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537 relations: 'Pataphysics, Abstract art, Absurdism, Academic art, Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, Acmeist poetry, Adrian Maniu, Aestheticism, Al. Gherghel, Al. T. Stamatiad, Albanian literature, Albanians of Romania, Albert Samain, Aleksandër Stavre Drenova, Alexandru A. Philippide, Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești, Alexandru Colorian, Alexandru Macedonski, Alexandru Obedenaru, Alexandru Robot, Alexandru Săvulescu (architect), Alexandru Toma, Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș, Alfred Hefter, Alice Călugăru, Allies of World War I, Alphonse Mucha, American Philosophical Society, André Derain, Andrei Codrescu, Andrei Oișteanu, Anghel Saligny, Anti-capitalism, Anti-clericalism, Anti-establishment, Antisemitism, Apcar Baltazar, Apostrof, Arabesque, Arad, Romania, Armistice of 11 November 1918, Aron Cotruș, Art for art's sake, Art Nouveau, Art of Romania, Arthur Rimbaud, Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics, Arthur Segal (painter), Atoll, Auguste Rodin, ..., Austria-Hungary, Authoritarianism, Avant-garde, Ödön Lechner, Babeș-Bolyai University, Baia Mare, Banat, Barbu Brezianu, Barbu Nemțeanu, Barbu Solacolu, Béla Bartók, Belgium, Benjamin Fondane, Bessarabia, Black Sea, Blaj, Bogdan Istru, Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Bohemianism, Bonifaciu Florescu, Bourgeoisie, Bovarysme, Boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia, Bucharest, Byzantine Revival architecture, Camil Baltazar, Camil Ressu, Capitalism, Carl Milles, Carol II of Romania, Carol Scrob, Carpathian Mountains, Cartea Românească, Casa Capșa, Catholic Church in Romania, Caton Theodorian, Cecilia Cuțescu-Storck, Censorship, Censorship in Communist Romania, Central Powers, Charles Baudelaire, Chimera (mythology), Cicerone Theodorescu, Cincinat Pavelescu, Claudia Millian, Cluj-Napoca, Coffee culture, Coffeehouse, Collaborationism, Colonești, Olt, Communism, Comte de Lautréamont, Conducător, Conservatism, Constanța, Constanța Casino, Constantin Banu, Constantin Beldie, Constantin Brâncuși, Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Constantin Rădulescu-Motru, Constantin T. 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'Pataphysics
Pataphysics or pataphysics (pataphysique) is a difficult to define literary trope invented by French writer Alfred Jarry (1873–1907).
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Abstract art
Abstract art uses a visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.
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Absurdism
In philosophy, "the Absurd" refers to the conflict between the human tendency to seek inherent value and meaning in life and the human inability to find any.
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Academic art
Academic art, or academicism or academism, is a style of painting, sculpture, and architecture produced under the influence of European academies of art.
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Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
The Academy of Fine Arts, Munich (Akademie der Bildenden Künste München, also known as Munich Academy) is one of the oldest and most significant art academies in Germany.
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Acmeist poetry
Acmeism, or the Guild of Poets, was a transient poetic school, which emerged in 1912 in Russia under the leadership of Nikolay Gumilev and Sergei Gorodetsky.
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Adrian Maniu
Adrian Maniu (February 6, 1891 – April 20, 1968) was a Romanian poet, prose writer, playwright, essayist and translator.
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Aestheticism
Aestheticism (also the Aesthetic Movement) is an intellectual and art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than social-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.
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Al. Gherghel
Al.
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Al. T. Stamatiad
Al.
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Albanian literature
Albanian literature stretches back to the Middle Ages and comprises those literary texts and works written in the Albanian language.
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Albanians of Romania
The Albanians (Shqiptarë in Albanian, Albanezi in Romanian) are an ethnic minority in Romania.
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Albert Samain
Albert Victor Samain (3 April 185818 August 1900) was a French poet and writer of the Symbolist school.
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Aleksandër Stavre Drenova
Aleksandër Stavre Drenova, best known under his pen name Asdreni (11 April 1872 – 1947), was one of the most well-known Albanian poets.
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Alexandru A. Philippide
Alexandru A. Philippide (April 1, 1900 – February 8, 1979) was a Romanian poet.
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Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești
Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești (born Alexandru Bogdan, also known as Ion Doican, Ion Duican and Al. Dodan; June 13, 1870 – May 12, 1922) was a Romanian Symbolist poet, essayist, and art and literary critic, who was also known as a journalist and left-wing political agitator.
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Alexandru Colorian
Alexandru Colorian (March 18, 1896–October 1971) was a Romanian poet.
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Alexandru Macedonski
Alexandru Macedonski (also rendered as Al. A. Macedonski, Macedonschi or Macedonsky; March 14, 1854 – November 24, 1920) was a Romanian poet, novelist, dramatist and literary critic, known especially for having promoted French Symbolism in his native country, and for leading the Romanian Symbolist movement during its early decades.
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Alexandru Obedenaru
Alexandru Obedenaru (July 13, 1865–January 13, 1945) was a Romanian poet and journalist.
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Alexandru Robot
Alexandru Robot (born Alter Rotmann,Călinescu, p.902, in Realitatea Evreiască, Nr. 245 (1045), January–February 2006, p.13 also known as Al. Robot; Moldovan Cyrillic: Александру Робот; January 15, 1916 – ca. 1941) was a Romanian, Moldovan and Soviet poet, also known as a novelist and journalist.
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Alexandru Săvulescu (architect)
Alexandru Săvulescu (1847 – 1902) was a Romanian architect, one of his country's first prominent practitioners of modern architecture.
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Alexandru Toma
Alexandru Toma (occasionally known as A. Toma, born Solomon Moscovici; February 11, 1875 – August 15, 1954) was a Romanian poet, journalist and translator, known for his communist views and his role in introducing Socialist Realism and Stalinism to Romanian literature.
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Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș
Alexandru Tzigara-Samurcaș (also known as Al. Tzigara, Tzigara-Sumurcaș, Tzigara-Samurcash, Tzigara-Samurkasch or Țigara-Samurcaș; April 4, 1872 – April 1, 1952) was a Romanian art historian, ethnographer, museologist and cultural journalist, also known as local champion of art conservation, Romanian Police leader and pioneer radio broadcaster.
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Alfred Hefter
Alfred Hefter (last name also Hefter-Hidalgo) (1892 in Iași – 1957 in Rome) was a Romanian poet, journalist, and writer of Jewish descent.
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Alice Călugăru
Alice Ștefania Stănescu Călugăru (July 4, 1886 – 1924) was a Romanian poet.
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Allies of World War I
The Allies of World War I, or Entente Powers, were the countries that opposed the Central Powers in the First World War.
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Alphonse Mucha
Alfons Maria Mucha (24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939), known as Alphonse Mucha, was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative artist, known best for his distinct style.
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American Philosophical Society
The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 and located in Philadelphia, is an eminent scholarly organization of international reputation that promotes useful knowledge in the sciences and humanities through excellence in scholarly research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and community outreach.
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André Derain
André Derain (10 June 1880 – 8 September 1954) was a French artist, painter, sculptor and co-founder of Fauvism with Henri Matisse.
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Andrei Codrescu
Andrei Codrescu (born December 20, 1946) is a Romanian-American poet, novelist, essayist, screenwriter, and commentator for National Public Radio.
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Andrei Oișteanu
Andrei Oişteanu (born September 18, 1948) is a Romanian historian of religions and mentalities, ethnologist, cultural anthropologist, literary critic and novelist.
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Anghel Saligny
Anghel Saligny (19 April 1854, Șerbănești, Moldavia – 17 June 1925, Bucharest, Romania) was a Romanian engineer, most famous for designing the Feteşti-Cernavodă railway bridge (1895) over the Danube, the longest bridge in Europe at that time.
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Anti-capitalism
Anti-capitalism encompasses a wide variety of movements, ideas and attitudes that oppose capitalism.
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Anti-clericalism
Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.
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Anti-establishment
An anti-establishment view or belief is one which stands in opposition to the conventional social, political, and economic principles of a society.
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Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-Semitism or anti-semitism) is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews.
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Apcar Baltazar
Apcar Baltazar (26 February 1880, Bucharest – 26 September 1909, Bucharest) was a Romanian painter and art critic of Armenian parentage.
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Apostrof
Apostrof (Romanian for "Apostrophe") is a monthly literary magazine published in Cluj-Napoca, Romania under the Romanian Writers' Union patronage.
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Arabesque
The arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined with other elements.
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Arad, Romania
Arad (Arad; Арад/Arad) is the capital city of Arad County, historically situated in the region of Crișana, and having recently extended on the left bank of the Mureș river, in Banat region of western Romania.
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Armistice of 11 November 1918
The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice that ended fighting on land, sea and air in World War I between the Allies and their last opponent, Germany.
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Aron Cotruș
Aron Cotruș (2 January 1891 - 1 November 1961) was a Romanian poet and diplomat who also supported the Iron Guard.
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Art for art's sake
"Art for art's sake" is the usual English rendering of a French slogan from the early 19th century, "l'art pour l'art", and expresses a philosophy that the intrinsic value of art, and the only "true" art, is divorced from any didactic, moral, or utilitarian function.
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Art Nouveau
Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, that was most popular between 1890 and 1910.
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Art of Romania
Art of Romania encompasses the artists and artistic movements in Romania.
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Arthur Rimbaud
Jean Nicolas Arthur Rimbaud (20 October 1854 – 10 November 1891) was a French poet who is known for his influence on modern literature and arts, which prefigured surrealism.
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Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics
Arthur Schopenhauer's aesthetics result from his doctrine of the primacy of the Will as the thing in itself, the ground of life and all being; and from his judgment that individuation of the Will is evil.
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Arthur Segal (painter)
Arthur Segal (23 July 1875 — 23 June 1944) was a Romanian artist and author.
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Atoll
An atoll, sometimes called a coral atoll, is a ring-shaped coral reef including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon partially or completely.
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Auguste Rodin
François Auguste René Rodin (12 November 1840 – 17 November 1917), known as Auguste Rodin, was a French sculptor.
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Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.
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Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.
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Avant-garde
The avant-garde (from French, "advance guard" or "vanguard", literally "fore-guard") are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox with respect to art, culture, or society.
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Ödön Lechner
Ödön Lechner (born as Eugen Lechner, 27 August 1845 – 10 June 1914) was a Hungarian architect, one of the early representatives of the Hungarian Secession movement, called szecesszió in Hungarian, which was related to Art Nouveau in the rest of Europe.
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Babeș-Bolyai University
The Babeș-Bolyai University (Universitatea Babeș-Bolyai, Babeș-Bolyai Tudományegyetem, Babeș-Bolyai Universität), commonly known after its abbreviation, UBB, is a public university in Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Baia Mare
Baia Mare (Nagybánya; Frauenbach; Бая-Маре; Rivulus Dominarum; באניע, Banya) is a municipality along the Săsar River, in northwestern Romania; it is the capital of Maramureș County.
