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194 relations: Abortion, Acidosis, Acute chest syndrome, Africa, African diaspora, Allele, Amniotic fluid, Analgesic, Anemia, Antibiotic, Arabian Peninsula, Asplenia, Atelectasis, Autosplenectomy, Avascular necrosis, Bahrain, Behaviour therapy, Bilirubin, Bill Cosby, Blood film, Blood gas tension, Blood test, Blood transfusion, Bone grafting, Bone marrow, Capillary, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chemotherapy, Chest radiograph, Chhattisgarh, Cholecystitis, Chromosome 11, Chronic pain, Cochrane (organisation), Codocyte, Cognitive therapy, Complete blood count, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cystic fibrosis, Dactylitis, Dehydration, Dentistry, Developed country, Diclofenac, Diphenhydramine, Doughnut, Endogamy, Ernest E. Irons, Erythropoiesis, Exchange transfusion, ..., Fetal hemoglobin, Fetus, Folate, Gallstone, Gel electrophoresis, Gene therapy, Genetic carrier, Genetic code, Genetic counseling, Genetic testing, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Graft-versus-host disease, Haemophilia, Haemophilus influenzae, HBB, Heart failure, Hematology, Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, Hematopoietic ulcer, Hematuria, Hemoglobin, Hemoglobin A, Hemoglobin A2, Hemoglobin C, Hemoglobin electrophoresis, Hemolysis, Heredity, Heterozygote advantage, High-performance liquid chromatography, Howell–Jolly body, Human brain, Hydroxycarbamide, Hypertension, Hypothyroidism, Hypovolemia, Hypoxia (medical), Immune system, Incentive spirometer, India, Infarction, Intrauterine growth restriction, Ischemia, Jamaica, James B. Herrick, James V. Neel, Joint, Joint replacement, Journal of Clinical Pathology, Kidney failure, Lemuel Diggs, Life expectancy, Linus Pauling, Madhya Pradesh, Malaria, Medical ultrasound, Mediterranean Sea, Methionine, Metropolitan France, Middle East, Mutation, Naproxen, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Natural selection, Necrosis, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, North Africa, Nucleotide, Occult, Opiate, Opioid, Osteomyelitis, Overseas France, Overwhelming post-splenectomy infection, Oxygen, Pain, Pain management, Pallor, Parvovirus B19, Pathogenic bacteria, Patient education, Patient-controlled analgesia, Penicillin, Penis, Phenylketonuria, Physical therapy, Plasmodium, Pneumonia, Point mutation, Polygamy, Polymerization, Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria, Pre-eclampsia, Priapism, Proteinuria, Psychodynamic psychotherapy, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary hypertension, Rajasthan, Red blood cell, Renal papillary necrosis, Reticulocyte, Reticulocytopenia, Salmonella, Sauteurs, Sickle, Sickle cell nephropathy, Sickle cell trait, Silent stroke, Single-nucleotide polymorphism, Social Security (United States), Social Security Administration, Sodium dithionite, Sodium metabisulfite, Spleen, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Stroke, Sub-Saharan Africa, Subtropics, Survey of Ophthalmology, Syncope (medicine), Tachycardia, Thalassemia, Tharu people, The American Journal of Surgery, To All My Friends on Shore, Transcranial Doppler, Transfusion therapy (Sickle-cell disease), Tropics, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, United States, University of Virginia, Vaccination, Valine, Vaso-occlusive crisis, Ventricle (heart), Verne Mason, Vernon Ingram, West Africa, Wild type, World Health Organization. Expand index (144 more) »
Abortion
Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus.
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Acidosis
Acidosis is a process causing increased acidity in the blood and other body tissues (i.e., an increased hydrogen ion concentration).
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Acute chest syndrome
The acute chest syndrome is a vaso-occlusive crisis of the pulmonary vasculature commonly seen in people with sickle cell anemia.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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African diaspora
The African diaspora consists of the worldwide collection of communities descended from Africa's peoples, predominantly in the Americas.
