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229 relations: Airbus, AirForces Monthly, Amboyna Cay, Arable land, Archipelago, Arecaceae, Asahi Shimbun, Atoll, Benthic zone, Bernama, Biotite, Bloomberg L.P., Bottom trawling, Brown booby, Brunei, Calc-alkaline magma series, Carbonate rock, Cay, Cenozoic, Cetacea, Cham–Annamese War, Champa, Chams, Channel NewsAsia, Chiang Kai-shek, China, China Mobile, Chinese Civil War, Claudius Madrolle, Coastal sage scrub, Coconut, Commercial fishing, Communist Party of China, Continental crust, Coral, Coral reef, Cretaceous, Critically endangered, Cyanide fishing, Cyrus (1800 whaler), Dangerous Ground (South China Sea), Daniel Dzurek, Degar, Dolphin, Ecoregion, Empire of Japan, Endangered species, Energy Information Administration, Exclusive economic zone, Extrusive rock, ..., Far Eastern Economic Review, Fault block, Feldspar, Fiery Cross Reef, First Indochina War, Flat Island (South China Sea), Flowering plant, French Indochina, Garnet, Global Sea Level Observing System, Graben, Great Wall of Sand, Greater crested tern, Greater Philippines, Green sea turtle, Guangdong, Guano, Hainan, Hanoi, Hawksbill sea turtle, Heliotropium foertherianum, Hishammuddin Hussein, History of Yuan, Ho Chi Minh City, Horst (geology), Hughes Reef, Igneous rock, Imperial Japanese Navy, Intrusive rock, Islet, Jihad, Johnson South Reef, Johnson South Reef Skirmish, Jun (country subdivision), Jurassic, Kalayaan, Palawan, Kaohsiung, Keying (ship), Khánh Hòa Province, Khmer Krom, Killer whale, Kuomintang, Lankiam Cay, Lê dynasty, Lê Quý Đôn, Lee Teng-hui, Li (unit), List of districts of Vietnam, List of islands in the South China Sea, List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands, Loaita Island, London Reefs, Louisa Reef, Magnetic anomaly, Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia, Mangrove, Mao Kun map, Marine park, Metamorphic rock, Mica, Micronation, Migmatite, Ministry of Defence (Malaysia), Miocene, Mischief Reef, Monsoon, Mudrock, Municipalities of the Philippines, Muscovite, Namyit Island, Nanshan Island, National Assembly (Vietnam), National University of Singapore, Natuna Regency, Nine-Dash Line, North Vietnam, Northeast Cay, Oceanic crust, Oligocene, Osmosis, Overexploitation, Palawan, Papaya, Paracel Islands, Peach, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Petroleum, Phạm Văn Đồng, Philippines, Philippines and the Spratly Islands, Pilot whale, Pineapple, Pollution, Potassium cyanide, Potsdam Declaration, Pratas Islands, Prefecture-level city, Qing dynasty, Quartz, Red-footed booby, Reed Bank, Reef, Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads, Richard Spratly, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Routledge, Sa Huỳnh culture, Sabah, Sand Cay, Sandstone, Sansha, Schist, Second Thomas Shoal, Shinzō Abe, Shrub, Shrubland, Siltstone, Sin Cowe Island, Sino-French War, Smart Communications, Song dynasty, South China Sea, South China Sea Islands, South Vietnam, Southeast Asia, Southwest Cay, Special municipality (Taiwan), Sperm whale, Spratly Island, Spratly Islands, Spratly Islands dispute, States and federal territories of Malaysia, Strategic Studies Institute, Stratum, Streaked shearwater, Submarine, Surrender of Japan, Swallow Reef, Tabon Caves, Taiping Island, Territorial disputes in the South China Sea, The Borneo Post, The National Interest, The Philippine Star, The Star (Malaysia), The Straits Times, Thitu Island, Tianxia, Tide gauge, Tizard Bank, Tom Clancy's SSN, Tomás Cloma, Tonne, Trường Sa District, Treaty of Paris (1898), Treaty of San Francisco, Triassic, Tropical forest, United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, United Nations Environment Programme, United States Army War College, United States dollar, USS Harnett County (LST-821), Vietnam, Vietnam War, West York Island, Whaler, White tern, Winter, World War II, Yuan dynasty, Zhao Rugua, Zheng He, Zhou Enlai, Zhu Fan Zhi, 1943 Cairo Declaration. Expand index (179 more) »
Airbus
Airbus SE is a European corporation, registered in the Netherlands and trading shares in France, Germany and Spain.
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AirForces Monthly
Air Forces Monthly is a military aviation magazine published by Key Publishing, and based in Stamford, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom.
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Amboyna Cay
Amboyna Cay, also known as An Bang Island, (Đảo An Bang,, Pulau Amboyna Kecil; Lagos) and other names is an island of the Spratly Islands group in the South China Sea located just outside (SW) of the southwest of Dangerous Ground.
