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Steven Chu

Index Steven Chu

Steven Chu in atomic physics and laser spectroscopy, including the first observation of parity non-conservation in atoms, excitation and precision spectroscopy of positronium, and the optical confinement and cooling of atoms. [1]

173 relations: ABC News, Academia Sinica, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Enterprise Institute, American Philosophical Society, AsianWeek, Atom interferometer, Atomic clock, Atomic force microscopy, Atomic physics, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Barack Obama, Baseball, Bell Labs, Biochemistry, Biofuel, Biophysics, Bloomberg L.P., Boston University, BP, Cabinet of the United States, Carpet, Chemical engineering, China, China Daily, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese language, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Clean Energy Ministerial, Climate change, Climate change mitigation, Climate engineering, Copenhagen, Copenhagen Climate Council, Cornell University, Cycling, Daniel Poneman, Democratic Party (United States), Denmark, Design Futures Council, Designated survivor, DNA, Doctor of Engineering, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Philosophy, Economics, Elaine Chao, Energy Biosciences Institute, ..., Energy policy of the United States, English language, Environmental planning, Enzyme, Ernest Moniz, Eugene D. Commins, Experimental physics, Förster resonance energy transfer, Fossil fuel, Fossil fuel power station, François Hollande, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Garden City High School (New York), Gilbert Chu, Global warming, Glucose, Gravitational redshift, Han Chinese, Harvard University, Humboldt Prize, Hydraulic fracturing, Irell & Manella, Jake Tapper, Japan, Jiangsu, Ju-Chin Chu, Juris Doctor, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Korean Academy of Science and Technology, Laser, Laser cooling, Law firm, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Li Shu-hua, Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2014, List of Nobel Laureates affiliated with the University of Rochester, Liuhe, Taicang, Low-carbon economy, Magneto-optical trap, Mainau Declaration, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Master of Science, Mathematics, Medicine, Michale Fee, Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Missouri, Morgan Chu, National Academy of Sciences, National Science Bowl, National Science Foundation, Natural gas, Nature (journal), New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Newsday, Nobel Foundation, Nobel Prize, Nobel Prize in Physics, NSF-GRF, Nuclear power, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Scientific and Technical Information, Official, Optical tweezers, PBS, Peiyang University, Peking University, Pennsylvania State University, Petroleum, Phase transition, Physics, Pole vault, Politico, Polymer physics, Postdoctoral researcher, Presidency of Barack Obama, ProQuest, Protein folding, Renewable energy, Samuel Bodman, Scientific American, Shu-tien Li, Sina Corp, Single-molecule experiment, SinoVision, Solar energy, Sorbonne, Spectroscopy, St. Louis, Stanford University, Stockholm, Stone Age, Sunlight, Swimming (sport), Taicang, Taiwan, Tampa Bay Times, Tennis, The American (magazine), The Chronicle of Higher Education, Tianjin University, Timeline of low-temperature technology, Tropics, United States, United States Department of Energy, United States Department of Energy national laboratories, United States Secretary of Energy, United States Secretary of Labor, United States Senate, University of California, Berkeley, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, University of Oxford, University of Rochester, Washington University in St. Louis, William Daniel Phillips, Williams College, Xinhua News Agency, Yale University, YouTube, 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, 2013 State of the Union Address, 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference. Expand index (123 more) »

ABC News

ABC News is the news division of the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), owned by the Disney Media Networks division of The Walt Disney Company.

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Academia Sinica

Academia Sinica (Han characters: 中央研究院, literally "central research academy"; abbreviated AS), headquartered in Nangang District, Taipei, is the national academy of Taiwan.

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Alexander von Humboldt Foundation

The Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung) is a foundation established by the government of the Federal Republic of Germany and funded by the Federal Foreign Office, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research, the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development as well as other national and international partners; it promotes international academic cooperation between excellent scientists and scholars from Germany and from abroad.

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American Academy of Arts and Sciences

The American Academy of Arts and Sciences is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States of America.

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American Enterprise Institute

The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, known simply as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), is a conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C. which researches government, politics, economics and social welfare.

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American Philosophical Society

The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 and located in Philadelphia, is an eminent scholarly organization of international reputation that promotes useful knowledge in the sciences and humanities through excellence in scholarly research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach.

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AsianWeek

AsianWeek was America’s first and largest English language print and on-line publication serving Asian Americans.

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Atom interferometer

An atom interferometer is an interferometer which uses the wave character of atoms.

