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127 relations: Aezkoa, Ainhice-Mongelos, Albret, Amaiur, André de Foix, Antonio de Nebrija, Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera, Íñigo Arista of Pamplona, Basque Country (autonomous community), Basque Country (greater region), Battle of Noáin, Battle of Pavia, Battle of Villalar, Bayonne, Baztan (comarca), Baztan, Navarre, Béarn, Bidasoa, Bigorre, Biscay, Biscayne (ethnonym), Burgos, Burguete-Auritz, Catherine of Navarre, Cesare Borgia, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Claude, Duke of Guise, County of Foix, Crown lands of France, Crown of Aragon, Crown of Castile, Diego Fernández de Córdoba y Arellano, marqués de Comares, Divine right of kings, Ducat, Duke of Longueville, Early modern France, Ebro, Emirate of Granada, Errenteria, Estella-Lizarra, Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Duke of Alba, Ferdinand II of Aragon, Francis I of France, Francis Xavier, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, Gascony, Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours, Germaine of Foix, Gipuzkoa, Goizueta, Navarre, ..., Granada War, Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet, Guyenne, Habsburg Spain, Henry II of Navarre, Henry IV of France, Hondarribia, Honorius (emperor), Ignatius of Loyola, Inquisition, Irun, Isabella I of Castile, Italian War of 1521–26, Ituren, Jeanne d'Albret, Joanna of Castile, John III of Navarre, John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne, Kingdom of Aragon, Kingdom of Asturias, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Navarre, Labourd, Landsknecht, Lèse-majesté, Lerín, List of battles of the Italian Wars, List of viceroys of Navarre, Logroño, Louis XII of France, Lower Navarre, Lumbier, Luxe-Sumberraute, Luzaide/Valcarlos, Maravedí, Muslim, Navarre, Niccolò Machiavelli, Oloron-Sainte-Marie, Oran, Orthez, Papal bull, Papal States, Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Count of Ureña, Pedro, Marshal of Navarre, Peyrehorade, Philibert of Chalon, Philip I of Castile, Philip II of Spain, Pope Julius II, Pyrenees, Reconquista, Reformation, Revolt of the Brotherhoods, Revolt of the Comuneros, Roncal – Erronkari, Saint-Jean-de-Luz, Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, Saint-Palais, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Salazar Valley, San Sebastián, Sangüesa, Santander, Spain, Sauveterre-de-Béarn, Simancas, Spanish West Indies, Toulouse, Tower house, Tudela, Navarre, Ultzama, Unzué, Ustaritz, Viana, Spain, War of the Bands, War of the League of Cambrai, War of the League of Cognac, Witch trials in the early modern period. Expand index (77 more) »
Aezkoa
Aezkoa Valley is an administrative unit of Navarre, Spain.
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Ainhice-Mongelos
Ainhice-Mongelos is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France.
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Albret
The lordship (seigneurie) of Albret (Labrit), situated in the Landes, gave its name to one of the most powerful feudal families of France in the Middle Ages.
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Amaiur
Amaiur is a left-wing Basque nationalist and separatist political coalition from the Basque Country and Navarre.
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André de Foix
André de Foix, Lord of Lesparre (or Asparroz or Asparrots), (1490–1547) was a French General.
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Antonio de Nebrija
Antonio de Nebrija (14415 July 1522), also known as Antonio de Lebrija, Elio Antonio de Lebrija, Antonius Nebrissensis, and Antonio of Lebrixa, was a Spanish Renaissance scholar.
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Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera
Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera (died 13 December 1535) was a Spanish noble and military leader, and Viceroy of Navarre between 1516 and 1521.
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Íñigo Arista of Pamplona
Íñigo Arista (Eneko, ونّقه, Wannaqo, c. 790 – 851 or 852) was a Basque leader, considered the first King of Pamplona.
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Basque Country (autonomous community)
The Basque Country (Euskadi; País Vasco; Pays Basque), officially the Basque Autonomous Community (Euskal Autonomia Erkidegoa, EAE; Comunidad Autónoma Vasca, CAV) is an autonomous community in northern Spain.
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Basque Country (greater region)
The Basque Country (Euskal Herria; Pays basque; Vasconia, País Vasco) is the name given to the home of the Basque people.