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Banat
The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe that is currently divided among three countries: the eastern part lies in western Romania (the counties of Timiș, Caraș-Severin, Arad south of the Körös/Criș river, and the western part of Mehedinți); the western part in northeastern Serbia (mostly included in Vojvodina, except a part included in the Belgrade Region); and a small northern part lies within southeastern Hungary (Csongrád county).
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Barbu Brezianu
Barbu Brezianu (March 18, 1909–January 14, 2008) was a Romanian poet, art critic, art historian and judge.
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Barbu Nemțeanu
Barbu Nemțeanu (pen name of Benjamin Deutsch; October 1, 1887Ionescu I, p. 31 – May 30, 1919) was a Romanian poet, humorist and translator, active on the modernist wing of the Romanian Symbolist movement.
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Barbu Solacolu
Barbu Solacolu (March 18, 1897 – October 30, 1976) was a Romanian poet, translator, civil servant and social scientist.
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Béla Bartók
Béla Viktor János Bartók (25 March 1881 – 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist and an ethnomusicologist.
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Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.
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Benjamin Fondane
Benjamin Fondane or Benjamin Fundoianu (born Benjamin Wechsler, Wexler or Vecsler, first name also Beniamin or Barbu, usually abridged to B.; November 14, 1898 – October 2, 1944) was a Romanian and French poet, critic and existentialist philosopher, also noted for his work in film and theater.
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Bessarabia
Bessarabia (Basarabia; Бессарабия, Bessarabiya; Besarabya; Бессара́бія, Bessarabiya; Бесарабия, Besarabiya) is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west.
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Black Sea
The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Western Asia.
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Blaj
Blaj (archaically spelled as Blaș; Balázsfalva; Blasendorf; Transylvanian Saxon dialect: Blußendref) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania.
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Bogdan Istru
Bogdan Istru, pseudonym of Ivan Bodarev (– 1993) was a Moldovan poet.
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Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu
Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu (26 February 1838 &ndash) was a Romanian writer and philologist, who pioneered many branches of Romanian philology and history.
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Bohemianism
Bohemianism is the practice of an unconventional lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people and with few permanent ties.
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Bonifaciu Florescu
Bonifaciu Florescu (first name also Boniface, Bonifacio, Bonifati, last name also Floresco; born Bonifacius Florescu; May 1848 – December 18, 1899) was a Romanian polygraph, the illegitimate son of writer-revolutionary Nicolae Bălcescu.
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Bourgeoisie
The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.
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Bovarysme
Bovarysme is a term derived from Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary (1857).
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Boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia
The boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia were the nobility of the Danubian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia.
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Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre.
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Byzantine Revival architecture
The Byzantine Revival (also referred to as Neo-Byzantine) was an architectural revival movement, most frequently seen in religious, institutional and public buildings.
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Camil Baltazar
Camil Baltazar (pen name of Leibu Goldenstein or Leopold Goldstein; August 25, 1902 in Focşani- April 27, 1977 in Bucharest) was a Romanian-Jewish poet.
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Camil Ressu
Camil Ressu (28 January 1880 – 1 April 1962) was a Romanian painter and academic, one of the most significant art figures of Romania.
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Capitalism
Capitalism is an economic system based upon private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.
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Carl Milles
Carl Milles (23 June 1875 – 19 September 1955) was a Swedish sculptor.
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Carol II of Romania
Carol II (15 October 18934 April 1953) reigned as King of Romania from 8 June 1930 until his enforced abdication on 6 September 1940.
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Carol Scrob
Carol Scrob (July 21, 1856 – January 17, 1913) was a Romanian poet, considered one of the figures of the native Symbolist movement.
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Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a mountain range system forming an arc roughly long across Central and Eastern Europe, making them the second-longest mountain range in Europe (after the Scandinavian Mountains). They provide the habitat for the largest European populations of brown bears, wolves, chamois, and lynxes, with the highest concentration in Romania, as well as over one third of all European plant species.
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Cartea Românească
Cartea Românească ("The Romanian Book") is a publishing house in Bucharest, Romania, founded in 1919.
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Casa Capșa
Casa Capșa is a historic restaurant in Bucharest, Romania, first established in 1852.
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Catholic Church in Romania
The Catholic Church (Biserica Catolică din România, Romániai Római Katolikus Egyház, Katholische Kirche in Rumänien) in Romania is a Latin Rite Christian church, part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
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Caton Theodorian
Caton Theodorian, or Teodorian (May 14, 1871 – January 8, 1939), was a Romanian playwright, poet, short story writer and novelist.
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Cecilia Cuțescu-Storck
Cecilia Cuțescu-Storck (14 March 1879, Câineni, Vâlcea – 1969, Bucharest) was a Romanian painter with a strong influence on cultural life in the interwar period.
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Censorship
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information, on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient" as determined by government authorities.
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Censorship in Communist Romania
Censorship in Romania is the censorship in the state of Romania, in five stages: before World War II, the Groza government period (1945- 1947), the first Communist president Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej period (1947-1965), the second and the last Communist president Nicolae period (1965- 1989), and 1990-Present.
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Central Powers
The Central Powers (Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttifak Devletleri / Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit), consisting of Germany,, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria – hence also known as the Quadruple Alliance (Vierbund) – was one of the two main factions during World War I (1914–18).
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Charles Baudelaire
Charles Pierre Baudelaire (April 9, 1821 – August 31, 1867) was a French poet who also produced notable work as an essayist, art critic, and pioneering translator of Edgar Allan Poe.
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Chimera (mythology)
The Chimera (or, also Chimaera (Chimæra); Greek: Χίμαιρα, Chímaira "she-goat") was, according to Greek mythology, a monstrous fire-breathing hybrid creature of Lycia in Asia Minor, composed of the parts of more than one animal.
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Cicerone Theodorescu
Cicerone Theodorescu (February 9, 1908–February 18, 1974) was a Romanian poet.
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Cincinat Pavelescu
Cincinat Pavelescu (– November 30, 1934) was a Romanian poet and playwright.
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Claudia Millian
Claudia Millian (also Millian-Minulescu; February 21, 1887 – September 21, 1961) was a Romanian poet.
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Cluj-Napoca
Cluj-Napoca (Klausenburg; Kolozsvár,; Medieval Latin: Castrum Clus, Claudiopolis; and קלויזנבורג, Kloiznburg), commonly known as Cluj, is the fourth most populous city in Romania, and the seat of Cluj County in the northwestern part of the country.
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Coffee culture
Coffee culture describes a social atmosphere or series of associated social behaviors that depends heavily upon coffee, particularly as a social lubricant.
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Coffeehouse
A coffeehouse, coffee shop or café (sometimes spelt cafe) is an establishment which primarily serves hot coffee, related coffee beverages (café latte, cappuccino, espresso), tea, and other hot beverages.
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Collaborationism
Collaborationism is cooperation with the enemy against one's country in wartime.
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Colonești, Olt
Colonești is a commune in Olt County, Romania.
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Communism
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.
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Comte de Lautréamont
Comte de Lautréamont was the nom de plume of Isidore Lucien Ducasse (4 April 1846 – 24 November 1870), a French poet born in Uruguay.
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Conducător
Conducător ("Leader") was the title used officially in two instances by Romanian politicians, and earlier by Carol II.
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Conservatism
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
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Constanța
Constanța (Κωνστάντζα or Κωνστάντια, Konstantia, Кюстенджа or Констанца, Köstence), historically known as Tomis (Τόμις), is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Romania.
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Constanța Casino
The Constanța Casino (Cazinoul din Constanța) is a casino located in Constanța, Romania.
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Constantin Banu
Constantin Gheorghe Banu (March 20, 1873 – September 8, 1940) was a Romanian writer, journalist and politician, who served as Arts and Religious Affairs Minister in 1922–1923.
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Constantin Beldie
Constantin Dumitru Beldie (September 8, 1887 – June 11, 1954) was a Romanian journalist, publicist, and civil servant, famous for his libertine lifestyle and his unapologetic, sarcastic, memoirs of life in the early 20th century.
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Constantin Brâncuși
Constantin Brâncuși (February 19, 1876 – March 16, 1957) was a Romanian sculptor, painter and photographer who made his career in France.
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Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea
Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea (born Solomon Katz; 1855, village of Slavayanka near Yekaterinoslav (modern Dnipro), then in Imperial Russia – 1920, Bucharest) was a Romanian Marxist theorist, politician, sociologist, literary critic, and journalist.
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Constantin Rădulescu-Motru
Constantin Rădulescu-Motru (born Constantin Rădulescu, he added the surname Motru in 1892; February 15, 1868 – March 6, 1957) was a Romanian philosopher, psychologist, sociologist, logician, academic, dramatist, as well as centre-left nationalist politician with a noted anti-fascist discourse.
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Constantin T. Stoika
Constantin T. Stoika (February 14, 1892 – October 23, 1916) was a Romanian poet and prose writer.
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Constructivism (art)
Constructivism was an artistic and architectural philosophy that originated in Russia beginning in 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin.
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Contemporanul
Contemporanul (The Contemporary) is a Romanian literary magazine published in Iaşi, Romania from 1881 to 1891.
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Contimporanul
Contimporanul (antiquated spelling of the Romanian word for "the Contemporary", singular masculine form) was a Romanian (initially a weekly and later a monthly) avant-garde literary and art magazine, published in Bucharest between June 1922 and 1932.
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Convorbiri Literare
Convorbiri Literare (meaning Literary Talk in English) is a Romanian literary magazine published in Romania.
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Cosmopolitanism
Cosmopolitanism is the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community, based on a shared morality.
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Costin Petrescu (painter)
Costin Petrescu (May 10, 1872 – October 15, 1954) was a Romanian painter.
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Counterculture
A counterculture (also written counter-culture) is a subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores.
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Craii de Curtea-Veche
Craii de Curtea-Veche (-Romanian for The Old Court Libertines - could also be understood to mean "The Curtea Veche Kings", based on the common reference to well-to-do unmarried men as crai in Dictionar Etimologic Român.) is a novel by the inter-war Romanian author Mateiu Caragiale.
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Craiova
No description.
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Cristofi Cerchez
Cristofi Cerchez (4 July 1872 – 1955) was a Romanian engineer and architect.
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Croatia
Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea.
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Cubism
Cubism is an early-20th-century art movement which brought European painting and sculpture historically forward toward 20th century Modern art.
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Cuff
A cuff is an extra layer of fabric at the lower edge of the sleeve of a garment (shirt, coat, etc.) covering the arm, at the wrist.
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Culture of Romania
The culture of Romania is the product of its geography and its distinct historical evolution.
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Cuvântul (magazine)
Cuvântul (meaning "The Word") is a literary and political monthly, published in Bucharest, Romania.
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D. Iacobescu
D.
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Dada
Dada or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centers in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (circa 1916); New York Dada began circa 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris.
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Dan Botta
Dan Botta (September 26, 1907–January 13, 1958, Bucharest) was a Romanian poet and essayist.