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Arable land
Arable land (from Latin arabilis, "able to be plowed") is, according to one definition, land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.
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Archipelago
An archipelago, sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.
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Arecaceae
The Arecaceae are a botanical family of perennial trees, climbers, shrubs, and acaules commonly known as palm trees (owing to historical usage, the family is alternatively called Palmae).
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Asahi Shimbun
The is one of the five national newspapers in Japan.
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Atoll
An atoll, sometimes called a coral atoll, is a ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely.
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Benthic zone
The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean or a lake, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers.
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Bernama
The Malaysian National News Agency (Pertubuhan Berita Nasional Malaysia), abbreviated BERNAMA, is a news agency of the government of Malaysia.
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Biotite
Biotite is a common phyllosilicate mineral within the mica group, with the approximate chemical formula.
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Bloomberg L.P.
Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
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Bottom trawling
Bottom trawling is trawling (towing a trawl, which is a fishing net) along the sea floor.
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Brown booby
The brown booby (Sula leucogaster) is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae.
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Brunei
Brunei, officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam, Jawi), is a sovereign state located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia.
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Calc-alkaline magma series
The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main subdivisions of the subalkaline magma series, the other subalkaline magma series being the tholeiitic.
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Carbonate rock
Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals.
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Cay
A cay, also spelled caye or key, is a small, low-elevation, sandy island on the surface of a coral reef.
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Cenozoic
The Cenozoic Era meaning "new life", is the current and most recent of the three Phanerozoic geological eras, following the Mesozoic Era and, extending from 66 million years ago to the present day.
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Cetacea
Cetacea are a widely distributed and diverse clade of aquatic mammals that today consists of the whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
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Cham–Annamese War
The Cham-Đại Việt War of 1471 began when Emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Đại Việt launched a military expedition that is widely regarded as an event that marked the downfall of Champa. The Đại Việt forces attacked and sacked the kingdom's capital Vijaya, and decimated the Cham army. As a result of the conflict, Champa was forced to cede territory to Annam and ceased to pose a threat to Annamese territory since then.
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Champa
Champa (Chăm Pa) was a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is today central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century AD before being absorbed and annexed by Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mạng in AD 1832.
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Chams
The Chams, or Cham people (Cham: Urang Campa, người Chăm or người Chàm, ជនជាតិចាម), are an ethnic group of Austronesian origin in Southeast Asia.
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Channel NewsAsia
Channel NewsAsia (abbreviated CNA) is a 24-hour television news channel and news agency based in Singapore, broadcasting free-to-air domestically and by cable television and satellite television to 28 territories in Asia, the Middle East and Australia.
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Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also romanized as Chiang Chieh-shih or Jiang Jieshi and known as Chiang Chungcheng, was a political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, first in mainland China until 1949 and then in exile in Taiwan.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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China Mobile
China Mobile, officially China Mobile Communications Corporation is a Chinese state-owned telecommunication corporation that provides mobile voice and multimedia services CMCC Official Site through its nationwide mobile telecommunications network across mainland China.
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Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a war fought between the Kuomintang (KMT)-led government of the Republic of China and the Communist Party of China (CPC).
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Claudius Madrolle
Claudius Madrolle (22 July 1870 – 16 June 1949) was a French explorer in Africa and Asia and editor of travel guides who specialized in the Far East.
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Coastal sage scrub
Coastal sage scrub, also known as coastal scrub, CSS, or soft chaparral, is a low scrubland plant community of the California coastal sage and chaparral subecoregion, found in coastal California and northwestern coastal Baja California.
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Coconut
The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the family Arecaceae (palm family) and the only species of the genus Cocos.
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Commercial fishing
Commercial fishing is the activity of catching fish and other seafood for commercial profit, mostly from wild fisheries.
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Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China (CPC), also referred to as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China.
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Continental crust
Continental crust is the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
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Coral
Corals are marine invertebrates in the class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria.
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Coral reef
Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals.
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Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geologic period and system that spans 79 million years from the end of the Jurassic Period million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Paleogene Period mya.
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Critically endangered
A critically endangered (CR) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
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Cyanide fishing
Cyanide fishing is a method of collecting live fish mainly for use in aquariums, which involves spraying a sodium cyanide mixture into the desired fish's habitat in order to stun the fish.
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Cyrus (1800 whaler)
Cyrus was a whaler launched at Salem in 1800.
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Dangerous Ground (South China Sea)
Dangerous Ground is a large area in the southeast part of the South China Sea characterized by many low islands and cays, sunken reefs, and atolls awash, with reefs often rising abruptly from ocean depths greater than 1000m.
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Daniel Dzurek
Daniel J. Dzurek is an American academic geographer, author and government official.
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Degar
The Degar, also known as Montagnard, are the indigenous peoples of the Central Highlands of Vietnam.