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Battle of Noáin
The Battle of Noáin or the Battle of Esquiroz, fought on June 30, 1521 was the only open field battle in the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.
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Battle of Pavia
The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521–26.
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Battle of Villalar
The Battle of Villalar was a battle in the Revolt of the Comuneros fought on April 23, 1521 near the town of Villalar in Valladolid province, Spain.
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Bayonne
Bayonne (Gascon: Baiona; Baiona; Bayona) is a city and commune and one of the two sub-prefectures of the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.
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Baztan (comarca)
Baztan is a rural comarca located in a wide valley in Navarre, Spain, with the Baztan river running through it.
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Baztan, Navarre
Baztan is a municipality from the Chartered Community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Béarn
Béarn (Gascon: Bearn or Biarn; Bearno or Biarno) is one of the traditional provinces of France, located in the Pyrenees mountains and in the plain at their feet, in southwest France.
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Bidasoa
The Bidasoa (Bidassoa) is a river in the Basque Country of northern Spain and southern France that runs largely south to north.
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Bigorre
Bigorre (Gascon: Bigòrra) is a region in southwest France, historically an independent county and later a French province, located in the upper watershed of the Adour, on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees, part of the larger region known as Gascony.
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Biscay
Biscay (Bizkaia; Vizcaya) is a province of Spain located just south of the Bay of Biscay.
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Biscayne (ethnonym)
Until the early 19th century the word Biscayne (.
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Burgos
Burgos is a city in northern Spain and the historic capital of Castile.
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Burguete-Auritz
Burguete ("Burguete" in Castilian, "Auritz" in Basque) is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Catherine of Navarre
Catherine (Katalina) (1468 – 12 February 1517), Queen of Navarre, reigned from 1483 until 1517.
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Cesare Borgia
Cesare Borgia (Catalan:; César Borja,; 13 September 1475 – 12 March 1507), Duke of Valentinois, was an Italian condottiero, nobleman, politician, and cardinal with Aragonese origin, whose fight for power was a major inspiration for The Prince by Machiavelli.
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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.
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Claude, Duke of Guise
Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise (20 October 1496, Château de Condé-sur-Moselle, – 12 April 1550, Château de Joinville) was a French aristocrat and general.
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County of Foix
The County of Foix was an independent medieval fief in southern France, and later a province of France, whose territory corresponded roughly the eastern part of the modern département of Ariège (the western part of Ariège being Couserans).
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Crown lands of France
The crown lands, crown estate, royal domain or (in French) domaine royal (from demesne) of France refers to the lands, fiefs and rights directly possessed by the kings of France.
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Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Aragon (Corona d'Aragón, Corona d'Aragó, Corona de Aragón),Corona d'AragónCorona AragonumCorona de Aragón) also referred by some modern historians as Catalanoaragonese Crown (Corona catalanoaragonesa) or Catalan-Aragonese Confederation (Confederació catalanoaragonesa) was a composite monarchy, also nowadays referred to as a confederation of individual polities or kingdoms ruled by one king, with a personal and dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona. At the height of its power in the 14th and 15th centuries, the Crown of Aragon was a thalassocracy (a state with primarily maritime realms) controlling a large portion of present-day eastern Spain, parts of what is now southern France, and a Mediterranean "empire" which included the Balearic Islands, Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Malta, Southern Italy (from 1442) and parts of Greece (until 1388). The component realms of the Crown were not united politically except at the level of the king, who ruled over each autonomous polity according to its own laws, raising funds under each tax structure, dealing separately with each Corts or Cortes. Put in contemporary terms, it has sometimes been considered that the different lands of the Crown of Aragon (mainly the Kingdom of Aragon, the Principality of Catalonia and the Kingdom of Valencia) functioned more as a confederation than as a single kingdom. In this sense, the larger Crown of Aragon must not be confused with one of its constituent parts, the Kingdom of Aragon, from which it takes its name. In 1469, a new dynastic familial union of the Crown of Aragon with the Crown of Castile by the Catholic Monarchs, joining what contemporaries referred to as "the Spains" led to what would become the Kingdom of Spain under King Philip II. The Crown existed until it was abolished by the Nueva Planta decrees issued by King Philip V in 1716 as a consequence of the defeat of Archduke Charles (as Charles III of Aragon) in the War of the Spanish Succession.