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Decadent movement
The Decadent Movement was a late 19th-century artistic and literary movement, centered in Western Europe, that followed an aesthetic ideology of excess and artificiality.
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Decorative arts
The decorative arts are arts or crafts concerned with the design and manufacture of beautiful objects that are also functional.
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Dem. Theodorescu
Dem.
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Demetrios Galanis
Demetrios Galanis (Δημήτριος Γαλάνης, 17 May 1879, Athens – 20 March 1966, Paris) was an early twentieth-century Greek artist and friend of Picasso.
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Demostene Botez
Demostene Botez (July 2, 1893 – March 18, 1973) was a Romanian poet and prose writer.
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Der Blaue Reiter
Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) was a group of artists united in rejection of the Neue Künstlervereinigung München in Munich, Germany.
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Didacticism
Didacticism is a philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative qualities in literature and other types of art.
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Dimitrie Anghel
Dimitrie Anghel (July 16, 1872 in Corneşti, Iaşi - November 13, 1914) was a Romanian poet.
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Dimitrie Paciurea
Dimitrie Paciurea (2 November (1873 or 1875) – 14 July 1932) was a Romanian sculptor.
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Donar Munteanu
Donar Munteanu (born Dimitrie Munteanu;Rodica Zafiu, "Munteanu Donar", in Aurel Sasu (ed.), Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române, Vol. II, p. 155. Pitești: Editura Paralela 45, 2004. Mihail Straje, Dicționar de pseudonime, anonime, anagrame, astronime, criptonime ale scriitorilor și publiciștilor români, p. 464. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1973. June 26, 1886 – 1972) was a Romanian poet, representing the provincial wing of Romanian Symbolism, Convorbiri Critice circle and, later, the Gândirea literary movement.
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Dragoș Protopopescu
Dragoș Protopopescu (1892, Călăraşi – 1948) was a Romanian writer, poet, critic and philosopher.
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Duiliu Zamfirescu
Duiliu Zamfirescu (30 October 1858 – 3 June 1922) was a Romanian novelist, poet, short story writer, lawyer, nationalist politician, journalist, diplomat and memoirist.
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Dumitru Caracostea
Dumitru Caracostea (March 10, 1879–June 2, 1964) was a Romanian folklorist, literary historian and critic.
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Dumitru Karnabatt
Dumitru or Dimitrie Karnabatt (last name also Karnabat, Carnabatt or Carnabat, commonly known as D. Karr; October 26, 1877 – April 1949) was a Romanian poet, art critic and political journalist, one of the minor representatives of Symbolism.
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Eclecticism
Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in particular cases.
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Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe (born Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, editor, and literary critic.
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Editura Dacia
Editura Dacia ("Dacia Publishing House") is a publishing house based in Romania, located on Pavel Chinezul Street 2, Cluj-Napoca.
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Editura Minerva
Editura Minerva is one of the largest publishing houses in Romania.
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Edmond Rostand
Edmond Eugène Alexis Rostand (1 April 1868 – 2 December 1918) was a French poet and dramatist.
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Elegiac
The adjective elegiac has two possible meanings.
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Elena Farago
Elena Farago (born Elena Paximade; 29 March 1878–3 January 1954) was a Romanian poet and children's author.
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Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania
The Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania, Institutul Naţional pentru Studierea Holocaustului din România „Elie Wiesel” in Romanian) is a public institution established by the Romanian government on August 7, 2005, and officially opened on October 9 of the same year, which is Romania's National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust. The institute is named after the Romanian-born Jewish Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel, who chaired the Wiesel Commission which reported on Romania's involvement in the Holocaust to the Romanian government in 2004, and which recommended that such an institute be established. The institute is responsible for researching Romania's role in the Holocaust, and gathering, archiving and publishing documents relating to this event. The institute is currently headed by Mihail E. Ionescu and falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs.
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Elitism
Elitism is the belief or attitude that individuals who form an elite — a select group of people with a certain ancestry, intrinsic quality, high intellect, wealth, special skills, or experience — are more likely to be constructive to society as a whole, and therefore deserve influence or authority greater than that of others.
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Emil Botta
Emil Botta (15 September 1911, Adjud – 24 July 1977, Bucharest) was a Romanian actor and writer.
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Emil Gulian
Emil Gulian (1907–1942) was a Romanian poet.
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Emil Isac
Emil Isac (May 27, 1886 – March 25, 1954) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian poet, dramatist, short story writer and critic.
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Endre Ady
Endre Ady (Hungarian: diósadi Ady András Endre, archaically English: Andrew Ady, 22 November 1877 – 27 January 1919) was a turn-of-the-century Hungarian poet and journalist.
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English literature
This article is focused on English-language literature rather than the literature of England, so that it includes writers from Scotland, Wales, and the whole of Ireland, as well as literature in English from countries of the former British Empire, including the United States.
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Ephraim Moses Lilien
Ephraim Moses Lilien (1874–1925) was an art nouveau illustrator and printmaker particularly noted for his art on Jewish themes.
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Erotic literature
Erotic literature comprises fictional and/or factual stories and accounts of human sexual relationships which have the power to or are intended to arouse the reader sexually.
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Eroticism
Eroticism (from the Greek ἔρως, eros—"desire") is a quality that causes sexual feelings, as well as a philosophical contemplation concerning the aesthetics of sexual desire, sensuality and romantic love.
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Erotomania
Erotomania is listed in the DSM 5 as a subtype of a delusional disorder.
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Ethnic nationalism
Ethnic nationalism, also known as ethno-nationalism, is a form of nationalism wherein the nation is defined in terms of ethnicity.
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Eugène Ionesco
Eugène Ionesco (born Eugen Ionescu,; 26 November 1909 – 28 March 1994) was a Romanian-French playwright who wrote mostly in French, and one of the foremost figures of the French Avant-garde theatre.
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Eugen Jebeleanu
Eugen Jebeleanu (24 April 1911 – 21 August 1991), Romanian poet, was born in Câmpina, where he attended elementary school.
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Eugen Lovinescu
Eugen Lovinescu (31 October 1881 – 16 July 1943) was a Romanian modernist literary historian, literary critic, academic, and novelist, who in 1919 established the Sburătorul literary club.
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Eugen Relgis
Eugen D. Relgis (backward reading of Eisig D. Sigler; first name also Eugenio, Eugène or Eugene, last name also Siegler or Siegler Watchel; entry; retrieved 10 March 2011 (22 March 1895 – 24 May 1987) was a Romanian writer, pacifist philosopher and anarchist militant, known as a theorist of humanitarianism. His internationalist dogma, with distinct echoes from Judaism and Jewish ethics, was first shaped during World War I, when Relgis was a conscientious objector. Infused with anarcho-pacifism and socialism, it provided Relgis with an international profile, and earned him the support of pacifists such as Romain Rolland, Stefan Zweig and Albert Einstein. Another, more controversial, aspect of Relgis' philosophy was his support for eugenics, which centered on the compulsory sterilization of "degenerates". The latter proposal was voiced by several of Relgis' essays and sociological tracts. After an early debut with Romania's Symbolist movement, Relgis promoted modernist literature and the poetry of Tudor Arghezi, signing his name to a succession of literary and political magazines. His work in fiction and poetry alternates the extremes of Expressionism and didactic art, giving artistic representation to his activism, his pacifist vision, or his struggle with a hearing impairment. He was a member of several modernist circles, formed around Romanian magazines such as Sburătorul, Contimporanul or Șantier, but also close to the more mainstream journal Viața Românească. His political and literary choices made Relgis an enemy of both fascism and communism: persecuted during World War II, he eventually took refuge in Uruguay. From 1947 to the moment of his death, Relgis earned the respect of South American circles as an anarchist commentator and proponent of solutions to world peace, as well as a promoter of Latin American culture.
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Eugenio Coșeriu
Eugenio Coșeriu (Eugen Coșeriu,; July 27, 1921 – September 7, 2002) was a linguist who specialized in Romance languages at the University of Tübingen, author of over 50 books, honorary member of the Romanian Academy.
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Eugeniu Ștefănescu-Est
Eugeniu Ștefănescu-Est (also known as Eugen Ștefănescu-Est or Eugeniu Est, born Eugeniu Gh. Ștefănescu; – March 12, 1980) was a Romanian poet, prose writer and visual artist, professionally active as a lawyer.
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Eugeniu Sperantia
Eugeniu Sperantia (– January 11/12, 1972) was a Romanian poet, aesthetician, essayist, sociologist and philosopher.
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Existentialism
Existentialism is a tradition of philosophical inquiry associated mainly with certain 19th and 20th-century European philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal differences,Oxford Companion to Philosophy, ed.
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Exoticism
Exoticism (from 'exotic') is a trend in European art and design, influenced by some ethnic groups or civilizations from the late 19th-century.
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Experimental literature
Experimental literature refers to written work—usually fiction or poetry—that emphasizes innovation, most especially in technique.
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Exposition Universelle (1900)
The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next.
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Expressionism
Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Șerban Bascovici
Șerban Bascovici (born Șerban-Vasile Bascovitz; January 1, 1891–March 19, 1968) was a Romanian poet Born in Bucharest to Gheorghe Bascovitz and his wife Ecaterina, he attended Matei Basarab High School.
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Șerban Foarță
Șerban Nicolae Foarță (born 8 July 1942, in Turnu Severin) is a contemporary Romanian writer.
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Ștefan Luchian
Ștefan Luchian (last name also spelled Lukian; 1 February 1868 – 28 June 1916) was a Romanian painter, famous for his landscapes and still life works.
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Ștefan Octavian Iosif
Ştefan Octavian Iosif (11 September 1875–22 June 1913) was a Romanian poet and translator of Aromanian origin.
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Ștefan Petică
Ștefan Petică (January 20, 1877–October 17, 1904) was a Romanian Symbolist poet, prose writer, playwright, journalist and socialist activist.
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Ștefan Popescu
Ștefan Adrian Popescu (born 5 May 1993) is a Romanian footballer currently playing as a left back for Serie B side Salernitana.
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F. Brunea-Fox
F.
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Fairy tale
A fairy tale, wonder tale, magic tale, or Märchen is folklore genre that takes the form of a short story that typically features entities such as dwarfs, dragons, elves, fairies, giants, gnomes, goblins, griffins, mermaids, talking animals, trolls, unicorns, or witches, and usually magic or enchantments.
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Fantasy literature
Fantasy literature is literature set in an imaginary universe, often but not always without any locations, events, or people from the real world.
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Far-left politics
Far-left politics are political views located further on the left of the left-right spectrum than the standard political left.
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Far-right politics
Far-right politics are politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right, particularly in terms of more extreme nationalist, and nativist ideologies, as well as authoritarian tendencies.
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Fascism
Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.
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Fauvism
Fauvism is the style of les Fauves (French for "the wild beasts"), a group of early twentieth-century modern artists whose works emphasized painterly qualities and strong color over the representational or realistic values retained by Impressionism.
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Félix Vallotton
Félix Edouard Vallotton (December 28, 1865December 29, 1925) was a Swiss/French painter and printmaker associated with the collective known as.