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Dolphin
Dolphins are a widely distributed and diverse group of aquatic mammals.
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Ecoregion
An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than an ecozone.
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Empire of Japan
The was the historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan.
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Endangered species
An endangered species is a species which has been categorized as very likely to become extinct.
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Energy Information Administration
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System responsible for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment.
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Exclusive economic zone
An exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a sea zone prescribed by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea over which a state has special rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.
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Extrusive rock
Extrusive rock refers to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff.
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Far Eastern Economic Review
The Far Eastern Economic Review (also referred to as FEER or The Review) was an English language Asian news magazine started in 1946.
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Fault block
Fault blocks are very large blocks of rock, sometimes hundreds of kilometres in extent, created by tectonic and localized stresses in the Earth's crust.
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Feldspar
Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8) are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up about 41% of the Earth's continental crust by weight.
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Fiery Cross Reef
Fiery Cross Reef, also known as "Northwest Investigator Reef", "Yongshu Reef" (永暑礁) by the Chinese, "Kagitingan Reef" by the Filipinos, and "Đá Chữ Thập" by the Vietnamese was, prior to large scale reclamation activities by China, a group of three reefs just west of the western edge of Dangerous Ground in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea.
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First Indochina War
The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam) began in French Indochina on 19 December 1946, and lasted until 20 July 1954.
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Flat Island (South China Sea)
Flat Island (l; Đảo Bình Nguyên) is the second smallest of the natural Spratly Islands.
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Flowering plant
The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species.
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French Indochina
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China) (French: Indochine française; Lao: ສະຫະພັນອິນດູຈີນ; Khmer: សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន; Vietnamese: Đông Dương thuộc Pháp/東洋屬法,, frequently abbreviated to Đông Pháp; Chinese: 法属印度支那), officially known as the Indochinese Union (French: Union indochinoise) after 1887 and the Indochinese Federation (French: Fédération indochinoise) after 1947, was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia.
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Garnet
Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives.
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Global Sea Level Observing System
The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) is an Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission program whose purpose is to measure sea level globally for long-term climate change studies.
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Graben
In geology, a graben is a depressed block of the Earth's crust bordered by parallel faults.
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Great Wall of Sand
"Great Wall of Sand" is a name first used in March 2015 by US Admiral Harry Harris, who was commander of the Pacific Fleet, to describe a series of uniquely large-scale land reclamation projects by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Spratly Islands area of the South China Sea in the period from late 2013 to late 2016.
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Greater crested tern
The greater crested tern Retrieved 28 February 2012 (Thalasseus bergii), also called crested tern or swift tern, is a tern in the family Laridae that nests in dense colonies on coastlines and islands in the tropical and subtropical Old World.
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Greater Philippines
Greater Philippines is an irredentist concept in the Philippines supporting the inclusion of eastern Sabah as a part of the country's territory.
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Green sea turtle
The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae.
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Guangdong
Guangdong is a province in South China, located on the South China Sea coast.
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Guano
Guano (from Quechua wanu via Spanish) is the accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats.
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Hainan
Hainan is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea.
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Hanoi
Hanoi (or; Hà Nội)) is the capital of Vietnam and the country's second largest city by population. The population in 2015 was estimated at 7.7 million people. The city lies on the right bank of the Red River. Hanoi is north of Ho Chi Minh City and west of Hai Phong city. From 1010 until 1802, it was the most important political centre of Vietnam. It was eclipsed by Huế, the imperial capital of Vietnam during the Nguyễn Dynasty (1802–1945). In 1873 Hanoi was conquered by the French. From 1883 to 1945, the city was the administrative center of the colony of French Indochina. The French built a modern administrative city south of Old Hanoi, creating broad, perpendicular tree-lined avenues of opera, churches, public buildings, and luxury villas, but they also destroyed large parts of the city, shedding or reducing the size of lakes and canals, while also clearing out various imperial palaces and citadels. From 1940 to 1945 Hanoi, as well as the largest part of French Indochina and Southeast Asia, was occupied by the Japanese. On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). The Vietnamese National Assembly under Ho Chi Minh decided on January 6, 1946, to make Hanoi the capital of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. From 1954 to 1976, it was the capital of North Vietnam, and it became the capital of a reunified Vietnam in 1976, after the North's victory in the Vietnam War. October 2010 officially marked 1,000 years since the establishment of the city. The Hanoi Ceramic Mosaic Mural is a ceramic mosaic mural created to mark the occasion.
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Hawksbill sea turtle
The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae.
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Heliotropium foertherianum
Heliotropium foertherianum is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae.
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Hishammuddin Hussein
Dato' Seri Hishammuddin bin Tun Hussein (Jawi: هشام الدين حسين; born 5 August 1961) is a Malaysian politician in the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO).
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History of Yuan
The History of Yuan (Yuán Shǐ), also known as the Yuanshi, is one of the official Chinese historical works known as the Twenty-Four Histories of China.
