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119 relations: Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Adaptive immune system, Agar plate, Antimicrobial resistance, Archaea, Archean, Arsenic, Bacteria, Bacterial conjugation, Bacterial phyla, Bicarbonate, BioBrick, Biofertilizer, Biofuel, Biomass, Bioreactor, Buffer solution, Cadmium, Carbon dioxide, Carbon fixation, Celsius, Chloramphenicol, Chloroplast, Chromium, Chromosome, Chroococcales, Circadian clock, Cobalt, Covalent bond, CRISPR, Crosstalk (biology), Cyanobacteria, Cyanobacterial RNA thermometer, Cyanobiont, Cyanothece, Diazotroph, DNA, DNA clamp, Doubling time, Earth, Electroporation, Energy returned on energy invested, Enzyme, Erythromycin, Escherichia coli, Eukaryote, Fossil fuel, Fresh water, Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, Genetic engineering, ..., Genome, Gentamicin, Geological history of oxygen, Glucose, Glycerol, Glycolysis, Great Oxygenation Event, Green algae, Heavy metals, Heterotroph, Heterotrophic nutrition, Homology (biology), Horizontal gene transfer, Insertional mutagenesis, International Genetically Engineered Machine, Kanamycin A, Lac operon, Lake, Ligand (biochemistry), Liquefaction, Messenger RNA, Metabolic pathway, Metal, Microalgae, Microbial mat, Microbiological culture, Model organism, Nickel, Nitrogen assimilation, Nitrogen fixation, Operator (biology), Oxidative phosphorylation, PBAD promoter, PH, Phoslock, Photosynthesis, Photosystem I, Photosystem II, Phototaxis, Phototroph, Phylogenetic tree, Phylogenetics, Phytoplankton, Plasmid, Plastid, Pribnow box, Prokaryote, Promoter (genetics), Proterozoic, Repressor, Ribosome, Ribosome-binding site, RNA polymerase, RuBisCO, Shine-Dalgarno sequence, Shuttle vector, Sigma factor, Spectinomycin, Start codon, Streptomycin, Stress (biology), Stromatolite, Synthetic biology, Terminator (genetics), Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Translation, Zinc. Expand index (69 more) »
Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
In physics, absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the way in which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter, typically the electrons of an atom.
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Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
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Agar plate
An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains a solid growth medium, typically agar plus nutrients, used to culture small organisms such as microorganisms.
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Antimicrobial resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) is the ability of a microbe to resist the effects of medication that once could successfully treat the microbe.
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Archaea
Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.
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Archean
The Archean Eon (also spelled Archaean or Archæan) is one of the four geologic eons of Earth history, occurring (4 to 2.5 billion years ago).
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Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bacterial conjugation
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.
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Bacterial phyla
The bacterial phyla are the major lineages, known as phyla or divisions, of the domain Bacteria.
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Bicarbonate
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.
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BioBrick
BioBrick parts are DNA sequences which conform to a restriction-enzyme assembly standard.
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Biofertilizer
A bio fertilizer (also bio-fertilizer) is a substance which contains living microorganisms which, when applied to seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.
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Biofuel
A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter.
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Biomass
Biomass is an industry term for getting energy by burning wood, and other organic matter.
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Bioreactor
A bioreactor may refer to any manufactured or engineered device or system that supports a biologically active environment.
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Buffer solution
A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa.
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Cadmium
Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbon fixation
Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms.
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Celsius
The Celsius scale, previously known as the centigrade scale, is a temperature scale used by the International System of Units (SI).
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Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are organelles, specialized compartments, in plant and algal cells.
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Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
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Chromosome
A chromosome (from Ancient Greek: χρωμόσωμα, chromosoma, chroma means colour, soma means body) is a DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material (genome) of an organism.
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Chroococcales
The Chroococcales are an order of cyanobacteria in some classifications which includes the harmful algal bloom Microcystis aeruginosa.