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Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania
The Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania (Federatia Comunitatilor Evreiesti din Romania, FCER) is an ethnic minority political party in Romania representing the Jewish community.
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Felix Aderca
Felix Aderca or F. Aderca (born Froim-Zelig (Froim-Zeilic) Aderca,, in Realitatea Evreiască, Nr. 280-281 (1080-1081), August–September 2007 Boris Marian,, in Realitatea Evreiască, Nr. 292-293 (1092-1093), March–April 2008 also known as Zelicu Froim Adercu, biographical entry at the; retrieved March 1, 2010 or Froim Aderca; March 13, 1891 – December 12, 1962), was a Romanian novelist, playwright, poet, journalist and critic, noted as a representative of rebellious modernism in the context of Romanian literature.
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Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
Filippo Tommaso Emilio Marinetti (22 December 1876 – 2 December 1944) was an Italian poet, editor, art theorist, and founder of the Futurist movement.
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Fin de siècle
Fin de siècle is a French term meaning end of the century, a term which typically encompasses both the meaning of the similar English idiom turn of the century and also makes reference to the closing of one era and onset of another.
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Flacăra
Flacăra (Romanian for "The Flame") is a weekly literary magazine published in Bucharest, Romania.
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Folklore of Romania
A feature of Romanian culture is the special relationship between folklore and the learned culture, determined by two factors.
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François Coppée
François Edouard Joachim Coppée (26 January 1842 – 23 May 1908) was a French poet and novelist.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Francophile
A Francophile (Gallophile) is a person who has a strong affinity towards any or all of the French language, French history, French culture or French people.
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Franz Stuck
Franz Stuck (February 23, 1863 – August 30, 1928) was a German painter, sculptor, engraver, and architect.
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Free verse
Free verse is an open form of poetry.
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French language
French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
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Futurism
Futurism (Futurismo) was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century.
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Gala Galaction
Gala Galaction (the pen name of Grigore or Grigorie Pișculescu; April 16, 1879—March 8, 1961) was a Romanian Orthodox clergyman and theologian, writer, journalist, left-wing activist, as well as a political figure of the People's Republic of Romania.
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Galați
Galați (also known by other alternative names) is the capital city of Galați County, in the historical region of Moldavia, eastern Romania.
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Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Galicia (Ukrainian and Галичина, Halyčyna; Galicja; Czech and Halič; Galizien; Galícia/Kaliz/Gácsország/Halics; Galiția/Halici; Галиция, Galicija; גאַליציע Galitsiye) is a historical and geographic region in Central Europe once a small Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia and later a crown land of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, that straddled the modern-day border between Poland and Ukraine.
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Garabet Ibrăileanu
Garabet Ibrăileanu (May 23, 1871 – March 11, 1936) was a Romanian-Armenian literary critic and theorist, writer, translator, sociologist, Iaşi University professor (1908-1934), and, together with Paul Bujor and Constantin Stere, for long main editor of the Viața Românească literary magazine between 1906 and 1930.
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Gândirea
Gândirea ("The Thinking"), known during its early years as Gândirea Literară - Artistică - Socială ("The Literary - Artistic - Social Thinking"), was a Romanian literary, political and art magazine.
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Geographical distribution of German speakers
In addition to the German-speaking area (Deutscher Sprachraum) in Europe, German-speaking minorities are present in many countries and on all six inhabited continents.
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George Bacovia
George Bacovia (the pen name of Gheorghe Vasiliu; – 22 May 1957) was a Romanian symbolist poet.
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George Călinescu
George Călinescu (19 June 1899, Iași – 12 March 1965, Otopeni) was a Romanian literary critic, historian, novelist, academician and journalist, and a writer of classicist and humanist tendencies.
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George Ciprian
George Ciprian (born Gheorghe Pană Constantin; June 7, 1883 – 8 May 1968) was a Romanian actor and playwright.
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George Demetrescu Mirea
George Demetrescu Mirea (1852, Câmpulung – 12 December 1934, Bucharest) was a Romanian portrait painter, muralist and art teacher.
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George Meniuc
George Meniuc (May 20, 1918, Chişinău - February 8, 1987, Chişinău) was a writer from Moldova.
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George Talaz
George Talaz (pen name of Gheorghe Antonescu; October 18, 1898–March 2, 1973) was a Romanian poet.
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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German language
German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.
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German philosophy
German philosophy, here taken to mean either (1) philosophy in the German language or (2) philosophy by Germans, has been extremely diverse, and central to both the analytic and continental traditions in philosophy for centuries, from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz through Immanuel Kant, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, Martin Heidegger and Ludwig Wittgenstein to contemporary philosophers.
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German Romanticism
German Romanticism was the dominant intellectual movement of German-speaking countries in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, influencing philosophy, aesthetics, literature and criticism.
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Germanophile
A Germanophile, Teutonophile or Teutophile is a person who is fond of German culture, German people and Germany in general or who exhibits German nationalism in spite of not even being either an ethnic German or a German citizen.
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Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (8 November 1901 – 19 March 1965) was a Romanian communist politician who served as the first Communist leader of Romania from 1947 to 1965 as General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party.
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Gheorghe Petrașcu
Gheorghe Petrașcu (20 November 1872, Tecuci – 1 May 1949, Bucharest) was a Romanian painter.
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Gouache
Gouache, body color, opaque watercolor, or gouache, is one type of watermedia, paint consisting of Natural pigment, water, a binding agent (usually gum arabic or dextrin), and sometimes additional inert material.
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Greater Romania
The term Greater Romania (România Mare) usually refers to the borders of the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period.
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Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices.
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Greeks in Romania
There has been a Greek presence in Romania for at least 27 centuries.
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Guillaume Apollinaire
Guillaume Apollinaire (26 August 1880 – 9 November 1918) was a French poet, playwright, short story writer, novelist, and art critic of Polish descent.
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Gustav Gurschner
Gustav Gurschner (1873–1970) was an Austrian sculptor active in the decorative arts.
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Gustave Moreau
Gustave Moreau (6 April 1826 – 18 April 1898) was a major figure in French Symbolist painting whose main emphasis was the illustration of biblical and mythological figures.
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H. Bonciu
H.
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Handicraft
A handicraft, sometimes more precisely expressed as artisanal handicraft or handmade, is any of a wide variety of types of work where useful and decorative objects are made completely by hand or by using only simple tools.
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Haralamb Lecca
Haralamb George Lecca (also known as Haralamb Leca, Har. Lecca,C. D. Fort., "Recenzii. Cărți. Antologia poeților olteni, de I. C. Popescu-Polyclet", in Arhivele Olteniei, Nr. 45–46/1929, p. 546"Noutăți. Știri literare", in Unirea. Foaie Bisericească-Politică, Nr. 28/1907, p. 253 or Haralambie Lecca;Elena Siupiur, "Rapports littéraires roumano-bulgares entre 1878–1916", in Revue Des Études Sud-est Européennes, Nr. 4/1972, p. 704 – March 9, 1920) was a Romanian poet, playwright and translator, grandson of artist Constantin Lecca and brother of genealogist Octav-George Lecca, as well as nephew and rival of writer Ion Luca Caragiale.
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Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
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Hasidic Judaism
Hasidism, sometimes Hasidic Judaism (hasidut,; originally, "piety"), is a Jewish religious group.
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Henri Privat-Livemont
Henri Privat-Livemont (1861–1936) was an artist born in Schaerbeek, Brussels, Belgium.
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Henri-Jean Guillaume Martin
Henri-Jean Guillaume Martin (5 August 1860 – 12 November 1943) was a renowned French impressionist painter.
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Henry Moore Foundation
The Henry Moore Foundation is a registered charity in England, established for education and promotion of the fine arts — in particular, to advance understanding of the works of Henry Moore.
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Heresy in Christianity
When heresy is used today with reference to Christianity, it denotes the formal denial or doubt of a core doctrine of the Christian faithJ.D Douglas (ed).
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Hermeticism (poetry)
Hermeticism in poetry, or hermetic poetry, is a form of obscure and difficult poetry, as of the Symbolist school, wherein the language and imagery are subjective, and where the suggestive power of the sound of words is as important as their meaning.
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Historical regions of Romania
The historical regions of Romania are located in Central and Southeastern Europe.
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Historism
Historism is a philosophical and historiographical theory, founded in 19th-century Germany (as Historismus) and especially influential in 19th- and 20th-century Europe.
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History of the Jews in Romania
The history of the Jews in Romania concerns the Jews both of Romania and of Romanian origins, from their first mention on what is present-day Romanian territory.
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Holy Trinity Cathedral, Blaj
The Holy Trinity Cathedral (Catedrala Sfânta Treime) in Blaj, Romania is a Romanian Greek Catholic cathedral commissioned by bishop Inocențiu Micu-Klein in 1738.
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Horia Furtună
Horia Furtună (June 21, 1888 – March 8, 1952) was a Romanian poet, playwright and prose writer.
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Horia Stamatu
Horia Stamatu (September 9, 1912–July 7/8, 1989) was a Romanian poet and essayist.
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Humanitas (publishing house)
Humanitas (Editura Humanitas) is an independent Romanian publishing house, founded on February 1, 1990 (after the Romanian Revolution) in Bucharest by the philosopher Gabriel Liiceanu, based on a state-owned publishing house, Editura Politică.
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Hungarian art
Hungarian art stems from the period of the conquest of the Carpathian basin by the people of Árpád in the 9th century.
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Hungarian literature
Hungarian literature is the body of written works primarily produced in Hungarian,, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2012 edition and may also include works written in other languages (mostly Latin), either produced by Hungarians or having topics which are closely related to Hungarian culture.
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Hungarians
Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary (Magyarország) and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history and speak the Hungarian language.
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I. C. Vissarion
Iancu Constantin Vissarion (February 2, 1879–November 5, 1951) was a Romanian prose writer.
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I. Dragoslav
I.
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I. M. Rașcu
I.
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I. Valerian
I.
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I.B. Tauris
I.B. Tauris (usually typeset as I.B.Tauris) was an independent publishing house with offices in London and New York City.
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Iași
Iași (also referred to as Jassy or Iassy) is the second-largest city in Romania, after the national capital Bucharest, and the seat of Iași County.
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Idealism
In philosophy, idealism is the group of metaphysical philosophies that assert that reality, or reality as humans can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial.
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Ilarie Chendi
Ilarie Chendi (November 14, 1871 – June 23, 1913) was an Austro-Hungarian-born ethnic Romanian literary critic.
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Ilarie Voronca
Ilarie Voronca (pen name of Eduard Marcus; 31 December 1903, Brăila—8 April 1946, Paris) was a Romanian-French avant-garde poet and essayist.
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Imagism
Imagism was a movement in early 20th-century Anglo-American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear, sharp language.
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Impressionism
Impressionism is a 19th-century art movement characterised by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles.
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Impressionism (literature)
Influenced by the European Impressionist art movement, many writers adopted a style that relied on associations.
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Individualism
Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual.