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Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City (Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh; or; formerly Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville), also widely known by its former name of Saigon (Sài Gòn; or), is the largest city in Vietnam by population.
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Horst (geology)
In physical geography and geology, a horst is a raised fault block bounded by normal faults.
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Hughes Reef
Hughes Reef (đá Tư Nghĩa) is a reef in Union Banks in the Spratly group of islands, South China Sea claimed by the PRC (China), the ROC (Taiwan), the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam.
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Igneous rock
Igneous rock (derived from the Latin word ignis meaning fire), or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic.
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Imperial Japanese Navy
The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国海軍 or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun, "Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's defeat and surrender in World War II.
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Intrusive rock
Intrusive rock (also called plutonic rock) is formed when magma crystallizes and solidifies underground to form intrusions, for example plutons, batholiths, dikes, sills, laccoliths, and volcanic necks.
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Islet
An islet is a very small island.
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Jihad
Jihad (جهاد) is an Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim.
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Johnson South Reef
Johnson South Reef (Đá Gạc Ma), also known as Chigua Reef in China, Gạc Ma Reef in Vietnam and Mabini Reef in the Philippines is a reef in the southwest portion of the Union Banks in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea.
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Johnson South Reef Skirmish
The Johnson South Reef Skirmish was an altercation that took place on 14 March 1988 between Chinese and Vietnamese forces over who would annex the Johnson South Reef in the Union Banks region of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.
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Jun (country subdivision)
A jùn was a historical administrative division of China from the Zhou dynasty (c. 7th century BCE) until the early Tang (c. 7th century CE).
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Jurassic
The Jurassic (from Jura Mountains) was a geologic period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period Mya.
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Kalayaan, Palawan
, officially the, is a settlement_text in the province of,. According to the, it has a population of people.
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Kaohsiung
Kaohsiung City (Hokkien POJ: Ko-hiông; Hakka: Kô-hiùng; old names: Takao, Takow, Takau) is a special municipality located in southern-western Taiwan and facing the Taiwan Strait.
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Keying (ship)
Keying (Chinese: 英, p Qíyīng) was a three-masted, 800-ton Foochow Chinese trading junk which sailed from China around the Cape of Good Hope to the United States and Britain between 1846 and 1848.
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Khánh Hòa Province
Khánh Hòa is a province of Vietnam located in the South Central Coast.
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Khmer Krom
The Khmer Krom (ខ្មែរក្រោម, Khơ Me Crộm) are ethnically Khmer people living in the south western part of Vietnam, where they are recognized as one of Vietnam's fifty-three ethnic minorities.
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Killer whale
| status.
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Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China (KMT; often translated as the Nationalist Party of China) is a major political party in the Republic of China on Taiwan, based in Taipei and is currently the opposition political party in the Legislative Yuan.
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Lankiam Cay
Lankiam Cay (Panata, literally "oath";; đá An Nhơn) is the smallest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands.
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Lê dynasty
The Later Lê dynasty (Nhà Hậu Lê; Hán Việt: 後黎朝), sometimes referred to as the Lê dynasty (the earlier Lê dynasty ruled only for a brief period (980–1009)), was the longest-ruling dynasty of Vietnam, ruling the country from 1428 to 1788, with a brief six-year interruption of the Mạc dynasty usurpers (1527–1533).
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Lê Quý Đôn
Lê Quý Đôn (黎貴惇, 1726–1784) was an 18th-century Vietnamese poet, encyclopedist, and government official.
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Lee Teng-hui
Lee Teng-hui (born 15 January 1923) is a Taiwanese politician.
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Li (unit)
The li (lǐ, or 市里, shìlǐ), also known as the Chinese mile, is a traditional Chinese unit of distance.
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List of districts of Vietnam
The provinces of Vietnam are divided into districts (huyện), provincial cities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh), and district-level towns (Thị xã).
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List of islands in the South China Sea
Islands in the South China Sea includes the South China Sea Islands (Spratly Islands, Pratas Islands, Paracel Islands and Macclesfield Bank), islands on the China coast, on the Vietnam coast, on the Borneo coast, and the peripheral islands of Taiwan, the Philippines, etc.
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List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands
This page features a series of lists of maritime features in the Spratly Islands.
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Loaita Island
Loaita Island, also known as Tagalog: Kota,, and Đảo Loại Ta, with an area of, is the tenth largest of the naturally-occurring Spratly Islands, and the fifth largest of the Philippine-occupied islands.
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London Reefs
The London Reefs are located between and (and) in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea.
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Louisa Reef
Louisa Reef (also known as Nantong Jiao in China and Terumbu Semarang Barat Kecil in Brunei Malay) is a coral atoll in the southern reaches of the Spratly Islands.