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Allele
An allele is a variant form of a given gene.
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Amniotic fluid
The amniotic fluid is the protective liquid contained by the amniotic sac of a gravid Amniote.
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Analgesic
An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.
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Anemia
Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula, simplified Arabia (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, ‘Arabian island’ or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب, ‘Island of the Arabs’), is a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate.
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Asplenia
Asplenia refers to the absence of normal spleen function and is associated with some serious infection risks.
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Atelectasis
Atelectasis is the collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange.
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Autosplenectomy
An autosplenectomy (from 'auto-' self, '-splen-' spleen, '-ectomy' removal) is a negative outcome of disease and occurs when a disease damages the spleen to such an extent that it becomes shrunken and non-functional.
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Avascular necrosis
Avascular necrosis (AVN), also called osteonecrosis or bone infarction, is death of bone tissue due to interruption of the blood supply.
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Bahrain
Bahrain (البحرين), officially the Kingdom of Bahrain (مملكة البحرين), is an Arab constitutional monarchy in the Persian Gulf.
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Behaviour therapy
Behaviour therapy is a broad term referring to clinical psychotherapy that uses techniques derived from behaviourism.
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Bilirubin
Bilirubin is a yellow compound that occurs in the normal catabolic pathway that breaks down heme in vertebrates.
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Bill Cosby
William Henry Cosby Jr. (born July 12, 1937) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, musician, author, and convicted sex offender.
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Blood film
A blood film—or peripheral blood smear—is a thin layer of blood smeared on a glass microscope slide and then stained in such a way as to allow the various blood cells to be examined microscopically.
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Blood gas tension
Blood gas tension refers to the partial pressure of gases in blood.
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Blood test
A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.
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Blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is generally the process of receiving blood or blood products into one's circulation intravenously.
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Bone grafting
Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone in order to repair bone fractures that are extremely complex, pose a significant health risk to the patient, or fail to heal properly.
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Bone marrow
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of bones.
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Capillary
A capillary is a small blood vessel from 5 to 10 micrometres (µm) in diameter, and having a wall one endothelial cell thick.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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Chest radiograph
A chest radiograph, colloquially called a chest X-ray (CXR), or chest film, is a projection radiograph of the chest used to diagnose conditions affecting the chest, its contents, and nearby structures.
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Chhattisgarh
Chhattisgarh (translation: Thirty-Six Forts) is one of the 29 states of India, located in the centre-east of the country.
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Cholecystitis
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder.
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Chromosome 11
Chromosome 11 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.
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Chronic pain
Chronic pain is pain that lasts a long time.
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Cochrane (organisation)
Cochrane is a non-profit, non-governmental organization formed to organize medical research findings so as to facilitate evidence-based choices about health interventions faced by health professionals, patients, and policy makers.
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Codocyte
Codocytes also known as target cells are red blood cells that have the appearance of a shooting target with a bullseye.
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Cognitive therapy
Cognitive therapy (CT) is a type of psychotherapy developed by American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck.
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Complete blood count
A complete blood count (CBC), also known as a complete blood cell count, full blood count (FBC), or full blood exam (FBE), is a blood panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood, such as the cell count for each cell type and the concentrations of various proteins and minerals.
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are any of several autosomal recessive diseases resulting from mutations of genes for enzymes mediating the biochemical steps of production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids or sex steroids from cholesterol by the adrenal glands (steroidogenesis).
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Cystic fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine.
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Dactylitis
Dactylitis or sausage digit is inflammation of an entire digit (a finger or toe), and can be painful.
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Dehydration
In physiology, dehydration is a deficit of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes.
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Dentistry
Dentistry is a branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, commonly in the dentition but also the oral mucosa, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.
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Developed country
A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
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Diclofenac
Diclofenac (sold under a number of trade names) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) taken or applied to reduce inflammation and as an analgesic reducing pain in certain conditions.
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Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine mainly used to treat allergies.