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Atomic clock

An atomic clock is a clock device that uses an electron transition frequency in the microwave, optical, or ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum of atoms as a frequency standard for its timekeeping element.

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Atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit.

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Atomic physics

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.

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Bachelor of Arts

A Bachelor of Arts (BA or AB, from the Latin baccalaureus artium or artium baccalaureus) is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, sciences, or both.

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Bachelor of Science

A Bachelor of Science (Latin Baccalaureus Scientiae, B.S., BS, B.Sc., BSc, or B.Sc; or, less commonly, S.B., SB, or Sc.B., from the equivalent Latin Scientiae Baccalaureus) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years, or a person holding such a degree.

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Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.

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Baseball

Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding.

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Bell Labs

Nokia Bell Labs (formerly named AT&T Bell Laboratories, Bell Telephone Laboratories and Bell Labs) is an American research and scientific development company, owned by Finnish company Nokia.

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Biochemistry

Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

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Biofuel

A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter.

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Biophysics

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies the approaches and methods of physics to study biological systems.

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Bloomberg L.P.

Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

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Boston University

Boston University (commonly referred to as BU) is a private, non-profit, research university in Boston, Massachusetts.

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BP

BP plc (stylised as bp), formerly British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.

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Cabinet of the United States

The Cabinet of the United States is part of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States that normally acts as an advisory body to the President of the United States.

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Carpet

A carpet is a textile floor covering typically consisting of an upper layer of pile attached to a backing.

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Chemical engineering

Chemical engineering is a branch of engineering that uses principles of chemistry, physics, mathematics and economics to efficiently use, produce, transform, and transport chemicals, materials and energy.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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China Daily

China Daily is an English-language daily newspaper published in the People's Republic of China.

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Chinese Academy of Sciences

The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), with historical origins in the Academia Sinica during the Republic of China era, is the national academy for the natural sciences of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Chinese language

Chinese is a group of related, but in many cases mutually unintelligible, language varieties, forming a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family.

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Claude Cohen-Tannoudji

Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (born 1 April 1933) is a French physicist.

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Clean Energy Ministerial

The Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) are global forums held to promote policies and to share best practices with the aim of accelerating a transition to clean energy.

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Climate change

Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).

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Climate change mitigation

Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change.

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Climate engineering

Climate engineering or climate intervention, commonly referred to as geoengineering, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climate system, usually with the aim of mitigating the adverse effects of global warming.

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Copenhagen

Copenhagen (København; Hafnia) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark.

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Copenhagen Climate Council

The Copenhagen Climate Council is a global collaboration between international business and science founded by the leading independent think tank in Scandinavia,, based in Copenhagen.

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Cornell University

Cornell University is a private and statutory Ivy League research university located in Ithaca, New York.

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Cycling

Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport.

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Daniel Poneman

Daniel Bruce Poneman (born March 12, 1956) is an American politician who was the United States Deputy Secretary of Energy from 2009 to 2014 and is currently a Distinguished Fellow at the Paulson Institute at the University of Chicago.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party (nicknamed the GOP for Grand Old Party).

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Denmark

Denmark (Danmark), officially the Kingdom of Denmark,Kongeriget Danmark,.

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Design Futures Council

The Design Futures Council is an interdisciplinary network of design, product, and construction leaders exploring global trends, challenges, and opportunities to advance innovation and shape the future of the industry and environment.

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Designated survivor

In the United States, a designated survivor (or designated successor) is an individual in the presidential line of succession, usually a member of the United States Cabinet, who is arranged to be at a physically distant, secure, and undisclosed location when the President, the Vice President, and the other officials in the line of succession are gathered at a single location, such as during State of the Union addresses and presidential inaugurations.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.

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Doctor of Engineering

The Doctor of Engineering, or Engineering Doctorate, (abbreviated Eng.D., D.Eng., D.Engr., Dr.Eng., or Dr.-Ing.) is a doctoral degree awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in engineering and applied sciences.

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Doctor of Medicine

A Doctor of Medicine (MD from Latin Medicinae Doctor) is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions.

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Doctor of Philosophy

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or Ph.D.; Latin Philosophiae doctor) is the highest academic degree awarded by universities in most countries.

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Economics

Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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Elaine Chao

Elaine Lan Chao (born March 26, 1953) is the 18th and current United States Secretary of Transportation.