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Magnetic anomaly
In geophysics, a magnetic anomaly is a local variation in the Earth's magnetic field resulting from variations in the chemistry or magnetism of the rocks.
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Mahathir Mohamad
Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (Jawi:محضير بن محمد; IPA:; born 10 July 1925) is a Malaysian politician currently serving as the Prime Minister of Malaysia for the second time.
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Malaysia
Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy in Southeast Asia.
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Mangrove
A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water.
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Mao Kun map
Mao Kun map, usually referred to in modern Chinese sources as Zheng He's Navigation Map, is a set of navigation charts published in the Ming dynasty military treatise Wubei Zhi.
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Marine park
A marine park is a park consisting of an area of sea (or lake) sometimes protected for recreational use, but more often set aside to preserve a specific habitat and ensure the ecosystem is sustained for the organisms that exist there.
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Metamorphic rock
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means "change in form".
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Mica
The mica group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals includes several closely related materials having nearly perfect basal cleavage.
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Micronation
A micronation, sometimes referred to as a model country or new country project, is an entity that claims to be an independent nation or state but is not recognized by world governments or major international organizations.
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Migmatite
Migmatite is a rock that is a mixture of metamorphic rock and igneous rock.
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Ministry of Defence (Malaysia)
The Ministry of Defence (Kementerian Pertahanan), abbreviated MINDEF, KEMENTAH, is a ministry of the Government of Malaysia that is responsible for defence, national security, army, navy, hydrography, air force, armed forces, intelligence services, counterintelligence, military intelligence, national service, and veterans affairs.
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Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).
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Mischief Reef
Mischief Reef (accessdate Đá Vành Khăn) was a reef / atoll surrounding a large lagoon in the SE of Dangerous Ground in the east of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.
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Monsoon
Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea.
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Mudrock
Mudrocks are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks.
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Municipalities of the Philippines
A municipality (bayan/munisipalidad; banwa; lungsod/munisipalidad; baley; balen/balayan; banwaan; bungto; ili) is a local government unit (LGU) in the Philippines.
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Muscovite
Muscovite (also known as common mica, isinglass, or potash mica) is a hydrated phyllosilicate mineral of aluminium and potassium with formula KAl2(AlSi3O10)(FOH)2, or (KF)2(Al2O3)3(SiO2)6(H2O).
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Namyit Island
Namyit Island (Đảo Nam Yết;; Binago) is the third-largest island on Tizard Bank in the northwest of the Spratly Islands in South China Sea.
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Nanshan Island
Nanshan Island (Lawak, literally "vastness";; Đảo Vĩnh Viễn) is the eighth largest natural island of the Spratly Islands group, and the fourth largest of the Philippine-occupied islands.
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National Assembly (Vietnam)
The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Quốc hội nước Cộng hoà xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) is Vietnam's legislative body.
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National University of Singapore
The National University of Singapore (NUS) is an autonomous research university in Singapore.
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Natuna Regency
The Natuna Regency is an archipelago of 272 islands located in the south part of the South China Sea in the Natuna Sea.
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Nine-Dash Line
The Nine-Dash Line—at various times also referred to as the "10-dash line" and the "11-dash line"—refers to the undefined, vaguely located, demarcation line used initially by the Republic of China (1912–1949) and subsequently the governments of the Republic of China (ROC / Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (PRC), for their claims of the major part of the South China Sea.
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North Vietnam
North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa), was a country in Southeast Asia from 1945 to 1976, although it did not achieve widespread recognition until 1954.
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Northeast Cay
Northeast Cay, (Parola;; Đảo Song Tử Đông), with a land area of, is the fifth largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands and the third largest of the Philippine-occupied islands.
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Oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of a tectonic plate.
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Oligocene
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.
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Osmosis
Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
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Overexploitation
Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns.
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Palawan
Palawan (pron.), officially the Province of Palawan (Cuyonon: Probinsya i'ang Palawan / Paragua; Kapuoran sang Palawan; Lalawigan ng Palawan) is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of MIMAROPA.
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Papaya
The papaya (from Carib via Spanish), papaw, or pawpaw is the plant Carica papaya, one of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of the family Caricaceae.
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Paracel Islands
The Paracel Islands, also known as Xisha in Chinese and Hoàng Sa in Vietnamese, is a group of islands, reefs, banks and other maritime features in the South China Sea.
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Peach
The peach (Prunus persica) is a deciduous tree native to the region of Northwest China between the Tarim Basin and the north slopes of the Kunlun Mountains, where it was first domesticated and cultivated.
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Permanent Court of Arbitration
The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is an intergovernmental organization located at The Hague in the Netherlands.
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Petroleum
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface.
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Phạm Văn Đồng
Phạm Văn Đồng (1 March 1906 – 29 April 2000) was a Vietnamese politician who served as Prime Minister of North Vietnam from 1955 to 1976 and, following unification, as Prime Minister of Vietnam from 1976 until he retired in 1987 under the rule of Lê Duẩn and Nguyễn Văn Linh.