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Intelligentsia
The intelligentsia (/ɪnˌtelɪˈdʒentsiə/) (intelligentia, inteligencja, p) is a status class of educated people engaged in the complex mental labours that critique, guide, and lead in shaping the culture and politics of their society.
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Interior design
Interior design is the art and science of enhancing the interior of a building to achieve a healthier and more aesthetically pleasing environment for the people using the space.
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Interwar period
In the context of the history of the 20th century, the interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War in November 1918 and the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939.
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Intimism
Intimism (intimizem) was a poetic movement that emerged in Slovenia in 1945, after the end of World War II.
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Ioana Pârvulescu
Ioana Pârvulescu (1960) is a Romanian writer.
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Ion Antonescu
Ion Antonescu (– June 1, 1946) was a Romanian soldier and authoritarian politician who, as the Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II, presided over two successive wartime dictatorships.
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Ion Barbu
Ion Barbu (pen name of Dan Barbilian; 18 March 1895 –11 August 1961) was a Romanian mathematician and poet.
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Ion Jalea
Ion Jalea in his studio --> Ion Jalea (19 May 1887 – 7 November 1983) was a Romanian sculptor, titular member of the Romanian Academy.
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Ion Luca Caragiale
Ion Luca Caragiale (commonly referred to as I. L. Caragiale; According to his birth certificate, published and discussed by Constantin Popescu-Cadem in Manuscriptum, Vol. VIII, Nr. 2, 1977, p.179-184 – 9 June 1912) was a Wallachian, later Romanian playwright, short story writer, poet, theater manager, political commentator and journalist.
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Ion Mincu
Ion Mincu (1852 in Focşani – 1912 in Bucharest) was an architect, engineer, professor and politician in Romania.
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Ion Minulescu
Ion Minulescu (6 January 1881 – 11 April 1944) was a Romanian avant-garde poet, novelist, short story writer, journalist, literary critic, and playwright.
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Ion Pillat
Ion Pillat (March 31, 1891 in Bucharest – April 17, 1945 in Bucharest) was a distinguished Romanian poet.
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Ion Theodorescu-Sion
Ion Theodorescu-Sion (also known as Ioan Theodorescu-Sion or Teodorescu-Sion; January 2, 1882 – March 31, 1939) was a Romanian painter and draftsman, known for his contributions to modern art and especially for his traditionalist, primitivist, handicraft-inspired and Christian painting.
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Ion Vinea
Ion Vinea (born Ioan Eugen Iovanaki, sometimes Iovanache; April 17, 1895 – July 6, 1964) was a Romanian poet, novelist, journalist, literary theorist, and political figure.
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Ionel Teodoreanu
Ionel Teodoreanu (January 6, 1897 – February 3, 1954) was a Romanian novelist and lawyer.
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Iosif Iser
Iosif Iser (21 May 1881 – 25 April 1958; born and died in Bucharest) was a Romanian painter and graphic artist.
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Ipolit Strâmbu
Ipolit Strâmbulescu, known as Ipolit Strâmbu (18 May 1871 in Bratilovu, Mehedinți County – 31 October 1934 in Bucharest), was a Romanian painter best known for his portraits of women, which ranged from domestic scenes to nudes.
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Irina Livezeanu
Irina Livezeanu (born 1952) is a Romanian-born American historian.
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Isac Ludo
Isac Ludo (1894–1973) was a Romanian writer and political figure.
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Iuliu Cezar Săvescu
Iuliu Cezar Săvescu (September 22, 1866 – March 9, 1903) was a Romanian poet.
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Ivan Meštrović
Ivan Meštrović (Vrpolje, 15 August 1883 - South Bend, 16 January 1962) was a renowned Croatian sculptor, architect and writer of the 20th century.
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Iván T. Berend
Iván Tibor Berend (commonly known as Iván T. Berend; born 11 December 1930) is a Hungarian historian and teacher who served as President of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences from 1985 until 1990.
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Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan
Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan (last name also Sadoveanu-Andrei, first name also Isabella or Izabella; born Izabela Morțun, pen names I.Z.S.D. and Iz. Sd.;, in the National Library of Romania Revista Bibliotecii Naționale, Nr. 2/2003, p.36-37 February 24, 1870 – August 6, 1941) was a Romanian literary critic, educationist, opinion journalist, poet and feminist militant.
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János Mattis-Teutsch
János Mattis-Teutsch or Máttis-Teutsch, Mátis-Teutsch (the most common Hungarian-language versions of his name, all of which have also been spelled without the hyphen; his first name has been rendered as Hans or Johannes in German and Ioan in Romanian; 13 August 1884–17 March 1960) was a Hungarian painter, sculptor, graphic artist, art critic, and poet.
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Jean Alexandru Steriadi
Jean Alexandru Steriadi (29 October 1880 – 23 November 1956) was a Romanian painter and drawing artist.
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Jean-Louis Forain
Jean-Louis Forain (23 October 1852 – 11 July 1931) was a French Impressionist painter, lithographer, watercolorist and etcher.
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Jewish emancipation
Jewish emancipation was the external (and internal) process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which Jewish people were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights on a communal, not merely individual, basis.
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Jewish philosophy
Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism.
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John Benjamins Publishing Company
John Benjamins Publishing Company is an independent academic publisher in social sciences and humanities with its head office in Amsterdam.
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Joséphin Péladan
Joséphin Péladan (28 March 1858 in Lyon – 27 June 1918 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) was a French novelist and Martinist.
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Jugend (magazine)
Jugend ("Youth" in German) was a German art magazine that was created in the late 19th century.
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Jules Laforgue
Jules Laforgue (16 August 1860 – 20 August 1887) was a Franco-Uruguayan poet, often referred to as a Symbolist poet.
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Junimea
Junimea was a Romanian literary society founded in Iaşi in 1863, through the initiative of several foreign-educated personalities led by Titu Maiorescu, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti and Iacob Negruzzi.
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Károly Ferenczy
Károly Ferenczy (February 8, 1862 – March 18, 1917) was a Hungarian painter and leading member of the Nagybánya artists' colony.
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Károly Kós
Károly Kós (born as Károly Kosch,; December 16, 1883 – August 25, 1977) was a Hungarian architect, writer, illustrator, ethnologist and politician of Austria-Hungary and Romania.
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King of the Romanians
The King of the Romanians (Romanian: Regele Românilor) or King of Romania (Romanian: Regele României), was the title of the monarch of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947, when Romania was proclaimed the Romanian People's Republic following Michael I's forced abdication.
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Kingdom of Romania
The Kingdom of Romania (Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe which existed from 1881, when prince Carol I of Romania was proclaimed King, until 1947, when King Michael I of Romania abdicated and the Parliament proclaimed Romania a republic.
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Kitsch
Kitsch (loanword from German), also called cheesiness or tackiness, is art or other objects that appeal to popular rather than high art tastes.
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La Medeleni
La Medeleni (English: At the Medeleni) is a trio of novels written by Ionel Teodoreanu.
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Lascăr Vorel
Lascăr Vorel (19 August 1879 – February 1918) was a Romanian Post-Impressionist painter whose style was linked to Expressionism.
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Left-wing politics
Left-wing politics supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy.
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Leon Botstein
Leon Botstein (born December 14, 1946 in Zürich, Switzerland) is a Jewish-American conductor and scholar, and the President of Bard College.
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Liberalization
Liberalization (or liberalisation) is a general term for any process whereby a state lifts restrictions on some private individual activities.
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List of Romanian consorts
Consorts of Romanian monarchs were persons married to the Romanian monarch during his reign.
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Literary language
A literary language is the form of a language used in the writing of the language.
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Literary modernism
Literary modernism, or modernist literature, has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America, and is characterized by a very self-conscious break with traditional ways of writing, in both poetry and prose fiction.
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Literary realism
Literary realism is part of the realist art movement beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature (Stendhal), and Russian literature (Alexander Pushkin) and extending to the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
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Literature of Moldova
Literature of Moldova comprises the literature of the principality of Moldavia, the later trans-Prut Moldavia, Bessarabia, the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, and the modern Republic of Moldova, irrespective of the language.
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Liviu Deleanu
Liviu Deleanu (born Lipe Kligman; 21 February 1911, Iași - 12 May 1967, Chișinău) was a Moldovan and Romanian poet and playwright, a doyen of postwar Moldovan literature.
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Luca Caragiale
Luca Ion Caragiale (also known as Luki, Luchi or Luky Caragiale; July 3, 1893 – June 7, 1921) was a Romanian poet, novelist and translator, whose contributions were a synthesis of Symbolism, Parnassianism and modernist literature.
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Luceafărul (magazine)
Luceafărul ("The Evening Star") was a Romanian-language literary and cultural magazine that appeared in three series: 1902-1914 and 1919-1920; 1934-1939; and 1941-1945.
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Luceafărul (poem)
Luceafărul (originally spelled Luceafĕrul; variously rendered as "The Morning Star", "The Evening Star", "The Vesper", "The Daystar", or "Lucifer") is a narrative poem by Romanian author Mihai Eminescu.
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Lucian Boia
Lucian Boia (born 1 February 1944 in Bucharest) is a Romanian historian.
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Lupanar (Pompeii)
The Lupanar of Pompeii is the most famous brothel in the ruined Roman city of Pompeii.
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Lyric poetry
Lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person.
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Lyricism
Lyricism is a quality that expresses deep feelings or emotions in an inspired work of art.
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Major explorations after the Age of Discovery
Major explorations of Earth continued after the Age of Discovery.
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Marcel Janco
Marcel Janco (common rendition of the Romanian name Marcel Hermann Iancu, last name also Ianco, Janko or Jancu; May 24, 1895 – April 21, 1984) was a Romanian and Israeli visual artist, architect and art theorist.
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Marcel Proust
Valentin Louis Georges Eugène Marcel Proust (10 July 1871 – 18 November 1922), known as Marcel Proust, was a French novelist, critic, and essayist best known for his monumental novel À la recherche du temps perdu (In Search of Lost Time; earlier rendered as Remembrance of Things Past), published in seven parts between 1913 and 1927.
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Marcel Romanescu
Marcel Romanescu (October 11, 1897–1956) was a Romanian poet.
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Marie of Romania
Marie of Edinburgh, more commonly known as Marie of Romania (Marie Alexandra Victoria; 29 October 1875 – 18 July 1938), was the last Queen of Romania as the wife of King Ferdinand I. Born into the British royal family, she was titled Princess Marie of Edinburgh at birth.
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Mateiu Caragiale
Mateiu Ion Caragiale (also credited as Matei or Matheiu; Mateiŭ is an antiquated version;Sorin Antohi,, in Tr@nsit online, Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen, Nr. 21/2002 – January 17, 1936) was a Romanian poet and prose writer, best known for his novel Craii de Curtea-Veche, which portrays the milieu of boyar descendants before and after World War I. Caragiale's style, associated with Symbolism, the Decadent movement of the fin de siècle, and early modernism, was an original element in the Romanian literature of the interwar period.
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Melancholia
Melancholia (from µέλαινα χολή),Burton, Bk.