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Circadian clock
A circadian clock, or circadian oscillator, is a biochemical oscillator that cycles with a stable phase and is synchronized with solar time.
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Cobalt
Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27.
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Covalent bond
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
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CRISPR
CRISPR is a family of DNA sequences in bacteria and archaea.
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Crosstalk (biology)
Biological crosstalk refers to instances in which one or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects another.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
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Cyanobacterial RNA thermometer
The first cyanobacterial RNA thermometer (RNAT) Hsp17 was found in the 5'UTR of Synechocystis heat shock hsp17 mRNA.
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Cyanobiont
Cyanobionts are cyanobacteria that live in symbiosis with a wide range of organisms such as terrestrial or aquatic plants; as well as, algal and fungal species.
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Cyanothece
Cyanothece is a genus of unicellular, diazotrophic, oxygenic photosynthesizing cyanobacteria.
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Diazotroph
Diazotrophs are bacteria and archaea that fix atmospheric nitrogen gas into a more usable form such as ammonia.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA clamp
A DNA clamp, also known as a sliding clamp, is a protein fold that serves as a processivity-promoting factor in DNA replication.
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Doubling time
The doubling time is the period of time required for a quantity to double in size or value.
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Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
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Electroporation
Electroporation, or electropermeabilization, is a microbiology technique in which an electrical field is applied to cells in order to increase the permeability of the cell membrane, allowing chemicals, drugs, or DNA to be introduced into the cell.
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Energy returned on energy invested
In physics, energy economics, and ecological energetics, energy returned on energy invested (EROEI or ERoEI); or energy return on investment (EROI), is the ratio of the amount of usable energy (the exergy) delivered from a particular energy resource to the amount of exergy used to obtain that energy resource.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Erythromycin
Erythromycin is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections.
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Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli (also known as E. coli) is a Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped, coliform bacterium of the genus Escherichia that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms (endotherms).
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Fossil fuel
A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.
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Fresh water
Fresh water (or freshwater) is any naturally occurring water except seawater and brackish water.
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Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase
Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, often just aldolase, is an enzyme catalyzing a reversible reaction that splits the aldol, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, into the triose phosphates dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P).
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Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Gentamicin
Gentamicin, sold under brand names Garamycin among others, is an antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections.
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Geological history of oxygen
Before photosynthesis evolved, Earth's atmosphere had no free oxygen (O2).
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Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.
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Glycerol
Glycerol (also called glycerine or glycerin; see spelling differences) is a simple polyol compound.
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+.
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Great Oxygenation Event
The Great Oxygenation Event, the beginning of which is commonly known in scientific media as the Great Oxidation Event (GOE, also called the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Crisis, Oxygen Holocaust, Oxygen Revolution, or Great Oxidation) was the biologically induced appearance of dioxygen (O2) in Earth's atmosphere.
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Green algae
The green algae (singular: green alga) are a large, informal grouping of algae consisting of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta, which are now placed in separate divisions, as well as the more basal Mesostigmatophyceae, Chlorokybophyceae and Spirotaenia.
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Heavy metals
Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.
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Heterotroph
A heterotroph (Ancient Greek ἕτερος héteros.
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Heterotrophic nutrition
All animals and non green plants are heterotrophic.
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Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is the existence of shared ancestry between a pair of structures, or genes, in different taxa.
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Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.
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Insertional mutagenesis
In molecular biology, insertional mutagenesis is the creation of mutations of DNA by the addition of one or more base pairs.
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International Genetically Engineered Machine
The International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition is a worldwide synthetic biology competition that was initially aimed at undergraduate university students, but has since expanded to include divisions for high school students, entrepreneurs, and community laboratories, as well as 'overgraduates'.
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Kanamycin A
Kanamycin A, often referred to simply as kanamycin, is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis.
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Lac operon
The lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria.
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Lake
A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake.
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Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
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Liquefaction
In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
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Metal
A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.
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Microalgae
Microalgae or microphytes are microscopic algae, typically found in freshwater and marine systems, living in both the water column and sediment.