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Doughnut
A doughnut or donut (both: or; see etymology section) is a type of fried dough confection or dessert food.
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Endogamy
Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific social group, caste or ethnic group, rejecting those from others as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships.
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Ernest E. Irons
Ernest Edward Irons (February 17, 1877 – January 18, 1959) was an American physician who led several prominent medical organizations.
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Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis (from Greek 'erythro' meaning "red" and 'poiesis' meaning "to make") is the process which produces red blood cells (erythrocytes).
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Exchange transfusion
An exchange transfusion is a blood transfusion in which the patient's blood or components of it are exchanged with (replaced by) other blood or blood products.
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Fetal hemoglobin
Fetal hemoglobin, or foetal haemoglobin, (also hemoglobin F, HbF, or α2γ2) is the main oxygen transport protein in the human fetus during the last seven months of development in the uterus and persists in the newborn until roughly 6 months old.
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Fetus
A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms.
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Folate
Folate, distinct forms of which are known as folic acid, folacin, and vitamin B9, is one of the B vitamins.
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Gallstone
A gallstone is a stone formed within the gallbladder out of bile components. The term cholelithiasis may refer to the presence of gallstones or to the diseases caused by gallstones. Most people with gallstones (about 80%) never have symptoms. When a gallstone blocks the bile duct, a crampy pain in the right upper part of the abdomen, known as biliary colic (gallbladder attack) can result. This happens in 1–4% of those with gallstones each year. Complications of gallstones may include inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), jaundice, and infection of a bile duct (cholangitis). Symptoms of these complications may include pain of more than five hours duration, fever, yellowish skin, vomiting, dark urine, and pale stools. Risk factors for gallstones include birth control pills, pregnancy, a family history of gallstones, obesity, diabetes, liver disease, or rapid weight loss. The bile components that form gallstones include cholesterol, bile salts, and bilirubin. Gallstones formed mainly from cholesterol are termed cholesterol stones, and those mainly from bilirubin are termed pigment stones. Gallstones may be suspected based on symptoms. Diagnosis is then typically confirmed by ultrasound. Complications may be detected on blood tests. The risk of gallstones may be decreased by maintaining a healthy weight through sufficient exercise and eating a healthy diet. If there are no symptoms, treatment is usually not needed. In those who are having gallbladder attacks, surgery to remove the gallbladder is typically recommended. This can be carried out either through several small incisions or through a single larger incision, usually under general anesthesia. In rare cases when surgery is not possible medication may be used to try to dissolve the stones or lithotripsy to break down the stones. In developed countries, 10–15% of adults have gallstones. Rates in many parts of Africa, however, are as low as 3%. Gallbladder and biliary related diseases occurred in about 104 million people (1.6%) in 2013 and they resulted in 106,000 deaths. Women more commonly have stones than men and they occur more commonly after the age of 40. Certain ethnic groups have gallstones more often than others. For example, 48% of Native Americans have gallstones. Once the gallbladder is removed, outcomes are generally good.
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Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
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Gene therapy
In the medicine field, gene therapy (also called human gene transfer) is the therapeutic delivery of nucleic acid into a patient's cells as a drug to treat disease.
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Genetic carrier
A hereditary carrier (or just carrier), is a person or other organism that has inherited a recessive allele for a genetic trait or mutation but usually does not display that trait or show symptoms of the disease.
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Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.
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Genetic counseling
Genetic counseling is the process by which the patients or relatives at risk of an inherited disorder (or may be carrying a child at risk) are advised of the consequences and nature of the disorder, the probability of developing or transmitting it, and the options open to them in management and family planning.
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Genetic testing
Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, allows the determination of bloodlines and the genetic diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherited diseases.
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PDD) is an inborn error of metabolism that predisposes to red blood cell breakdown.
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Glutamine
Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Graft-versus-host disease
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a medical complication following the receipt of transplanted tissue from a genetically different person.
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Haemophilia
Haemophilia, also spelled hemophilia, is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.