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Energy Biosciences Institute

The Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI) is an organization dedicated to developing new sources of energy and reducing the impact of energy consumption.

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Energy policy of the United States

The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal, state, and local entities in the United States, which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption, such as building codes and gas mileage standards.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.

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Environmental planning

Environmental planning is the process of facilitating decision making to carry out land development with the consideration given to the natural environment, social, political, economic and governance factors and provides a holistic framework to achieve sustainable outcomes.

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Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

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Ernest Moniz

Ernest Jeffrey Moniz, GCIH (born December 22, 1944) is an American nuclear physicist and former United States Secretary of Energy, serving under U.S. President Barack Obama from May 2013 to January 2017.

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Eugene D. Commins

Eugene D. Commins (July 1, 1932 – September 26, 2015) was a professor of physics at University of California, Berkeley.

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Experimental physics

Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments.

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Förster resonance energy transfer

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), resonance energy transfer (RET) or electronic energy transfer (EET) is a mechanism describing energy transfer between two light-sensitive molecules (chromophores).

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Fossil fuel

A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.

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Fossil fuel power station

A fossil fuel power station is a power station which burns a fossil fuel such as coal, natural gas, or petroleum to produce electricity.

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François Hollande

François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France and ex officio Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017.

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Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

The was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima Prefecture, initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011.

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Garden City High School (New York)

Garden City High School is the public high school in the Incorporated Village of Garden City in the Town of Hempstead, New York, United States.

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Gilbert Chu

Gilbert Chu is an American biochemist.

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Global warming

Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.

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Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.

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Gravitational redshift

In astrophysics, gravitational redshift or Einstein shift is the process by which electromagnetic radiation originating from a source that is in a gravitational field is reduced in frequency, or redshifted, when observed in a region at a higher gravitational potential.

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Han Chinese

The Han Chinese,.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Humboldt Prize

The Humboldt Prize, also known as the Humboldt Research Award, is an award given by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation of Germany to internationally renowned scientists and scholars who work outside of Germany.

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Hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing (also fracking, fraccing, frac'ing, hydrofracturing or hydrofracking) is a well stimulation technique in which rock is fractured by a pressurized liquid.

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Irell & Manella

Irell & Manella LLP is an American law firm founded in 1941 by lawyers Lawrence E. Irell (1912–2000) and Arthur Manella (1917–1997).

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Jake Tapper

Jacob Paul Tapper (born March 12, 1969) is an American journalist and author.

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Japan

Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.

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Jiangsu

Jiangsu, formerly romanized as Kiangsu, is an eastern-central coastal province of the People's Republic of China.

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Ju-Chin Chu

Ju-Chin Chu (December 14, 1919 – November 15, 2000) was a Chinese American chemical engineer and father of Steven Chu.

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Juris Doctor

The Juris Doctor degree (J.D. or JD), also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree (J.D., JD, D.Jur. or DJur), is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees.

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Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology

The Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC) is an independent joint laboratory of Stanford University and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, founded in 2003 by a gift by Fred Kavli and The Kavli Foundation.

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Korean Academy of Science and Technology

The Korean Academy of Science and Technology (KAST) is South Korea's highest academy of science and serves as an integrated think-tank for the country's science and technology.

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Laser

A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

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Laser cooling

Laser cooling refers to a number of techniques in which atomic and molecular samples are cooled down to near absolute zero.

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Law firm

A law firm or a law company is a business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law.

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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), commonly referred to as Berkeley Lab, is a United States national laboratory located in the Berkeley Hills near Berkeley, California that conducts scientific research on behalf of the United States Department of Energy (DOE).

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Li Shu-hua

Li Shu-hua (23 September 1890 – 5 July 1979) was a Chinese physical scientist from Peking University and educator came from Qinhuangdao, Hebei.

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Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings

The Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings are annual, scientific conferences held in Lindau, Bavaria, Germany since 1951.

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List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2014

This page lists Fellows of the Royal Society who were elected in 2014.

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List of Nobel Laureates affiliated with the University of Rochester

Established in 1895 by Alfred Nobel, the Nobel Prizes are awarded annually to individuals who have made an outstanding contribution to the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, or physiology or medicine.

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Liuhe, Taicang

Liuhe (lit. "Liu Creek") is a town under the jurisdiction of Taicang county-level city in Jiangsu province, China.

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Low-carbon economy

A low-carbon economy (LCE), low-fossil-fuel economy (LFFE), or decarbonised economy is an economy based on low carbon power sources that therefore has a minimal output of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.