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Crown of Castile
The Crown of Castile was a medieval state in the Iberian Peninsula that formed in 1230 as a result of the third and definitive union of the crowns and, some decades later, the parliaments of the kingdoms of Castile and León upon the accession of the then Castilian king, Ferdinand III, to the vacant Leonese throne. It continued to exist as a separate entity after the personal union in 1469 of the crowns of Castile and Aragon with the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs up to the promulgation of the Nueva Planta decrees by Philip V in 1715. The Indies, Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea were also a part of the Crown of Castile when transformed from lordships to kingdoms of the heirs of Castile in 1506, with the Treaty of Villafáfila, and upon the death of Ferdinand the Catholic. The title of "King of Castile" remained in use by the Habsburg rulers during the 16th and 17th centuries. Charles I was King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, and Sicily, and Count of Barcelona, Roussillon and Cerdagne, as well as King of Castile and León, 1516–1556. In the early 18th century, Philip of Bourbon won the War of the Spanish Succession and imposed unification policies over the Crown of Aragon, supporters of their enemies. This unified the Crown of Aragon and the Crown of Castile into the kingdom of Spain. Even though the Nueva Planta decrees did not formally abolish the Crown of Castile, the country of (Castile and Aragon) was called "Spain" by both contemporaries and historians. "King of Castile" also remains part of the full title of Felipe VI of Spain, the current King of Spain according to the Spanish constitution of 1978, in the sense of titles, not of states.
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Diego Fernández de Córdoba y Arellano, marqués de Comares
Diego Fernández de Córdoba y Arellano, I marqués de Comares, (1463 - Oran, now in Algeria, 1518), invested 1st marquis of Comares in 1512, was Governor of Oran and Mazalquivir, 1509–1512 and 1516–1518, and first Viceroy of Navarre, 1512-1515.
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Divine right of kings
The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy.
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Ducat
The ducat was a gold or silver coin used as a trade coin in Europe from the later middle ages until as late as the 20th century.
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Duke of Longueville
Duke of Longueville (Longueville-sur-Scie) was a title of French nobility, though not a peerage of France.
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Early modern France
The Kingdom of France in the early modern period, from the Renaissance (circa 1500–1550) to the Revolution (1789–1804), was a monarchy ruled by the House of Bourbon (a Capetian cadet branch).
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Ebro
The Ebro in English (also in Spanish, Aragonese and Basque: 'Ebre') is one of the most important rivers on the Iberian Peninsula.
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Emirate of Granada
The Emirate of Granada (إمارة غرﻧﺎﻃﺔ, trans. Imarat Gharnāṭah), also known as the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada (Reino Nazarí de Granada), was an emirate established in 1230 by Muhammad ibn al-Ahmar.
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Errenteria
Errenteria (Errenteria/Orereta, Rentería) is a town located in the province of Gipuzkoa in the Basque Autonomous Community, in the north of Spain, near the French border.
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Estella-Lizarra
Estella (Spanish) or Lizarra (Basque) is a town located in the autonomous community of Navarre, in northern Spain.
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Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 2nd Duke of Alba
Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez, 2nd Duke of Alva (in full, Don Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y Enríquez de Quiñones, segundo Duque de Alba de Tormes, segundo marqués de Coria, conde de Salvatierra, señor del estado de Valdecorneja y del estado de Huéscar) (– 19 October 1531) was a Spanish nobleman, military leader and politician.
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Ferdinand II of Aragon
Ferdinand II (Ferrando, Ferran, Errando, Fernando) (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called the Catholic, was King of Sicily from 1468 and King of Aragon from 1479 until his death.
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Francis I of France
Francis I (François Ier) (12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was the first King of France from the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois, reigning from 1515 until his death.
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Francis Xavier
Francis Xavier, S.J. (born Francisco de Jasso y Azpilicueta, in Latin Franciscus Xaverius, Basque: Frantzisko Xabierkoa, Spanish: Francisco Javier; 7 April 15063 December 1552), was a Navarrese Basque Roman Catholic missionary, born in Javier (Xavier in Navarro-Aragonese or Xabier in Basque), Kingdom of Navarre (present day Spain), and a co-founder of the Society of Jesus.
