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214 relations: Abstand and ausbau languages, Accent (sociolinguistics), Acute accent, Affricate consonant, Aleksinac, Aljamiado, Ante Starčević, Aorist, Asim Peco, Austria, Ćuprija, Čačak, Šabac, Štrpce, Šumadija, Šumadija and Western Serbia, Žepče, Žumberak Mountains, Bačka, Balkan sprachbund, Balkans, Balto-Slavic languages, Banat, Banja Luka, Banovina (region), Baranya (region), Bela Crkva, Banat, Belgrade, Bihać, Bijeljina, Bijelo Polje, Bileća, Bjelovar, Bogatić, Bogoslav Šulek, Boljevac, Bor, Serbia, Bosnia (region), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniaks, Bosnian language, Bugojno, Bujanovac, Bulgaria, Bulgarian language, Buna village, Bunjevac dialect, Burgenland, Central Serbia, Cetinje, ..., Chakavian, Charter of Ban Kulin, Clisura Dunării, Comparison (grammar), Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian, Conditional mood, Croatia, Croatian language, Croats, Cyrillic script, Dalmatia, Daruvar, Derventa, Despotovac, Diphthong, Double grave accent, Dubrovnik, East Herzegovina, Eastern Herzegovinian dialect, Franc Miklošič, Gjilan, Gorski Kotar, Grave accent, Great Migrations of the Serbs, Havlík's law, Herzegovina, Human migration, Hungary, Infinitive, Inflection, International Phonetic Alphabet, Inverted breve, Istria, Ivanjica, Jablanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Jagodina, Jajce, Jernej Kopitar, Josef Dobrovský, Kajkavian, Knjaževac, Koine Greek, Konavle, Kordun, Kosovo, Kovin, Kragujevac, Kraljevo, Kruševac, Kupa, Kuršumlija, Kvarner Gulf, Lapovo, Latin alphabet, Leskovac, Lijepa naša domovino, Lika, Loznica, Mačva, Macedonian language, Macron (diacritic), Maglaj, Majdanpek, Metathesis (linguistics), Metatony, Metković, Metohija, Mitrovica, Kosovo, Montenegrin language, Montenegro, Morava Valley, Morphology (linguistics), Muslims (ethnicity), Mutual intelligibility, Nasal vowel, Negotin, Neretva, Neum, Nevesinje, Niš, Novi Pazar, Oj, svijetla majska zoro, Osijek, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish language, Pakrac, Palatal consonant, Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Pančevo, Paraćin, Pavel Jozef Šafárik, Peć, Peroj, Petrinja, Pirot, Požarevac, Podgorica, Podravina, Posavina, Prestige (sociolinguistics), Priboj, Prijepolje, Principality of Zeta, Prizren, Prokuplje, Proto-Slavic, Quran, Raška (region), Ravno, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, Sarajevo, Schwa, Serbia, Serbian language, Serbo-Croatian, Serbs, Shtokavian, Sisak, Slavic languages, Slavonia, Slunj, Smederevo, Smederevo–Vršac dialect, Sokobanja, Sound change, South Slavic languages, Southern and Eastern Serbia, Split, Croatia, Standard language, Stolac, Stratum (linguistics), Stress (linguistics), Subjunctive mood, Supine, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Syllable, Syncretism (linguistics), Syntax, Syrmia, Tešanj, Timočka Krajina, Travnik, Trebinje, Trstenik, Serbia, Tuzla, Užice, Usora Municipality, Valjevo, Vareš, Vatican Croatian Prayer Book, Vatroslav Jagić, Velika Plana, Vernacular literature, Vitez, Vranje, Vršac, Vuk Karadžić, Vukovar, Yat, Yer, Zachlumia, Zaječar, Zenica. Expand index (164 more) »
Abstand and ausbau languages
In sociolinguistics, an abstand language is a language variety or cluster of varieties with significant linguistic distance from all others, while an ausbau language is a standard variety, possibly with related dependent varieties.
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Accent (sociolinguistics)
In sociolinguistics, an accent is a manner of pronunciation peculiar to a particular individual, location, or nation.
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Acute accent
The acute accent (´) is a diacritic used in many modern written languages with alphabets based on the Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek scripts.
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Affricate consonant
An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal).
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Aleksinac
Aleksinac (Алексинац) is a town and municipality located in the Nišava District of the southern Serbia.