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Metaphysics
Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of being, existence, and reality.
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Middle class
The middle class is a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy.
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Mihai Codreanu
Mihai Codreanu (July 25, 1876 – October 23, 1957) was a Romanian poet, particularly noted for his sonnets.
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Mihai Eminescu
Mihai Eminescu (born Mihail Eminovici; 15 January 1850 – 15 June 1889) was a Romantic poet, novelist and journalist, generally regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet.
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Mihail Celarianu
Mihail Celarianu (August 1, 1893 – 1985) was a Romanian poet and novelist.
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Mihail Cruceanu
Mihail Cruceanu (December 13, 1887 – July 7, 1988) was a Romanian poet.
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Mihail Dragomirescu
Mihail Dragomirescu (March 22, 1868 – November 25, 1942) was a Romanian aesthetician, literary theorist and critic.
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Mihail Săulescu
Mihail Săulescu (February 23, 1888–September 30(?), 1916) was a Romanian poet and playwright.
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Mihail Simonidi
Mihail Simonidi or, in French, Michel Simonidy (8 March 1870, Bucharest - 1933, Paris) was a Romanian painter, designer and decorator of Greek ancestry who worked in the Art Nouveau style.
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Mircea Cărtărescu
Mircea Cărtărescu (born 1 June 1956) is a Romanian poet, novelist and essayist.
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Mircea Demetriade
Mircea Constantin Demetriade (also rendered as Demetriad, Dimitriade, Dimitriadi, or Demitriadi; September 2, 1861 – September 11, 1914) was a Romanian poet, playwright and actor, one of the earliest animators of the local Symbolist movement.
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Mircea Ivănescu
Mircea Ivanescu (March 26, 1931 – July 21, 2011) was a Romanian poet, writer and translator, and a forerunner of Romanian postmodernism, which was characteristic of the 1980s.
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MIT Press
The MIT Press is a university press affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts (United States).
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Modern art
Modern art includes artistic work produced during the period extending roughly from the 1860s to the 1970s, and denotes the styles and philosophy of the art produced during that era.
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Modernism
Modernism is a philosophical movement that, along with cultural trends and changes, arose from wide-scale and far-reaching transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Moldavia
Moldavia (Moldova, or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), Цара Мѡлдовєй (in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.
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Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic
Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (shortly: Moldavian SSR, abbr.: MSSR; Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească, in Cyrillic alphabet: Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ; Молда́вская Сове́тская Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика Moldavskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known to as Soviet Moldavia or Soviet Moldova, was one of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union existed from 1940 to 1991.
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Moldova
Moldova (or sometimes), officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south (by way of the disputed territory of Transnistria).
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Munich Secession
The Munich Secession was an association of visual artists who broke away from the mainstream Munich Artists' Association in 1892, to promote and defend their art in the face of what they considered official paternalism and its conservative policies.
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N. D. Cocea
N.
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Nae Ionescu
Nae Ionescu (born Nicolae C. Ionescu; – 15 March 1940) was a Romanian philosopher, logician, mathematician, professor, and journalist.
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National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875)
The National Liberal Party (Partidul Național Liberal, PNL) was the first organised political party in Romania, a major force in the country's politics from its foundation in 1875 to World War II.
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National poet
A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture.
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National Theatre Bucharest
The National Theatre Bucharest (Teatrul Naţional "Ion Luca Caragiale" Bucureşti) is one of the national theatres of Romania, located in the capital city of Bucharest.
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Nationalism
Nationalism is a political, social, and economic system characterized by the promotion of the interests of a particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty (self-governance) over the homeland.
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Neo-romanticism
The term neo-romanticism is used to cover a variety of movements in philosophy, literature, music, painting, and architecture, as well as social movements, that exist after and incorporate elements from the era of Romanticism.
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Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism (from Greek νέος nèos, "new" and Latin classicus, "of the highest rank") is the name given to Western movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, theatre, music, and architecture that draw inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of classical antiquity.
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Neosymbolism
Neosymbolism is a movement current in the visual arts genre.
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Nichifor Crainic
Nichifor Crainic (pseudonym of Ion Dobre; 22 December 1889, Bulbucata, Giurgiu County – 20 August 1972, Mogoșoaia) was a Romanian writer, editor, philosopher, poet and theologian famed for his traditionalist activities.
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Nichita Stănescu
Nichita Stănescu (born Nichita Hristea Stănescu) (March 31, 1933 – December 13, 1983) was a Romanian poet and essayist.
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Nicolae Ceaușescu
Nicolae Ceaușescu (26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was a Romanian Communist politician.
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Nicolae Davidescu
Nicolae Davidescu (October 24, 1888 – June 12, 1954) was a Romanian symbolist poet and novelist.
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Nicolae Ghica-Budești
Nicolae Ghica-Budești (December 22, 1869 – December 16, 1943) was an influential Romanian architect who helped define the Neo-Romanian style.
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Nicolae Grigorescu
Nicolae Grigorescu (15 May 1838 – 21 July 1907) was one of the founders of modern Romanian painting.
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Nicolae Iorga
Nicolae Iorga (sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;Iova, p. xxvii. January 17, 1871 – November 27, 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, poet and playwright.
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Nicolae Manolescu
Nicolae Manolescu (b. 27 November 1939, Râmnicu Vâlcea) is a Romanian literary critic.
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Nicolae Tonitza
Nicolae Tonitza (April 13, 1886 – February 27, 1940) was a Romanian painter, engraver, lithographer, journalist and art critic.
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Nicolae Vermont
Nicolae Vermont (October 10, 1866 – June 14, 1932) was a Romanian realist painter, graphic artist and muralist.
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Nicolai Costenco
Nicolai Costenco (December 21, 1913, Chişinău - July 29, 1993, Chişinău) was a writer from Moldova.
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Northern Dobruja
Northern Dobruja (Dobrogea; Северна Добруджа, Severna Dobrudzha) is the part of Dobruja within the borders of Romania.
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Nyugat
Nyugat (lit. "West" in English, pronounced similar to New-Gut), was an important Hungarian literary journal in the first half of the 20th century.
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Observator Cultural
Observator Cultural (meaning "The Cultural Observer" in English) is a weekly literary magazine based in Bucharest, Romania.
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Octavian Goga
Octavian Goga (1 April 1881 – 7 May 1938) was a Romanian politician, poet, playwright, journalist, and translator.
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Octavian Smigelschi
Octavian or Octav Smigelschi (last name also Smigelski, Smighelschi, Szmigelszki, or Szmigelschi; Szmigelszki Oktáv; March 21, 1866 – November 10, 1912) was an Austro-Hungarian painter and printmaker, one of the leading culturally Romanian artists in his native Transylvania.
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October Revolution
The October Revolution (p), officially known in Soviet literature as the Great October Socialist Revolution (Вели́кая Октя́брьская социалисти́ческая револю́ция), and commonly referred to as Red October, the October Uprising, the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Bolshevik Coup, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin that was instrumental in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917.
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Oradea
Oradea (Großwardein, Nagyvárad, Hungarian pronunciation:, colloquially also Várad, former Varat, גרויסווארדיין Groysvardeyn) the capital city of Bihor County and Crișana region, is one of the important centers of economic, social and cultural development in the western part of Romania, retaining these characteristics throughout history.
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Orizont
Orizont is a 2015 Romanian drama film written and directed by Marian Crișan from a story by Ioan Slavici.
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Orphism (religion)
Orphism (more rarely Orphicism; Ὀρφικά) is the name given to a set of religious beliefs and practices originating in the ancient Greek and Hellenistic world, as well as by the Thracians, associated with literature ascribed to the mythical poet Orpheus, who descended into the Greek underworld and returned.
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Oscar Wilde
Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish poet and playwright.
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Otilia Cazimir
Otilia Cazimir (pen name of Alexandra Gavrilescu; February 12, 1884 – June 8, 1967) was a Romanian poet, prose writer, translator and publicist, nicknamed the "poetess of gentle souls", known as a children's poems author.
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Otto Wagner
Otto Koloman Wagner (13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect and urban planner, known for his lasting impact on the appearance of his home town Vienna, to which he contributed many landmarks.
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Ovid Densusianu
Ovid Densusianu (also known under his pen name Ervin; 29 December 1873, Făgăraș – 9 June 1938, Bucharest) was a Romanian poet, philologist, linguist, folklorist, literary historian and critic, şef de şcoală poetică, university professor and journalist.
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Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu
Ovid S. Crohmălniceanu (born Moise Cahn or Cohn; 16 August 1921, in Galați, Romania – 27 April or 28 April 2000, in Berlin, Germany) was a Romanian literary critic and science fiction writer.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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Pacifism
Pacifism is opposition to war, militarism, or violence.
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Pan-Latinism
Pan-Latinism is an ideology that promotes the unification of the Romance-speaking peoples.
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Panait Cerna
Panait Cerna (Bulgarian: Панайот Черна, Panayot Cherna, born Panayot Stanchov or Panait Staciov; August 26 or September 25, 1881 – March 26, 1913) was a Romanian poet, philosopher, literary critic and translator.
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Pantheon-Sorbonne University
Pantheon-Sorbonne University (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne), also known as Paris 1, is a multidisciplinary public research university in Paris, France.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.
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Parnassianism
Parnassianism (or Parnassism) was a French literary style that began during the positivist period of the 19th century, occurring after romanticism and prior to symbolism.
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Pastel
A pastel is an art medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.
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Pastoral
A pastoral lifestyle (see pastoralism) is that of shepherds herding livestock around open areas of land according to seasons and the changing availability of water and pasture.
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Patriotism
Patriotism or national pride is the ideology of love and devotion to a homeland, and a sense of alliance with other citizens who share the same values.
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Paul Cézanne
Paul Cézanne (or;; 19 January 1839 – 22 October 1906) was a French artist and Post-Impressionist painter whose work laid the foundations of the transition from the 19th-century conception of artistic endeavor to a new and radically different world of art in the 20th century.
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Paul Cernat
Paul Cernat (born August 5, 1972 in Bucharest) is a Romanian essayist and literary critic.
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Paul Claudel
Paul Claudel (6 August 1868 – 23 February 1955) was a French poet, dramatist and diplomat, and the younger brother of the sculptress Camille Claudel.
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Paul Gauguin
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a French post-Impressionist artist.
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Paul Verlaine
Paul-Marie Verlaine (30 March 1844 – 8 January 1896) was a French poet associated with the Decadent movement.
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Păstorel Teodoreanu
Păstorel Teodoreanu, or just Păstorel (born Alexandru Osvald (Al. O.) Teodoreanu; July 30, 1894 – March 17, 1964), was a Romanian humorist, poet and gastronome, the brother of novelist Ionel Teodoreanu and brother in law of writer Ștefana Velisar Teodoreanu.
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Pelișor
Pelișor Castle (Romanian: Castelul Pelișor) is a castle in Sinaia, Romania, part of the same complex as the larger castle of Peleș.
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Performance art
Performance art is a performance presented to an audience within a fine art context, traditionally interdisciplinary.