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Magneto-optical trap

A magneto-optical trap (abbreviated MOT) is an apparatus that uses laser cooling with magneto-optical trapping in order to produce samples of cold, trapped, neutral atoms at temperatures as low as several microkelvins, two or three times the recoil limit (see Doppler cooling limit).

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Mainau Declaration

The Mainau Declaration is either of two socio-political appeals by Nobel laureates who participated in the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings, the annual gathering with young scientists at the German town of Lindau.

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Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.

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Master of Science

A Master of Science (Magister Scientiae; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM, or Sc.M.) is a master's degree in the field of science awarded by universities in many countries, or a person holding such a degree.

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Mathematics

Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.

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Michale Fee

Michale Sean Fee (born November 6, 1964, Pasadena CA) is a neuroscientist who works on the neural mechanisms of sequence generation and learning.

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Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan)

The Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China (MOST) is the government ministry of the Republic of China (Taiwan) for the promotion and funding of science research and technology adaptation.

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Missouri

Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States.

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Morgan Chu

Morgan Chu (born December 27, 1950), an intellectual property attorney, is one of the first Asian Americans to lead a major U.S. law firm.

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National Academy of Sciences

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.

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National Science Bowl

The National Science Bowl (NSB) is a high school and middle school science knowledge competition using a quiz bowl format held in the United States.

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National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.

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Natural gas

Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.

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New York University Tandon School of Engineering

The New York University Tandon School of Engineering (commonly referred to as Tandon) is the engineering and applied sciences school of New York University.

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Newsday

Newsday is an American daily newspaper that primarily serves Nassau and Suffolk counties and the New York City borough of Queens on Long Island, although it is sold throughout the New York metropolitan area.

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Nobel Foundation

The Nobel Foundation (Nobelstiftelsen) is a private institution founded on 29 June 1900 to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.

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Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize (Swedish definite form, singular: Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) is a set of six annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic, cultural, or scientific advances.

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Nobel Prize in Physics

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.

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NSF-GRF

The National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (NSF-GRFP) is an annual grant awarded by the National Science Foundation to approximately 2,000 students pursuing research-based Master's and doctoral degrees in the natural, social, and engineering sciences at US institutions.

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Nuclear power

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.

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Nuclear Regulatory Commission

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is an independent agency of the United States government tasked with protecting public health and safety related to nuclear energy.

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Office of Scientific and Technical Information

The Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI) is a component of the Office of Science within the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE).

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Official

An official is someone who holds an office (function or mandate, regardless whether it carries an actual working space with it) in an organization or government and participates in the exercise of authority (either their own or that of their superior and/or employer, public or legally private).

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Optical tweezers

Optical tweezers (originally called "single-beam gradient force trap") are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force (typically on the order of piconewtons), depending on the relative refractive index between particle and surrounding medium, to physically hold and move microscopic objects similar to tweezers.

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PBS

The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and television program distributor.

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Peiyang University

National Peiyang University, referred to as Peiyang University and Peiyang, and the first name of Imperial Tientsin University(北洋大学堂), was established in Tianjin in October 1895 by Sheng Xuanhua, the official of the Tianjin Customs, and was approved by the emperor Guangxu of Qing Dynasty.

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Peking University

Peking University (abbreviated PKU or Beida; Chinese: 北京大学, pinyin: běi jīng dà xué) is a major Chinese research university located in Beijing and a member of the C9 League.

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Pennsylvania State University

The Pennsylvania State University (commonly referred to as Penn State or PSU) is a state-related, land-grant, doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania.

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Petroleum

Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface.

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Phase transition

The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.

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Physics

Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.

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Pole vault

Pole vaulting is a track and field event in which a person uses a long flexible pole (which today is usually made either of fiberglass or carbon fiber) as an aid to jump over a bar.

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Politico

Politico, known earlier as The Politico, is an American political journalism company based in Arlington County, Virginia, that covers politics and policy in the United States and internationally.

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Polymer physics

Polymer physics is the field of physics that studies polymers, their fluctuations, mechanical properties, as well as the kinetics of reactions involving degradation and polymerisation of polymers and monomers respectively.

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Postdoctoral researcher

A postdoctoral researcher or postdoc is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a PhD).

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Presidency of Barack Obama

The presidency of Barack Obama began at noon EST on January 20, 2009, when Barack Obama was inaugurated as 44th President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2017.