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Philippines
The Philippines (Pilipinas or Filipinas), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas), is a unitary sovereign and archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.
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Philippines and the Spratly Islands
Philippines and the Spratly Islands – this article discusses the policies, activities and history of the Republic of the Philippines in the Spratly Islands from the Philippine perspective.
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Pilot whale
Pilot whales are cetaceans belonging to the genus Globicephala.
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Pineapple
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible multiple fruit consisting of coalesced berries, also called pineapples, and the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.
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Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.
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Potassium cyanide
Potassium cyanide is a compound with the formula KCN.
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Potsdam Declaration
The Potsdam Declaration or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II.
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Pratas Islands
The Pratas Islands, also known as the Dongsha Islands and Tungsha Islands, are three atolls (Pratas Atoll, North Vereker Atoll and South Vereker Atoll) in the north of the South China Sea.
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Prefecture-level city
A prefectural-level municipality, prefectural-level city or prefectural city; formerly known as province-controlled city from 1949 to 1983, is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China (PRC), ranking below a province and above a county in China's administrative structure.
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Qing dynasty
The Qing dynasty, also known as the Qing Empire, officially the Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China, established in 1636 and ruling China from 1644 to 1912.
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Quartz
Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2.
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Red-footed booby
The red-footed booby (Sula sula) is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae.
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Reed Bank
Reed Bank, also known as Reed Tablemount, Recto Bank and several other names, is a large tablemount in the South China Sea in the NE of Dangerous Ground and the NE of the Spratly Islands.
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Reef
A reef is a bar of rock, sand, coral or similar material, lying beneath the surface of water.
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Republic of China (1912–1949)
The Republic of China was a sovereign state in East Asia, that occupied the territories of modern China, and for part of its history Mongolia and Taiwan.
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Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads
The Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads was a micronation in the Spratly Islands established by British naval captain James George Meads in the 1870s.
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Richard Spratly
Captain Richard Spratly (1802–1870) was a British sea captain and contributor to navigational records, after whom the Spratly Islands in the West Philippine Sea are named.
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Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science
The Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) is a academic and research institution for the study of oceanography and the atmospheric sciences within the University of Miami (UM).
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Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
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Sa Huỳnh culture
The Sa Huỳnh culture or Sa Huyun was a culture in modern-day central and southern Vietnam that flourished between 1000 BC and 200 AD.
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Sabah
Sabah is a state of Malaysia located on the northern portion of Borneo Island.
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Sand Cay
Sand Cay, also known as Son Ca Island (Đảo Sơn Ca;; Bailan) is a cay on the north edge of the Tizard Bank of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.
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Sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments.
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Sansha
Sansha is a prefecture-level city of Hainan province of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
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Schist
Schist (pronounced) is a medium-grade metamorphic rock with medium to large, flat, sheet-like grains in a preferred orientation (nearby grains are roughly parallel).
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Second Thomas Shoal
Second Thomas Shoal (also known as Ayungin Shoal in the Philippines, Bãi Cỏ Mây in Vietnam, and 仁爱礁 in China) is a shoal/atoll in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea, west of Palawan, Philippines.
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Shinzō Abe
is a Japanese politician serving as the 63rd and current Prime Minister of Japan and Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) since 2012, previously being the 57th officeholder from 2006 to 2007.
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Shrub
A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized woody plant.
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Shrubland
Shrubland, scrubland, scrub, brush, or bush is a plant community characterised by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes.
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Siltstone
Siltstone is a sedimentary rock which has a grain size in the silt range, finer than sandstone and coarser than claystones.
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Sin Cowe Island
Sin Cowe Island, also known as Sinh Ton Island, (Đảo Sinh Tồn;; Rurok) is an island in the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.
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Sino-French War
The Sino-French War (Guerre franco-chinoise, សង្គ្រាមបារាំង-ចិន, Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh), also known as the Tonkin War and Tonquin War, was a limited conflict fought from August 1884 through April 1885, to decide whether France would supplant China's control of Tonkin (northern Vietnam).
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Smart Communications
Smart Communications, Inc., commonly referred to as Smart, is a wholly owned wireless communications and digital services subsidiary of PLDT, Inc., a telecommunications and digital services provider based in the Philippines.
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Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (960–1279) was an era of Chinese history that began in 960 and continued until 1279.
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South China Sea
The South China Sea is a marginal sea that is part of the Pacific Ocean, encompassing an area from the Karimata and Malacca Straits to the Strait of Taiwan of around.
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South China Sea Islands
The South China Sea Islands consist of over 250 islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs, and sandbars in the South China Sea, none of which have indigenous people, few of which have any natural water supply, many of which are naturally under water at high tide, while others are permanently submerged.