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Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae (formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae) is a Gram-negative, coccobacillary, facultatively anaerobic pathogenic bacterium belonging to the Pasteurellaceae family.
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HBB
Beta globin (also referred to as HBB, β-globin, haemoglobin beta, hemoglobin beta, or preferably haemoglobin subunit beta) is a globin protein, which along with alpha globin (HBA), makes up the most common form of haemoglobin in adult humans, the HbA.
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Heart failure
Heart failure (HF), often referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), is when the heart is unable to pump sufficiently to maintain blood flow to meet the body's needs.
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Hematology
Hematology, also spelled haematology, is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.
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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood.
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Hematopoietic ulcer
Hematopoietic ulcers are those occurring with sickle cell anemia, congenital hemolytic anemia, polycythemia vera, thrombocytopenic purpura, macroglobulinemia, and cryoglobulinemia.
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Hematuria
Hematuria is the presence of red blood cells in the urine.
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Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (American) or haemoglobin (British); abbreviated Hb or Hgb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of all vertebrates (with the exception of the fish family Channichthyidae) as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.
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Hemoglobin A
Hemoglobin A (HbA), also known as adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1 or α2β2, is the most common human hemoglobin tetramer, comprising over 97% of the total red blood cell hemoglobin.
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Hemoglobin A2
Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) is a normal variant of hemoglobin A that consists of two alpha and two delta chains (α2δ2) and is found at low levels in normal human blood.
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Hemoglobin C
Hemoglobin c (abbreviated as Hb C or HbC) is an abnormal hemoglobin in which substitution of a glutamic acid residue with a lysine residue at the 6th position of the β-globin chain has occurred (E6K substitution).
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Hemoglobin electrophoresis
Hemoglobin electrophoresis is a blood test that can detect different types of hemoglobin.
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Hemolysis
Hemolysis or haemolysis, also known by several other names, is the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma).
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Heredity
Heredity is the passing on of traits from parents to their offspring, either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction, the offspring cells or organisms acquire the genetic information of their parents.
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Heterozygote advantage
A heterozygote advantage describes the case in which the heterozygous genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype.
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High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture.
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Howell–Jolly body
A Howell–Jolly body is a histopathological finding of basophilic nuclear remnants (clusters of DNA) in circulating erythrocytes.
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Human brain
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
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Hydroxycarbamide
Hydroxycarbamide, also known as hydroxyurea, is a medication used in sickle-cell disease, chronic myelogenous leukemia, cervical cancer, and polycythemia vera.
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Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
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Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism, also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid, is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.
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Hypovolemia
Hypovolemia is a state of decreased blood volume; more specifically, decrease in volume of blood plasma.
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Hypoxia (medical)
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Incentive spirometer
An incentive spirometer is a medical device used to help patients improve the functioning of their lungs.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Infarction
Infarction is tissue death (necrosis) due to inadequate blood supply to the affected area.
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Intrauterine growth restriction
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to poor growth of a fetus while in the mother's womb during pregnancy.
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Ischemia
Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).
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Jamaica
Jamaica is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea.
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James B. Herrick
James Bryan Herrick (11 August 1861 in Oak Park, Illinois – 7 March 1954 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American physician who practiced and taught in Chicago, Illinois during a long and productive life.
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James V. Neel
James Van Gundia Neel (March 22, 1915 – February 1, 2000) was an American geneticist who played a key role in the development of human genetics as a field of research in the United States.
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Joint
A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones in the body which link the skeletal system into a functional whole.
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Joint replacement
Replacement arthroplasty (from Greek arthron, joint, limb, articulate, + plassein, to form, mould, forge, feign, make an image of), or joint replacement surgery, is a procedure of orthopedic surgery in which an arthritic or dysfunctional joint surface is replaced with an orthopedic prosthesis.
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Journal of Clinical Pathology
The Journal of Clinical Pathology is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of pathology, published by the BMJ Group on behalf of the Association of Clinical Pathologists.