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Perpessicius
Perpessicius (pen name of Dumitru S. Panaitescu, also known as Panait Șt. Dumitru, D. P. Perpessicius and Panaitescu-Perpessicius; October 22, 1891 – March 29, 1971) was a Romanian literary historian and critic, poet, essayist and fiction writer.
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Pessimism
Pessimism is a mental attitude.
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Petite bourgeoisie
Petite bourgeoisie, also petty bourgeoisie (literally small bourgeoisie), is a French term (sometimes derogatory) referring to a social class comprising semi-autonomous peasantry and small-scale merchants whose politico-economic ideological stance in times of socioeconomic stability is determined by reflecting that of a haute ("high") bourgeoisie, with which the petite bourgeoisie seeks to identify itself and whose bourgeois morality it strives to imitate.
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Petre Antonescu
Petre Antonescu (June 29, 1873–April 22, 1965) was a Romanian architect.
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Petre V. Haneș
Petre V. Haneș (November 6, 1879–April 17, 1966) was a Romanian literary historian.
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Picturesque
Picturesque is an aesthetic ideal introduced into English cultural debate in 1782 by William Gilpin in Observations on the River Wye, and Several Parts of South Wales, etc.
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Pierre Puvis de Chavannes
Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (14 December 1824 – 24 October 1898) was a French painter best known for his mural painting, who came to be known as 'the painter for France'.
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Poetics
Poetics is the theory of literary forms and literary discourse.
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Polar regions of Earth
The polar regions, also called the frigid zones, of Earth are the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles.
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Poor Dionis
Poor Dionis or Poor Dionysus (Sărmanul Dionis, originally spelled Sermanul Dionisie; Valentin Coșereanu,, in Caiete Critice, Nr. 6/2010, p. 23 also translated as Wretched Dionysus or The Sorrowful Dionis) is an 1872 prose work by Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu, classified by scholars as either a novel, a novella or a modern fairy tale.
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Poporanism
Poporanism is a Romanian version of nationalism and populism.
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Populism
In politics, populism refers to a range of approaches which emphasise the role of "the people" and often juxtapose this group against "the elite".
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Positivism
Positivism is a philosophical theory stating that certain ("positive") knowledge is based on natural phenomena and their properties and relations.
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Post-Impressionism
Post-Impressionism (also spelled Postimpressionism) is a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism.
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Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (later known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti.
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Primitivism
Primitivism is a mode of aesthetic idealization that either emulates or aspires to recreate "primitive" experience.
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Princess Ileana of Romania
Princess Ileana of Romania, also known as Mother Alexandra (5 January 1909 – 21 January 1991), was the youngest daughter of King Ferdinand I of Romania and his consort, Queen Marie of Romania.
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Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Progressivism
Progressivism is the support for or advocacy of improvement of society by reform.
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Proletarian internationalism
Proletarian internationalism, sometimes referred to as international socialism, is the perception of all communist revolutions as being part of a single global class struggle rather than separate localized events.
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Proletarian literature
Proletarian literature refers here to the literature created by working-class writers mainly for the class-conscious proletariat.
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Proletariat
The proletariat (from Latin proletarius "producing offspring") is the class of wage-earners in a capitalist society whose only possession of significant material value is their labour-power (their ability to work).
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Prose poetry
Prose poetry is poetry written in prose instead of using verse but preserving poetic qualities such as heightened imagery, parataxis and emotional effects.
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Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns
The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns (querelle des Anciens et des Modernes) began overtly as a literary and artistic debate that heated up in the early 17th century and shook the Académie française.
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Quattrocento
The cultural and artistic events of Italy during the period 1400 to 1499 are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento from the Italian for the number 400, in turn from millequattrocento, which is Italian for the year 1400.
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Radu Boureanu
Radu Boureanu (March 9, 1906 – September 5, 1997) was a Romanian poet, prose writer and translator.
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Radu Stanca
Radu Stanca (March 5, 1920 – December 26, 1962) was a Romanian poet, playwright, theatre director, theatre critic and theoretician.
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Rainer Maria Rilke
René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), better known as Rainer Maria Rilke, was a Bohemian-Austrian poet and novelist.
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Religious art
Religious art or sacred art is artistic imagery using religious inspiration and motifs and is often intended to uplift the mind to the spiritual.
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Remy de Gourmont
Remy de Gourmont (4 April 1858 – 27 September 1915) was a French Symbolist poet, novelist, and influential critic.
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Reuven Rubin
Reuven Rubin (ראובן רובין; November 13, 1893 – October 13, 1974) was a Romanian-born Israeli painter and Israel's first ambassador to Romania.
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Revista 22
Revista 22 (22 Magazine) is a Romanian weekly magazine, issued by the Group for Social Dialogue and focused mainly on politics and culture.
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Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner (22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his later works were later known, "music dramas").
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Robert Elsie
Robert Elsie (June 29, 1950 – October 2, 2017) was a Canadian-born German scholar who specialized in Albanian literature and folklore.
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Romance (music)
The term romance (romance/romanza, romanza, Romanze, romance, романс, romance, romanţă) has a centuries-long history.
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Romance languages
The Romance languages (also called Romanic languages or Neo-Latin languages) are the modern languages that began evolving from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries and that form a branch of the Italic languages within the Indo-European language family.
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Romania
Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.
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Romania during World War I
The Kingdom of Romania was neutral for the first two years of World War I, entering on the side of the Allied powers from 27 August 1916 until Central Power occupation led to the Treaty of Bucharest in May 1918, before reentering the war on 10 November 1918. It had the only oil fields in Europe, and Germany eagerly bought its petroleum, as well as food exports. King Carol favored Germany but after his death in 1914, King Ferdinand and the nation's political elite favored the Entente. For Romania, the highest priority was taking Transylvania from Hungary, with its 3,000,000 Romanians. The Allies wanted Romania to join its side in order to cut the rail communications between Germany and Turkey, and to cut off Germany's oil supplies. Britain made loans, France sent a military training mission, and Russia promised modern munitions. The Allies promised at least 200,000 soldiers to defend Romania against Bulgaria to the south, and help it invade Austria. The Romanian campaign was part of the Balkan theatre of World War I, with Romania and Russia allied with Britain and France against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria, and Turkey. Fighting took place from August 1916 to December 1917 across most of present-day Romania, including Transylvania, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time, as well as in southern Dobruja, which is currently part of Bulgaria. Despite initial successes, the Romanian forces (aided by Russia) suffered massive setbacks, and by the end of 1916 only Moldavia remained. After several defensive victories in 1917, with Russia's withdrawal from the war following the October Revolution, Romania, almost completely surrounded by the Central Powers, was also forced to drop out of the war; it signed the Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918. On 10 November 1918, just one day before the German armistice and after all the other Central Powers had already capitulated, Romania re-entered the war after the successful Allied advances on the Macedonian Front.
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Romanian architecture
Romanian architecture is diverse, including medieval architecture, modern era architecture, interwar architecture, communist architecture, and contemporary 21st century architecture.
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Romanian Cultural Institute
The Romanian Cultural Institute (Institutul Cultural Român, abbreviation: ICR) is a state-funded institution that promotes Romanian culture and civilization in Romania and abroad.
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Romanian literature
Romanian literature is literature written by Romanian authors, although the term may also be used to refer to all literature written in the Romanian language.
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Romanian Orthodox Church
The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română) is an autocephalous Orthodox Church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian Churches and ranked seventh in order of precedence.
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Romanian Revolution
The Romanian Revolution (Revoluția Română) was a period of violent civil unrest in Romania in December 1989 and part of the Revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries.
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Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party
The Romanian Social Democratic Workers' Party (Romanian: Partidul Social-Democrat al Muncitorilor din Romȃnia, PSDMR), established in 1893, was the first modern socialist political party in Romania.
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Romanian Writers' Society
The Romanian Writers' Society (Societatea Scriitorilor Români) was a professional association based in Bucharest, Romania, that aided the country's writers and promoted their interests.
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Romanians
The Romanians (români or—historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism—rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation native to Romania, that share a common Romanian culture, ancestry, and speak the Romanian language, the most widespread spoken Eastern Romance language which is descended from the Latin language. According to the 2011 Romanian census, just under 89% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians. In one interpretation of the census results in Moldova, the Moldovans are counted as Romanians, which would mean that the latter form part of the majority in that country as well.Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook By David Levinson, Published 1998 – Greenwood Publishing Group.At the time of the 1989 census, Moldova's total population was 4,335,400. The largest nationality in the republic, ethnic Romanians, numbered 2,795,000 persons, accounting for 64.5 percent of the population. Source:: "however it is one interpretation of census data results. The subject of Moldovan vs Romanian ethnicity touches upon the sensitive topic of", page 108 sqq. Romanians are also an ethnic minority in several nearby countries situated in Central, respectively Eastern Europe, particularly in Hungary, Czech Republic, Ukraine (including Moldovans), Serbia, and Bulgaria. Today, estimates of the number of Romanian people worldwide vary from 26 to 30 million according to various sources, evidently depending on the definition of the term 'Romanian', Romanians native to Romania and Republic of Moldova and their afferent diasporas, native speakers of Romanian, as well as other Eastern Romance-speaking groups considered by most scholars as a constituent part of the broader Romanian people, specifically Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians, and Vlachs in Serbia (including medieval Vlachs), in Croatia, in Bulgaria, or in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century, and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850.
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România Literară
România Literară is a cultural and literary magazine from Romania.
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Rosicrucianism
Rosicrucianism is a spiritual and cultural movement which arose in Europe in the early 17th century after the publication of several texts which purported to announce the existence of a hitherto unknown esoteric order to the world and made seeking its knowledge attractive to many.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Russian symbolism
Russian symbolism was an intellectual and artistic movement predominant at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century.
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Salome
Salome (translit; translit, deriving from lit; between 62 and 71) was the daughter of Herod II and Herodias.
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Salon (Paris)
The Salon (Salon), or rarely Paris Salon (French: Salon de Paris), beginning in 1667 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris.
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Sămănătorul
Sămănătorul or Semănătorul (Romanian for "The Sower") was a literary and political magazine published in Romania between 1901 and 1910.
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Sburătorul
Sburătorul was a Romanian modernist literary magazine and literary society, established in Bucharest in April 1919.
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Scarlat Cantacuzino
Scarlat A. Cantacuzino (June 6, 1874 – August 8, 1949) was a Romanian poet, essayist and diplomat.
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Seara (newspaper)
Seara (meaning "The Evening") was a daily newspaper published in Bucharest, Romania, before and during World War I. Owned by politician Grigore Gheorghe Cantacuzino and, through most of its existence, managed by the controversial Alexandru Bogdan-Pitești, it was an unofficial and unorthodox tribune for the Conservative Party.
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Second Balkan War
The Second Balkan War was a conflict which broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 (O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913.
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Second French Empire
The French Second Empire (Second Empire) was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.
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Secularism
Secularism is the principle of the separation of government institutions and persons mandated to represent the state from religious institution and religious dignitaries (the attainment of such is termed secularity).
