru-ukīn (LUGAL-GI.NA 𒈗𒄀𒈾).; Aramaic סרגן; reigned 722–705 BC) was an Assyrian king.
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Sargon of Akkad
Sargon of Akkad (Akkadian Šarru-ukīn or Šarru-kēn, also known as Sargon the Great) was the first ruler of the Semitic-speaking Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.
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Sarlagab
Sarlagab or Zarlagab (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 2nd Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL) as possibly reigning for 6 years.
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Sea Peoples
The Sea Peoples are a purported seafaring confederation that attacked ancient Egypt and other regions of the East Mediterranean prior to and during the Late Bronze Age collapse (1200–900 BC).
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Sealand Dynasty
The Sealand Dynasty, (URU.KÙKIWhere ŠEŠ-ḪA of King List A and ŠEŠ-KÙ-KI of King List B are read as URU.KÙ.KI) or the 2nd Dynasty of Babylon (although it was independent of Amorite ruled Babylon), very speculatively c. 1732–1460 BC (short chronology), is an enigmatic series of kings attested to primarily in laconic references in the king lists A and B, and as contemporaries recorded on the Assyrian Synchronistic king list A.117.
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Sennacherib
Sennacherib was the king of Assyria from 705 BCE to 681 BCE.
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Shagarakti-Shuriash
Šagarakti-Šuriaš, written phonetically ša-ga-ra-ak-ti-šur-ia-aš or dša-garak-ti-šu-ri-ia-aš in cuneiform or in a variety of other forms, Šuriaš (a Kassite sun god corresponding to Babylonian Šamaš, and possibly to Vedic Surya) gives me life, (1245–1233 BC short chronology) was the twenty seventh king of the Third or Kassite dynasty of Babylon.
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Shalmaneser I
Shalmaneser I (Shulmanu-asharedu; 1274 BC – 1245 BC or 1265 BC – 1235 BC) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365 - 1050 BC).
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Shalmaneser II
Salmānu-ašarēd II, inscribed mdSILIM-ma-nu-MAŠ/SAG, meaning "(the god) Salmānu is foremost," was the king of Assyria 1030–1019 BC, the 93rd to appear on the Khorsabad copyKhorsabad Kinglist, tablet IM 60017 (excavation nos.: DS 828, DS 32-54), iv 6-7.
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Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III (Šulmānu-ašurēdu, "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent" Sulmanu being an asuredu or divinity) was king of Assyria (859–824 BC), and son of the previous ruler, Ashurnasirpal II.
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Shalmaneser IV
Shalmaneser IV was king of Assyria (783–773 BC).
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Shalmaneser V
Shalmaneser V was king of Assyria from 727 to 722 BC.
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Shamash-mudammiq
Šamaš-mudammiq, inscribed mdŠamaš-mumudammiq (mdUTU-mu-SIG5),Synchronistic King List fragment, KAV 182, Ass 13956dh, iii 9.
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Shamash-shum-ukin
Shamash-shum-ukin (Assyrian: Šamaš-šuma-ukin "Shamash has established an heir") was the Assyrian king of Babylon from 667–648 BC.
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Shammuramat
Sammurāmat or Sammuramāt was an empress regent of Assyria between 811 and 808 BCE.
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Shamshi-Adad I
Shamshi-Adad I (Šamši-Adad I; Amorite: Shamshi-Addu I; fl. c. 1809 BC – c. 1776 BC by the middle chronology) was an Amorite who had conquered lands across much of Syria, Anatolia, and Upper Mesopotamia for the Old Assyrian Empire.
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Shamshi-Adad IV
Šamši-Adad IV, inscribed mdšam-ši-dIM, was the king of Assyria, 1054/3–1050 BC, the 91st to be listed on the Assyrian Kinglist.
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Shamshi-Adad V
Shamshi-Adad V was the King of Assyria from 824 to 811 BC.
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Shar-Kali-Sharri
Shar-Kali-Sharri (Shar-Gani-Sharri; r. c. 2217-2193 BC middle chronology, c. 2153-2129 BC short chronology) was a king of the Akkadian Empire.