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Aljamiado
Aljamiado (عَجَمِيَة trans. ''ʿajamiyah'') or Aljamía texts are manuscripts that use the Arabic script for transcribing European languages, especially Romance languages such as Mozarabic, Portuguese, Spanish or Ladino, and Bosnian with its Arebica script.
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Ante Starčević
Ante Starčević (23 May 1823 – 28 February 1896), was a Croatian politician and writer.
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Aorist
Aorist (abbreviated) verb forms usually express perfective aspect and refer to past events, similar to a preterite.
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Asim Peco
Asim Peco (24 May 1927 – 7 December 2011) was a renowned Bosnian linguist, academician, professor, author and editor.
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Austria
Austria (Österreich), officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich), is a federal republic and a landlocked country of over 8.8 million people in Central Europe.
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Ćuprija
Ćuprija (Serbian Cyrillic: Ћуприја) is a town and municipality located in the Pomoravlje District of central Serbia.
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Čačak
Čačak (Чачак) is a city and the administrative center of the Moravica District in central Serbia.
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Šabac
Šabac (Serbian Cyrillic: Шабац) is a city located in the Mačva region of western Serbia.
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Štrpce
Štrpce (Serbian Cyrillic: Штрпце) or Shtërpca (Shtërpcë), is a town and municipality located in the Ferizaj District in Kosovo.
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Šumadija
Šumadija (Шумадија) is a geographical region in the central part of Serbia.
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Šumadija and Western Serbia
The Šumadija and Western Serbia (Шумадија и западна Србија / Šumadija i zapadna Srbija) is one of the five statistical regions of Serbia.
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Žepče
Žepče is a town and municipality located in Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Žumberak Mountains
The Žumberak Mountains (Žumberačka Gora, Žumberška gora, historic German name: Uskokengebirge) is a range of hills and mountains in northwestern Croatia and southeastern Slovenia, extending from the southwest to the northeast between the Krka and the Kupa.
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Bačka
Bačka (Бачка / Bačka,; Bácska) is a geographical and historical area within the Pannonian Plain bordered by the river Danube to the west and south, and by the river Tisza to the east.
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Balkan sprachbund
The Balkan sprachbund or Balkan language area is the ensemble of areal features—similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology—among the languages of the Balkans.
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Balkans
The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.
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Balto-Slavic languages
The Balto-Slavic languages are a branch of the Indo-European family of languages.
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Banat
The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe that is currently divided among three countries: the eastern part lies in western Romania (the counties of Timiș, Caraș-Severin, Arad south of the Körös/Criș river, and the western part of Mehedinți); the western part in northeastern Serbia (mostly included in Vojvodina, except a part included in the Belgrade Region); and a small northern part lies within southeastern Hungary (Csongrád county).
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Banja Luka
Banja Luka (Бања Лука) or Banjaluka (Бањалука), is the second largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the de facto capital of the Republika Srpska entity.
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Banovina (region)
Banovina, formerly known as Banska krajina or Banija,Dalibor Brozović, Hrvatska enciklopedija (LZMK), 1.
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Baranya (region)
Baranya or Baranja (Baranya,; Baranja,; Branau, Барања/Baranja) is a geographical region between the Danube and the Drava rivers.
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Bela Crkva, Banat
Bela Crkva (Бела Црква, Weißkirchen, Fehértemplom, Biserica Albă) is a town and municipality located in the South Banat District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia.
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Belgrade
Belgrade (Beograd / Београд, meaning "White city",; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia.
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Bihać
Bihać is a city and the administrative center of Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Bijeljina
Bijeljina is a city located in Republika Srpska, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Bijelo Polje
Bijelo Polje (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Бијело Поље) is a town in northeastern Montenegro on the Lim River.
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Bileća
Bileća (Билећа) is a town and municipality located in Republika Srpska, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Bjelovar
Bjelovar (Belovár, Bellowar, Kajkavian: Belovar) is a city in central Croatia.
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Bogatić
Bogatić (Богатић) is a village and municipality located in the Mačva District of western Serbia.
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Bogoslav Šulek
Bogoslav Šulek (born Bohuslav Šulek; April 20, 1816 – November 30, 1895) was a Croatian philologist, historian and lexicographer.
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Boljevac
Boljevac (Бољевац) is a town and municipality located in the Zaječar District of the eastern Serbia.
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Bor, Serbia
Bor (Бор) is a city and the administrative center of the Bor District in eastern Serbia.
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Bosnia (region)
Bosnia (Bosna/Босна) is the northern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina, encompassing roughly 81% of the country; the other eponymous region, the southern part, is Herzegovina.