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Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, O.F.M. (1436 – 8 November 1517), known as Ximenes de Cisneros in his own lifetime, and commonly referred to today as simply Cisneros, was a Spanish cardinal, religious figure, and statesman.
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Gascony
Gascony (Gascogne; Gascon: Gasconha; Gaskoinia) is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution.
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Gaston of Foix, Duke of Nemours
Gaston de Foix, duc de Nemours (10 December 1489 – 11 April 1512), also known as The Thunderbolt of Italy, was a French military commander noted mostly for his brilliant six-month campaign from 1511 to 1512 during the War of the League of Cambrai.
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Germaine of Foix
Germaine of Foix (Germana de Foix; Germaine de Foix;1488 – 15 October 1536) was queen consort of Aragon as the second wife of Ferdinand II of Aragon, whom she married in 1505 after the death of his first wife, Isabella I of Castile.
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Gipuzkoa
Gipuzkoa (in Guipúzcoa) is a province of Spain and a historical territory of the autonomous community of the Basque Country.
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Goizueta, Navarre
Goizueta is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Granada War
The Granada War (Guerra de Granada) was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492, during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs (los Reyes Católicos) Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada.
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Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet
Guillaume Gouffier, seigneur de Bonnivet (c. 1488 – 24 February 1525) was a French soldier.
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Guyenne
Guyenne or Guienne (Guiana) was an old French province which corresponded roughly to the Roman province of Aquitania Secunda and the archdiocese of Bordeaux.
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Habsburg Spain
Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries (1516–1700), when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg (also associated with its role in the history of Central Europe).
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Henry II of Navarre
Henry II (18 April 1503 – 25 May 1555), nicknamed Sangüesino because he was born at Sangüesa, was the King of Navarre from 1517, although his kingdom had been reduced to a small territory north of the Pyrenees by the Spanish conquest of 1512.
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Henry IV of France
Henry IV (Henri IV, read as Henri-Quatre; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.
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Hondarribia
Hondarribia (Hondarribia; Fuenterrabía; Fontarrabie) is a town situated on the west shore of Bidasoa river's mouth, in Gipuzkoa, in Basque Country, Spain.
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Honorius (emperor)
Honorius (Flavius Honorius Augustus; 9 September 384 – 15 August 423) was Western Roman Emperor from 393 to 423.
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Ignatius of Loyola
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (Ignazio Loiolakoa, Ignacio de Loyola; – 31 July 1556) was a Spanish Basque priest and theologian, who founded the religious order called the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and became its first Superior General.
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Inquisition
The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat public heresy committed by baptized Christians.
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Irun
Irun (Irún, Irun) is a town of the Bidasoaldea region in the province of Gipuzkoa in the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain.
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Isabella I of Castile
Isabella I (Isabel, 22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504) reigned as Queen of Castile from 1474 until her death.
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Italian War of 1521–26
The Italian War of 1521–26, sometimes known as the Four Years' War, was a part of the Italian Wars.
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Ituren
Ituren is a Basque town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Jeanne d'Albret
Jeanne d'Albret (Basque: Joana Albretekoa; Occitan: Joana de Labrit; 16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572), also known as Jeanne III, was the queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572.
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Joanna of Castile
Joanna (6 November 1479 – 12 April 1555), known historically as Joanna the Mad (Juana la Loca), was Queen of Castile from 1504, and of Aragon from 1516.
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John III of Navarre
John III (Jean d'Albret; 1469 – 14 June 1516) was jure uxoris King of Navarre from 1484 until his death, as husband and co-ruler with Queen Catherine.
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John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne
John of Foix (1450 – 1500, Étampes, France) was a younger son of Count Gaston IV of Foix and Queen Eleanor of Navarre.
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Kingdom of Aragon
The Kingdom of Aragon (Reino d'Aragón, Regne d'Aragó, Regnum Aragonum, Reino de Aragón) was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain.
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Kingdom of Asturias
The Kingdom of Asturias (Regnum Asturorum) was a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula founded in 718 by the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius of Asturias (Asturian: Pelayu, Spanish: Pelayo).
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Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla, Regnum Castellae) was a large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.