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Semiotics
Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the study of meaning-making, the study of sign process (semiosis) and meaningful communication.
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Sentimentalism (literature)
Sentimentalism is a practice of being sentimental, and thus tending toward basing actions and reactions upon emotions and feelings, in preference to reason.
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Sergiu Grossu
Sergiu Grossu (14 November 1920 in Cubolta – 25 July 2009 in Bucharest) was a Romanian writer and theologian.
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Shtetl
Shtetlekh (שטעטל, shtetl (singular), שטעטלעך, shtetlekh (plural)) were small towns with large Jewish populations, which existed in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust.
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Sibiu Literary Circle
The Sibiu Literary Circle (Cercul literar de la Sibiu) was a literary group created during World War II in Sibiu to promote the modernist liberal ideas of Eugen Lovinescu.
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Simbolul
Simbolul (Romanian for "The Symbol") was a Romanian literary and art magazine, published in Bucharest between October and December 1912.
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Simion Stolnicu
Simion Stolnicu (pen name of Alexandru I. Botez; November 6, 1905–November 29, 1966) was a Romanian poet.
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Sinaia
Sinaia is a town and a mountain resort in Prahova County, Romania.
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Snob
Snob is a pejorative term for a person that believes there is a correlation between social status and human worth.
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Social alienation
Social alienation is "a condition in social relationships reflected by a low degree of integration or common values and a high degree of distance or isolation between individuals, or between an individual and a group of people in a community or work environment".
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Social realism
Social realism is the term used for work produced by painters, printmakers, photographers, writers and filmmakers that aims to draw attention to the everyday conditions of the working class and to voice the authors' critique of the social structures behind these conditions.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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Socialist realism in Romania
After World War II, socialist realism on the Soviet model was imposed on the USSR's new satellites, including Romania.
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Socialist Republic of Romania
The Socialist Republic of Romania (Republica Socialistă România, RSR) refers to Romania under Marxist-Leninist one-party Communist rule that existed officially from 1947 to 1989.
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Société des Artistes Indépendants
The Société des Artistes Indépendants (Society of Independent Artists), Salon des Indépendants was formed in Paris on 29 July 1884.
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Sorin Alexandrescu
Sorin Alexandrescu (born 18 August 1937) is a Romanian-born academic, literary critic, semiotician, linguist, essayist, and translator.
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Spirituality
Traditionally, spirituality refers to a religious process of re-formation which "aims to recover the original shape of man," oriented at "the image of God" as exemplified by the founders and sacred texts of the religions of the world.
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Stained glass
The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works created from it.
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Stéphane Mallarmé
Stéphane Mallarmé (18 March 1842 – 9 September 1898), whose real name was Étienne Mallarmé, was a French poet and critic.
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Sud-Est (magazine)
Sud-Est (Romanian for "South-East") is a magazine from Chișinău, Moldova.
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Surrealism
Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early 1920s, and is best known for its visual artworks and writings.
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Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Symbolism (arts)
Symbolism was a late nineteenth-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts.
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Symbolist Manifesto
The Symbolist Manifesto (French: Le Symbolisme) was published on 18 September 1886Lucie-Smith, Edward. (1972) Symbolist Art.
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Syndicalism
Syndicalism is a proposed type of economic system, considered a replacement for capitalism.
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Synesthesia
Synesthesia is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.
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Synthetism
Synthetism is a term used by post-Impressionist artists like Paul Gauguin, Émile Bernard and Louis Anquetin to distinguish their work from Impressionism.
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Târg
A târg was a medieval Romanian periodic fair or a market town.
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Târgu Mureș
Târgu Mureș (Marosvásárhely) is the seat of Mureș County in the north-central part of Romania.
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The Philosophy of Composition
"The Philosophy of Composition" is an 1846 essay written by American writer Edgar Allan Poe that elucidates a theory about how good writers write when they write well.
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The Poetic Principle
"The Poetic Principle" is an essay by Edgar Allan Poe, written near the end of his life and published posthumously in 1850, the year after his death.
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Theodor Pallady
Theodor Pallady (11 April 1871 – 16 August 1956) was a Romanian painter.
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Thomas Theodor Heine
Thomas Theodor Heine (28 February 1867–26 January 1948) was a German painter and illustrator.
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Timișoara
Timișoara (Temeswar, also formerly Temeschburg or Temeschwar; Temesvár,; טעמשוואר; Темишвар / Temišvar; Banat Bulgarian: Timišvár; Temeşvar; Temešvár) is the capital city of Timiș County, and the main social, economic and cultural centre in western Romania.
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Titu Maiorescu
Titu Liviu Maiorescu (15 February 1840 – 18 June 1917) was a Romanian literary critic and politician, founder of the Junimea Society.
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Traian Demetrescu
Traian Rafael Radu Demetrescu (also known under his pen name Tradem or, occasionally, as Traian Demetrescu-Tradem; December 5, 1866 – April 17, 1896) was a Romanian poet, novelist and literary critic, considered one of the first symbolist authors in local literature.
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Traian T. Coșovei
Traian T. Coșovei (28 November 1954 in Polovragi – 1 January 2014 in Bucharest) was a Romanian poet.
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Transylvania
Transylvania is a historical region in today's central Romania.
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Transylvanian Saxons
The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: Siweberjer Såksen; Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni; Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen) from the mid 12th century until the late Modern Age (specifically mid 19th century).
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Travel literature
The genre of travel literature encompasses outdoor literature, guide books, nature writing, and travel memoirs.
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Tristan Tzara
Tristan Tzara (born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – 25 December 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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Tudor Arghezi
Tudor Arghezi (21 May 1880 – 14 July 1967) was a Romanian writer, best known for his quite unique contribution to poetry and children's literature.
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Tudor Vianu
Tudor Vianu (January 8, 1898 – May 21, 1964) was a Romanian literary critic, art critic, poet, philosopher, academic, and translator.
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Underclass
The underclass is the segment of the population that occupies the lowest possible position in a class hierarchy, below the core body of the working class.
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Union of Transylvania with Romania
The Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared on by the assembly of the delegates of ethnic Romanians held in Alba Iulia.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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University of California Press
University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
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University of Florence
The University of Florence (Italian: Università degli Studi di Firenze, UniFI) is an Italian public research university located in Florence, Italy.
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University of Iowa Press
The University of Iowa Press is a university press that is part of the University of Iowa.
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University Press of Florida
The University Press of Florida (UPF) is the scholarly publishing arm of the State University System of Florida, representing Florida's twelve state universities.
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Unu
unu (Romanian for "one"; lower case used on purpose) was the name of an avant-garde art and literary magazine, published in Romania from April 1928 to September 1935.
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Urmuz
Urmuz (pen name of Demetru Dem. Demetrescu-Buzău, also known as Hurmuz or Ciriviș, born Dimitrie Dim. Ionescu-Buzeu; March 17, 1883 – November 23, 1923) was a Romanian writer, lawyer and civil servant, who became a cult hero in Romania's avant-garde scene.
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V. A. Urechia
V.
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Vasile Demetrius
Vasile Demetrius (pen name of Vasile Dumitrescu; October 1, 1878–March 15, 1942) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian prose writer, poet and translator.
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Vasile Pogor
Vasile V. Pogor (Francized Basile Pogor; August 20, 1833 – March 20, 1906) was a Moldavian, later Romanian poet, philosopher, translator and liberal conservative politician, one of the founders of Junimea literary society.
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Veronica Micle
Veronica Micle (born Ana Câmpeanu; April 22, 1850 – August 3, 1889) was an Imperial Austrian-born Romanian poet, whose work was influenced by Romanticism.
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Versuri și Proză
Versuri și Proză was a Romanian literary and art magazine edited by Alfred Hefter-Hidalgo and I. M. Rașcu, published in Iași from 1912 to 1916.
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Viața Basarabiei
Viaţa Basarabiei (Romanian for "Bessarabia's Life") is a Romanian-language periodical from Chişinău, Moldova.
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Viața Românească
Viața Românească ("The Romanian Life") is a monthly literary magazine published in Romania.
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Victor Eftimiu
Victor Eftimiu (24 January 1889 – 27 November 1972) was a Romanian poet and playwright.
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Vienna Secession
The Vienna Secession (Wiener Secession; also known as the Union of Austrian Artists, or Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs) was an art movement formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who had resigned from the Association of Austrian Artists, housed in the Vienna Künstlerhaus.
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Virgil Gheorghiu (avant-garde poet)
Virgil Romulus Gheorghiu (March 22, 1908–March 7, 1977) was a Romanian poet and musician.
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Vladimir Streinu
Nicolae Iordache (May 23, 1902 in Teiu, Argeș – November 26, 1970 in Bucharest), known by his pseudonym Vladimir Streinu, was a Romanian literary critic, poet, essayist and translator.
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Wallachia
Wallachia or Walachia (Țara Românească; archaic: Țeara Rumânească, Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: Цѣра Рȣмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania.
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Walt Whitman
Walter "Walt" Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist, and journalist.
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Walter Benjamin
Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (15 July 1892 – 26 September 1940) was a German Jewish philosopher, cultural critic and essayist.
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West University of Timișoara
The West University of Timișoara (Universitatea de Vest din Timișoara; abbreviated UVT) is a university located in Timișoara, Romania.
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Western culture
Western culture, sometimes equated with Western civilization, Occidental culture, the Western world, Western society, European civilization,is a term used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe.
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Western esotericism
Western esotericism (also called esotericism and esoterism), also known as the Western mystery tradition, is a term under which scholars have categorised a wide range of loosely related ideas and movements which have developed within Western society.
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Western Europe
Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.
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Westernization
Westernization (US) or Westernisation (UK), also Europeanization/Europeanisation or occidentalization/occidentalisation (from the Occident, meaning the Western world; see "occident" in the dictionary), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in areas such as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, clothing, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and values.
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Working class
The working class (also labouring class) are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and industrial work.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Xenophobia
Xenophobia is the fear and distrust of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange.
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Ziarul Financiar
Ziarul Financiar is a daily financial newspaper published in Bucharest, Romania.
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Zigu Ornea
Zigu Ornea (born Zigu Orenstein Andrei Vasilescu,, in, Vol. II, Nr. 1, January–June 2008, p.85 or OrnsteinGeorge Ardeleanu,, in Observator Cultural, Nr. 363, March 2007 and commonly known as Z. Ornea; August 28, 1930 – November 14, 2001) was a Romanian cultural historian, literary critic, biographer and book publisher.
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Zionism
Zionism (צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut after Zion) is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine).
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1907 Romanian Peasants' revolt
The 1907 Romanian Peasants' revolt took place between 21 February and 5 April 1907.
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20th-century classical music
20th-century classical music describes art music that was written nominally from 1901 to 2000.
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Redirects here:
Romanian Symbolism, Romanian Symbolist, Romanian Symbolist movement, Romanian Symbolists, Romanian symbolism, Romanian symbolist, Romanian symbolist movement, Romanian symbolists, Simbolism, Symbolism in Romania.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania