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina (or; abbreviated B&H; Bosnian and Serbian: Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH) / Боснa и Херцеговина (БиХ), Croatian: Bosna i Hercegovina (BiH)), sometimes called Bosnia-Herzegovina, and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeastern Europe located on the Balkan Peninsula.
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Bosniaks
The Bosniaks (Bošnjaci,; singular masculine: Bošnjak, feminine: Bošnjakinja) are a South Slavic nation and ethnic group inhabiting mainly the area of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Bosnian language
The Bosnian language (bosanski / босански) is the standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian mainly used by Bosniaks.
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Bugojno
Bugojno is a town and municipality located in Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Bujanovac
Bujanovac (Бујановац) or Bujanoc (Bujanoci), is a town and municipality located in the Pčinja District of southern Serbia.
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Bulgaria
Bulgaria (България, tr.), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, tr.), is a country in southeastern Europe.
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Bulgarian language
No description.
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Buna village
Buna village is a small village at the confluence of the Buna river and Neretva river some 10 km downstream the Neretva and south of Mostar, Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Bunjevac dialect
The Bunjevac dialect (bunjevački govor or bunjevački jezik) is a Shtokavian–Western Ikavian dialect used by members of the Bunjevci community.
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Burgenland
Burgenland (Őrvidék; Gradišće; Gradiščanska; Hradsko; is the easternmost and least populous state of Austria. It consists of two statutory cities and seven rural districts, with in total 171 municipalities. It is long from north to south but much narrower from west to east (wide at Sieggraben). The region is part of the Centrope Project.
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Central Serbia
Central Serbia (Централна Србија / Centralna Srbija), also referred to as Serbia proper (ужа Србија / uža Srbija), is the part of Serbia lying outside the provinces of Vojvodina to the north and the disputed territory of Kosovo (Kosovo and Metohija) to the south.
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Cetinje
Cetinje (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Цетиње), is a city and Old Royal Capital (Montenegrin: Prijestonica / Приjестоница) of Montenegro.
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Chakavian
Chakavian or Čakavian,, (čakavski, proper name: čakavica or čakavština, own name: čokovski, čakavski, čekavski) is a dialect of the Serbo-Croatian language spoken by a minority of Croats.
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Charter of Ban Kulin
The Charter of Ban Kulin (Povelja Kulina bana/Повеља Кулина бана) was a trade agreement between the Banate of Bosnia and the Republic of Ragusa that effectively regulated Ragusan trade rights in Bosnia, written on 29 August 1189.
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Clisura Dunării
Defileul Dunării, also locally known as Clisura Dunării (Банатска Клисура, Banatska Klisura) is a geographical region in Romania.
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Comparison (grammar)
Comparison is a feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages, whereby adjectives and adverbs are inflected or modified to indicate the relative degree of the property defined by the adjective or adverb.
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Comparison of standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin and Serbian
Standard Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian are different national variants and official registers of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language.
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Conditional mood
The conditional mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood used to express a proposition whose validity is dependent on some condition, possibly counterfactual.
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Croatia
Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea.
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Croatian language
Croatian (hrvatski) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language used by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina and other neighboring countries.
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Croats
Croats (Hrvati) or Croatians are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia.
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Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script is a writing system used for various alphabets across Eurasia (particularity in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and North Asia).
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Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Dalmacija; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Croatia proper, Slavonia and Istria.
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Daruvar
Daruvar (Daruvar, Daruwar, Daruvár, Aqua Balissae) is a spa town and municipality in Slavonia, northeastern Croatia, with a population of 8,567, as of 2011.
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Derventa
Derventa (Дервента) is a town and municipality located in Republika Srpska, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Despotovac
Despotovac (Деспотовац) is a town and municipality located in the Pomoravlje District of central Serbia.
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Diphthong
A diphthong (or; from Greek: δίφθογγος, diphthongos, literally "two sounds" or "two tones"), also known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.
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Double grave accent
The double grave accent is a diacritic used in scholarly discussions of the Serbo-Croatian and sometimes Slovene languages.
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Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik (historically Ragusa) is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea.
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East Herzegovina
East Herzegovina (Istočna Hercegovina, Источна Херцеговина) is the eastern part of the historical Herzegovina region in Bosnia and Herzegovina, east of the Neretva river, part of the Republika Srpska entity.