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Shattiwaza
Shattiwaza (or Šattiwaza), alternatively referred to as Kurtiwaza or Mattiwaza, was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the fourteenth century BC.
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Shattuara
Shattuara, also spelled Šattuara, was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mittani in the thirteenth century BC.
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Shaushtatar
Shaushtatar (also spelled Šauštatar) was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the fifteenth century BC.
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Shirikti-shuqamuna
Širikti-šuqamuna, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform mši-rik-ti-dšu-qa-mu-nu and meaning “gift of (the god) Šuqamuna”, ca.
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Shu-Ilishu
Shu-Ilishu (Akkadian: Šu-ilišu;Inscribed dšu-i-li-šu. fl. c. 1920 BC — c. 1911 BC by the short chronology of the ancient Near East, or c. 1984 BC — c. 1975 BC by the middle chronology) was the 2nd ruler of the dynasty of Isin.
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Shu-Sin
Shu-sin was king of Sumer and Akkad, and was the penultimate king of the Ur III dynasty.
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Shu-turul
Shu-turul (Shu-durul) was the last king of Akkad, ruling for 15 years according to the Sumerian king list.
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Shulgi
Shulgi (dŠulgi, formerly read as Dungi) of Ur was the second king of the Sumerian Renaissance in the Third Dynasty of Ur.
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Shulme
Shulme (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 3rd Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Shutruk-Nakhunte
Šutruk-Nakhunte was king of Elam from about 1185 to 1155 BC (middle chronology), and the second king of the Shutrukid Dynasty.
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Shuttarna II
Shuttarna II (or Šuttarna) was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the early 14th century BC.
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Shuttarna III
Shuttarna III was a Mitanni king who reigned for a short period in the 14th century BC.
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Silli-Adad
Silli-Adad ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1771 BC to 1770 BC.
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Simbar-shipak
Simbar-Šipak, or perhaps Simbar-Šiḫu,Earlier readings render his name as Simmash-Shipak.
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Sin-Eribam
Sin-Eribam ruled the ancient Near East Amorite city-state of Larsa for only two years, from c. 1778 BC to 1776 BC (short chronology).
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Sin-Iddinam
Sin-Iddinam ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1785 BC to 1778 BC.
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Sin-Iqisham
Sin-Iqisham ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1776 BC to 1771 BC.
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Sin-Muballit
Sin-Muballit was the father of Hammurabi and the fifth Amorite king of the first dynasty (the Amorite Dynasty) of Babylonia, reigning c. 1748 to 1729 BC.
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Sin-shumu-lishir
Sin-shumu-lishir (or Sin-shum-lishir, Sîn-šumu-līšir), was a usurper king of a part of the Assyrian empire during 626 BC.
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Sinsharishkun
Sinsharishkun (Sin-shar-ishkun; Sîn-šarru-iškun, c. 627 – 612 BC), who seems to have been the Saràkos (Saracus) of Berossus, was one of the last kings of the Assyrian empire, followed only by Ashur-uballit II.
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Stele
A steleAnglicized plural steles; Greek plural stelai, from Greek στήλη, stēlē.
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Stephanie Dalley
Stephanie Mary Dalley FSA (née Page; March 1943) is a British scholar of the Ancient Near East.
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Suen-magir
Sîn-māgir, inscribed dEN.ZU-ma-gir, “Sîn upholds,” c. 1763 – 1753 BC (short chronology) or c. 1827 – 1817 BC (middle chronology) was the 14th king of Isin and he reigned for 11 years.
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Sumerian King List
The Sumerian King List is an ancient stone tablet originally recorded in the Sumerian language, listing kings of Sumer (ancient southern Iraq) from Sumerian and neighboring dynasties, their supposed reign lengths, and the locations of the kingship.
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Sumu-abum
Sumu-Abum (also Su-abu) was an Amorite, and the first King of the First Dynasty of Babylon (the Amorite Dynasty).