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Kidney failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys no longer work.
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Lemuel Diggs
Lemuel Whitley Diggs (January 8, 1900 – January 8, 1995) was a pathologist who specialized in sickle cell anemia and hematology.
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Life expectancy
Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender.
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Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, educator, and husband of American human rights activist Ava Helen Pauling.
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Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh (MP;; meaning Central Province) is a state in central India.
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Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease affecting humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a group of single-celled microorganisms) belonging to the Plasmodium type.
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Medical ultrasound
Medical ultrasound (also known as diagnostic sonography or ultrasonography) is a diagnostic imaging technique based on the application of ultrasound.
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Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant.
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Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
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Metropolitan France
Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole), also known as European France or Mainland France, is the part of France in Europe.
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Middle East
The Middle Easttranslit-std; translit; Orta Şərq; Central Kurdish: ڕۆژھەڵاتی ناوین, Rojhelatî Nawîn; Moyen-Orient; translit; translit; translit; Rojhilata Navîn; translit; Bariga Dhexe; Orta Doğu; translit is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia, Turkey (both Asian and European), and Egypt (which is mostly in North Africa).
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Naproxen
Naproxen (brand names: Aleve, Naprosyn, and many others) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the propionic acid class (the same class as ibuprofen) that relieves pain, fever, swelling, and stiffness.
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National Human Genome Research Institute
NHGRI began as the Office of Human Genome Research in The Office of the Director in 1988.
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National Institutes of Health
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research, founded in the late 1870s.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Necrosis
Necrosis (from the Greek νέκρωσις "death, the stage of dying, the act of killing" from νεκρός "dead") is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis.
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a drug class that reduce pain, decrease fever, prevent blood clots and, in higher doses, decrease inflammation.
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North Africa
North Africa is a collective term for a group of Mediterranean countries and territories situated in the northern-most region of the African continent.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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Occult
The term occult (from the Latin word occultus "clandestine, hidden, secret") is "knowledge of the hidden".
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Opiate
Opiate is a term classically used in pharmacology to mean a drug derived from opium.
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Opioid
Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.
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Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infection of bone.
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Overseas France
Overseas France (France d'outre-mer) consists of all the French-administerd territories outside the European continent.
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Overwhelming post-splenectomy infection
An overwhelming post-splenectomy infection (OPSI) or Overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis (OPSS) is a rare but rapidly fatal infection occurring in individuals following removal of the spleen.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Pain
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.
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Pain management
Pain management, pain medicine, pain control or algiatry, is a branch of medicine employing an interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those living with chronic pain The typical pain management team includes medical practitioners, pharmacists, clinical psychologists, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, physician assistants, nurses.
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Pallor
Pallor is a pale color of the skin that can be caused by illness, emotional shock or stress, stimulant use, or anemia, and is the result of a reduced amount of oxyhaemoglobin and is visible in skin conjuctivae or mucous membrane.
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Parvovirus B19
Primate erythroparvovirus 1, generally referred to as B19 virus, parvovirus B19 or sometimes erythrovirus B19, was the first (and until 2005 the only) known human virus in the family Parvoviridae, genus Erythroparvovirus; it measures only 23–26 nm in diameter.
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Pathogenic bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease.
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Patient education
Patient education is the process by which health professionals and others impart information to patients and their caregivers that will alter their health behaviors or improve their health status.
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Patient-controlled analgesia
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is any method of allowing a person in pain to administer their own pain relief.
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Penicillin
Penicillin (PCN or pen) is a group of antibiotics which include penicillin G (intravenous use), penicillin V (use by mouth), procaine penicillin, and benzathine penicillin (intramuscular use).
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Penis
A penis (plural penises or penes) is the primary sexual organ that male animals use to inseminate sexually receptive mates (usually females and hermaphrodites) during copulation.
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Phenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of metabolism that results in decreased metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine.