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Eastern Herzegovinian dialect
The Eastern Herzegovinian dialect (Serbo-Croatian: istočnohercegovački/источнохерцеговачки or istočnohercegovačko-krajiški/источнохерцеговачко-крајишки) is the most widespread subdialect of the Shtokavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian, both by territory and the number of speakers.
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Franc Miklošič
Franc Miklošič (also known in German as Franz Xaver Ritter von Miklosich) (20 November 1813 – 7 March 1891) was a Slovene philologist.
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Gjilan
Gjilan (Gjilani) or Gnjilane (Serbian Cyrillic: Гњилане), is a city and municipality located in the Gjilan District in eastern Kosovo.
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Gorski Kotar
Gorski Kotar (Gorski kotar,; 'Highlands' or 'Mountain District') is the mountainous region in Croatia between Karlovac and Rijeka.
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Grave accent
The grave accent (`) is a diacritical mark in many written languages, including Breton, Catalan, Corsican, Dutch, Emilian-Romagnol, French, West Frisian, Greek (until 1982; see polytonic orthography), Haitian Creole, Italian, Mohawk, Occitan, Portuguese, Ligurian, Scottish Gaelic, Vietnamese, Welsh, Romansh, and Yoruba.
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Great Migrations of the Serbs
The Great Migrations of the Serbs (Velike seobe Srba/Велике сеобе Срба), also known as the Great Exodus of the Serbs, refers mainly to two large migrations of Serbs from the Ottoman Empire to the Habsburg Monarchy.
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Havlík's law
Havlík's law is a Slavic rhythmic law dealing with the reduced vowels (known as jers or yers) in Proto-Slavic.
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Herzegovina
Herzegovina (or; Serbian: Hercegovina, Херцеговина) is the southern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Human migration
Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily in a new location.
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Hungary
Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.
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Infinitive
Infinitive (abbreviated) is a grammatical term referring to certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs.
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Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion – sometimes called accidence – is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, case, voice, aspect, person, number, gender, and mood.
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International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet.
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Inverted breve
Inverted breve or arch is a diacritical mark, shaped like the top half of a circle (̑), that is, like an upside-down breve (˘).
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Istria
Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra; Istriot: Eîstria; Istria; Istrien), formerly Histria (Latin), is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea.
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Ivanjica
Ivanjica (Ивањица) is a town and municipality located in the Moravica District of southwestern Serbia.
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Jablanica, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Jablanica is a town and municipality located in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Jagodina
Jagodina (Јагодина) is a city and the administrative center of the Pomoravlje District in central Serbia, Sumadia.
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Jajce
Jajce is a town and municipality located in Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Jernej Kopitar
Jernej Bartol Kopitar (21 August 1780 – 11 August 1844) was a Slovene linguist and philologist working in Vienna.
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Josef Dobrovský
Josef Dobrovský (17 August 1753 – 6 January 1829) was a Czech philologist and historian, one of the most important figures of the Czech National Revival along with Josef Jungmann.
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Kajkavian
Kajkavian (Kajkavian noun: kajkavščina; Shtokavian adjective: kajkavski, noun: kajkavica or kajkavština) is a South Slavic regiolect or language spoken primarily by Croats in much of Central Croatia, Gorski Kotar and northern Istria.
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Knjaževac
Knjaževac (Књажевац) is a town and municipality located in the Zaječar District of the eastern Serbia.
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Koine Greek
Koine Greek,.
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Konavle
Konavle is a small region and municipality located southeast of Dubrovnik, Croatia.
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Kordun
The Kordun region is a part of central Croatia from the bottom of the Petrova Gora (Peter's mountain) mountain range, which extends along the rivers Korana and Slunjčica, and forms part of the border region to Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Kosovo
Kosovo (Kosova or Kosovë; Косово) is a partially recognised state and disputed territory in Southeastern Europe that declared independence from Serbia in February 2008 as the Republic of Kosovo (Republika e Kosovës; Република Косово / Republika Kosovo).
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Kovin
Kovin is a town and municipality located in the South Banat District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia.
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Kragujevac
Kragujevac (Крагујевац) is the fourth largest city of Serbia and the administrative center of the Šumadija District in central Serbia.
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Kraljevo
Kraljevo (Краљево) is a city in central Serbia and the administrative center of the Raška District in central Serbia.
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Kruševac
Kruševac (Крушевац) is a city and the administrative center of the Rasina District in central Serbia.