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South Vietnam
South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN, Việt Nam Cộng Hòa), was a country that existed from 1955 to 1975 and comprised the southern half of what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
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Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia is a subregion of Asia, consisting of the countries that are geographically south of China, east of India, west of New Guinea and north of Australia.
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Southwest Cay
Southwest Cay (Đảo Song Tử Tây;; Pugad) is an islet on the northwestern edge of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.
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Special municipality (Taiwan)
A special municipality is an administrative division unit in Taiwan.
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Sperm whale
The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) or cachalot is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator.
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Spratly Island
Spratly Island (Đảo Trường Sa), also known as Storm Island, with a natural area of, is the fourth largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands in the South China Sea, and the largest of the Vietnamese-administered Spratly islands.
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Spratly Islands
The Spratly Islands (南沙群岛 (Nánshā Qúndǎo), Kepulauan Spratly, Kapuluan ng Kalayaan, Quần đảo Trường Sa) are a disputed group of islands, islets and cays and more than 100 reefs, sometimes grouped in submerged old atolls, in the South China Sea.
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Spratly Islands dispute
The Spratly Islands dispute is an ongoing territorial dispute between China, Taiwan, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam, concerning "ownership" of the Spratly Islands, a group of islands and associated "maritime features" (reefs, banks, cays, etc.) located in the South China Sea.
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States and federal territories of Malaysia
The states and federal territories of Malaysia are the principal administrative divisions of Malaysia.
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Strategic Studies Institute
The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is the U.S. Army's institute for strategic and national security research and analysis.
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Stratum
In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural: strata) is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil, or igneous rock that were formed at the Earth's surface, with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers.
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Streaked shearwater
The streaked shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas) is a species of seabird.
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Submarine
A submarine (or simply sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.
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Surrender of Japan
The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced on August 15 and formally signed on September 2, 1945, bringing the hostilities of World War II to a close.
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Swallow Reef
Swallow Reef, known as Pulau Layang-Layang in Malaysia, 燕子島 in China, Celerio in the Philippines and Đá Hoa Lau in Vietnam, is an oceanic atoll of the Spratly Islands administered by Malaysia, which is situated approximately northwest of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
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Tabon Caves
The Tabon Caves, dubbed as the Philippines' Cradle of Civilization, are a group of caves located on Lipuun Point, north of Quezon municipality, in the south western part of the province of Palawan on Palawan Island, in the Philippines.
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Taiping Island
Taiping Island, better known internationally as Itu Aba, and also known by various other names, is the largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.
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Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
The South China Sea disputes involve both island and maritime claims among several sovereign states within the region, namely Brunei, the People's Republic of China (PRC), Republic of China (Taiwan), Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam.
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The Borneo Post
The Borneo Post, established in 1978, is the largest and widest read English newspaper daily in East Malaysia.
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The National Interest
The National Interest (TNI) is an American bimonthly international affairs magazine published by the Center for the National Interest.
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The Philippine Star
The Philippine Star (self-styled The Philippine STAR) is a print and digital newspaper in the Philippines and the flagship brand of the PhilStar Media Group.
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The Star (Malaysia)
The Star is an English-language, tabloid-format newspaper in Malaysia.
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The Straits Times
The Straits Times is an English-language daily broadsheet newspaper based in Singapore currently owned by Singapore Press Holdings (SPH).
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Thitu Island
Thitu Island (Pag-asa, literally "hope";; Đảo Thị Tứ; Pangasinan: Ilalo), having an area of, is the second largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands and the largest of the Philippine-administered islands.
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Tianxia
Tianxia is a Chinese term for an ancient Chinese cultural concept that denoted either the entire geographical world or the metaphysical realm of mortals, and later became associated with political sovereignty.
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Tide gauge
A tide gauge (also known as mareograph or marigraph, as well as sea-level recorder) is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum.
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Tizard Bank
The Tizard Bank,, in Chinese known as 郑和群礁 and Zhenghe Qunjiao, is a partially sunken atoll and one of the significant maritime features of the north-western part of the Spratly Islands.
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Tom Clancy's SSN
Tom Clancy's SSN is a simulation video game of the 688i (Improved ''Los Angeles''-class nuclear hunter/killer submarine).
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Tomás Cloma
Tomás Arbolente Cloma Sr. (born Tomás Cloma y Arbolente; 18 September 1904 – 18 September 1996) was a Filipino lawyer and businessman from the province of Bohol.
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Tonne
The tonne (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;.
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Trường Sa District
Trường Sa is an island district of Khánh Hòa Province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam.
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Treaty of Paris (1898)
The Treaty of Paris of 1898 (Filipino: Kasunduan sa Paris ng 1898; Spanish: Tratado de París (1898)) was an agreement made in 1898 that involved Spain relinquishing nearly all of the remaining Spanish Empire, especially Cuba, and ceding Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the United States.