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Physical therapy
Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is one of the allied health professions that, by using mechanical force and movements (bio-mechanics or kinesiology), manual therapy, exercise therapy, and electrotherapy, remediates impairments and promotes mobility and function.
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Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects.
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Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli.
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Point mutation
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a sequence of DNA or RNA.
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Polygamy
Polygamy (from Late Greek πολυγαμία, polygamía, "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying multiple spouses.
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Polymerization
In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.
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Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria
Polysaccharide encapsulated bacteria, frequently referred to simply as encapsulated bacteria and less precisely called encapsulated organisms, are a group of bacteria that have an outer covering, a bacterial capsule, made of polysaccharide.
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Pre-eclampsia
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a disorder of pregnancy characterized by the onset of high blood pressure and often a significant amount of protein in the urine.
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Priapism
Priapism is a condition in which a penis remains erect for hours in the absence of stimulation or after stimulation has ended.
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Proteinuria
Proteinuria is the presence of excess proteins in the urine.
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Psychodynamic psychotherapy
Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a form of depth psychology, the primary focus of which is to reveal the unconscious content of a client's psyche in an effort to alleviate psychic tension.
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Pulmonary artery
A pulmonary artery is an artery in the pulmonary circulation that carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs.
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Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH or PHTN) is a condition of increased blood pressure within the arteries of the lungs.
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Rajasthan
Rajasthan (literally, "Land of Kings") is India's largest state by area (or 10.4% of India's total area).
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Red blood cell
Red blood cells-- also known as RBCs, red cells, red blood corpuscles, haematids, erythroid cells or erythrocytes (from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow vessel", with -cyte translated as "cell" in modern usage), are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
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Renal papillary necrosis
Renal papillary necrosis is a form of nephropathy involving the necrosis of the renal papilla.
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Reticulocyte
Reticulocytes are immature red blood cells, typically composing about 1% of the red blood cells in the human body.
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Reticulocytopenia
Reticulocytopenia, also known as an "aplastic crisis" or "marrow failure", is the medical term for an abnormal decrease of reticulocytes in the body.
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Salmonella
Salmonella is a genus of rod-shaped (bacillus) Gram-negative bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
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Sauteurs
Sauteurs (pronounced Sau-tez) is a fishing town in the Saint Patrick Parish, Grenada and is the fourth largest city on the island of Grenada, with a population of about 1,300.
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Sickle
A sickle, or bagging hook, is a hand-held agricultural tool designed with variously curved blades and typically used for harvesting, or reaping, grain crops or cutting succulent forage chiefly for feeding livestock, either freshly cut or dried as hay.
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Sickle cell nephropathy
Sickle cell nephropathy is a type of nephropathy associated with sickle cell disease which causes kidney complications as a result of sickling of red blood cells in the small blood vessels.
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Sickle cell trait
Sickle cell trait describes a condition in which a person has one abnormal allele of the hemoglobin beta gene (is heterozygous), but does not display the severe symptoms of sickle-cell disease that occur in a person who has two copies of that allele (is homozygous).
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Silent stroke
A silent stroke is a stroke that does not have any outward symptoms associated with stroke, and the patient is typically unaware they have suffered a stroke.
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Single-nucleotide polymorphism
A single-nucleotide polymorphism, often abbreviated to SNP (plural), is a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome, where each variation is present to some appreciable degree within a population (e.g. > 1%).
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Social Security (United States)
In the United States, Social Security is the commonly used term for the federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program and is administered by the Social Security Administration.
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Social Security Administration
The United States Social Security Administration (SSA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government that administers Social Security, a social insurance program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivors' benefits.
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Sodium dithionite
Sodium dithionite (also known as sodium hydrosulfite) is a white crystalline powder with a weak sulfurous odor.
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Sodium metabisulfite
Sodium metabisulfite or sodium pyrosulfite (IUPAC spelling; Br. E. sodium metabisulphite or sodium pyrosulphite) is an inorganic compound of chemical formula Na2S2O5.