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Kupa
The Kupa (Croatian and Serbian pronunciation) or Kolpa (or; from Colapis in Roman times) river, a right tributary of the Sava, forms a natural border between north-west Croatia and southeast Slovenia.
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Kuršumlija
Kuršumlija (pron) is a town and municipality located in the Toplica District of the southern Serbia.
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Kvarner Gulf
The Kvarner Gulf (or, Sinus Flanaticus or Liburnicus sinus), sometimes also Kvarner Bay, is a bay in the northern Adriatic Sea, located between the Istrian peninsula and the northern Croatian Littoral mainland.
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Lapovo
Lapovo (Лапово) is a town and municipality located in the Šumadija District of central Serbia.
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Latin alphabet
The Latin alphabet or the Roman alphabet is a writing system originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.
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Leskovac
Leskovac (Serbian Cyrillic: Лесковац) is a city and the administrative center of the Jablanica District in southern Serbia.
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Lijepa naša domovino
"Lijepa naša domovino" is the national anthem of Croatia.
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Lika
Lika is a traditional region of Croatia proper, roughly bound by the Velebit mountain from the southwest and the Plješevica mountain from the northeast.
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Loznica
Loznica (Лозница) is a city located in the Mačva District of western Serbia.
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Mačva
Mačva (Мачва) is a geographical and historical region in the northwest of Central Serbia, on a fertile plain between the Sava and Drina rivers.
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Macedonian language
Macedonian (македонски, tr. makedonski) is a South Slavic language spoken as a first language by around two million people, principally in the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian diaspora, with a smaller number of speakers throughout the transnational region of Macedonia.
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Macron (diacritic)
A macron is a diacritical mark: it is a straight bar placed above a letter, usually a vowel.
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Maglaj
Maglaj is a town and municipality located in Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Majdanpek
Majdanpek (Мајданпек) is a town and municipality located in the Bor District of the eastern Serbia.
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Metathesis (linguistics)
Metathesis (from Greek, from "I put in a different order"; Latin: trānspositiō) is the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word or of words in a sentence.
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Metatony
In linguistics, metatony refers to the change of nature of accent (its intonation, or tone), usually within the same syllable.
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Metković
Metković is a civil parish in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia, located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the river Neretva and on the border with Herzegovina.
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Metohija
Metohija (Метохија) or Dukagjini (Rrafshi i Dukagjinit)) is a large basin and the name of the region covering the southwestern part of Kosovo. The region covers 35% (3,891 km2) of Kosovo's total area. According to the 2011 census, the population of the region is 700,577.
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Mitrovica, Kosovo
Mitrovica (Mitrovicë) or Kosovska Mitrovica (Serbian Cyrillic: Косовска Митровица) is a city and municipality located in the Mitrovica District of Kosovo.
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Montenegrin language
Montenegrin (црногорски / crnogorski) is the variety of the Serbo-Croatian language used as the official language of Montenegro.
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Montenegro
Montenegro (Montenegrin: Црна Гора / Crna Gora, meaning "Black Mountain") is a sovereign state in Southeastern Europe.
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Morava Valley
The Morava Valley (Поморавље/Pomoravlje), is a general term which in its widest sense marks valleys of any of three Morava rivers in Serbia: the West Morava (Западно Поморавље/Zapadno Pomoravlje), the South Morava (Јужно Поморавље/Južno Pomoravlje) and the Great Morava (Велико Поморавље/Veliko Pomoravlje).
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Morphology (linguistics)
In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language.
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Muslims (ethnicity)
Muslims (Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, and Slovene: Muslimani, Муслимани) was a term used in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as an official designation of ethnicity of Slavic Muslims and thus encompassed a number of ethnically distinct populations, most numerous being the Bosniaks of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sandžak, along with smaller groups of Gorani in Kosovo and Macedonian Muslims (Torbeši).
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Mutual intelligibility
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.
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Nasal vowel
A nasal vowel is a vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through the nose as well as the mouth, such as the French vowel.
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Negotin
Negotin (Неготин) is a town and municipality located in the Bor District of the eastern Serbia.
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Neretva
The Neretva (Неретва), also known as the Narenta, is the largest river of the eastern part of the Adriatic basin.
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Neum
Neum (Неум) is a town and municipality located in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Nevesinje
Nevesinje (Невесиње) is a town and municipality located in Republika Srpska an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Niš
Niš (Ниш) is the third-largest city in Serbia and the administrative center of the Nišava District.
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Novi Pazar
Novi Pazar (Нови Пазар, lit. "New Bazaar") is a city located in the Raška District of southwestern Serbia.