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Treaty of San Francisco
, or commonly known as the Treaty of Peace with Japan, Peace Treaty of San Francisco, or San Francisco Peace Treaty), mostly between Japan and the Allied Powers, was officially signed by 48 nations on September 8, 1951, in San Francisco. It came into force on April 28, 1952 and officially ended the American-led Allied Occupation of Japan. According to Article 11 of the Treaty, Japan accepts the judgments of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East and of other Allied War Crimes Courts imposed on Japan both within and outside Japan. This treaty served to officially end Japan's position as an imperial power, to allocate compensation to Allied civilians and former prisoners of war who had suffered Japanese war crimes during World War II, and to end the Allied post-war occupation of Japan and return sovereignty to that nation. This treaty made extensive use of the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to enunciate the Allies' goals. This treaty, along with the Security Treaty signed that same day, is said to mark the beginning of the San Francisco System; this term, coined by historian John W. Dower, signifies the effects of Japan's relationship with the United States and its role in the international arena as determined by these two treaties and is used to discuss the ways in which these effects have governed Japan's post-war history. This treaty also introduced the problem of the legal status of Taiwan due to its lack of specificity as to what country Taiwan was to be surrendered, and hence some supporters of Taiwan independence argue that sovereignty of Taiwan is still undetermined.
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Triassic
The Triassic is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.9 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period Mya.
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Tropical forest
Tropical forests are forested landscapes in tropical regions: i.e. land areas approximately bounded by the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, but possibly affected by other factors such as prevailing winds.
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United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races
The United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO, Front Unifié de Lutte des Races Opprimées, Mặt trận Thống nhất Đấu tranh của các Sắc tộc bị Áp bức) was an organization within Vietnam, whose objective was autonomy for the Degar (Montagnard) tribes.
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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty, is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982.
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United Nations Environment Programme
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is an agency of United Nations and coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.
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United States Army War College
The United States Army War College (USAWC) is a U.S. Army educational institution in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 500-acre (2 km²) campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks.
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United States dollar
The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.
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USS Harnett County (LST-821)
USS LST-821, renamed USS Harnett County (LST-821/AGP-281), was an built for the United States Navy during World War II.
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Vietnam
Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia.
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (Chiến tranh Việt Nam), also known as the Second Indochina War, and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America (Kháng chiến chống Mỹ) or simply the American War, was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.
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West York Island
West York Island) and several other names. With an area of, it is the third largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands, and the second largest (after Thitu Island/Pag-asa) of the Philippine-occupied islands. It is wide, long, and its highest elevation is. The island is administered by the Philippines as part of Kalayaan, Palawan; it is located 47 miles (76 km) northeast of Pagasa Island (Thitu Island), the location of the Philippine defined major town of Kalayaan. Filipino soldiers are stationed on the island. The island is also claimed by the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China (Taiwan) and Vietnam.
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Whaler
A whaler or whaling ship is a specialized ship, designed for whaling: the catching or processing of whales.
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White tern
The white tern (Gygis alba) is a small seabird found across the tropical oceans of the world.
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Winter
Winter is the coldest season of the year in polar and temperate zones (winter does not occur in the tropical zone).
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Yuan dynasty
The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan (Yehe Yuan Ulus), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan.
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Zhao Rugua
Zhao Rugua (Chau Ju-Kua/Chou Ju-kua) (1170–1228), also written as Zhao Rukuo or misread as Zhao Rushi, is a Song dynasty official who wrote a two-volume book titled Zhu fan zhi.
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Zheng He
Zheng He (1371–1433 or 1435) was a Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat, fleet admiral, and court eunuch during China's early Ming dynasty.
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Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976.
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Zhu Fan Zhi
Zhu Fan Zhi, variously translated as A Description of Barbarian Nations, Records of Foreign People, or other similar titles, is a 13th-century Song Dynasty work by Zhao Rugua.
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1943 Cairo Declaration
The Cairo Declaration was the outcome of the Cairo Conference in Cairo, Egypt, on November 27, 1943.
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Redirects here:
Bajos de Paragua, Economy of the Spratly Islands, Geography of the Spratly Islands, History of the Spratly Islands, Kapuluan ng Kalayaan, Kepulauan Spratly, Nansha Archipelago, Nansha District, Sansha, Nansha Island, Nansha Islands, Nansha Qundao, Quần đảo Trường Sa, South China Sea Oceanic Islands, Spratley, Spratley Island, Spratley Islands, Spratly, Spratly (Nansha) Islands, Spratly Archipelago, Spratly Islands/Communications, Spratly Islands/Economy, Spratly Islands/Geography, Spratly Islands/Government, Spratly Islands/History, Spratly Islands/Military, Spratly Islands/People, Spratly Islands/Transnational issues, Spratly Islands/Transportation, Spratly archipelago, Spratly group of Islands, Spratly islands, Spratlys, The Spratly Islands, Transportation in the Spratly Islands, Truong Sa, Trường Sa.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands