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Microbial mat
A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea.
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Microbiological culture
A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.
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Model organism
A model organism is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the organism model will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Nitrogen assimilation
Nitrogen assimilation is the formation of organic nitrogen compounds like amino acids from inorganic nitrogen compounds present in the environment.
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Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3) or other molecules available to living organisms.
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Operator (biology)
In genetics, an operator is a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression by repressing it.
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Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) (UK, US) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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PBAD promoter
PBAD (systematically araBp) is a promoter found in bacteria and especially as part of plasmids used in laboratory studies.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Phoslock
Phoslock is the commercial name for a bentonite clay in which the sodium and/or calcium ions are exchanged for lanthanum.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Photosystem I
Photosystem I (PS I, or plastocyanin-ferredoxin oxidoreductase) is the second photosystem in the photosynthetic light reactions of algae, plants, and some bacteria.
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Photosystem II
Photosystem II (or water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase) is the first protein complex in the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis.
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Phototaxis
Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves towards or away from stimulus of light.
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Phototroph
Phototrophs (Gr: φῶς, φωτός.
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Phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny—based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.
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Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον – phylé, phylon.
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Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of oceans, seas and freshwater basin ecosystems.
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Plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
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Plastid
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a double-membrane organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.
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Pribnow box
The Pribnow box (also known as the Pribnow-Schaller box) is the sequence TATAAT of six nucleotides (thymine, adenine, thymine, etc.) that is an essential part of a promoter site on DNA for transcription to occur in bacteria.
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Prokaryote
A prokaryote is a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, or any other membrane-bound organelle.
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Promoter (genetics)
In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene.
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Proterozoic
The Proterozoic is a geological eon representing the time just before the proliferation of complex life on Earth.
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Repressor
In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers.
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Ribosome
The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).
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Ribosome-binding site
A ribosome binding site, or ribosomal binding site (RBS), is a sequence of nucleotides upstream of the start codon of an mRNA transcript that is responsible for the recruitment of a ribosome during the initiation of protein translation.
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RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase (ribonucleic acid polymerase), both abbreviated RNAP or RNApol, official name DNA-directed RNA polymerase, is a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life: they are found in all organisms (-species) and many viruses.
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RuBisCO
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, commonly known by the abbreviations RuBisCO, RuBPCase, or RuBPco, is an enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, a process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted by plants and other photosynthetic organisms to energy-rich molecules such as glucose.
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Shine-Dalgarno sequence
The Shine-Dalgarno (SD) Sequence is a ribosomal binding site in bacterial and archaeal messenger RNA, generally located around 8 bases upstream of the start codon AUG.
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Shuttle vector
A shuttle vector is a vector (usually a plasmid) constructed so that it can propagate in two different host species.
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Sigma factor
A sigma factor (σ factor) is a protein needed only for initiation of transcription.
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Spectinomycin
Spectinomycin, sold under the tradename Trobicin among others, is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of gonorrhea infections.
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Start codon
The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome.
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Streptomycin
Streptomycin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
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Stress (biology)
Physiological or biological stress is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition.
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Stromatolite
Stromatolites or stromatoliths (from Greek στρῶμα strōma "layer, stratum" (GEN στρώματος strōmatos), and λίθος lithos "rock") are layered mounds, columns, and sheet-like sedimentary rocks that were originally formed by the growth of layer upon layer of cyanobacteria, a single-celled photosynthesizing microbe.
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Synthetic biology
Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering.
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Terminator (genetics)
In genetics, a transcription terminator is a section of nucleic acid sequence that marks the end of a gene or operon in genomic DNA during transcription.
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Tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation
Tetracycline-Controlled Transcriptional Activation is a method of inducible gene expression where transcription is reversibly turned on or off in the presence of the antibiotic tetracycline or one of its derivatives (e.g. doxycycline).
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
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Translation
Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text.
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Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechocystis