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Oj, svijetla majska zoro
"Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Montenegrin Cyrillic: „Ој, свијетла мајска зоро”, trans. "Oh, Bright Dawn of May") is the official national anthem of Montenegro adopted in 2004.
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Osijek
Osijek is the fourth largest city in Croatia with a population of 108,048 in 2011.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Ottoman Turkish language
Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlı Türkçesi), or the Ottoman language (Ottoman Turkish:, lisân-ı Osmânî, also known as, Türkçe or, Türkî, "Turkish"; Osmanlıca), is the variety of the Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire.
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Pakrac
Pakrac is a town in western Slavonia, Croatia, population 4,842, total municipality population 8,460 (census 2011).
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Palatal consonant
Palatal consonants are consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth).
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Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Pale (Пале) is a municipality of the city of Istočno Sarajevo located in Republika Srpska, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Pančevo
Pančevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Панчево,, Pancsova, Panciova, Pánčevo) is a city and the administrative center of the South Banat District in autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia.
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Paraćin
Paraćin (Параћин) is a town and municipality located in the Pomoravlje District of central Serbia.
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Pavel Jozef Šafárik
Pavel Jozef Šafárik (13 May 1795 – 26 June 1861) was a Slovak philologist, poet, one of the first scientific Slavists; literary historian, historian and ethnographer.
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Peć
Peć (Пећ) or Peja (Pejë), is a city and municipality located in the Peć District of Kosovo.
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Peroj
Peroj (Peroi) is a village in the Vodnjan municipality on the south-western coast of Istria, Croatia.
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Petrinja
Petrinja is a town in central Croatia near Sisak in the historic region of Banovina.
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Pirot
Pirot (Пирот) is a city and the administrative center of the Pirot District in southeastern Serbia.
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Požarevac
Požarevac (Пожаревац) is a city and the administrative center of the Braničevo District in eastern Serbia.
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Podgorica
Podgorica (Montenegrin Cyrillic: Подгорица,, lit. " below Gorica ") is the capital and largest city of Montenegro.
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Podravina
Podravina (in Croatian) or Podravje (in Slovenian) are Slavic names for the Drava river basin in Croatia and Slovenia.
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Posavina
Posavina (Posavina/Посавина) is the Slavic name for the region of the Sava river basin in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia that is adjacent or near the Sava river itself.
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Prestige (sociolinguistics)
Prestige is the level of regard normally accorded a specific language or dialect within a speech community, relative to other languages or dialects.
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Priboj
Priboj (Прибој) is a town and municipality located in the Zlatibor District of southwestern Serbia.
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Prijepolje
Prijepolje (Пријепоље) is a town and municipality located in the Zlatibor District of southwestern Serbia.
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Principality of Zeta
The Principality of Zeta (Кнежевина Зета) (in modern-day Montenegro) is the historiographical name for a medieval state centered around Lake Skadar, ruled by the families of Balšić, Lazarević, Branković and Crnojević in succession from the second half of the 14th century until Ottoman conquest in 1498.
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Prizren
Prizren (Prizreni; Призрен) is a city and municipality located in the Prizren District of Kosovo.
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Prokuplje
Prokuplje (Прокупље) is a city and the administrative center of the Toplica District in the southern Serbia.
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Proto-Slavic
Proto-Slavic is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all the Slavic languages.
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Quran
The Quran (القرآن, literally meaning "the recitation"; also romanized Qur'an or Koran) is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God (Allah).
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Raška (region)
Raška (Рашка) or Old Raška (Стара Рашка/Stara Raška) is a region in south-western Serbia, Kosovo and northern Montenegro.
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Ravno, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Ravno is a village and municipality located in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Sarajevo
Sarajevo (see names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its current administrative limits.
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Schwa
In linguistics, specifically phonetics and phonology, schwa (rarely or; sometimes spelled shwa) is the mid central vowel sound (rounded or unrounded) in the middle of the vowel chart, denoted by the IPA symbol ə, or another vowel sound close to that position.
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Serbia
Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.
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Serbian language
Serbian (српски / srpski) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs.
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Serbo-Croatian
Serbo-Croatian, also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), or Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS), is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.
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Serbs
The Serbs (Срби / Srbi) are a South Slavic ethnic group that formed in the Balkans.
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Shtokavian
Shtokavian or Štokavian (štokavski / штокавски) is the prestige dialect of the pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language, and the basis of its Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, and Montenegrin standards.