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Kingdom of Navarre
The Kingdom of Navarre (Nafarroako Erresuma, Reino de Navarra, Royaume de Navarre, Regnum Navarrae), originally the Kingdom of Pamplona (Iruñeko Erresuma), was a Basque-based kingdom that occupied lands on either side of the western Pyrenees, alongside the Atlantic Ocean between present-day Spain and France.
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Labourd
Labourd (Lapurdi in Basque; Lapurdum in Latin; Labord in Gascon) is a former French province and part of the present-day Pyrénées Atlantiques département.
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Landsknecht
The German Landsknechts, sometimes also rendered as (singular), were colourful mercenary soldiers with a formidable reputation, who became an important military force through late 15th- and 16th-century Europe.
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Lèse-majesté
Lèse-majesté (or; also lese-majesty, lese majesty or leze majesty) is the crime of violating majesty, an offence against the dignity of a reigning sovereign or against a state.
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Lerín
Lerín is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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List of battles of the Italian Wars
The Sack of Brescia took place on February 18, 1512 during the War of the League of Cambrai.
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List of viceroys of Navarre
This is a list of Spanish Viceroys of Navarre from 1512 to 1840, when the function was abolished.
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Logroño
Logroño is a city in northern Spain, on the Ebro River.
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Louis XII of France
Louis XII (27 June 1462 – 1 January 1515) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1498 to 1515 and King of Naples from 1501 to 1504.
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Lower Navarre
Lower Navarre (Nafarroa Beherea/Baxenabarre, Gascon/Bearnese: Navarra Baisha, Basse-Navarre, Baja Navarra) is a traditional region of the present-day French département of Pyrénées-Atlantiques.
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Lumbier
Lumbier (Irunberri in Basque language) is a village in Spain and a municipality of the Chartered Community of Navarre (Comunidad Foral de Navarra), in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, in the north of Spain, 38 km from the capital of the community Pamplona.
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Luxe-Sumberraute
Luxe-Sumberraute is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
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Luzaide/Valcarlos
Luzaide (Spanish: Valcarlos; official name Luzaide/Valcarlos) is a Basque town in Navarre, northern Spain, located just a few kilometers from the French border and the village of Arnéguy.
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Maravedí
The maravedí was the name of various Iberian coins of gold and then silver between the 11th and 14th centuries and the name of different Iberian accounting units between the 11th and 19th centuries.
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Navarre
Navarre (Navarra, Nafarroa; Navarra), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre (Spanish: Comunidad Foral de Navarra; Basque: Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea), is an autonomous community and province in northern Spain, bordering the Basque Autonomous Community, La Rioja, and Aragon in Spain and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in France.
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Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer of the Renaissance period.
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Oloron-Sainte-Marie
Oloron-Sainte-Marie (in Béarnese, Auloron e Senta-Maria, also spelt Aulouroû Sente-Marie) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the region of Béarn in south-western France.
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Oran
Oran (وَهران, Wahrān; Berber language: ⵡⴻⵂⵔⴰⵏ, Wehran) is a major coastal city located in the north-west of Algeria.
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Orthez
Orthez (Gascon Ortès) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department and Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.
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Papal bull
A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Papal States
The Papal States, officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa,; Status Ecclesiasticus; also Dicio Pontificia), were a series of territories in the Italian Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope, from the 8th century until 1870.
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Pedro Téllez-Girón, 3rd Count of Ureña
Pedro Téllez-Girón y Fernández de Velasco or Pedro Girón (died Seville, April 25, 1531), was a Spanish noble, 3rd Count of Ureña and a leader of the Revolt of the Comuneros.
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Pedro, Marshal of Navarre
Pedro de Navarra (Piarres Nafarroakoa; before 1471-24 November 1522) was a nobleman in Navarre and its highest military authority as Marshal of Navarre during the kingdom's last years of independence, as well as the following tumultuous period.
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Peyrehorade
Peyrehorade is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
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Philibert of Chalon
Philibert de Chalon (18 March 1502 – 3 August 1530) was the last Prince of Orange from the House of Chalon.
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Philip I of Castile
Philip I (22 July 1478 – 25 September 1506) called the Handsome or the Fair, was the first member of the house of Habsburg to be King of Castile.