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ProQuest

ProQuest LLC is an Ann Arbor, Michigan-based global information-content and technology company, founded in 1938 as University Microfilms by Eugene B. Power.

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Protein folding

Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein chain acquires its native 3-dimensional structure, a conformation that is usually biologically functional, in an expeditious and reproducible manner.

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Renewable energy

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

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Samuel Bodman

Samuel Wright Bodman III (born November 26, 1938) is the former 11th United States Secretary of Energy.

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Scientific American

Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.

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Shu-tien Li

Shu-tian Li (Shu-tien Li) (1900 – 1988) was a citizen of the United States, a Chinese American educator and hydraulic engineer.

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Sina Corp

Sina is a Chinese technology company.

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Single-molecule experiment

A single-molecule experiment is an experiment that investigates the properties of individual molecules.

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SinoVision

SinoVision is a U.S.-based Chinese language television network.

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Solar energy

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.

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Sorbonne

The Sorbonne is an edifice of the Latin Quarter, in Paris, France, which was the historical house of the former University of Paris.

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Spectroscopy

Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.

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St. Louis

St.

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Stanford University

Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University, colloquially the Farm) is a private research university in Stanford, California.

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Stockholm

Stockholm is the capital of Sweden and the most populous city in the Nordic countries; 952,058 people live in the municipality, approximately 1.5 million in the urban area, and 2.3 million in the metropolitan area.

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Stone Age

The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make implements with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface.

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Sunlight

Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light.

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Swimming (sport)

Swimming is an individual or team sport that requires the use of ones arms and legs to move the body through water.

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Taicang

Taicang is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Suzhou, Jiangsu province.

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Taiwan

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a state in East Asia.

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Tampa Bay Times

The Tampa Bay Times, previously named the St.

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Tennis

Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles).

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The American (magazine)

The American is an online magazine published by the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a conservative think tank in Washington, D.C. The magazine's primary focus is the intersection of economics and politics.

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The Chronicle of Higher Education

The Chronicle of Higher Education is a newspaper and website that presents news, information, and jobs for college and university faculty and Student Affairs professionals (staff members and administrators).

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Tianjin University

Tianjin University (TJU) is the first modern higher education institution in China, and now a national university under the direct administration of the Ministry of Education of China.

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Timeline of low-temperature technology

The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to –273.15 °C, –459.67 °F or 0 K).

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Tropics

The tropics are a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Department of Energy

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a cabinet-level department of the United States Government concerned with the United States' policies regarding energy and safety in handling nuclear material.

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United States Department of Energy national laboratories

The United States Department of Energy National Laboratories and Technology Centers are a system of facilities and laboratories overseen by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for the purpose of advancing science and technology to fulfill the DOE mission.

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United States Secretary of Energy

The United States Secretary of Energy is the head of the U.S. Department of Energy, a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and fourteenth in the presidential line of succession.

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United States Secretary of Labor

The United States Secretary of Labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and as the head of the U.S. Department of Labor, exercises control over the department, and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace, and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprise the legislature of the United States.

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University of California, Berkeley

The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California) is a public research university in Berkeley, California.

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University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign

The University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign (also known as U of I, Illinois, or colloquially as the University of Illinois or UIUC) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Illinois and the flagship institution of the University of Illinois System.

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University of Oxford

The University of Oxford (formally The Chancellor Masters and Scholars of the University of Oxford) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford, England.

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University of Rochester

The University of Rochester (U of R or UR) frequently referred to as Rochester, is a private research university in Rochester, New York.

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Washington University in St. Louis

Washington University in St.

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William Daniel Phillips

William Daniel Phillips (born November 5, 1948) is an American physicist.

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Williams College

Williams College is a private liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States.

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Xinhua News Agency

Xinhua News Agency (English pronunciation: J. C. Wells: Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd ed., for both British and American English) or New China News Agency is the official state-run press agency of the People's Republic of China.

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Yale University

Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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YouTube

YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California.

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2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference

The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 7 and 18 December.

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2013 State of the Union Address

The 2013 State of the Union Address was a speech given by President Barack Obama on Tuesday, February 12, 2013, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives, at 9 PM EST.

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2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015.

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Redirects here:

Chu Diwen, Chu Li-wen, Chu, Steven, Dr. Steven Chu, Jean Chu, Stephen Chu, Steve Chu, Steven Zhu, Zhu Diwen, Zhū Dìwén, 朱棣文.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu

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