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Sisak
Sisak (Sziszek; also known by other alternative names) is a city and episcopal see in central Croatia, located at the confluence of the Kupa, Sava and Odra rivers, southeast of the Croatian capital Zagreb, and is usually considered to be where the Posavina (Sava basin) begins, with an elevation of 99 m. The city's total population in 2011 was 47,768 of which 33,322 live in the urban settlement (naselje).
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Slavic languages
The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the Indo-European languages spoken by the Slavic peoples.
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Slavonia
Slavonia (Slavonija) is, with Dalmatia, Croatia proper and Istria, one of the four historical regions of Croatia.
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Slunj
Slunj (Hungarian Szluin, old German Sluin, Latin Slovin, archaic Croatian Slovin grad) is a town in the mountainous part of Central Croatia, located along the important North-South route to the Adriatic Sea between Karlovac and Plitvice Lakes National Park, on the meeting of the rivers Korana and Slunjčica (also called Slušnica by local people).
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Smederevo
Smederevo (Смедерево) is a city and the administrative center of the Podunavlje District in eastern Serbia.
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Smederevo–Vršac dialect
Smederevo–Vršac dialect (Serbo-Croatian: Latin: Smederevsko-vršački dijalekat, Cyrillic: Смедеревско-вршачки дијалекат) a subdialect of the Shtokavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian.
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Sokobanja
Sokobanja (Сокобања) is a spa town and municipality located in the Zaječar District of the eastern Serbia.
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Sound change
Sound change includes any processes of language change that affect pronunciation (phonetic change) or sound system structures (phonological change).
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South Slavic languages
The South Slavic languages are one of three branches of the Slavic languages.
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Southern and Eastern Serbia
The Southern and Eastern Serbia (Јужна и источна Србија / Južna i istočna Srbija) is one of five statistical regions of Serbia.
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Split, Croatia
Split (see other names) is the second-largest city of Croatia and the largest city of the region of Dalmatia. It lies on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and is spread over a central peninsula and its surroundings. An intraregional transport hub and popular tourist destination, the city is linked to the Adriatic islands and the Apennine peninsula. Home to Diocletian's Palace, built for the Roman emperor in 305 CE, the city was founded as the Greek colony of Aspálathos (Aσπάλαθος) in the 3rd or 2nd century BC. It became a prominent settlement around 650 CE when it succeeded the ancient capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia, Salona. After the Sack of Salona by the Avars and Slavs, the fortified Palace of Diocletian was settled by the Roman refugees. Split became a Byzantine city, to later gradually drift into the sphere of the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Croatia, with the Byzantines retaining nominal suzerainty. For much of the High and Late Middle Ages, Split enjoyed autonomy as a free city, caught in the middle of a struggle between Venice and the King of Hungary for control over the Dalmatian cities. Venice eventually prevailed and during the early modern period Split remained a Venetian city, a heavily fortified outpost surrounded by Ottoman territory. Its hinterland was won from the Ottomans in the Morean War of 1699, and in 1797, as Venice fell to Napoleon, the Treaty of Campo Formio rendered the city to the Habsburg Monarchy. In 1805, the Peace of Pressburg added it to the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy and in 1806 it was included in the French Empire, becoming part of the Illyrian Provinces in 1809. After being occupied in 1813, it was eventually granted to the Austrian Empire following the Congress of Vienna, where the city remained a part of the Austrian Kingdom of Dalmatia until the fall of Austria-Hungary in 1918 and the formation of Yugoslavia. In World War II, the city was annexed by Italy, then liberated by the Partisans after the Italian capitulation in 1943. It was then re-occupied by Germany, which granted it to its puppet Independent State of Croatia. The city was liberated again by the Partisans in 1944, and was included in the post-war Socialist Yugoslavia, as part of its republic of Croatia. In 1991, Croatia seceded from Yugoslavia amid the Croatian War of Independence.
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Standard language
A standard language or standard variety may be defined either as a language variety used by a population for public purposes or as a variety that has undergone standardization.
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Stolac
Stolac is a town and municipality located in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Stratum (linguistics)
In linguistics, a stratum (Latin for "layer") or strate is a language that influences, or is influenced by another through contact.
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Stress (linguistics)
In linguistics, and particularly phonology, stress or accent is relative emphasis or prominence given to a certain syllable in a word, or to a certain word in a phrase or sentence.