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Sumu-la-El
Sumu-la-El (also Sumulael or Sumu-la-ilu) was a King in the First Dynasty of Babylon.
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Sumuel
Sumuel or Sumu-El ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from c. 1894 BC to 1866 BC (short chronology).
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Suppiluliuma II
Suppiluliuma II, the son of Tudhaliya IV, was the last known king of the New Kingdom of the Hittite Empire, ruling –1178 BC (short chronology), contemporary with Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria.
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Susa
Susa (fa Šuš;; שׁוּשָׁן Šušān; Greek: Σοῦσα; ܫܘܫ Šuš; Old Persian Çūšā) was an ancient city of the Proto-Elamite, Elamite, First Persian Empire, Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian empires of Iran, and one of the most important cities of the Ancient Near East.
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Syria
Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Taharqa
Taharqa, also spelled Taharka or Taharqo (Manetho's Tarakos, Strabo's Tearco), was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty and qore (king) of the Kingdom of Kush.
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Tell Brak
Tell Brak (Nagar, Nawar) was an ancient city in Syria; its remains constitute a tell located in the Upper Khabur region, near the modern village of Tell Brak, 50 kilometers north-east of Al-Hasaka city, Al-Hasakah Governorate.
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Tell Leilan
Tell Leilan is an archaeological site situated near the Wadi Jarrah in the Khabur River basin in Al-Hasakah Governorate, northeastern Syria, a region formerly a part of ancient Assyria.
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Third Dynasty of Ur
The terms "Third Dynasty of Ur" and "Neo-Sumerian Empire" refer to both a 22nd to 21st century BC (middle chronology) Sumerian ruling dynasty based in the city of Ur and a short-lived territorial-political state which some historians consider to have been a nascent empire.
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Thutmose IV
Thutmose IV (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis IV, Thothmes in older history works in Latinized Greek; Ancient Egyptian: /ḏḥwty.ms/ Djehutymes, meaning "Thoth is born") was the 8th Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty of Egypt, who ruled in approximately the 14th century BC.
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Tiglath-Pileser I
Tiglath-Pileser I (from the Hebraic form of 𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒊹𒊏 Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Ešarra") was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian period (1114–1076 BC).
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Tiglath-Pileser II
Tiglath-Pileser II (from the Hebraic form Spelled as "תִּגְלַת פִּלְאֶסֶר" "Tiglath-Pileser" in the Book of Kings or as "תִּלְּגַת פִּלְנְאֶסֶר" "Tilgath-Pilneser" in the Book of Chronicles. of Akkadian Tukultī-apil-Ešarra) was King of Assyria from 967 BCE, when he succeeded his father Ashur-resh-ishi II, until his death in 935 BCE, when he was succeeded by his son Ashur-dan II.
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Tiglath-Pileser III
Tiglath-Pileser III (cuneiform: TUKUL.TI.A.É.ŠÁR.RA; Akkadian: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of the Ešarra") was a prominent king of Assyria in the eighth century BCE (ruled 745–727 BCE) who introduced advanced civil, military, and political systems into the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
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Timeline of Middle Eastern history
This timeline tries to compile dates of important historical events that happened in or that led to the rise of the Middle East.
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Tirigan
Tirigan (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 19th and last Gutian ruler in Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Tudḫaliya IV
Tudhaliya IV was a king of the Hittite Empire (New kingdom), and the younger son of Hattusili III.
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Tudhaliya III
Tudhaliya III was a short-lived king of the Hittite Empire (New Kingdom) ca.
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Tudiya
Tudiya or Tudia (Ṭu-di-ia) is the earliest Assyrian king named in the Assyrian King List, and the first of the “seventeen kings who lived in tents.” His existence is unconfirmed archeologically and uncorroborated by any other source.
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Tukulti-Ninurta I
Tukulti-Ninurta I (meaning: "my trust is in Ninurta"; reigned 1243–1207 BC) was a king of Assyria during the Middle Assyrian Empire (1366 - 1050 BC).
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Tukulti-Ninurta II
Tukulti-Ninurta II was King of Assyria from 891 BC to 884 BC.