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Philip II of Spain
Philip II (Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), called "the Prudent" (el Prudente), was King of Spain (1556–98), King of Portugal (1581–98, as Philip I, Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554–58).
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Pope Julius II
Pope Julius II (Papa Giulio II; Iulius II) (5 December 1443 – 21 February 1513), born Giuliano della Rovere, and nicknamed "The Fearsome Pope" and "The Warrior Pope".
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Pyrenees
The Pyrenees (Pirineos, Pyrénées, Pirineus, Pirineus, Pirenèus, Pirinioak) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France.
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Reconquista
The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for the "reconquest") is a name used to describe the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.
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Reformation
The Reformation (or, more fully, the Protestant Reformation; also, the European Reformation) was a schism in Western Christianity initiated by Martin Luther and continued by Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin and other Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe.
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Revolt of the Brotherhoods
The Revolt of the Brotherhoods (Revolta de les Germanies, Rebelión de las Germanías) was a revolt by artisan guilds (Germanies) against the government of King Charles V in the Kingdom of Valencia, part of the Crown of Aragon.
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Revolt of the Comuneros
The Revolt of the Comuneros (Guerra de las Comunidades de Castilla, "War of the Communities of Castile") was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of Charles V and his administration between 1520 and 1521.
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Roncal – Erronkari
Roncal – Erronkari is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Saint-Jean-de-Luz
Saint-Jean-de-Luz (Basque: Donibane Lohizune, Spanish: San Juan de Luz) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
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Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port
Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (literally "Saint John Foot of Pass"; Donibane Garazi; San Juan Pie de Puerto) is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France close to Ostabat in the Pyrenean foothills.
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Saint-Palais, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Saint-Palais is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
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Salazar Valley
The Salazar Valley (Zaraitzu Ibarra, Valle de Salazar) is a valley in the east of the Foral Community of Navarre in Spain.
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San Sebastián
San Sebastián or Donostia is a coastal city and municipality located in the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain.
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Sangüesa
Sangüesa (Basque: Zangoza) is a city in Navarre, Spain, 44.5 kilometers from Pamplona.
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Santander, Spain
The port city of Santander (Cántabru: Sanander) is the capital of the autonomous community and historical region of Cantabria situated on the north coast of Spain.
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Sauveterre-de-Béarn
Sauveterre-de-Béarn is a pretty medieval village perched above the Gave d'Oloron and facing the Pyrennes in south-western France.
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Simancas
Simancas is a town and municipality of central Spain, located in the province of Valladolid, part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.
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Spanish West Indies
The Spanish West Indies or the Spanish Antilles (also known as "Las Antillas Occidentales" or simply "Las Antillas Españolas" in Spanish) was the former name of the Spanish colonies in the Caribbean.
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Toulouse
Toulouse (Tolosa, Tolosa) is the capital of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the region of Occitanie.
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Tower house
A tower house is a particular type of stone structure, built for defensive purposes as well as habitation.
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Tudela, Navarre
Tudela is a municipality in Spain, the second largest city of the autonomous community of Navarre and twice a former Latin bishopric.
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Ultzama
Ultzama (Ulzama in Spanish) is a municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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Unzué
Unzué is a town and municipality located in the province of Navarre, in the autonomous community of Navarre, in the North of Spain.
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Ustaritz
Ustaritz (Uztaritze) is a town in the traditional Basque province of Labourd, now a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in south-western France.
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Viana, Spain
Viana is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain.
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War of the Bands
The War of the Bands (Bando gerrak, Guerra de los Bandos) was a civil war, really an extended series of blood feuds, in the western Basque Country, Gascony, and Navarre in the Late Middle Ages.
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War of the League of Cambrai
The War of the League of Cambrai, sometimes known as the War of the Holy League and by several other names, was a major conflict in the Italian Wars.
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War of the League of Cognac
The War of the League of Cognac (1526–30) was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V—primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg Spain—and the League of Cognac, an alliance including France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan and Republic of Florence.
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Witch trials in the early modern period
The period of witch trials in Early Modern Europe were a widespread moral panic suggesting that malevolent Satanic witches were operating as an organized threat to Christendom during the 16th to 18th centuries.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Iberian_Navarre