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Subjunctive mood
The subjunctive is a grammatical mood (that is, a way of speaking that allows people to express their attitude toward what they are saying) found in many languages.
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Supine
In grammar, a supine is a form of verbal noun used in some languages.
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Svilajnac
Svilajnac (pronounced /sviːlaɪnʌt͡s/; Свилајнац) is a town and municipality located in the Pomoravlje District of central Serbia.
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Svrljig
Svrljig (Сврљиг) is a town and municipality located in the Nišava District of the southern Serbia.
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Syllable
A syllable is a unit of organization for a sequence of speech sounds.
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Syncretism (linguistics)
In linguistics, syncretism exists when functionally distinct occurrences of a single lexeme are identical in form.
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Syntax
In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order.
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Syrmia
Syrmia (Srem/Срем, Srijem) is a fertile region of the Pannonian Plain in Europe, which lies between the Danube and Sava rivers.
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Tešanj
Tešanj is a town and municipality located in Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Timočka Krajina
Timočka Krajina (Тимочка Крајина, "Timok Krajina") is a geographical region in east-central Serbia around the Timok River.
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Travnik
Travnik is a town and municipality and the administrative center of Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Trebinje
Trebinje (Требиње) is a city located in Republika Srpska, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Trstenik, Serbia
Trstenik (Трстеник) is a town and municipality located in the Rasina District of central Serbia.
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Tuzla
Tuzla is the third largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the administrative center of Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Užice
Užice (Ужице) is a city and the administrative center of the Zlatibor District in western Serbia.
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Usora Municipality
Usora (Усора) is a village and municipality located in Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Valjevo
Valjevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Ваљево) is a city and the administrative center of the Kolubara District in western Serbia.
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Vareš
Vareš is a town and municipality located in Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Vatican Croatian Prayer Book
The Vatican Croatian Prayer Book (Vatikanski hrvatski molitvenik) is the oldest Croatian vernacular prayer book and the finest example of early Shtokavian vernacular literary idiom.
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Vatroslav Jagić
Vatroslav Jagić (July 6, 1838 – August 5, 1923) was a prominent Croatian scholar of Slavic studies in the second half of the 19th century.
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Velika Plana
Velika Plana (Велика Плана, pronounced) is a town and municipality located in the Podunavlje District of Serbia.
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Vernacular literature
Vernacular literature is literature written in the vernacular—the speech of the "common people".
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Vitez
Vitez is a town and municipality located in Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Vranje
Vranje (Врање) is a city and the administrative center of the Pčinja District in southern Serbia.
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Vršac
Vršac (Вршац) is a city located in the South Banat District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia.
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Vuk Karadžić
Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (Вук Стефановић Караџић; 7 November 1787 – 7 February 1864) was a Serbian philologist and linguist who was the major reformer of the Serbian language.
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Vukovar
Vukovar (ВуковарThe official use of Serbian Cyrillic in Vukovar is subject to a dispute involving the local and national authorities, and is the source of a current political controversy. See #Minority languages.) is a city in eastern Croatia.
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Yat
Yat or jat (Ѣ ѣ; italics: Ѣ ѣ) is the thirty-second letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet, as well as the name of the sound it represented.
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Yer
A yer is one of two letters in Cyrillic alphabets: ъ (ѥръ, jerŭ) and ь (ѥрь, jerĭ).
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Zachlumia
Zachlumia or Zachumlia (Zahumlje / Захумље), also Hum, was a medieval principality located in the modern-day regions of Herzegovina and southern Dalmatia (today parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, respectively).
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Zaječar
Zaječar (Зајечар, Zaicear) is a city and the administrative center of the Zaječar District in eastern Serbia.
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Zenica
Zenica is the fourth largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the administrative center of the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Bosnian-Dalmatian, East-Bosnian dialect, Ekavian, Ekavian accent, Ijekavian, Ijekavian accent, Ikavian, Ikavian accent, Jekavian, Jekavian accent, Neo-Shtokavian, Neo-Stokavian, Neo-Štokavian, Neoshtokavian, Neoshtokavian dialect, Neostokavian, Neoštokavian, Old Shtokavian, Old Stokavian, Old Štokavian, Old-Shtokavian, Old-Stokavian, Old-Štokavian, Shtokavian accentuation, Shtokavian dialect, Shtokavian dialects, Shtokavski, Stokavian, Stokavian dialect, Western Ikavian, Zeta južnosandžački dijalekt, Štokavian, Štokavian dialect, Štokavian dialects, Štokavski.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtokavian