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Tushratta
Tushratta (Sanskrit Tvesa-ratha, "his chariot charges") was a king of Mitanni at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the reign of Akhenaten—approximately the late 14th century BC.
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Ulamburiash
Ulam-Buriaš, contemporarily inscribed as Ú-la-Bu-ra-ra-ia-ašMace head VA Bab.
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Umma
Umma (𒄑𒆵𒆠; modern Umm al-Aqarib, Dhi Qar Province in Iraq) was an ancient city in Sumer.
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Ur
Ur (Sumerian: Urim; Sumerian Cuneiform: KI or URIM5KI; Akkadian: Uru; أور; אור) was an important Sumerian city-state in ancient Mesopotamia, located at the site of modern Tell el-Muqayyar (تل المقير) in south Iraq's Dhi Qar Governorate.
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Ur-du-kuga
Ur-dukuga, written dur-du6-kù-ga, ca.
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Ur-Nammu
Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, Sumerian:, ca. 2047-2030 BC short chronology) founded the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule.
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Ur-Ninurta
Ur-Ninurta, c. 1859 – 1832 BC (short chronology) or c. 1923 – 1896 BC (middle chronology), was the 6th king of the 1st Dynasty of Isin.
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Urartu
Urartu, which corresponds to the biblical mountains of Ararat, is the name of a geographical region commonly used as the exonym for the Iron Age kingdom also known by the modern rendition of its endonym, the Kingdom of Van, centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands.
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Uruk
Uruk (Cuneiform: URUUNUG; Sumerian: Unug; Akkadian: Uruk; وركاء,; Aramaic/Hebrew:; Orḥoē, Ὀρέχ Oreḥ, Ὠρύγεια Ōrugeia) was an ancient city of Sumer (and later of Babylonia), situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the dried-up, ancient channel of the Euphrates, some 30 km east of modern Samawah, Al-Muthannā, Iraq.
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Urukagina
Uru-ka-gina, Uru-inim-gina, or Iri-ka-gina (𒌷𒅗𒄀𒈾; 24th century BC, short chronology) was a ruler (''ensi'') of the city-state Lagash in Mesopotamia.
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Utu-hengal
Utu-hengal (also written Utu-heg̃al, Utu-heĝal, and sometimes transcribed as Utu-hegal, Utu-hejal) was one of the first native kings of Sumer after centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule.
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Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa
The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa (Enuma Anu Enlil Tablet 63) refers to the record of astronomical observations of Venus, as preserved in numerous cuneiform tablets dating from the first millennium BC.
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Warad-Sin
Warad-Sin ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1770 BC to 1758 BC (short chronology).
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Wasashatta
Wasashatta, also spelled Wasašatta, was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mittani ca.
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Washukanni
Washukanni (or Waššukanni) was the capital of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni, from around 1500 BCE to the 13th century BCE.
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Yarla
Yarla or Yarlangab (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 9th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Yarlagab
Yarlagab (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 7th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Yarlaganda
Yarlaganda (fl. Late 3rd millennium BCE) was the 17th Gutian ruler of the Gutian Dynasty of Sumer mentioned on the "Sumerian King List" (SKL).
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Zababa-shuma-iddin
Zababa-šuma-iddinaWritten as mdZa-ba4-ba4-MU-AŠ.
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Zabaia
Zabaia ruled the ancient Near East city-state of Larsa from 1877 BC to 1868 BC (short chronology).
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Zambiya
Zambīia, dza-am-bi-ia, c. 1774 – 1772 BC (short chronology) or c. 1836 – 1834 BC (middle chronology), was the 11th king of the 1st Dynasty of Isin.
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Zidanta I
Zidanta I was a king of the Hittites (Old Kingdom), ruling for 10 years, ca.
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Zimri-Lim
Zimri-Lim was king of Mari from about 1775 to 1761 BC.
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2nd millennium BC
The 2nd millennium BC spanned the years 2000 through 1001 BC.
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Redirects here:
Short Chronology, Short chronology timeline.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_chronology