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Spleen
The spleen is an organ found in virtually all vertebrates.
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Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive, round-shaped bacterium that is a member of the Firmicutes, and it is a member of the normal flora of the body, frequently found in the nose, respiratory tract, and on the skin.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus, is a Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic (under aerobic conditions) or beta-hemolytic (under anaerobic conditions), facultative anaerobic member of the genus Streptococcus.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara.
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Subtropics
The subtropics are geographic and climate zones located roughly between the tropics at latitude 23.5° (the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn) and temperate zones (normally referring to latitudes 35–66.5°) north and south of the Equator.
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Survey of Ophthalmology
Survey of Ophthalmology is a review journal dedicated to publishing reviews of ophthalmological topics by established authorities in that particular field.
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Syncope (medicine)
Syncope, also known as fainting, is a loss of consciousness and muscle strength characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery.
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Tachycardia
Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate.
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Thalassemia
Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production.
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Tharu people
The Tharu people are an ethnic group indigenous to the southern foothills of the Himalayas; most of the Tharu people live in the Nepal Terai.
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The American Journal of Surgery
The American Journal of Surgery is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier on behalf of 6 major surgical societies.
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To All My Friends on Shore
To All My Friends On Shore is a 1972 television film drama starring Bill Cosby, and co-starring Gloria Foster.
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Transcranial Doppler
Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and transcranial color Doppler (TCCD) are types of Doppler ultrasonography that measure the velocity of blood flow through the brain's blood vessels by measuring the echoes of ultrasound waves moving transcranially (through the cranium).
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Transfusion therapy (Sickle-cell disease)
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) from donors contain normal hemoglobin (HbA), and transfusion of normal red blood cells into people with sickle cell disease reduces the percentage of red cells in the circulation containing the abnormal hemoglobin (HbS).
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Tropics
The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator.
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Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) is an organization based in the US which supports research on matters of hyperbaric medicine and physiology, and provides a certificate of added qualification for physicians with an unrestricted license to practice medicine and for limited licensed practitioners, at the completion of the Program for Advanced Training in Hyperbaric Medicine.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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University of Virginia
The University of Virginia (U.Va. or UVA), frequently referred to simply as Virginia, is a public research university and the flagship for the Commonwealth of Virginia.
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Vaccination
Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual's immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.
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Valine
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Vaso-occlusive crisis
A vaso-occlusive crisis is a common painful complication of sickle cell anemia in adolescents and adults.
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Ventricle (heart)
A ventricle is one of two large chambers in the heart that collect and expel blood received from an atrium towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs.
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Verne Mason
Verne Rheem Mason (August 8, 1889 – November 16, 1965) was an eminent American internist and associate of Howard Hughes.
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Vernon Ingram
Vernon Martin Ingram, PhD, FRS (19 May 1924 – 17 August 2006) born Werner Adolf Martin Immerwahr, was a German American professor of biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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West Africa
West Africa, also called Western Africa and the West of Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa.
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Wild type
Wild type (WT) refers to the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it occurs in nature.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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Anemia, sickle cell, Depranocytosis, Drepanocyte, Drepanocytosis, Drépanocytose, Haemoglobin S, Hb S, Hemoglobin S, Hemoglobin s, Hemoglobin, sickle, Keone Penn, Keone's Law, Keone's law, Saving the Cure Act, Sick-as-hell anemia, Sickle Cell Anaemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Sickle Cell Disease, Sickle Cell disease, Sickle cell, Sickle cell anaemia, Sickle cell anemia, Sickle cell crisis, Sickle cell disorder, Sickle cell disorders, Sickle cell test, Sickle cells, Sickle-Cell Anemia, Sickle-cell, Sickle-cell Anemia, Sickle-cell anaemia, Sickle-cell anemia, Sickle-cell disease, Sickle-cell disorders, Sickle-cell haemoglobin, Sickledex, Sickling, Sickling crisis, World Sickle Cell Day.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease
