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774 relations: Abarsal, Abbasid dynasty, Achaemenid Empire, Activism, Adana, Adiabene, Adib Shishakli, Adonis (poet), Afrin Region, Agriculture, Ain es Saheb airstrike, Akkad (city), Akkadian Empire, Akkadian language, Al-Andalus, Al-Assad family, Al-Hasakah, Al-Hasakah Governorate, Al-Musayfirah, Al-Sarkha (Bakhah), Al-Thawrah, Alalakh, Alawites, Albanians, Albanians in Syria, Aleppo, Aleppo Governorate, Aleppo soap, Aleppo vilayet, Alexander the Great, Algeria, Allah, Allies of World War I, Amin al-Hafiz, Amnesty, Amorite language, Amorites, Amphetamine, Amrit, Anarchism, Anatolia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greek, Ancient Mesopotamian religion, Ancient Rome, Anno Domini, Anonymous (hacker group), Antioch, Appropriation (law), ARA News, ... Expand index (724 more) »
- 1946 establishments in Asia
- Arab republics
- Ba'athist states
- Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
- Eastern Mediterranean
- Kurdish-speaking countries and territories
- Member states of the Arab League
- Middle Eastern countries
- States and territories established in 1946
- Totalitarian states
- West Asian countries
Abarsal
Abarsal was a city-state of Mesopotamia in the area of the Euphrates.
Abbasid dynasty
The Abbasid dynasty or Abbasids (Banu al-ʿAbbās) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the Abbasid Caliphate between 750 and 1258.
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
See Syria and Achaemenid Empire
Activism
Activism (or advocacy) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social, political, economic or environmental reform with the desire to make changes in society toward a perceived greater good.
Adana
Adana is a large city in southern Turkey.
See Syria and Adana
Adiabene
Adiabene (Greek: Αδιαβηνή) was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the northwestern part of ancient Assyria.
Adib Shishakli
Adib al-Shishakli (1909 – 27 September 1964 ʾAdīb aš-Šīšaklī) was a Syrian military officer who served as President of Syria briefly in 1951 and later from 1953 to 1954.
Adonis (poet)
Ali Ahmad Said Esber (North Levantine:; born 1 January 1930), also known by the pen name Adonis or Adunis (أدونيس), is a Syrian poet, essayist and translator.
Afrin Region
Afrin Region (Herêma Efrînê, إقليمعفرين, translit) is the westernmost of the three original regions of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.
Agriculture
Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.
Ain es Saheb airstrike
The Ain es Saheb airstrike occurred on 5 October 2003 and was the first overt Israeli military operation in Syria since the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
See Syria and Ain es Saheb airstrike
Akkad (city)
Akkad (also spelt Accad, Akkade, or Agade, Akkadian:, also URIKI in Sumerian during the Ur III period) was the capital of the Akkadian Empire, which was the dominant political force in Mesopotamia during a period of about 150 years in the last third of the 3rd millennium BC. Syria and Akkad (city) are Levant.
Akkadian Empire
The Akkadian Empire was the first known ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer.
Akkadian language
Akkadian (translit)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.
See Syria and Akkadian language
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.
Al-Assad family
The al-Assad family, also known as the Assad dynasty, is a Syrian political family that has ruled Syria since Hafez al-Assad became president of Syria in 1971 under the Ba'ath Party.
Al-Hasakah
Al-Hasakah (al-Ḥasaka; Heseke/حەسەکە; ܚܣܝܟܐ Hasake) is the capital city of the Al-Hasakah Governorate, in the northeastern corner of Syria.
Al-Hasakah Governorate
Al-Hasakah Governorate (Muḥāfaẓat al-Ḥasakah; Parêzgeha Hesekê; Huparkiyo d'Ḥasake, also known as ܓܙܪܬܐ, Gozarto) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
See Syria and Al-Hasakah Governorate
Al-Musayfirah
Al-Musayfirah (المسيفرة, also spelled Mseifreh or Musayfra) is a town in southern Syria, administratively part of the Daraa Governorate, located east of Daraa and 37 kilometers southeast of Damascus.
Al-Sarkha (Bakhah)
Al-Sarkha, Bakhʽah or Bakh'a (ܒܟܥܐ - בכעא, الصرخه or بخعة) is a former Syrian village in the Yabroud District of the Rif Dimashq Governorate.
See Syria and Al-Sarkha (Bakhah)
Al-Thawrah
Al-Thawrah (aṯ-Ṯawrah), also known as Al-Tabqah (aṭ-Ṭabqah, also), is a city in Raqqa Governorate, Syria, approximately west of Raqqa.
Alalakh
Alalakh (Tell Atchana; Hittite: Alalaḫ) is an ancient archaeological site approximately northeast of Antakya (historic Antioch) in what is now Turkey's Hatay Province.
Alawites
The Alawites, also known as Nusayrites, are an Arab ethnoreligious group that live primarily in the Levant and follow Alawism, a religious sect that splintered from early Shi'ism as a ghulat branch during the ninth century.
Albanians
The Albanians (Shqiptarët) are an ethnic group native to the Balkan Peninsula who share a common Albanian ancestry, culture, history and language.
Albanians in Syria
Albanians in Syria (Shqiptarët në Siri) constitute a community of about 5,000 to 10,000 inhabitants, – shqiptarja.com primarily in the cities of Damascus, Hama, Aleppo and Latakia.
See Syria and Albanians in Syria
Aleppo
Aleppo (ﺣَﻠَﺐ, ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous governorate of Syria. Syria and Aleppo are Levant.
See Syria and Aleppo
Aleppo Governorate
Aleppo Governorate (محافظة حلب / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Ḥalab /) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria.
See Syria and Aleppo Governorate
Aleppo soap
Aleppo soap (also known as savon d'Alep, laurel soap, Syrian soap, or ghar soap, the Arabic word, meaning 'laurel') is a handmade, hard bar soap associated with the city of Aleppo, Syria.
Aleppo vilayet
The Vilayet of Aleppo (Vilâyet-i Halep; Wilāyat Ḥalab) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire, centered on the city of Aleppo.
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
See Syria and Alexander the Great
Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Syria and Algeria are arab republics, countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, member states of the Arab League and member states of the United Nations.
Allah
Allah (ﷲ|translit.
See Syria and Allah
Allies of World War I
The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).
See Syria and Allies of World War I
Amin al-Hafiz
Amin al-Hafiz (Amīn al-Ḥāfiẓ 12 November 1921 – 17 December 2009), also known as Amin Hafez, was a Syrian general, politician, and member of the Ba'ath Party who served as the President of Syria from 27 July 1963 to 23 February 1966.
Amnesty
Amnesty is defined as "A pardon extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." Though the term general pardon has a similar definition, an amnesty constitutes more than a pardon, in so much as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense.
Amorite language
Amorite is an extinct early Semitic language, formerly spoken during the Bronze Age by the Amorite tribes prominent in ancient Near Eastern history.
See Syria and Amorite language
Amorites
The Amorites (author-link, Pl. XXVIII e+i|MAR.TU; Amurrūm or Tidnum Tidnum; ʾĔmōrī; Ἀμορραῖοι) were an ancient Northwest Semitic-speaking Bronze Age people from the Levant.
Amphetamine
Amphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.
Amrit
Amrit (عمريت), the classical Marathus (Μάραθος, Marathos), was a Phoenician port located near present-day Tartus in Syria.
See Syria and Amrit
Anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is against all forms of authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including the state and capitalism.
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
Ancient Mesopotamian religion
Mesopotamian religion refers to the religious beliefs (concerning the gods, creation and the cosmos, the origin of man, and so forth) and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa 6000 BC and 400 AD.
See Syria and Ancient Mesopotamian religion
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
Anno Domini
The terms anno Domini. (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
Anonymous (hacker group)
Anonymous is a decentralized international activist and hacktivist collective and movement primarily known for its various cyberattacks against several governments, government institutions and government agencies, corporations and the Church of Scientology.
See Syria and Anonymous (hacker group)
Antioch
Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiokʽ; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; אנטיוכיה, Anṭiyokhya; أنطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.
Appropriation (law)
In law and government, appropriation (from Latin appropriare, "to make one's own", later "to set aside") is the act of setting apart something for its application to a particular usage, to the exclusion of all other uses.
See Syria and Appropriation (law)
ARA News
ARA News (ʾĀrā Niyūz) was an online news service focused on the consequences of war in Syria and Iraq.
Arab al-Mulk
Arab al-Mulk (عرب الملك, also spelled Arab al-Milk, Beldi al-Melek, Balda al-Milk or Beldeh) is a coastal village in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Jableh District in the Latakia Governorate, located south of Latakia.
Arab Argentines
Arab Argentine refers to Argentine citizens or residents whose ancestry traces back to various waves of immigrants, largely of Arab ethnic, cultural and linguistic heritage and/or identity originating mainly from what is now Lebanon and Syria, but also some individuals from the twenty-two countries which comprise the Arab world such as Palestine, Egypt and Morocco.
Arab International University
The Arab International University (AIU); al-Jāmiʿat al-ʿArabīyat ad-Dawlīyah (previously: Arab European University) is a Syrian private university located in Ghabaghib, Daraa Governorate, Syria, founded in 2005.
See Syria and Arab International University
Arab Kingdom of Syria
The Arab Kingdom of Syria (المملكة العربية السورية) was a self-proclaimed, unrecognized monarchy existing briefly in the territory of historical Syria.
See Syria and Arab Kingdom of Syria
Arab League
The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization in the Arab world.
Arab League monitors in Syria
On December 19, 2011, the Syrian government agreed to allow foreign observers from the Arab League to monitor Syria's progress in removing troops from protest areas, free political prisoners, and negotiate with dissidents.
See Syria and Arab League monitors in Syria
Arab nationalism
Arab nationalism (al-qawmīya al-ʿarabīya) is a political ideology asserting that Arabs constitute a single nation.
See Syria and Arab nationalism
Arab Reform Initiative
The Arab Reform Initiative (مبادرة الإصلاح العربي), is a leading independent think-tank consisting of a network of independent Arab research and policy institutes, with partners from the Middle East, the Maghreb, Europe, South America, and the United States.
See Syria and Arab Reform Initiative
Arab socialism
Arab socialism (Al-Ishtirākīya Al-‘Arabīya) is a political ideology based on the combination of pan-Arabism and socialism.
Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region (حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا Ḥizb al-Ba'th al-'Arabī al-Ishtirākī – Quṭr Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Regional Branch (Syria being a "region" of the Arab nation in Ba'ath ideology), is a neo-Ba'athist organisation founded on 7 April 1947 by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar and followers of Zaki al-Arsuzi.
See Syria and Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region
Arab Spring
The Arab Spring (ar-rabīʻ al-ʻarabī) or the First Arab Spring (to distinguish from the Second Arab Spring) was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s.
Arab states of the Persian Gulf
The Arab states of the Persian Gulf or the Arab Gulf states (دول الخليج العربي) refers to a group of Arab states bordering the Persian Gulf.
See Syria and Arab states of the Persian Gulf
Arab television drama
An Arab television drama or Arab soap opera (also known as musalsal (مسلسل), plural musalsalat (مسلسلات)) is a television form of melodramatic serialized fiction.
See Syria and Arab television drama
Arab world
The Arab world (اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), formally the Arab homeland (اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), also known as the Arab nation (اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa.
Arabia Petraea
Arabia Petraea or Petrea, also known as Rome's Arabian Province (Provincia Arabia; العربية الصخرية.; Ἐπαρχία Πετραίας Ἀραβίας) or simply Arabia, was a frontier province of the Roman Empire beginning in the 2nd century.
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.
See Syria and Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Plate
The Arabian Plate is a minor tectonic plate in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres.
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
See Syria and Arabic
Arabic coffee
Arabic coffee is a version of the brewed coffee of Coffea arabica beans.
Arabic literature
Arabic literature (الأدب العربي / ALA-LC: al-Adab al-‘Arabī) is the writing, both as prose and poetry, produced by writers in the Arabic language.
See Syria and Arabic literature
Arabic music
Arabic music (al-mūsīqā al-ʿarabīyyah) is the music of the Arab world with all its diverse music styles and genres.
Arabization
Arabization or Arabicization (translit) is a sociological process of cultural change in which a non-Arab society becomes Arab, meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the Arabic language, culture, literature, art, music, and ethnic identity as well as other socio-cultural factors.
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
See Syria and Arabs
Arak (drink)
Arak or araq (ﻋﺮﻕ), is a distilled Levantine spirit of the anise drinks family.
Aram (region)
Aram (ʾĀrām; ʾĂrām; ܐܪܡ) was a historical region mentioned in early cuneiforms and in the Bible, populated by Arameans.
Aram Rehob
Aram Rehob was an early Aramean kingdom, of which the chief city was Rehob or Beth-Rehob, associated with Aram-Zobah as hostile to King David.
Aram-Damascus
The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus (ܐܪܡ-ܕܪܡܣܘܩ) was an Aramean polity that existed from the late-12th century BCE until 732 BCE, and was centred around the city of Damascus in the Southern Levant.
Aram-Naharaim
Aram-Naharaim (אֲרַם נַהֲרַיִם ʾĂram Nahărayīm; ʾĀrām Nahrīn; "Aram between (the) rivers") is the biblical term for the ancient land of the Arameans in Mesopotamia, specifically the great bend of the Euphrates River.
Aramaic
Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.
Arameans
The Arameans, or Aramaeans (𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀,,; אֲרַמִּים; Ἀραμαῖοι; ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC.
Arbeia
Arbeia was a large Roman fort in South Shields, Tyne & Wear, England, now ruined, and which has been partially reconstructed.
See Syria and Arbeia
Arbitrary arrest and detention
Arbitrary arrest and arbitrary detention is the arrest or detention of an individual in a case in which there is no likelihood or evidence that they committed a crime against legal statute, or in which there has been no proper due process of law or order.
See Syria and Arbitrary arrest and detention
Archaeology
Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
Armenian Apostolic Church
The Armenian Apostolic Church (translit) is the national church of Armenia.
See Syria and Armenian Apostolic Church
Armenian Catholic Church
The Armenian Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic particular churches sui iuris of the Catholic Church.
See Syria and Armenian Catholic Church
Armenian diaspora
The Armenian diaspora refers to the communities of Armenians outside Armenia and other locations where Armenians are considered an indigenous population.
See Syria and Armenian diaspora
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
See Syria and Armenian genocide
Armenian language
Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.
See Syria and Armenian language
Armenians
Armenians (hayer) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.
Armenians in Syria
The Armenians in Syria are Syrian citizens of either full or partial Armenian descent.
See Syria and Armenians in Syria
Arwad
Arwad (translit; translit), the classical Aradus, is a town in Syria on an eponymous island in the Mediterranean Sea.
See Syria and Arwad
As-Suwayda
As-Suwayda (ٱلسُّوَيْدَاء / ALA-LC romanization: as-Suwaydāʾ), also spelled Sweida, is a mainly Druze city located in southwestern Syria, close to the border with Jordan.
As-Suwayda Governorate
As-Suwayda or Al-Suwayda Governorate (مُحافظة السويداء / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat as-Suwaydā’) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
See Syria and As-Suwayda Governorate
Asmahan
Amal al-Atrash (آمال الأطرش, North Levantine; November 25, 1912 – July 14, 1944),, Al-Mada better known by her stage name Asmahan (أسمهان), was an Egyptian singer.
Assassination of Rafic Hariri
On 14 February 2005, former Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafic Hariri was killed along with 21 others in an explosion in Beirut, Lebanon.
See Syria and Assassination of Rafic Hariri
Assur
Aššur (𒀭𒊹𒆠 AN.ŠAR2KI, Assyrian cuneiform: Aš-šurKI, "City of God Aššur"; ܐܫܘܪ Āšūr; 𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼 Aθur, آشور Āšūr; אַשּׁוּר, اشور), also known as Ashur and Qal'at Sherqat, was the capital of the Old Assyrian city-state (2025–1364 BC), the Middle Assyrian Empire (1363–912 BC), and for a time, of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC).
See Syria and Assur
Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC. Syria and Assyria are eastern Mediterranean.
Assyrian Church of the East
The Assyrian Church of the East (ACOE), sometimes called the Church of the East and officially known as the Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East (HACACE), is an Eastern Christian church that follows the traditional Christology and ecclesiology of the historical Church of the East.
See Syria and Assyrian Church of the East
Assyrian people
Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia.
Assyrians in Syria
Assyrians in Syria (ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܕܣܘܪܝܐ, الآشوريون في سوريا) also known as Syriacs are an ethnic and linguistic minority that are indigenous to Upper Mesopotamia, the north-eastern half of Syria.
See Syria and Assyrians in Syria
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
See Syria and Authoritarianism
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
The Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES), also known as Rojava, is a de facto autonomous region in northeastern Syria.
See Syria and Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
Autonomous administrative division
An autonomous administrative division (also referred to as an autonomous area, zone, entity, unit, region, subdivision, province, or territory) is a subnational administrative division or internal territory of a sovereign state that has a degree of autonomy—self-governance—under the national government.
See Syria and Autonomous administrative division
Autonomy
In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision.
Ayran
Ayran or Doogh and/or dhallë, dew, Jaree'a, leben, avamast, çiqilmast, mastaw, shaneena, or xynogala is a cold savory yogurt-based beverage popular across Central Asia, West Asia, Southeastern Europe, South Asia, North Asia and Eastern Europe.
See Syria and Ayran
Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.
Çineköy inscription
The Çineköy inscription is an ancient bilingual inscription, written in Hieroglyphic Luwian and Phoenician languages.
See Syria and Çineköy inscription
İskenderun
İskenderun (إسكندرونة), historically known as Alexandretta (Αλεξανδρέττα) and Scanderoon, is a municipality and district of Hatay Province, Turkey. Syria and İskenderun are Levant.
Ba'ath Party
The Arab Socialist Baʿth Party (also anglicized as Ba'ath in loose transcription; البعث العربي الاشتراكي) was a political party founded in Syria by Mishel ʿAflaq, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn al-Bīṭār, and associates of Zakī al-ʾArsūzī.
Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (spelled "Ba'th" or "Baath", "resurrection" or "renaissance"; حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي Ḥizb al-Ba‘th al-‘Arabī al-Ishtirākī), also referred to as the pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement, is a neo-Ba'athist political party which was headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq, until 2003.
See Syria and Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)
Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
The Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party (Ḥizb al-Ba‘th al-‘Arabī al-Ishtirākī; meaning "resurrection"), also referred to as the pro-Syrian Ba'ath movement, is a neo-Ba'athist political party with branches across the Arab world.
See Syria and Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)
Ba'athism
Ba'athism, also spelled Baathism, is an Arab nationalist ideology which promotes the creation and development of a unified Arab state through the leadership of a vanguard party over a socialist revolutionary government.
Babylonia
Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).
Baghdad
Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.
Baklava
Baklava (or; باقلوا) is a layered pastry dessert made of filo pastry, filled with chopped nuts, and sweetened with syrup or honey.
Bashar al-Assad
Bashar al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the current and 19th president of Syria since 17 July 2000.
Battle of Ain Jalut
The Battle of Ain Jalut, also spelled Ayn Jalut, was fought between the Bahri Mamluks of Egypt and the Mongol Empire on 3 September 1260 (25 Ramadan 658 AH) near the spring of Ain Jalut in southeastern Galilee in the Jezreel Valley.
See Syria and Battle of Ain Jalut
Battle of al-Kafr
The Battle of al-Kafr was a military engagement between a French Army column commanded by Captain Gabriel Normand and the local Druze and Bedouin forces of Sultan al-Atrash on 22 July 1925.
See Syria and Battle of al-Kafr
Battle of al-Mazraa
The Battle of al-Mazra'a (معركة المزرعة) was one of the major battles of the Great Syrian Revolt, that led to the spread of the rebellion throughout the French Mandate of Syria.
See Syria and Battle of al-Mazraa
Battle of Kadesh
The Battle of Kadesh took place in the 13th century BC between the Egyptian Empire led by pharaoh Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire led by king Muwatalli II.
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Battle of Maysalun
The Battle of Maysalun (معركة ميسلون), also known as the Battle of Maysalun Pass or the Battle of Khan Maysalun (Bataille de Khan Mayssaloun), was a four-hour battle fought between the forces of the Arab Kingdom of Syria and the French Army of the Levant on 24 July 1920 near Khan Maysalun in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, about west of Damascus.
See Syria and Battle of Maysalun
Battles of the Kinarot Valley
The Battles of the Kinarot Valley (הַמַּעֲרָכָה בְּבִקְעַת כִּנָּרוֹת, HaMa'arakha BeBik'at Kinarot), is a collective name for a series of military engagements between the Haganah and the Syrian army during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, fought between 15–22 May 1948 in the Kinarot Valley.
See Syria and Battles of the Kinarot Valley
Baybars
Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari (الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري; 1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), commonly known as Baibars or Baybars and nicknamed Abu al-Futuh (أبو الفتوح), was the fourth Mamluk sultan of Egypt and Syria, of Turkic Kipchak origin, in the Bahri dynasty, succeeding Qutuz.
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
Beer Ajam
Beer Ajam (Biʾr ʿAjam, also spelled Bir Ajam, lit. "Non-Arabs' Spring") is a Syrian Circassian village in the Quneitra Governorate in the Syrian controlled portion of the Golan Heights.
Beirut vilayet
The Vilayet of Beirut (ولاية بيروت) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001.
Bit Bahiani
Bit Baḫiani was an independent Aramean city-state kingdom (c. 1200 – 808 BC) with its capital at ''Guzana'' (modern day Tell Halaf).
Black September
Black September (أيلول الأسود), also known as the Jordanian Civil War, was an armed conflict between Jordan, led by King Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), led by chairman Yasser Arafat.
Bosnians
Bosnians (Serbo-Croatian: Bosanci / Босанци; Bosanac / Босанац, Bosanka / Босанка) are people native to the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially the region of Bosnia.
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America. Syria and Brazil are member states of the United Nations.
See Syria and Brazil
Brighton
Brighton is a seaside resort and one of the two main areas of the city of Brighton and Hove in the county of East Sussex, England.
Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
British people
British people or Britons, also known colloquially as Brits, are the citizens of the United Kingdom, the British Overseas Territories, and the Crown dependencies.
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
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Canaanite languages
The Canaanite languages, sometimes referred to as Canaanite dialects, are one of three subgroups of the Northwest Semitic languages, the others being Aramaic and Amorite.
See Syria and Canaanite languages
Canaanite religion
The Canaanite religion was the group of ancient Semitic religions practiced by the Canaanites living in the ancient Levant from at least the early Bronze Age to the first centuries CE.
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Capital punishment in Syria
Capital punishment is a legal penalty for numerous offences in Syria.
See Syria and Capital punishment in Syria
Carchemish
Carchemish, also spelled Karkemish (Karkamış), was an important ancient capital in the northern part of the region of Syria.
Carthage
Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia.
Casualties of the Syrian civil war
Estimates of the total number of deaths in the Syrian Civil War, by various war monitors, range between 580,000 as of May 2021, and approximately 617,910 as of March 2024.
See Syria and Casualties of the Syrian civil war
Cedar Revolution
The Cedar Revolution (translit) or the Independence Intifada (translit) was a chain of demonstrations in Lebanon (especially in the capital Beirut) triggered by the assassination of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri.
See Syria and Cedar Revolution
Censorship
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.
Central African Republic
The Central African Republic (CAR), formerly known as Ubangi-Shari, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. Syria and Central African Republic are member states of the United Nations.
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Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)
The Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) (المكتب المركزي للإحصاء) is the statistical agency responsible for the gathering of "information relating to economic, social and general activities and conditions" in the Syrian Arab Republic.
See Syria and Central Bureau of Statistics (Syria)
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
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Chaldea
Chaldea was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia.
Chaldean Catholic Church
The Chaldean Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic particular church (sui iuris) in full communion with the Holy See and the rest of the Catholic Church, and is headed by the Chaldean Patriarchate.
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Chechen language
Chechen (Нохчийн мотт, Noxçiyn mott) is a Northeast Caucasian language spoken by approximately 1.8 million people, mostly in the Chechen Republic and by members of the Chechen diaspora throughout Russia and the rest of Europe, Jordan, Austria, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Ukraine, Central Asia (mainly Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan) and Georgia.
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Chechens in Syria
Chechens in Syria are ethnic Chechens who form a small minority in Syria.
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Chemical warfare
Chemical warfare (CW) involves using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons.
See Syria and Chemical warfare
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. Syria and China are countries in Asia and member states of the United Nations.
See Syria and China
Christianity in Syria
Christians in Syria made up about 10% of the pre-war Syrian population.
See Syria and Christianity in Syria
Christians
A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Cimmerians
The Cimmerians were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people originating in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, part of whom subsequently migrated into West Asia.
Circassian languages
Circassian, also known as Cherkess, is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family, spoken by the Circassian people.
See Syria and Circassian languages
Circassians
The Circassians or Circassian people, also called Cherkess or Adyghe (Adyghe and Adygekher) are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation who originated in Circassia, a region and former country in the North Caucasus.
Circassians in Syria
Circassians in Syria refer to the Circassian diaspora that settled in Syria (then part of the Ottoman Empire) in the 19th century.
See Syria and Circassians in Syria
Civilization
A civilization (civilisation) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems and graphic arts).
Classical Arabic
Classical Arabic or Quranic Arabic (the most eloquent classic Arabic) is the standardized literary form of Arabic used from the 7th century and throughout the Middle Ages onwards, having succeeded the Paleo-Arabic script.
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Classical mythology
Classical mythology, also known as Greco-Roman mythology or Greek and Roman mythology, is the collective body and study of myths from the ancient Greeks and ancient Romans.
See Syria and Classical mythology
Coele-Syria
Coele-Syria (Κοίλη Συρία, Koílē Syría, 'Hollow Syria') was a region of Syria in classical antiquity.
Commagene
Commagene (Κομμαγηνή) was an ancient Greco-Iranian kingdom ruled by a Hellenized branch of the Iranian Orontid dynasty that had ruled over Armenia.
Comoros
The Comoros, officially the Union of the Comoros, is an archipelagic country made up of three islands in Southeastern Africa, located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel in the Indian Ocean. Syria and Comoros are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, member states of the Arab League and member states of the United Nations.
Constitution of Syria
The current Constitution of the Syrian Arab Republic was adopted on 26 February 2012, replacing one that had been in force since 13 March 1973.
See Syria and Constitution of Syria
Constitution of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
The Constitution of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, officially titled Charter of the Social Contract, is the provisional constitution of the self-proclaimed autonomous region known as the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.
See Syria and Constitution of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
Conversion of Paul the Apostle
The conversion of Paul the Apostle (also the Pauline conversion, Damascene conversion, Damascus Christophany and the "road to Damascus" event) was, according to the New Testament, an event in the life of Saul/Paul the Apostle that led him to cease persecuting early Christians and to become a follower of Jesus.
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Corrective Movement (Syria)
The Corrective Movement (translit), also referred to as the Corrective Revolution or the 1970 coup, was a bloodless coup d'état led by General Hafez al-Assad on 13 November 1970 in Syria.
See Syria and Corrective Movement (Syria)
Corruption Perceptions Index
The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as assessed by experts and business executives.
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Council of Ministers (Syria)
The Cabinet of Syria (Arabic: مجلس وزراء سوريا, majlis wuzara' suria) or Council of Ministers is the chief executive body of the Syrian Arab Republic.
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Council on Foreign Relations
The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international relations.
See Syria and Council on Foreign Relations
Coup d'état
A coup d'état, or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.
Cradle of civilization
A cradle of civilization is a location and a culture where civilization was developed independent of other civilizations in other locations.
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Crisis of the Third Century
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration.
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Crusader states
The Crusader states, or Outremer, were four Catholic polities that existed in the Levant from 1098 to 1291.
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.
Cult of personality
A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader,Mudde, Cas and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) Populism: A Very Short Introduction.
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Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
Dabke
Dabke (دبكة also spelled dabka, dubki, dabkeh, plural dabkaat) is a Levantine folk dance, particularly popular among Lebanese, Jordanian, Palestinian and Syrian communities.
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Damascus
Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam. Syria and Damascus are Levant.
Damascus Governorate
Damascus Governorate (مُحافظة دمشق) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
See Syria and Damascus Governorate
Damascus Spring
The Damascus Spring (ربيع دمشق) was a period of intense political and social debate in Syria which started after the death of President Hafiz al-Assad in June 2000 and continued to some degree until autumn 2001, when most of the activities associated with it were suppressed by the government.
Damascus University
The Damascus University (translit) is the largest and oldest university in Syria, located in the capital Damascus, with campuses in other Syrian cities.
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Daraa
Daraa (Darʿā, Levantine Arabic:, also Darʿā, Dara’a, Deraa, Dera'a, Dera, Derʿā and Edrei; means "fortress", compare Dura-Europos) is a city in southwestern Syria, located about north of the border with Jordan.
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Daraa Governorate
Daraa Governorate (مُحافظة درعا / ALA-LC) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
See Syria and Daraa Governorate
Death and state funeral of Hafez al-Assad
Hafez al-Assad, the 18th president of Syria, died from a heart attack on 10 June 2000 at the age of 69.
See Syria and Death and state funeral of Hafez al-Assad
Death of Akram Raslan
The death of Akram Raslan, an artist known for his political cartoons, at the hands of the government of Syria brought condemnation from various publications around the world.
See Syria and Death of Akram Raslan
Decentralization
Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it.
See Syria and Decentralization
Deir ez-Zor
Deir ez-Zor (Dayru z-Zawr / Dayru z-Zūr; Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ, Dayrāʾ Zəʿōrtāʾ) is the largest city in eastern Syria and the seventh largest in the country. Syria and Deir ez-Zor are Levant.
Deir ez-Zor Governorate
Deir ez-Zor Governorate (مُحافظة دير الزور / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Dayr az-Zawr) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
See Syria and Deir ez-Zor Governorate
Democracy
Democracy (from dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a system of government in which state power is vested in the people or the general population of a state.
Democratic confederalism
Democratic confederalism (Konfederalîzma demokratîk), also known as Kurdish communalism or Apoism, is a political concept theorized by Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) leader Abdullah Öcalan about a system of democratic self-organization with the features of a confederation based on the principles of autonomy, direct democracy, political ecology, feminism, multiculturalism, self-defense, self-governance and elements of a cooperative economy.
See Syria and Democratic confederalism
Democratic Union Party (Syria)
The Democratic Union Party (Partiya Yekîtiya Demokrat,, PYD; translit; translit) is a Kurdish left-wing political party established on 20 September 2003 in northern Syria.
See Syria and Democratic Union Party (Syria)
Demographics of Jordan
Jordan has a population of more than 11.1 million inhabitants as of 2023.
See Syria and Demographics of Jordan
Demographics of Syria
Syria's estimated pre–Syrian Civil War 2011 population was 22 ±.5 million permanent inhabitants, which included 21,124,000 Syrians, as well as 1.3 million Iraqi refugees and over 500,000 Palestinian refugees. The war makes an accurate count of the Syrian population difficult, as the numbers of Syrian refugees, internally displaced Syrians and casualty numbers are in flux.
See Syria and Demographics of Syria
Der (Sumer)
Der (Sumerian: 𒌷𒂦𒀭𒆠 uruBAD3.ANki; Akkadian: 𒌷𒂦𒀭𒆠 uruBAD3.ANki or urude-e-ru(ki)) was a Sumerian city-state at the site of modern Tell Aqar near al-Badra in Iraq's Wasit Governorate.
Direct democracy
Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which the electorate decides on policy initiatives without elected representatives as proxies.
See Syria and Direct democracy
Districts of Syria
The 14 governorates of Syria, or muhafazat (sing. muhafazah), are divided into 65 districts, or manatiq (sing. mintaqah), including the city of Damascus.
See Syria and Districts of Syria
Diversity (politics)
Diversity within groups is a key concept in sociology and political science that refers to the degree of difference along socially significant identifying features among the members of a purposefully defined group, such as any group differences in racial or ethnic classifications, age, gender, religion, philosophy, politics, culture, language, physical abilities, socioeconomic background, sexual orientation, gender identity, intelligence, physical health, mental health, genetic attributes, personality, behavior, or attractiveness.
See Syria and Diversity (politics)
Dolma
Dolma (Turkish for "stuffed") is a family of stuffed dishes associated with Turkish or Ottoman cuisine, typically made with a filling of rice, minced meat, offal, seafood, fruit, or any combination of these inside a vegetable or a leaf wrapping.
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Donald Trump
Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
Douma, Syria
Douma (Dūmā) is a city in Syria. Its centre is about northeast of the centre of Damascus. Being the capital of Rif Dimashq Governorate, the city is also the administrative centre of Douma District. Douma is a major city of the region known as Ghouta, for the peri-urban settlements to the east and south of Damascus.
Drug prohibition
The prohibition of drugs through sumptuary legislation or religious law is a common means of attempting to prevent the recreational use of certain intoxicating substances.
See Syria and Drug prohibition
Druze
The Druze (دَرْزِيّ, or دُرْزِيّ, rtl), who call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. 'the monotheists' or 'the unitarians'), are an Arab and Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group from West Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, syncretic, and ethnic religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God, reincarnation, and the eternity of the soul.
See Syria and Druze
Druze in Syria
The Druze in Syria refers to adherents of the Druze religious minority who reside in Syia.
Dumat al-Jandal
Dumat al-Jandal (Dumah of the Stone), also known as Al-Jawf or Al-Jouf, which refers to Wadi Sirhan, is an ancient city of ruins and the historical capital of the Al Jawf Province, today in northwestern Saudi Arabia.
Dynasty
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family,Oxford English Dictionary, "dynasty, n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1897.
East Semitic languages
The East Semitic languages are one of three divisions of the Semitic languages.
See Syria and East Semitic languages
Eastern Mediterranean
Eastern Mediterranean is a loose definition of the eastern approximate half, or third, of the Mediterranean Sea, often defined as the countries around the Levantine Sea.
See Syria and Eastern Mediterranean
Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests
The Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-forests, also known as the Eastern Mediterranean conifer-forests, is an ecoregion in the eastern Mediterranean Basin. Syria and eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests are eastern Mediterranean.
See Syria and Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests
Eber-Nari
Eber-Nari or Ebir-Nari (Akkadian), also Abar-Nahara (Aramaic) or Aber Nahra (Syriac), was a region of the ancient Near East.
Ebla
Ebla (Sumerian: eb₂-la, إبلا., modern: تل مرديخ, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria.
See Syria and Ebla
Eblaite language
Eblaite (also known as Eblan ISO 639-3), or Palaeosyrian, is an extinct East Semitic language used during the 3rd millennium BC in Northern Syria.
See Syria and Eblaite language
Ecology
Ecology is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment.
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia. Syria and Egypt are arab republics, countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, countries in Asia, eastern Mediterranean, member states of the Arab League, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
See Syria and Egypt
Elagabalus
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, 204 – 13 March 222), better known by his posthumous nicknames Elagabalus and Heliogabalus, was Roman emperor from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager.
Elagabalus (deity)
Elagabalus, Aelagabalus, Heliogabalus, or simply Elagabal (Aramaic: 𐡁𐡋𐡄𐡂𐡀𐡋 ʾĕlāhgabāl or 𐡁𐡋𐡄𐡀𐡂𐡀𐡋 ʾĕlāhaʾgabāl; Arabic: إله الجبل Ilah al-Jabal, both literally meaning "God of the Mountain") was an Arab-Roman sun god, initially venerated in Emesa (modern-day Homs), Syria.
See Syria and Elagabalus (deity)
Elam
Elam (Linear Elamite: hatamti; Cuneiform Elamite:; Sumerian:; Akkadian:; עֵילָם ʿēlām; 𐎢𐎺𐎩 hūja) was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.
See Syria and Elam
Election
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.
Elections in Syria
A civil war has been going on in Syria since 2011, following the events of the 2011 Syrian Revolution, which was part of the international wave of protest known as the Arab Spring.
See Syria and Elections in Syria
Electoral fraud
Electoral fraud, sometimes referred to as election manipulation, voter fraud, or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an election, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both.
Electoral Integrity Project
The Electoral Integrity Project is a project based at Royal Military College of Canada and the University of East Anglia, England, which publishes rankings by country according to the project's view of its electoral integrity.
See Syria and Electoral Integrity Project
Emar
Emar, is an archaeological site at Tell Meskene in the Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria.
See Syria and Emar
Emesene dynasty
The Emesene (or Emesan) dynasty, also called the Sampsigeramids or the Sampsigerami or the House of Sampsigeramus (translit), were a Roman client dynasty of Syrian priest-kings known to have ruled by 46 BC from Arethusa and later from Emesa, Syria, until between 72 and 78/79, or at the latest the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161).
Enforced disappearance
An enforced disappearance (or forced disappearance) is the secret abduction or imprisonment of a person with the support or acquiescence of a state followed by a refusal to acknowledge the person's fate or whereabouts with the intent of placing the victim outside the protection of the law.
See Syria and Enforced disappearance
Equality before the law
Equality before the law, also known as equality under the law, equality in the eyes of the law, legal equality, or legal egalitarianism, is the principle that all people must be equally protected by the law.
See Syria and Equality before the law
Ethnic groups in Syria
Arabs represent the major ethnicity in Syria, in addition to the presence of several, much smaller ethnic groups.
See Syria and Ethnic groups in Syria
Ethnoreligious group
An ethnoreligious group (or an ethno-religious group) is a grouping of people who are unified by a common religious and ethnic background.
See Syria and Ethnoreligious group
Euphrates
The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Syria and Euphrates are Levant.
Euphrates Region
Euphrates Region, formerly Kobanî Canton, (Herêma Firatê, إقليمالفرات, translit) is the central of three original regions of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, comprising Ayn al-Arab District of the Aleppo Governorate, Tell Abyad District of the Raqqa Governorate, and the westernmost tip of the Ras al-Ayn Subdistrict of the Ras al-Ayn District of Al-Hasakah Governorate.
See Syria and Euphrates Region
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
Executive (government)
The executive, also referred to as the juditian or executive power, is that part of government which executes the law; in other words, directly makes decisions and holds power.
See Syria and Executive (government)
Expedition of Dumat al-Jandal
The Expedition of Dumat al-Jandal is an early Muslim expedition which took place in August or September of 626 AD.
See Syria and Expedition of Dumat al-Jandal
Faisal I of Iraq
Faisal I bin al-Hussein bin Ali al-Hashemi (فيصل الأول بن الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, Fayṣal al-Awwal bin al-Ḥusayn bin ʻAlī al-Hāshimī; 20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933) was King of Iraq from 23 August 1921 until his death in 1933.
See Syria and Faisal I of Iraq
Farid al-Atrash
Farid al-Atrash (فريد الأطرش; October 19, 1910 – December 26, 1974), also spelled Farid El-Atrache, was a Syrian-Egyptian singer, oudist, composer, and actor.
Fattoush
Fattoush (فتوش; also fattush, fatush, fattoosh, and fattouche) is a Levantine salad made from toasted or fried pieces of khubz (Arabic flat bread) combined with mixed greens and other vegetables, such as radishes and tomatoes.
Fawwaz Haddad
Fawwaz Haddad (Arabic: فواز حدّاد) (born 1947) is a Syrian novelist.
Federalization of Syria
The federalization of Syria has been controversially proposed as a possible solution to end the Syrian Civil War.
See Syria and Federalization of Syria
Feminism
Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes.
Fenethylline
Fenethylline (BAN, USAN) or fenetylline (INN) is a codrug of amphetamine and theophylline and so a mutual prodrug of both.
Filo
Filo is a very thin unleavened dough used for making pastries such as baklava and börek in Middle Eastern and Balkan cuisines.
See Syria and Filo
First Syrian Republic
The First Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic, was formed in 1930 as a component of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, succeeding the State of Syria.
See Syria and First Syrian Republic
Folklore
Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture or subculture.
Food security
Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.
Forced displacement
Forced displacement (also forced migration or forced relocation) is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region.
See Syria and Forced displacement
Foreign exchange reserves
Foreign exchange reserves (also called forex reserves or FX reserves) are cash and other reserve assets such as gold and silver held by a central bank or other monetary authority that are primarily available to balance payments of the country, influence the foreign exchange rate of its currency, and to maintain confidence in financial markets.
See Syria and Foreign exchange reserves
Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war refers to political, military and operational support to parties involved in the ongoing conflict in Syria that began in March 2011, as well as active foreign involvement.
See Syria and Foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
Foreign relations of Rojava
The foreign relations of Rojava are the external relations of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES).
See Syria and Foreign relations of Rojava
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification.
See Syria and Forest Landscape Integrity Index
Fox News
The Fox News Channel (FNC), commonly known as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City.
François Georges-Picot
François Marie Denis Georges-Picot (21 December 1870 – 20 June 1951) was a French diplomat and lawyer who negotiated the Sykes–Picot Agreement with the British diplomat Sir Mark Sykes between November 1915 and March 1916 before its signing on May 16, 1916.
See Syria and François Georges-Picot
Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
The Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence, also known as the Viénot Accords, was a treaty negotiated between France and Syria to provide for Syrian independence from French authority.
See Syria and Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
Free Syrian Army
The Free Syrian Army (FSA; al-jaysh as-Sūrī al-ḥur) is a big-tent coalition of decentralized Syrian opposition rebel groups in the Syrian civil war founded on 29 July 2011 by Colonel Riad al-Asaad and six officers who defected from the Syrian Armed Forces.
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Freedom House
Freedom House is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. It is best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of democracy, political freedom, and human rights.
Freedom in the World
Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.
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Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance.
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French colonial empire
The French colonial empire comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.
See Syria and French colonial empire
Galilee
Galilee (hagGālīl; Galilaea; al-jalīl) is a region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon. Syria and Galilee are Levant.
Gender equality
Gender equality, also known as sexual equality or equality of the sexes, is the state of equal ease of access to resources and opportunities regardless of gender, including economic participation and decision-making; and the state of valuing different behaviors, aspirations, and needs equally, regardless of gender.
General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)
The General Intelligence Directorate (translit), also known as the General Security Directorate or Syrian GID, is the most important civil intelligence service of Syria and plays an important role in quelling internal dissent.
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Geneva
Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.
See Syria and Geneva
Genocide
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.
Georgians
The Georgians, or Kartvelians (tr), are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to present-day Georgia and surrounding areas historically associated with the Georgian kingdoms.
Ghada al-Samman
Ghadah Al-Samman (غادة السمّان; born 1942) is a Syrian writer, journalist and novelist born in Damascus in 1942 to a prominent and conservative Damascene family.
Ghassanids
The Ghassanids, also called the Jafnids, were an Arab tribe which founded a kingdom which was in place from the third century to the seventh century in the area of the Levant and northern Arabia. They emigrated from South Arabia in the early third century to the Levant. Some merged with Hellenized Christian communities, converting to Christianity in the first few centuries, while others may have already been Christians before emigrating north to escape religious persecution.
Global Peace Index
Global Peace Index (GPI) is a report produced by the Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP) which measures the relative position of nations' and regions' peacefulness.
See Syria and Global Peace Index
Golan Heights
The Golan Heights (Haḍbatu l-Jawlān or; רמת הגולן), or simply the Golan, is a basaltic plateau, at the southwest corner of Syria.
Golan Heights Law
The Golan Heights Law is the Israeli law which applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights.
See Syria and Golan Heights Law
Government of Syria
Government of the Syrian Arab Republic is the union government created by the constitution of Syria whereby the president is the head of state and the prime minister is the head of government.
See Syria and Government of Syria
Governorates of Syria
Syria is a unitary state, but for administrative purposes, it is divided into fourteen governorates, also called provinces or counties in English (Arabic muḥāfaẓāt, singular muḥāfaẓah).
See Syria and Governorates of Syria
Granta
Granta is a literary magazine and publisher in the United Kingdom whose mission centres on its "belief in the power and urgency of the story, both in fiction and non-fiction, and the story's supreme ability to describe, illuminate and make real." In 2007, The Observer stated: "In its blend of memoirs and photojournalism, and in its championing of contemporary realist fiction, Granta has its face pressed firmly against the window, determined to witness the world." Granta has published twenty-seven laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
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Great Syrian Revolt
The Great Syrian Revolt (الثورة السورية الكبرى), also known as the Revolt of 1925, was a general uprising across the State of Syria and Greater Lebanon during the period of 1925 to 1927.
See Syria and Great Syrian Revolt
Greco-Roman world
The Greco-Roman civilization (also Greco-Roman culture or Greco-Latin culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the Greeks and Romans.
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Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
Greek Orthodox Church
Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía) is a term that can refer to any one of three classes of Christian churches, each associated in some way with Greek Christianity, Levantine Arabic-speaking Christians or more broadly the rite used in the Eastern Roman Empire.
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Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch
The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch (Ελληνορθόδοξο Πατριαρχείο Αντιοχείας), also known as the Antiochian Orthodox Church and legally as the '''Rūm''' Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East (lit), is an autocephalous Greek Orthodox church within the wider communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity that originates from the historical Church of Antioch.
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Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
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Greeks in Syria
The Greeks in Syria arrived in the 7th century BC and became more prominent during the Hellenistic period and when the Seleucid Empire was centered there.
Ground beef
Ground beef, minced beef or beef mince is beef that has been finely chopped with a knife, meat grinder (American English), mincer or mincing machine (British English).
Gulf Cooperation Council
The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (مجلس التعاون لدول الخلیج العربية.), also known as the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC; مجلس التعاون الخليجي), is a regional, intergovernmental, political, and economic union comprising Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
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Gulf War
The Gulf War was an armed conflict between Iraq and a 42-country coalition led by the United States.
Hacktivism
Internet activism, hacktivism, or hactivism (a portmanteau of hack and activism), is the use of computer-based techniques such as hacking as a form of civil disobedience to promote a political agenda or social change.
Hader, Quneitra Governorate
Hader (حضر, also spelt Hadar) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Khan Arnabah Subdistrict of the Quneitra Governorate.
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Hafez al-Assad
Hafez al-Assad (6 October 193010 June 2000) was a Syrian statesman, military officer and revolutionary who served as the 18th president of Syria from 1971 until his death in 2000.
Haidar Haidar
Haidar Haidar (حيدر حيدر; 1936 – 5 May 2023) was a Syrian writer and novelist.
Hama
Hama (حَمَاة,; lit; Ḥămāṯ) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria. Syria and Hama are Levant.
See Syria and Hama
Hama Governorate
Hama Governorate (مُحافظة حماة / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Ḥamā) is one of the 14 governorates of Syria.
See Syria and Hama Governorate
Hamdanid dynasty
The Hamdanid dynasty (al-Ḥamdāniyyūn) was a Shia Muslim Arab dynasty of Northern Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004).
See Syria and Hamdanid dynasty
Hammouda Sabbagh
Hammouda Youssef Sabbagh (born 10 February 1959) is a Syrian politician who has been the Speaker of the People's Council of Syria since September 2017. He is the first Assyrian Christian to have held the post, and overall the second Christian to hold that post since Fares al-Khoury. He was elected speaker of parliament with 193 votes out of 252.
See Syria and Hammouda Sabbagh
Hammurabi
Hammurabi (𒄩𒄠𒈬𒊏𒁉|translit.
Hamoukar
Hamoukar (حموكار, known locally as Khirbat al-Fakhar) is a large archaeological site located in the Jazira region of northeastern Syria (Al Hasakah Governorate), near the Iraqi and Turkish borders.
Hashemites
The Hashemites (al-Hāshimiyyūn), also House of Hashim, are the royal family of Jordan, which they have ruled since 1921, and were the royal family of the kingdoms of Hejaz (1916–1925), Syria (1920), and Iraq (1921–1958).
Hashim al-Atassi
Hashim al-Atassi (Hāšim al-ʾAtāsī; 11 January 1875 – 5 December 1960) was a Syrian nationalist and statesman and the President of Syria from 1936 to 1939, 1949 to 1951 and 1954 to 1955.
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Hasmonean dynasty
The Hasmonean dynasty (חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים Ḥašmōnāʾīm; Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from BCE to 37 BCE.
See Syria and Hasmonean dynasty
Hatay Province
Hatay Province (Hatay ili,, translit) is the southernmost province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey. Syria and Hatay Province are eastern Mediterranean and Levant.
Hattians
The Hattians were an ancient Bronze Age people that inhabited the land of Hatti, in central Anatolia (modern Turkey).
Hauran
The Hauran (Ḥawrān; also spelled Hawran or Houran) is a region that spans parts of southern Syria and northern Jordan.
See Syria and Hauran
Hawar News Agency
Hawar News Agency (sometimes abbreviated ANHA) (وكالة أنباء هاوار) is an news agency.
See Syria and Hawar News Agency
Head of government
In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.
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Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.
Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
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Hezbollah
Hezbollah (Ḥizbu 'llāh) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group, led since 1992 by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah.
High Judicial Council
The High Judicial Council (مجلس القضاء الأعلى السوري) is the highest judicial authority in Syria.
See Syria and High Judicial Council
History of Christianity
The history of Christianity follows the Christian religion as it developed from its earliest beliefs and practices in the first-century, spread geographically in the Roman Empire and beyond, and became a global religion in the twenty-first century.
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History of the Jews in Syria
Jews have resided in Syria from ancient times.
See Syria and History of the Jews in Syria
History of the Middle East
The Middle East, also known as the Near East, is home to one of the Cradles of Civilization and has seen many of the world's oldest cultures and civilizations.
See Syria and History of the Middle East
Hittites
The Hittites were an Anatolian Indo-European people who formed one of the first major civilizations of Bronze Age West Asia.
Homs
Homs (حِمْص / ALA-LC:; Levantine Arabic: حُمْص / Ḥomṣ), known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa (Émesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. Syria and Homs are Levant.
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Homs Governorate
Homs Governorate (مُحافظة حمص / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Ḥimṣ) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
See Syria and Homs Governorate
Honey
Honey is a sweet and viscous substance made by several species of bees, the best-known of which are honey bees.
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Honor killing
An honor killing (American English), honour killing (Commonwealth English), or shame killing is a traditional form of murder in which a person is killed by or at the behest of members of their family or their partner, due to culturally sanctioned beliefs that such homicides are necessary as retribution for the perceived dishonoring of the family by the victim.
Hors d'oeuvre
An hors d'oeuvre (hors-d'œuvre), appetiser or starter is a small dish served before a meal in European cuisine.
Hulegu Khan
Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulaguᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ|lit.
Human rights
Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.
Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.
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Human shield
A human shield is a non-combatant (or a group of non-combatants) who either volunteers or is forced to shield a legitimate military target in order to deter the enemy from attacking it.
Humat ad-Diyar
"" (lit, Syriac) is the national anthem of the Syrian Arab Republic, with lyrics written by Khalil Mardam Bey and the music by Mohammed Flayfel, who also composed the national anthem of the Iraq as well as many other Arab folk songs.
Hummus
Hummus (حُمُّص), also spelled hommus or houmous, is a Middle Eastern dip, spread, or savory dish made from cooked, mashed chickpeas blended with tahini, lemon juice, and garlic.
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Hurrians
The Hurrians (Ḫu-ur-ri; also called Hari, Khurrites, Hourri, Churri, Hurri) were a people who inhabited the Ancient Near East during the Bronze Age.
Husni al-Za'im
Husni al-Za'im (حسني الزعيمḤusnī az-Za’īm; 11 May 1897 – 14 August 1949) was a Syrian Kurdish military officer and who was head of state of Syria in 1949.
Hussein Arnous
Hussein Arnous (حسين عرنوس|translit.
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.
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Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
Ibrahim Pasha (إبراهيمباشا Ibrāhīm Bāshā; 1789 – 10 November 1848) was an Egyptian general and politician; he was the commander of both the Egyptian and Ottoman armies and the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, the Wāli and unrecognized Khedive of Egypt and Sudan.
See Syria and Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
Ibrium
Ibrium (2322–2302 BC), also spelt Ebrium, was the vizier of Ebla for king Irkab-Damu and his successor Isar-Damu.
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Idlib
Idlib (ʾIdlib,; also spelt Idleb or Edlib) is a city in northwestern Syria, and is the capital of the Idlib Governorate.
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Idlib Governorate
Idlib Governorate (مُحافظة ادلب / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Idlib) is one of the 14 governorates of Syria.
See Syria and Idlib Governorate
Ikhshidid dynasty
The Ikhshidid dynasty was a dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin, who ruled Egypt and the Levant from 935 to 969.
See Syria and Ikhshidid dynasty
Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate, ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (translit), and known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus, was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire.
Illegal drug trade
The illegal drug trade, drug trafficking, or narcotrafficking is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of prohibited drugs.
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Imperial Aramaic
Imperial Aramaic is a linguistic term, coined by modern scholars in order to designate a specific historical variety of Aramaic language.
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Index of Syria-related articles
This page list topics related to Syria.
See Syria and Index of Syria-related articles
Indiana University Press
Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.
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International recognition of the Syrian National Council
The Syrian National Council (SNC) is recognised by 6 UN members, the Republic of Kosovo and the European Union as a legitimate representative of the Syrian people in the midst of the Syrian civil war, with three of those being permanent members of the Security Council.
See Syria and International recognition of the Syrian National Council
International sanctions against Syria
International sanctions against Syria are a series of economic sanctions and restrictions imposed by the European Union, the United States, Canada, Australia, and Switzerland, mainly as a result of the repression of civilians in the Syrian civil war from 2011 onwards.
See Syria and International sanctions against Syria
International University for Science and Technology
International University for Science and Technology (IUST; al-Jāmiʿat ad-Dawlīyat al-Khāṣṣat li l-ʿUlūm wa t-Tiknūlūjiyā) is a private university established in 2005, located in Ghabagheb, Daraa Governorate, Syria.
See Syria and International University for Science and Technology
Internet censorship
Internet censorship is the legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet.
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Internet censorship in Syria
Internet censorship in Syria is extensive; with numerous websites and online platforms being banned for political reasons.
See Syria and Internet censorship in Syria
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. Syria and Iran are countries in Asia, Kurdish-speaking countries and territories, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
See Syria and Iran
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East. Syria and Iraq are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, countries in Asia, Kurdish-speaking countries and territories, member states of the Arab League, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
See Syria and Iraq
Iraq–Syria border
The Iraqi–Syrian border is the border between Syria and Iraq and runs for a total length of across Upper Mesopotamia and the Syrian desert, from the tripoint with Jordan in the south-west to the tripoint with Turkey in the north-east.
See Syria and Iraq–Syria border
Iraqis
Iraqis (العراقيون) are people who originate from the country of Iraq.
See Syria and Iraqis
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
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Islam in Syria
Several different denominations and sects of Islam are practised within Syria, whom collectively, constitute approximately 87% of the population and form a majority in most of the districts of the country.
Islamic State
The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.
Islamism
Islamism (also often called political Islam) refers to a broad set of religious and political ideological movements.
Islamist uprising in Syria
The Islamist uprising in Syria comprised a series of protests, assassinations, bombings, and armed revolts led by Sunni Islamists, mainly members of the Fighting Vanguard and, after 1979, the Muslim Brotherhood, from 1976 until 1982.
See Syria and Islamist uprising in Syria
Isma'ilism
Isma'ilism (translit) is a branch or sect of Shia Islam.
Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia. Syria and Israel are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, countries in Asia, eastern Mediterranean, Levant, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
See Syria and Israel
Israel Defense Forces
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym, is the national military of the State of Israel.
See Syria and Israel Defense Forces
Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission
The Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission (ISMAC) was the United Nations commission for observing the armistice between Israel and Syria after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, as part of the Mixed Armistice Commissions (MAC).
See Syria and Israel–Syria Mixed Armistice Commission
Israeli-occupied territories
Israel has occupied the Palestinian territories and the Golan Heights since the Six-Day War of 1967.
See Syria and Israeli-occupied territories
Italians
Italians (italiani) are an ethnic group native to the Italian geographical region.
Jabal al-Druze
Jabal al-Druze (Mountain of the Druze), is an elevated volcanic region in the As-Suwayda Governorate of southern Syria.
Jaffa
Jaffa (Yāfō,; Yāfā), also called Japho or Joppa in English, is an ancient Levantine port city now part of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel, located in its southern part.
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Jallab
Jallab or Jellab (translit) is a type of fruit syrup popular in the Middle East made from carob, dates, grape molasses and rose water.
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Jazira Region
The Jazira Region, formerly Jazira Canton, (Herêma Cizîrê, إقليمالجزيرة, Ponyotho d'Gozarto), is the largest of the three original regions of the de facto Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES).
Jewish Quarter of Damascus
The Jewish Quarter of Damascus (Arabic: حارة اليهود, DMG Ḥārat al-Yahūd) is the quarter in the southeastern part of the Old City of Damascus inhabited mainly by Jews until 1948.
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Jews
The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.
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Jihad
Jihad (jihād) is an Arabic word which literally means "exerting", "striving", or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim.
See Syria and Jihad
Jineology
Jineology is a form of feminism and of gender equality advocated by Abdullah Öcalan, the representative leader of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the broader Kurdistan Communities Union (KCK) umbrella.
John Kerry
John Forbes Kerry (born December 11, 1943) is an American attorney, politician, and diplomat who served as the 68th United States secretary of state from 2013 to 2017 in the administration of Barack Obama.
Jordan
Jordan, officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. Syria and Jordan are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, countries in Asia, Levant, member states of the Arab League, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries, states and territories established in 1946 and west Asian countries.
See Syria and Jordan
Jordan–Syria border
The Jordan–Syria border is 362 km (225 m) in length and runs from the tripoint with Israel in the west to the tripoint with Iraq in the east.
See Syria and Jordan–Syria border
Journalist
A journalist is a person who gathers information in the form of text, audio or pictures, processes it into a newsworthy form and disseminates it to the public.
Jubb'adin
Jubb'adin (ܓܦܥܘܕ - גפעוד Ġuppaʿōḏ, جبعدين) is a village in southern Syria, administratively part of the Rif Dimashq Governorate, located northeast of Damascus in the Qalamoun Mountains.
Judaea (Roman province)
Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.
See Syria and Judaea (Roman province)
Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.
Judiciary
The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases.
Julia Domna
Julia Domna (– 217 AD) was Roman empress from 193 to 211 as the wife of Emperor Septimius Severus.
Kebab
Kebab (كباب, kabāb, كباب,; kebap), kabob (North American), kebap, or kabab (Kashmir) is a variety of roasted meat dishes that originated in the Middle East.
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Kessab
Kessab (كسب; Kesab), also spelled Kesab or Kasab, is a town in northwestern Syria, administratively part of the Latakia Governorate, located 59 kilometers north of Latakia.
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Khalid ibn al-Walid
Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (died 642) was a 7th-century Arab military commander.
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Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
The Khan Shaykhun chemical attack took place on 4 April 2017 on the town of Khan Shaykhun in the Idlib Governorate of Syria.
See Syria and Khan Shaykhun chemical attack
Khubz
Khubz, alternatively transliterated as khoubz, khobez, khubez, or khubooz, is the usual word for "bread" in Standard Arabic and in many of the vernaculars.
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Kibbeh
Kibbeh (also kubba and other spellings; kibba) is a popular dish in the Levant based on spiced lean ground meat and bulgur wheat.
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Kirkuk
Kirkuk (كركوك; translit;; Kerkük) is a city in Iraq, serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate, located north of Baghdad.
See Syria and Kirkuk
Kobani
Kobanî (rtl,, also rendered Kobanê, Kūbānī), officially Ayn al-Arab (ʿAyn al-ʿArab), is a Kurdish-majority city in northern Syria, lying immediately south of the Syria–Turkey border.
See Syria and Kobani
Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan
The Kofi Annan peace plan for Syria or the six-point peace plan for Syria was launched in March 2012 by the Arab League and the United Nations (UN), when the violent Syrian conflict or civil war had raged for a year.
See Syria and Kofi Annan Syrian peace plan
Kurdification
Kurdification is a cultural change in which people, territory, or language become Kurdish.
Kurdish language
Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest and northeast Iran, and Syria.
See Syria and Kurdish language
Kurdistan 24
Kurdistan 24 (K24) is a Kurdish broadcast news station based in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq, with foreign bureaus in Washington, DC.
Kurds
Kurds or Kurdish people (rtl, Kurd) are an Iranic ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria.
See Syria and Kurds
Kurds in Syria
The Kurdish population of Syria is the country's largest ethnic minority, usually estimated at around 10% of the Syrian population Kurds are the largest ethnic minority in Syria, constituting around 10 per cent of the population – around 2 million of the pre-conflict population of around 22 million.
Kurmanji
Kurmanji (lit), also termed Northern Kurdish, is the northernmost of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions.
Lakhmid kingdom
The Lakhmid Kingdom (translit), also referred to in Arabic as al-Manādhirah (المناذرة, romanized as) or Banu Lakhm (بنو لخم, romanized as) was an Arab kingdom in Southern Iraq and Eastern Arabia, with al-Hirah as their capital, from the late 3rd century to 602 AD/CE.
Latakia
Latakia (translit; Syrian pronunciation) is the principal port city of Syria and capital city of the Latakia Governorate located on the Mediterranean coast. Syria and Latakia are Levant.
Latakia Governorate
Latakia Governorate, also transliterated as Ladhakia Governorate, (مُحافظة اللاذقية / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat al-Lādhiqīyah) is one of the 14 governorates of Syria.
See Syria and Latakia Governorate
Late Bronze Age collapse
The Late Bronze Age collapse was a time of widespread societal collapse during the 12th century BC associated with environmental change, mass migration, and the destruction of cities.
See Syria and Late Bronze Age collapse
Latin liturgical rites
Latin liturgical rites, or Western liturgical rites, is a large family of liturgical rites and uses of public worship employed by the Latin Church, the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church, that originated in Europe where the Latin language once dominated.
See Syria and Latin liturgical rites
Law of France
French law has a dual jurisdictional system comprising private law (droit privé), also known as judicial law, and public law (droit public).
League of Nations
The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.
See Syria and League of Nations
Lebanese Civil War
The Lebanese Civil War (الحرب الأهلية اللبنانية) was a multifaceted armed conflict that took place from 1975 to 1990.
See Syria and Lebanese Civil War
Lebanese Maronite Christians
Lebanese Maronite Christians (المسيحية المارونية في لبنان; ܡܫܝܚܝ̈ܐ ܡܪ̈ܘܢܝܐ ܕܠܒܢܢ) refers to Lebanese people who are members of the Maronite Church in Lebanon, the largest Christian denomination in the country.
See Syria and Lebanese Maronite Christians
Lebanese people
The Lebanese people (الشعب اللبناني / ALA-LC) are the people inhabiting or originating from Lebanon.
Lebanon
Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. Syria and Lebanon are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, countries in Asia, eastern Mediterranean, Levant, member states of the Arab League, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
Lebanon–Syria border
The Lebanon–Syria border is 394 km (245 miles) in length and runs from the Mediterranean coast in the north to the tripoint with Israel in the south.
See Syria and Lebanon–Syria border
Legislature
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.
Lena Chamamyan
Lena Chamamyan (لينا شماميان, Լենա Շամամեան; born 27 June 1980) is a Syrian singer-songwriter, known for her soprano voice and unique style, which fuses jazz, Arabic folk music and Western classical music.
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''. Syria and Levant are eastern Mediterranean.
See Syria and Levant
Levant Crisis
The Levant Crisis, also known as the Damascus Crisis, the Syrian Crisis, or the Levant Confrontation, was a military confrontation that took place between British and French forces in Syria in May 1945 soon after the end of World War II in Europe.
Levantine Arabic
Levantine Arabic, also called Shami (autonym: or اللهجة الشامية), is an Arabic variety spoken in the Levant, namely in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel and southern Turkey (historically only in Adana, Mersin and Hatay provinces). Syria and Levantine Arabic are Levant.
See Syria and Levantine Arabic
Library of Congress Country Studies
The Country Studies are works published by the Federal Research Division of the United States Library of Congress, freely available for use by researchers.
See Syria and Library of Congress Country Studies
Lingua franca
A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
List of cities in Syria
The country of Syria is administratively subdivided into 14 governorates, which are sub-divided into 65 districts, which are further divided into 284 sub-districts.
See Syria and List of cities in Syria
List of countries and dependencies by area
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area.
See Syria and List of countries and dependencies by area
List of Internet top-level domains
This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet.
See Syria and List of Internet top-level domains
List of massacres in Syria
The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in Syria.
See Syria and List of massacres in Syria
List of monasteries in Syria
This is a list of monasteries in Syria.
See Syria and List of monasteries in Syria
List of oldest continuously inhabited cities
This is a list of present-day cities by the time period over which they have been continuously inhabited as a city.
See Syria and List of oldest continuously inhabited cities
List of Syrian civil war barrel bomb attacks
A barrel bomb is a type of improvised explosive device used extensively by the Syrian Air Force during the Syrian civil war.
See Syria and List of Syrian civil war barrel bomb attacks
Literacy
Literacy is the ability to read and write.
Lower Egypt
Lower Egypt (مصر السفلى) is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur.
Luhuti
Luhuti, Lukhuti or Lu'ash, was an Iron Age Syro-Hittite Aramean region during the early 1st millennium BC located in northern Syria, in an area that used to be called Nuhašše.
See Syria and Luhuti
Luwian language
Luwian, sometimes known as Luvian or Luish, is an ancient language, or group of languages, within the Anatolian branch of the Indo-European language family.
Maaloula
Maaloula (مَعلُولَا; Maʿlūlā) is a town in the Rif Dimashq Governorate in Syria.
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.
See Syria and Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Madinat al-Baath
Madinat al-Baath (Madīnat al-Bā'āth), also known as City of Baath or New Quneitra, is a town in the Golan Heights that is the administrative centre of the Quneitra Governorate of southern Syria.
See Syria and Madinat al-Baath
Madrid Conference of 1991
The Madrid Conference of 1991 was a peace conference, held from 30 October to 1 November 1991 in Madrid, hosted by Spain and co-sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union.
See Syria and Madrid Conference of 1991
Magic realism
Magic realism, magical realism or marvelous realism is a style or genre of fiction and art that presents a realistic view of the world while incorporating magical elements, often blurring the lines between fantasy and reality.
Malta
Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea. Syria and Malta are member states of the United Nations.
See Syria and Malta
Mamluk
Mamluk or Mamaluk (mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.
See Syria and Mamluk
Mamluk Sultanate
The Mamluk Sultanate (translit), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries.
See Syria and Mamluk Sultanate
Manakish
Manakish (translit), or in singular form man'ousheh, or other spellings, is a popular Levantine food consisting of dough topped with za'atar, cheese, or ground meat.
Manbij
Manbij (Manbiǧ, Minbic, Münbiç, Menbic, or Menbiç) is a city in the northeast of Aleppo Governorate in northern Syria, west of the Euphrates.
See Syria and Manbij
Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; al-intidāb al-faransīalā sūriyā wa-lubnān, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon.
See Syria and Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
Manichaeism
Manichaeism (in New Persian آیینِ مانی) is a former major world religion,R.
March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
The March 1949 Syrian coup d'état was a bloodless coup d'état that took place on 30 March, and was the first military coup in modern Syrian history which overthrew the country's democratically elected government.
See Syria and March 1949 Syrian coup d'état
Mari, Syria
Mari (Cuneiform:, ma-riki, modern Tell Hariri; تل حريري) was an ancient Semitic city-state in modern-day Syria.
Mark Sykes
Colonel Sir Tatton Benvenuto Mark Sykes, 6th Baronet (16 March 1879 – 16 February 1919) was an English traveller, Conservative Party politician, and diplomatic advisor, particularly with regard to the Middle East at the time of the First World War.
Maronite Church
The Maronite Church (لكنيسة المارونية; ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܡܪܘܢܝܬܐ) is an Eastern Catholic sui iuris particular church in full communion with the pope and the worldwide Catholic Church, with self-governance under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches.
Marshall Cavendish
Marshall Cavendish is a subsidiary company of Times Publishing Group, the printing and publishing subsidiary of Singapore-based conglomerate Fraser and Neave (which in turn currently owned by ThaiBev, a Thai beverage company), and at present is a publisher of books, business directories and magazines.
See Syria and Marshall Cavendish
Mass media in Syria
The mass media in Syria consists primarily of television, radio, Internet, film and print.
See Syria and Mass media in Syria
Mass murder
Mass murder is the violent crime of killing a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity.
Mecca
Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.
See Syria and Mecca
Mecelle
The Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye (مجلۀ احكامعدلیە), or the Mecelle in short, was the civil code of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century.
Medes
The Medes (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭; Akkadian: 13px, 13px; Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι; Latin: Medi) were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran. Around the 11th century BC, they occupied the mountainous region of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia in the vicinity of Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan).
See Syria and Medes
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See Syria and Mediterranean Sea
Melkite Greek Catholic Church
The Melkite Greek Catholic Church, or Melkite Byzantine Catholic Church, is an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with the Holy See as part of the worldwide Catholic Church.
See Syria and Melkite Greek Catholic Church
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Mesopotamian Arabic
Mesopotamian Arabic (لهجة بلاد ما بين النهرين), also known as Iraqi Arabic (اللهجة العراقية), is a group of varieties of Arabic spoken in the Mesopotamian basin of Iraq, as well as in Syria, southeastern Turkey, Iran, Kuwait and Iraqi diaspora communities.
See Syria and Mesopotamian Arabic
Mesopotamian shrub desert
The Mesopotamian shrub desert is a deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregion in Western Asia.
See Syria and Mesopotamian shrub desert
Meze
Meze (also spelled mezze or mezé) is a selection of small dishes served as appetizers in Levantine, Turkish, Balkan, Armenian, Kurdish, and Greek cuisines.
See Syria and Meze
Michel Aflaq
Michel Aflaq (Mīšīl ʿAflaq‎,; 9 January 1910 – 23 June 1989) was a Syrian philosopher, sociologist and Arab nationalist.
Middle Assyrian Empire
The Middle Assyrian Empire was the third stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of Assyria from the accession of Ashur-uballit I 1363 BC and the rise of Assyria as a territorial kingdom to the death of Ashur-dan II in 912 BC.
See Syria and Middle Assyrian Empire
Middle East and North Africa
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), also referred to as West Asia and North Africa (WANA) or South West Asia and North Africa (SWANA), is a geographic region which comprises the Middle East and North Africa together.
See Syria and Middle East and North Africa
Middle East steppe
The Middle East steppe ecoregion (WWF ID: PA0812) stretches in an arc from southern Jordan across Syria and Iraq to the western border of Iran.
See Syria and Middle East steppe
Military budget
A military budget (or military expenditure), also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a state to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes.
Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)
The Military Intelligence Directorate (MID; translit) is the military intelligence service of Syria.
See Syria and Military Intelligence Directorate (Syria)
Millet (Ottoman Empire)
In the Ottoman Empire, a millet (ملت) was an independent court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim sharia, Christian canon law, or Jewish halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.
See Syria and Millet (Ottoman Empire)
Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (Syria)
The Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (وزارة الإتصالات وتقانة المعلومات) of the Syrian Arab Republic is the ministry that is responsible for the enforcement of government communications and information policies.
See Syria and Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (Syria)
Minority group
The term "minority group" has different usages, depending on the context.
Mitanni
Mitanni (–1260 BC), earlier called Ḫabigalbat in old Babylonian texts,; Hanigalbat or Hani-Rabbat in Assyrian records, or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) with Indo-Aryan linguistic and political influences.
Mithraism
Mithraism, also known as the Mithraic mysteries or the Cult of Mithras, was a Roman mystery religion centered on the god Mithras.
Modern Standard Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Modern Written Arabic (MWA) is the variety of standardized, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in some usages also the variety of spoken Arabic that approximates this written standard.
See Syria and Modern Standard Arabic
Mongols
The Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (majority in Inner Mongolia), as well as Buryatia and Kalmykia of Russia.
Mosul
Mosul (al-Mawṣil,,; translit; Musul; Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate.
See Syria and Mosul
Motion of no confidence
A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion of confidence and corresponding vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fit to continue to occupy their office.
See Syria and Motion of no confidence
Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
The Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (1861–1918, translit) was one of the Ottoman Empire's subdivisions following the Tanzimat reform.
See Syria and Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
Muhammad
Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.
Muhammad al-Maghut
Muhammad al-Maghout (1934–April 3, 2006) (محمد الماغوط) was a renowned Syrian writer and poet.
See Syria and Muhammad al-Maghut
Muhammad Umran
Major General Muhammad Umran (محمد عمران; 1922 – 4 March 1972) was a Syrian general and a founding member of the Military Committee of the unitary Ba'ath Party.
Mujaddara
Mujaddara (مجدّرة mujaddarah, with alternative spellings in English majadra, mejadra, moujadara, mudardara, and megadarra) is a dish consisting of cooked lentils together with groats, generally rice, and garnished with sautéed onions.
Mureybet
Mureybet (lit) is a tell, or ancient settlement mound, located on the west bank of the Euphrates in Raqqa Governorate, northern Syria.
Muslim Brotherhood
The Society of the Muslim Brothers (جماعة الإخوان المسلمين), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون) is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928.
See Syria and Muslim Brotherhood
Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria (translit) is a Syrian branch of the Sunni Islamist Muslim Brotherhood organization.
See Syria and Muslim Brotherhood in Syria
Muslim conquest of the Levant
The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Fatḥ al-šām; lit. "Conquest of Syria"), or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate.
See Syria and Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslims
Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.
Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
The Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem (قُدس شَرِيف مُتَصَرِّفلغى, Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı; متصرفية القدس الشريف, Mutaṣarrifiyyat al-quds aš-šarīf), also known as the Sanjak of Jerusalem, was an Ottoman district with special administrative status established in 1872.
See Syria and Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem
Muwashshah
Muwashshah (مُوَشَّح literally means "girdled" in Classical Arabic; plural موشحات or تواشيح) is the name for both an Arabic poetic form and a musical genre.
Nabataeans
The Nabataeans or Nabateans (translit) were an ancient Arab people who inhabited northern Arabia and the southern Levant.
Nahda
The Nahda (translit, meaning "the Awakening"), also referred to as the Arab Awakening or Enlightenment, was a cultural movement that flourished in Arab-populated regions of the Ottoman Empire, notably in Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, and Tunisia, during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century.
See Syria and Nahda
Nahr al-Kabir
The Nahr al-Kabir, also known in Syria as al-Nahr al-Kabir al-Janoubi (lit, in contrast with the Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali) or in Lebanon simply as the Kebir, is a river in Syria and Lebanon flowing into the Mediterranean Sea at Arida.
Najah al-Attar
Najah Al-Attar (نجاح العطار; born 10 January 1933) is a Syrian politician who has been the Vice President since 2006.
Naram-Sin of Akkad
Naram-Sin, also transcribed Narām-Sîn or Naram-Suen (𒀭𒈾𒊏𒄠𒀭𒂗𒍪: DNa-ra-am DSîn, meaning "Beloved of the Moon God Sîn", the "𒀭" a determinative marking the name of a god), was a ruler of the Akkadian Empire, who reigned –2218 BC (middle chronology), and was the third successor and grandson of King Sargon of Akkad.
See Syria and Naram-Sin of Akkad
Narco-state
Narco-state (also narco-capitalism or narco-economy) is a political and economic term applied to countries where all legitimate institutions become penetrated by the power and wealth of the illegal drug trade.
Nasserism
Nasserism is an Arab nationalist and Arab socialist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second President.
National Progressive Front (Syria)
The National Progressive Front (al-Jabha al-Waṭaniyyah al-Taqaddumiyyah, NPF) is a pro-government coalition of left-wing parties in Syria that supports the Arab nationalist and Arab socialist orientation of the government and accepts the "leading role" of the ruling Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party.
See Syria and National Progressive Front (Syria)
Navi Pillay
Navanethem "Navi" Pillay (born 23 September 1941) is a South African jurist who served as the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2008 to 2014.
Nazism
Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.
See Syria and Nazism
Near East
The Near East is a transcontinental region around the East Mediterranean encompassing parts of West Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, specifically the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, East Thrace, and Egypt. Syria and Near East are eastern Mediterranean.
Neo-Aramaic languages
The Neo-Aramaic or Modern Aramaic languages are varieties of Aramaic that evolved during the late medieval and early modern periods, and continue to the present day as vernacular (spoken) languages of modern Aramaic-speaking communities.
See Syria and Neo-Aramaic languages
Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.
See Syria and Neo-Assyrian Empire
Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century.
See Syria and Neo-Babylonian Empire
Neolithic
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.
New Kingdom of Egypt
The New Kingdom, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, was the ancient Egyptian state between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC.
See Syria and New Kingdom of Egypt
Nizar Qabbani
Nizar Tawfiq Qabbani (نزار توفيق قباني,, Nizar Kabbani; 21 March 1923 – 30 April 1998) was a Syrian diplomat, poet, writer and publisher.
Nizari Isma'ilism
Nizari Isma'ilism (translit) are the largest segment of the Ismaili Muslims, who are the second-largest branch of Shia Islam after the Twelvers.
See Syria and Nizari Isma'ilism
North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. Syria and North Korea are countries in Asia, member states of the United Nations and totalitarian states.
Northwest Semitic languages
Northwest Semitic is a division of the Semitic languages comprising the indigenous languages of the Levant.
See Syria and Northwest Semitic languages
NPR
National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.
See Syria and NPR
Nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction or nuclear fusion reactions.
Nureddin al-Atassi
Noureddin Mustafa Ali al-Atassi (translit, 11 January 1929 – 3 December 1992) was a Syrian politician who served as the President of Syria from February 1966 to November 1970.
See Syria and Nureddin al-Atassi
Obsidian
Obsidian is a naturally occurring volcanic glass formed when lava extruded from a volcano cools rapidly with minimal crystal growth.
Occupation of Zor
The Occupation of Zor was the 1918–1920 occupation of the Zor Sanjak in Upper Mesopotamia after World War I by Iraqi nationalists representing the Arab government in Damascus led by Emir Faisal.
See Syria and Occupation of Zor
Odaenathus
Septimius Odaenathus (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; translit; 220 – 267) was the founder king (''Mlk'') of the Palmyrene Kingdom who ruled from Palmyra, Syria.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is a department of the United Nations Secretariat that works to promote and protect human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
See Syria and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Official language
An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations.
See Syria and Official language
Offshore drilling
Offshore drilling is a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed.
See Syria and Offshore drilling
Old Assyrian period
The Old Assyrian period was the second stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of the city of Assur from its rise as an independent city-state under Ushpia 2080 BC, and consolidated under Puzur-Ashur I 2025 BC to the foundation of a larger Assyrian territorial state and empire after the accession of Ashur-uballit I 1363 BC, which marks the beginning of the succeeding Middle Assyrian period.
See Syria and Old Assyrian period
One-party state
A one-party state, single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a governance structure in which only a single political party controls the ruling system.
Operation Outside the Box
Operation Outside the Box (מבצע מחוץ לקופסה, Mivtza MiHutz LaKufsa), also known as Operation Orchard (מבצע בוסתן, Mivtza Bustan), was an Israeli airstrike on a suspected nuclear reactor, Associated Press Latest Update: 04.28.11, 18:10 referred to as the Al Kibar site (also referred to in IAEA documents as Dair Alzour), in the Deir ez-Zor region of Syria, which occurred just after midnight (local time) on 6 September 2007.
See Syria and Operation Outside the Box
Order of Assassins
The Order of Assassins or simply the Assassins (Ḥaššāšīn) were a Nizari Isma'ili order that existed between 1090 and 1275 AD, founded by Hassan-i Sabbah.
See Syria and Order of Assassins
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī; Organisation de la coopération islamique), formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969.
See Syria and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Ottoman Syria
Ottoman Syria (سوريا العثمانية) was a group of divisions of the Ottoman Empire within the region of Syria, usually defined as being east of the Mediterranean Sea, west of the Euphrates River, north of the Arabian Desert and south of the Taurus Mountains.
Palestine (region)
The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.
See Syria and Palestine (region)
Palestine Liberation Organization
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية) is a Palestinian nationalist coalition that is internationally recognized as the official representative of the Palestinian people; i.e. the globally dispersed population, not just those in the Palestinian territories who are represented by the Palestinian Authority.
See Syria and Palestine Liberation Organization
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (حركة الجهاد الإسلامي في فلسطين, Harakat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn), commonly known simply as Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), is a Palestinian Islamist paramilitary organization formed in 1981.
See Syria and Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Palestinians
Palestinians (al-Filasṭīniyyūn) or Palestinian people (label), also referred to as Palestinian Arabs (label), are an Arab ethnonational group native to Palestine.
Palestinians in Syria
Palestinians in Syria (الفلسطينيون في سوريا) are people of Palestinian origin, most of whom have been residing in Syria after they were displaced from their homeland during the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight.
See Syria and Palestinians in Syria
Palistin
Palistin (or Walistin), was an early Syro-Hittite kingdom located in what is now northwestern Syria and the southeastern Turkish province of Hatay.
Palmyra
Palmyra (Palmyrene:, romanized: Tadmor; Tadmur) is an ancient city in the eastern part of the Levant, now in the center of modern Syria. Syria and Palmyra are Levant.
Palmyrene Empire
The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century.
See Syria and Palmyrene Empire
Parliament of Catalonia
The Parliament of Catalonia (Parlament de Catalunya,; Parlamento de Cataluña; Parlament de Catalonha) is the unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Catalonia.
See Syria and Parliament of Catalonia
Parliamentary republic
A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament).
See Syria and Parliamentary republic
Partisan (politics)
A partisan is a committed member of a political party.
See Syria and Partisan (politics)
Pashtuns
Pashtuns (translit), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are a nomadic, pastoral, Eastern Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. They historically were also referred to as Afghans until the 1970s after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all ethnic groups in Afghanistan.
Pastirma
Pastirma or Pasterma, also called pastarma, pastırma, pastourma,, basdirma, basterma, basturma, or aboukh is a highly seasoned, air-dried cured beef that is found in the cuisines of Albania, Armenia, Romania, Bulgaria, Egypt, Greece, Cyprus, Iraq, the Levant, North Macedonia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey.
Paul the Apostle
Paul (Koinē Greek: Παῦλος, romanized: Paûlos), also named Saul of Tarsus (Aramaic: ܫܐܘܠ, romanized: Šāʾūl), commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Christian apostle (AD) who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world.
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Peasant
A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or a farmer with limited land-ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. In Europe, three classes of peasants existed: non-free slaves, semi-free serfs, and free tenants.
People's Assembly of Syria
The People's Assembly (مَجْلِس الشَّعْب) is Syria's legislative authority.
See Syria and People's Assembly of Syria
Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.
Petroleum industry in Syria
The petroleum industry in Syria forms a major part of the economy of Syria.
See Syria and Petroleum industry in Syria
Pharaoh
Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE.
Philip the Arab
Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippus "Arabs"; 204 – September 249) was Roman emperor from 244 to 249.
Phoenice (Roman province)
Phoenice (Syria Phoenīcē; hē Phoinī́kē Syría) was a province of the Roman Empire, encompassing the historical region of Phoenicia.
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.
Phoenician language
Phoenician (Phoenician) is an extinct Canaanite Semitic language originally spoken in the region surrounding the cities of Tyre and Sidon.
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Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.
Pluralism (political philosophy)
Pluralism as a political philosophy is the diversity within a political body, which is seen to permit the peaceful coexistence of different interests, convictions, and lifestyles.
See Syria and Pluralism (political philosophy)
Police state
A police state describes a state whose government institutions exercise an extreme level of control over civil society and liberties.
Political party
A political party is an organization that coordinates candidates to compete in a particular country's elections.
Politics of Syria
Politics in the Syrian Arab Republic takes place in the framework of a presidential republic with nominal multi-party representation in People's Council under the Ba'athist-dominated National Progressive Front.
See Syria and Politics of Syria
Polyethnicity
Polyethnicity, also known as pluri-ethnicity or multi-ethnicity, refers to specific cultural phenomena that are characterized by social proximity and mutual interaction of people from different ethnic backgrounds, within a country or other specific geographic region.
Pompey
Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic.
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Popular Front for Change and Liberation
The Popular Front for Change and Liberation (الجبهة الشعبية للتحرير والتغيير, al-Jabha aš-š‘abiyya li'l-taghayyir wa'l-taḥrīr) is a coalition of Syrian political parties.
See Syria and Popular Front for Change and Liberation
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira. Syria and Portugal are member states of the United Nations.
Poverty
Poverty is a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a certain standard of living.
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) denotes the first stage of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, in early Levantine and Anatolian Neolithic culture, dating to years ago, that is, 10,000–8800 BCE.
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Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC.
See Syria and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
President of Syria
The president of Syria (رئيس سوريا.), officially the president of the Syrian Arab Republic (رئيس الجمهورية العربية السورية.), is the head of state of the Syrian Arab Republic.
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Presidential system
A presidential system, or single executive system, is a form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of powers.
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Primary sector of the economy
The primary sector of the economy includes any industry involved in the extraction and production of raw materials, such as farming, logging, fishing, forestry and mining.
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Prime Minister of Syria
The prime minister of Syria (raʾīs wuzarāʾ Sūriyā) is the head of Council of Ministers appointed by the President of the Syrian Arab Republic.
See Syria and Prime Minister of Syria
Principality of Antioch
The Principality of Antioch (Principatus Antiochenus; Princeté de Antioch) was one of the Crusader states created during the First Crusade which included parts of modern-day Turkey and Syria.
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Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a hypothetical prehistoric ethnolinguistic group of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
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Purple Line (ceasefire line)
The Purple Line was the ceasefire line between Israel and Syria after the 1967 Six-Day War and serves as the de facto border between the two countries.
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Qalawun
(قلاوون الصالحي, – November 10, 1290) was the seventh Turkic Bahri Mamluk Sultan of Egypt; he ruled from 1279 to 1290.
Qamishli
Qamishli is a city in northeastern Syria on the Syria–Turkey border, adjoining the city of Nusaybin in Turkey.
Qatna
Qatna (modern: تل المشرفة, Tell al-Mishrifeh; also Tell Misrife or Tell Mishrifeh) was an ancient city located in Homs Governorate, Syria.
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Quneitra
Quneitra (also Al Qunaytirah, Qunaitira, or Kuneitra; ٱلْقُنَيْطِرَة or ٱلْقُنَيطْرَة, al-Qunayṭrah or al-Qunayṭirah) is the largely destroyed and abandoned capital of the Quneitra Governorate in south-western Syria.
Quneitra Governorate
Quneitra Governorate (مُحافظة القنيطرة / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Al-Qunayṭrah) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
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Quran
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).
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Rafic Hariri
Rafic Bahaa El Deen al-Hariri (translit; 1 November 1944 – 14 February 2005), also known as Rafiq al-Hariri, was a Lebanese businessman and politician, who served as the Prime Minister of Lebanon from 1992 to 1998 and again from 2000 until he resigned on, before his assassination in 2005.
Raqqa
Raqqa (ar-Raqqah, also) is a city in Syria on the left bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo.
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Raqqa Governorate
Raqqa Governorate (Muḥāfaẓat ar-Raqqah) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria.
See Syria and Raqqa Governorate
Rashidun army
The Rashidun army was the core of the Rashidun Caliphate's armed forces during the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century.
Refugee
A refugee, conventionally speaking, is a person who has lost the protection of their country of origin and who cannot or is unwilling to return there due to well-founded fear of persecution. Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by a contracting state or by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) if they formally make a claim for asylum.
Refugees of the Syrian civil war
Refugees of the Syrian civil war are citizens and permanent residents of Syria who have fled the country throughout the Syrian civil war.
See Syria and Refugees of the Syrian civil war
Regions of the AANES
The de facto Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, sometimes referred to as "Rojava", is divided into several self-governing regions.
See Syria and Regions of the AANES
Rekhmire
Rekhmire was an ancient Egyptian noble and official of the 18th Dynasty who served as "Governor of the Town" (Thebes) and Vizier during the reigns of Thutmosis III and Amenhotep II, circa 1400 BCE.
Religion
Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.
Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders (RWB; Reporters sans frontières; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organization focused on safeguarding the right to freedom of information.
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Republic
A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.
Retjenu
Retjenu (rṯnw; Reṯenu, Retenu), later known as Khor, was the Ancient Egyptian name for the wider Syrian region, where the Semitic-speaking Canaanites lived.
Reuters
Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.
Rif Dimashq Governorate
Rif Dimashq Governorate (محافظة ريف دمشق,, lit. "Damascus Countryside Governorate") is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.
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Rmelan
Rimelan (رميلان, Rimêlan) is a town in the Cizire Province (Hassake) in the northeast of Syria.
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Rojava conflict
The Rojava conflict, also known as the Rojava Revolution, is a political upheaval and military conflict taking place in northern Syria, known among Kurds as Western Kurdistan or Rojava.
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.
Roman Syria
Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. Syria and Russia are countries in Asia and member states of the United Nations.
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Russians
Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.
Sabah Fakhri
Sabah al-Din Abu Qaws (صباح الدين أبو قوس.), also known as Sabah Fakhri (صباح فخري North Levantine; May 2, 1933 – November 2, 2021), was a Syrian tenor singer from Aleppo.
Sabri Moudallal
Sabri Moudallal (Arabic: صبري مدلل; 1918, Aleppo – August 2006, Aleppo) was a singer and composer of traditional Syrian music, as well as a businessman.
Sack of Aleppo (1400)
The siege of Aleppo was a major event in 1400 during the war between the Timurid Empire and Mamluk Sultanate.
See Syria and Sack of Aleppo (1400)
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.
Saladin
Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (– 4 March 1193), commonly known as Saladin, was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty.
Salah al-Din al-Bitar
Salah al-Din al-Bitar (Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn al-Bīṭār; 1 January 1912 – 21 July 1980) was a Syrian politician who co-founded the Baʿath Party with Michel Aflaq in the early 1940s.
See Syria and Salah al-Din al-Bitar
Salah Jadid
Salah Jadid (Ṣalāḥ Jadīd; 1926 – 19 August 1993) was a Syrian military officer and politician who was the leader of the left-wing of the Syrian Regional Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the country's de facto leader from 1966 until 1970, when he was ousted by Hafez al-Assad's Corrective Movement.
Salim Barakat
Salim Barakat (سليمبركات, Selîm Berekat; born 1 September 1951 in Qamishli) is a Kurdish-Syrian novelist and poet.
Samarkand
Samarkand or Samarqand (Uzbek and Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia.
Samʾal
Zincirli Höyük is an archaeological site located in the Anti-Taurus Mountains of modern Turkey's Gaziantep Province.
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Sami al-Hinnawi
Sami Hilmy al-Hinnawi (Muḥammad Sāmī Ḥilmī al-Ḥinnāwī; 1898 – 31 October 1950) was a Syrian politician and military officer.
San Remo conference
The San Remo conference was an international meeting of the post-World War I Allied Supreme Council as an outgrowth of the Paris Peace Conference, held at Castle Devachan in Sanremo, Italy, from 19 to 26 April 1920.
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Sanjak of Alexandretta
The Sanjak of Alexandretta (Liwa' Al-Iskandarūna; İskenderun Sancağı; Sandjak d'Alexandrette) was a sanjak of the Mandate of Syria composed of two qadaas of the former Aleppo Vilayet (Alexandretta and Antioch, now İskenderun and Antakya).
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Sargon of Akkad
Sargon of Akkad (𒊬𒊒𒄀|Šarrugi), also known as Sargon the Great, was the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, known for his conquests of the Sumerian city-states in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC.
Satrap
A satrap was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.
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Sayf al-Dawla
ʿAlī ibn ʾAbū'l-Hayjāʾ ʿAbdallāh ibn Ḥamdān ibn Ḥamdūn ibn al-Ḥārith al-Taghlibī (علي بن أبو الهيجاء عبد الله بن حمدان بن الحارث التغلبي, 22 June 916 – 8 February 967), more commonly known simply by his honorific of Sayf al-Dawla (سيف الدولة), was the founder of the Emirate of Aleppo, encompassing most of northern Syria and parts of the western Jazira.
Sayfo
The Sayfo (ܣܲܝܦܵܐ), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I. The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church.
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Schocken Books
Schocken Books is a book publishing imprint of Penguin Random House that specializes in Jewish literary works.
Schutzstaffel
The Schutzstaffel (SS; also stylised as ᛋᛋ with Armanen runes) was a major paramilitary organisation under Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Nazi Germany, and later throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II.
Scud missile
A Scud missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.
Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.
Sea Peoples
The Sea Peoples were a group of tribes hypothesized to have attacked Egypt and other Eastern Mediterranean regions around 1200 BC during the Late Bronze Age.
Second Battle of Homs
The Second Battle of Homs was fought in western Syria on 29 October 1281, between the armies of the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt and the Ilkhanate, a division of the Mongol Empire centered on Iran. The battle was part of Abaqa Khan's attempt at taking Syria from the Egyptians.
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Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
The Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone, part of the Sochi Agreement (Soçi Mutabakatı, Сочинское соглашение), is a buffer zone in northern Syria between the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).
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Secularism
Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on naturalistic considerations, uninvolved with religion.
Security agency
A security agency is a governmental organization that conducts intelligence activities for the internal security of a nation.
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
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Septimius Severus
Lucius Septimius Severus (11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was a Roman politician who served as emperor from 193 to 211.
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Severan dynasty
The Severan dynasty, sometimes called the Septimian dynasty, was an Ancient Roman imperial dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235, during the Roman imperial period.
Severus Alexander
Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – March 235), also known as Alexander Severus, was Roman emperor from 222 until 235.
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Shahba
Shahba (شَهْبَا / ALA-LC: Shahbā) is a city located south of Damascus in the Jabal el Druze in As-Suwayda Governorate of Syria, but formerly in the Roman province of Arabia Petraea.
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Shamshi-Adad I
Shamshi-Adad (Šamši-Adad; Amorite: Shamshi-Addu), ruled 1808–1776 BC, was an Amorite warlord and conqueror who had conquered lands across much of Syria, Anatolia, and Upper Mesopotamia.
Shanklish
Shanklish (shanklīsh or شنغليش shanghlīsh), also known as chancliche, shinklish, shankleesh, sorke, sürke, or eddesh, is a type of cow or sheep milk cheese in Levantine cuisine.
Shapur I
Shapur I (also spelled Shabuhr I; Šābuhr) was the second Sasanian King of Kings of Iran.
Sharia
Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.
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Shawarma
Shawarma (شاورما) is a Middle Eastern dish that originated in the Levant region of the Arab world during the Ottoman Empire, consisting of meat that is cut into thin slices, stacked in an inverted cone, and roasted on a slow-turning vertical spit.
Shebaa Farms
The Shebaa Farms, also spelled Sheba'a Farms (مزارع شبعا,; חוות שבעא Havot Sheba‘a), also known as Mount Dov (translit), is a small strip of land at the intersection of the Lebanese–Syrian border and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights.
Shia Islam
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.
Shukri al-Quwatli
Shukri al-Quwatli (Shukrī al-Quwwatlī; 6 May 189130 June 1967) was the first president of post-independence Syria, in 1943.
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Siege of Aleppo (1260)
The siege of Aleppo lasted from 18 January to 24 January 1260.
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Siege of Damascus (1400)
The siege of Damascus (also known as the Sack of Damascus and the Capture of Damascus) was a major event in 1400–01 during the war between the Timurid Empire and Mamluk Egypt.
See Syria and Siege of Damascus (1400)
Silk Road
The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.
Six-Day War
The Six-Day War, also known as the June War, 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) from 5 to 10 June 1967.
Slate (magazine)
Slate is an online magazine that covers current affairs, politics, and culture in the United States.
See Syria and Slate (magazine)
Social equality
Social equality is a state of affairs in which all individuals within society have equal rights, liberties, and status, possibly including civil rights, freedom of expression, autonomy, and equal access to certain public goods and social services.
Somalia
Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. Syria and Somalia are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, member states of the Arab League and member states of the United Nations.
Sophene
Sophene (translit or Չորրորդ Հայք,; translit) was a province of the ancient kingdom of Armenia, located in the south-west of the kingdom, and of the Roman Empire.
South Sudan
South Sudan, officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Syria and South Sudan are member states of the United Nations.
Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
The Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests ecoregion, in the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub biome, is in the eastern Mediterranean Basin. Syria and Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests are eastern Mediterranean.
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Southern Syria
Southern Syria (سوريا الجنوبية) is the southern part of the Syria region, roughly corresponding to the Southern Levant.
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria
The Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria (translit) represents the People's Assembly, Syria's legislature, signs documents and speaks on its behalf. Throughout its history, the Speaker has been responsible for representing the Assembly. As of 2017, 30 different people have served as speakers.
See Syria and Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria
State of emergency
A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens.
See Syria and State of emergency
State of Palestine
Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in the southern Levant region of West Asia, encompassing the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, within the larger historic Palestine region. Syria and State of Palestine are arab republics, countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, countries in Asia, eastern Mediterranean, Levant, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
See Syria and State of Palestine
State of Syria (1925–1930)
The State of Syria (État de Syrie, دولة سوريا) was a French Mandate state created by decree of 5 December 1924, with effect from 1 January 1925, from the union of the State of Aleppo and the State of Damascus.
See Syria and State of Syria (1925–1930)
State-owned enterprise
A state-owned enterprise (SOE) is a business entity which is established and/or owned by a national or state/provincial government, by an executive order or an act of legislation, in order to earn profit for the government, control monopoly of the private sector over means of production, provide commodities to citizens at a lower price, implement government policies, and/or to deliver products and services to remote locations that otherwise have trouble attracting private vendors.
See Syria and State-owned enterprise
Strained yogurt
Strained yogurt, Greek yogurt, yogurt cheese, sack yogurt or kerned yogurt is yogurt that has been strained to remove most of its whey, resulting in a thicker consistency than normal unstrained yogurt, while still preserving the distinctive sour taste of yogurt.
Sudan
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. Syria and Sudan are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, member states of the Arab League, member states of the United Nations and military dictatorships.
See Syria and Sudan
Suez Crisis
The Suez Crisis or the Second Arab–Israeli War, also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression in the Arab world and as the Sinai War in Israel, was a British–French–Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956.
Sujuk
Sujuk or sucuk (/suːˈd͡ʒʊk/) is a dry, spicy and fermented sausage which is consumed in several Balkan, Middle Eastern and Central Asian cuisines.
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Sultan al-Atrash
Sultan al-Atrash (translit; 5 March 1891 – 26 March 1982) was a Syrian Druze nationalist revolutionary who led the Great Syrian Revolt against the French colonial administration in Syria.
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Sumer
Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. Syria and Sumer are Levant.
See Syria and Sumer
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
Sunqur al-Ashqar
Shams al-Din Sunqur al-Ashqar al-Salihi (شمس الدين سنقر الأشقر الصالحي) was the Mamluk viceroy of Damascus in 1279–1280, who attempted to rule Syria independently, in a rebellion against the Egypt-based sultan Qalawun.
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Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria
The Supreme Constitutional Court (المحكمة الدستورية العليا, Al-Mahkamah al-Dustūrīyah al-‘Ulyā) is the highest jurisdictional authority in the Syrian Arab Republic.
See Syria and Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria
Sustainability
Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long time.
Suteans
The Suteans (Akkadian: Sutī’ū, possibly from Amorite: Šetī’u) were a nomadic Semitic people who lived throughout the Levant, Canaan and Mesopotamia, specifically in the region of Suhum, during the Old Babylonian period.
Sykes–Picot Agreement
The Sykes–Picot Agreement was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire.
See Syria and Sykes–Picot Agreement
Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. Syria and Syria are 1946 establishments in Asia, arab republics, Ba'athist states, countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, countries in Asia, eastern Mediterranean, Kurdish-speaking countries and territories, Levant, member states of the Arab League, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries, military dictatorships, states and territories established in 1946, totalitarian states and west Asian countries.
See Syria and Syria
Syria (region)
Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant. Syria and Syria (region) are Levant.
Syria vilayet
The Vilayet of Syria (ولاية سوريا.; Vilâyet-i Sûriye), also known as Vilayet of Damascus,.
Syria–Lebanon campaign
The Syria–Lebanon campaign, also known as Operation Exporter, was the invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France) in June and July 1941 by British Empire forces, during the Second World War.
See Syria and Syria–Lebanon campaign
Syriac Catholic Church
The Syriac Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic Christian jurisdiction originating in the Levant that uses the West Syriac Rite liturgy and has many practices and rites in common with the Syriac Orthodox Church.
See Syria and Syriac Catholic Church
Syriac Christianity
Syriac Christianity (ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ / Mšiḥoyuṯo Suryoyto or Mšiḥāyūṯā Suryāytā) is a branch of Eastern Christianity of which formative theological writings and traditional liturgies are expressed in the Classical Syriac language, a variation of the old Aramaic language.
See Syria and Syriac Christianity
Syriac language
The Syriac language (Leššānā Suryāyā), also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect. Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'.
Syriac Orthodox Church
The Syriac Orthodox Church (ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣath Shubḥo); also known as West Syriac Church or West Syrian Church, officially known as the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, and informally as the Jacobite Church, is an Oriental Orthodox church that branched from the Church of Antioch.
See Syria and Syriac Orthodox Church
Syrian Air
Syrian Airlines (السورية للطيران), operating as SyrianAir (السورية), is the flag carrier of Syria.
Syrian Armed Forces
The Syrian Arab Armed Forces (SAAF; al-Quwwāt al-Musallaḥah al-ʿArabīyah as-Sūrīyah) are the military forces of the Syrian Arab Republic.
See Syria and Syrian Armed Forces
Syrian Army
The Syrian Army (SyA or SA), officially the Syrian Arab Army (SyAA or SAA) (al-Jayš al-ʿArabī as-Sūrī), is the land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces.
Syrian civil war
The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided conflict in Syria involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors.
See Syria and Syrian civil war
Syrian Democratic Forces
The Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) is a Kurdish-led coalition formed by ethnic militias and rebel groups, and serves as the official military wing of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (AANES).
See Syria and Syrian Democratic Forces
Syrian diaspora
Syrian diaspora refers to Syrian people and their descendants who chose or were forced to emigrate from Syria and now reside in other countries as immigrants, or as refugees of the Syrian Civil War.
Syrian Electronic Army
The Syrian Electronic Army (SEA; الجيش السوري الإلكتروني) is a group of computer hackers which first surfaced online in 2011 to support the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad.
See Syria and Syrian Electronic Army
Syrian Interim Government
The Syrian Interim Government (SIG) is an alternative government in Syria, formed by the umbrella opposition group, the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces.
See Syria and Syrian Interim Government
Syrian nationalism
Syrian nationalism, also known as Pan-Syrian nationalism (or pan-Syrianism), refers to the nationalism of the region of Syria, as a cultural or political entity known as "Greater Syria".
See Syria and Syrian nationalism
Syrian Observatory for Human Rights
The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (also known as SOHR; المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان), founded in May 2006, is a United Kingdom-based information office whose stated aim is to document human rights abuses in Syria; since 2011 it has focused on the Syrian Civil War.
See Syria and Syrian Observatory for Human Rights
Syrian occupation of Lebanon
The Syrian occupation of Lebanon (Arabic: الاحتلال السوري للبنان) lasted from 1976, beginning with the Syrian intervention in the Lebanese Civil War, until April 30, 2005.
See Syria and Syrian occupation of Lebanon
Syrian opposition
The Syrian opposition (المعارضة السورية) is the political structure represented by the Syrian National Coalition and associated Syrian anti-Assad groups with certain territorial control as an alternative Syrian government. Syria and Syrian opposition are member states of the Arab League.
See Syria and Syrian opposition
Syrian peace process
The Syrian peace process is the ensemble of initiatives and plans to resolve the Syrian civil war, which has been ongoing in Syria since 2011 and has spilled beyond its borders.
See Syria and Syrian peace process
Syrian pound
The Syrian pound or lira (al-līra as-sūriyya; abbreviation: LS or SP in Latin, ل.س in Arabic, historically also £S, and £Syr; ISO code: SYP) is the currency of Syria.
Syrian Private University
Syrian Private University or SPU (SPU; al-Jāmiʿat as-Sūrīyat al-Khāṣṣat) (formerly: Syrian International University for Science and Technology) is a private university located in Syria.
See Syria and Syrian Private University
Syrian Railways
General Establishment of Syrian Railways (المؤسسة العامة للخطوط الحديدية, Chemins de fer syriens, CFS) is the national railway operator for the state of Syria, subordinate to the Ministry of Transportation.
Syrian revolution
The Syrian revolution, also known as the Syrian Revolution of Dignity, was a series of mass protests and uprisings in Syria – with a subsequent violent reaction by the Syrian Arab Republic – lasting from March 2011 to June 2012, as part of the wider Arab Spring in the Arab world.
See Syria and Syrian revolution
Syrian Salvation Government
The Syrian Salvation Government is a ''de facto'' alternative government of the Syrian opposition in Idlib Governorate, formed in early November 2017 under the initiative of Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) rebel coalition in the context of the Syrian civil war.
See Syria and Syrian Salvation Government
Syrian Telecom
Syrian Telecom (officially: Syrian Telecommunications Establishment) (الإتصالات السورية) is a telecommunications company in Syria.
Syrian Turkmen
Syrian Turkmen (translit; Suriye Türkmenleri) are Syrian citizens of Turkish origin who mainly trace their roots to Anatolia (i.e. modern Turkey).
Syrians
Syrians (سوريون) are the majority inhabitants of Syria, indigenous to the Levant, who have Arabic, especially its Levantine dialect, as a mother tongue.
Syro-Hittite states
The states called Neo-Hittite, Syro-Hittite (in older literature), or Luwian-Aramean (in modern scholarly works) were Luwian and Aramean regional polities of the Iron Age, situated in southeastern parts of modern Turkey and northwestern parts of modern Syria, known in ancient times as lands of Hatti and Aram.
See Syria and Syro-Hittite states
Tabbouleh
Tabbouleh (translit), also transcribed tabouleh, tabbouli, tabouli, or taboulah, is a Levantine salad made mostly of finely chopped parsley, with tomatoes, mint, onion, soaked uncooked bulgur, and seasoned with olive oil, lemon juice, salt and sweet pepper.
Tanzimat
The (lit, see nizam) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876.
Tartus
Tartus (طَرْطُوس / ALA-LC: Ṭarṭūs; known in the County of Tripoli as Tortosa and also transliterated from French Tartous) is a major port city on the Mediterranean coast of Syria.
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Tartus Governorate
Tartus Governorate, also transliterated as Tartous Governorate, (مُحافظة طرطوس / ALA-LC: Muḥāfaẓat Ṭarṭūs) is one of the 14 governorates of Syria.
See Syria and Tartus Governorate
Telecommunications in Syria
The Syrian Ministry of Communications retains governmental authority over the internet in Syria.
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Telephone numbers in Syria
Telephone numbers in Syria, lists the telephone numbering and dialing conventions in Syria.
See Syria and Telephone numbers in Syria
Television in Syria
Television in Syria was formed in 1960, when Syria and Egypt (which adopted television that same year) were part of the United Arab Republic.
See Syria and Television in Syria
Tell Kazel
Tell Kazel (translit) is an oval-shaped tell that measures at its base, narrowing to at its top.
Tell Sukas
Tell Sukas (also "Teil Sukäs") (possibly ancient Shuksi or Suksi) is a Late Bronze Age archaeological mound on the Eastern Mediterranean coast about south of Jableh, Syria.
Tertiary education
Tertiary education, also referred to as third-level, third-stage or post-secondary education, is the educational level following the completion of secondary education.
See Syria and Tertiary education
The Economist
The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.
The Globe and Mail
The Globe and Mail is a Canadian newspaper printed in five cities in western and central Canada.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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Theodor Nöldeke
Theodor Nöldeke (born 2 March 1836 – 25 December 1930) was a German orientalist and scholar, originally a student of Heinrich Ewald.
Thutmose III
Thutmose III (variously also spelt Tuthmosis or Thothmes), sometimes called Thutmose the Great, was the sixth pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty.
Tiglath-Pileser I
Tiglath-Pileser I (from the Hebraic form of 𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏|translit.
See Syria and Tiglath-Pileser I
Tigranes the Great
Tigranes II, more commonly known as Tigranes the Great (Tigran Mets in Armenian; Τιγράνης ὁ Μέγας,; Tigranes Magnus; 140 – 55 BC), was a king of Armenia.
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Timur
Timur, also known as Tamerlane (8 April 133617–18 February 1405), was a Turco-Mongol conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire in and around modern-day Afghanistan, Iran, and Central Asia, becoming the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty. An undefeated commander, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest military leaders and tacticians in history, as well as one of the most brutal and deadly.
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Tishreen University
Tishreen University (lit), is a public university located in Latakia, Syria.
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Torture
Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering on a person for reasons including punishment, extracting a confession, interrogation for information, intimidating third parties, or entertainment.
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.
Transparency International
Transparency International e.V. (TI) is a German registered association founded in 1993 by former employees of the World Bank.
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Tribunal
A tribunal, generally, is any person or institution with authority to judge, adjudicate on, or determine claims or disputes—whether or not it is called a tribunal in its title.
Tulunids
The Tulunids, were a Mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin who were the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt, as well as much of Syria, since the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Tunisia
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa. Syria and Tunisia are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, member states of the Arab League and member states of the United Nations.
Turco–Mongol tradition
The Turco-Mongol or Turko-Mongol tradition was an ethnocultural synthesis that arose in Asia during the 14th century among the ruling elites of the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate.
See Syria and Turco–Mongol tradition
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. Syria and Turkey are countries in Asia, eastern Mediterranean, Kurdish-speaking countries and territories, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
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Turkish language
Turkish (Türkçe, Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers.
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Turkish people
Turkish people or Turks (Türkler) are the largest Turkic people who speak various dialects of the Turkish language and form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.
Turkish State Railways
The State Railways of the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları), abbreviated as TCDD, is a government-owned national railway company responsible with the ownership and maintenance of railway infrastructure in Turkey, as well as the planning and construction of new lines.
See Syria and Turkish State Railways
Twelver Shi'ism
Twelver Shīʿism (ٱثْنَا عَشَرِيَّة), also known as Imāmiyya (إِمَامِيَّة), is the largest branch of Shīʿa, comprising about 90% of all Shīas.
Ugarit
Ugarit (𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚, ʾUgarītu) was an ancient port city in northern Syria about 10 kilometers north of modern Latakia.
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Ugaritic
Ugaritic is an extinct Northwest Semitic language, classified by some as a dialect of the Amorite language.
Ugaritic alphabet
The Ugaritic writing system is a cuneiform abjad (consonantal alphabet) with syllabic elements used from around either 1400 BCE or 1300 BCE for Ugaritic, an extinct Northwest Semitic language.
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Ulama
In Islam, the ulama (the learned ones; singular ʿālim; feminine singular alimah; plural aalimath), also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law.
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Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
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Umayyad dynasty
The Umayyad dynasty (Sons of Umayya) or Umayyads (al-Umawiyyūn) was an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe who were the ruling family of the Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of al-Andalus between 756 and 1031.
Union for the Mediterranean
The Union for the Mediterranean (UfM; Union pour la Méditerranée, الإتحاد من أجل المتوسط Al-Ittiḥād min ajl al-Mutawasseṭ) is an intergovernmental organization of 43 member states from Europe and the Mediterranean Basin: the 27 EU member states (including those not on the Mediterranean) and 16 Mediterranean partner countries from North Africa, Western Asia and Southern Europe.
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United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic (UAR; translit) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 until 1961. Syria and United Arab Republic are arab republics.
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United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
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United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
The United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) is a United Nations peacekeeping mission tasked with maintaining the ceasefire between Israel and Syria in the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War.
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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is a United Nations agency mandated to aid and protect refugees, forcibly displaced communities, and stateless people, and to assist in their voluntary repatriation, local integration or resettlement to a third country.
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United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. Syria and United States are member states of the United Nations.
United States Department of State
The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.
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University and college admission
University admission or college admission is the process through which students enter tertiary education at universities and colleges.
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University of Aleppo
University of Aleppo (Jāmiʿat Ḥalab, also called Aleppo University) is a public university located in Aleppo, Syria.
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University of California Press
The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
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University of Kalamoon
The University of Kalamoon (جامعة القلمون الخاصة) is a private, accredited university located in Deir Atiyah An-Nabek District Rif Dimashq Governorate in Syria, located between the Qalamoun Mountains and the Eastern Lebanon Mountains, 88 kilometres (55 miles) north of the capital Damascus.
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University of Michigan Press
The University of Michigan Press is a new university press (NUP) that is a part of Michigan Publishing at the University of Michigan Library.
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Upper Mesopotamia
Upper Mesopotamia constitutes the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East.
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UTC+03:00
UTC+03:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +03:00.
Utopia
A utopia typically describes an imaginary community or society that possesses highly desirable or near-perfect qualities for its members.
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Varieties of Arabic
Varieties of Arabic (or dialects or vernacular languages) are the linguistic systems that Arabic speakers speak natively.
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Vice President of Syria
The vice president of Syria (نائب رئيس سوريا.) is a political position in Syria.
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Vichy France
Vichy France (Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State (État français), was the French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
Vocation
A vocation is an occupation to which a person is especially drawn or for which they are suited, trained or qualified.
Voter registration
In electoral systems, voter registration (or enrollment) is the requirement that a person otherwise eligible to vote must register (or enroll) on an electoral roll, which is usually a prerequisite for being entitled or permitted to vote.
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W. Montgomery Watt
William Montgomery Watt (14 March 1909 – 24 October 2006) was a Scottish historian and orientalist.
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War economy
A war economy or wartime economy is the set of contingencies undertaken by a modern state to mobilize its economy for war production.
Webometrics Ranking of World Universities
The Webometrics Ranking of World Universities, also known as Ranking Web of Universities, is a ranking system for the world's universities based on a composite indicator that takes into account both the volume of the Web content (number of web pages and files) and the visibility and impact of these web publications according to the number of external inlinks (site citations) they received.
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West Asia
West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.
West Semitic languages
The West Semitic languages are a proposed major sub-grouping of ancient Semitic languages.
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Western Neo-Aramaic
Western Neo-Aramaic (ܐܰܪܳܡܰܝ, arōmay.), more commonly referred to as Siryon (ܣܪܝܘܢ, siryōn, "Syriac"), is a modern variety of the Western Aramaic branch consisting of three closely related dialects.
See Syria and Western Neo-Aramaic
White coffee
White coffee can refer to any of a number of different kinds of coffees or coffee substitutes worldwide.
White Ware
White Ware or "Vaisselle Blanche", effectively a form of limestone plaster used to make vessels, is the first precursor to clay pottery developed in the Levant that appeared in the 9th millennium BC, during the pre-pottery (aceramic) neolithic period.
William Muir
Sir William Muir (27 April 1819 – 11 July 1905) was a Scottish Orientalist, and colonial administrator, Principal of the University of Edinburgh and Lieutenant Governor of the North-West Provinces of British India.
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
World Press Freedom Index
The World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) is an annual ranking of countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) since 2002 based upon the organization's own assessment of the countries' press freedom records in the previous year.
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World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Yamhad
Yamhad (Yamḫad) was an ancient Semitic-speaking kingdom centered on Ḥalab (Aleppo) in Syria.
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Yasser Arafat
Yasser Arafat (4 or 24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004), also popularly known by his kunya Abu Ammar, was a Palestinian political leader.
Yazidis
Yazidis, also spelled Yezidis (translit), are a Kurdish-speaking endogamous religious group who are indigenous to Kurdistan, a geographical region in Western Asia that includes parts of Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran.
Yazidism in Syria
Yazidism in Syria refers to people born in or residing in Syria who adhere to Yazidism, a strictly endogamous religion.
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Yemen
Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia. Syria and Yemen are arab republics, countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, countries in Asia, member states of the Arab League, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
See Syria and Yemen
Yom Kippur War
The Yom Kippur War, also known as the Ramadan War, the October War, the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought from 6 to 25 October 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.
Za'atar
Za'atar (زَعْتَر) is a Levantine culinary herb or family of herbs.
Zakaria Tamer
Zakaria Tamer (Zakariyyā Tāmir; born January 2, 1931), also spelled Zakariya Tamir, is a Syrian short story writer.
Zenobia
Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; 240 – c. 274) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria.
Zor Sanjak
The Sanjak of Zor (Deyr-i-Zor sancağı) was a sanjak of the Ottoman Empire, which was created in 1857.
.sy
.sy is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Syria.
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1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement (Middle East)
The Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement of 1 December 1918 was a verbal agreement that modified the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement in respect to Palestine and the Mosul vilayet.
See Syria and 1918 Clemenceau–Lloyd George Agreement (Middle East)
1954 Syrian coup d'état
The 1954 Syrian coup d'état took place in February of that year to overthrow the government of Adib Shishakli.
See Syria and 1954 Syrian coup d'état
1961 Syrian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Syria on 1 December 1961.
See Syria and 1961 Syrian constitutional referendum
1961 Syrian coup d'état
The Syrian coup d'état of 1961 was an uprising by disgruntled Syrian Army officers on 28 September 1961, that resulted in the break-up of the United Arab Republic and the restoration of an independent Syrian Republic.
See Syria and 1961 Syrian coup d'état
1963 Syrian coup d'état
The 1963 Syrian coup d'état, referred to by the Syrian government as the 8 March Revolution (ثورة الثامن من آذار), was the seizure of power in Syria by the military committee of the Syrian Regional Branch of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.
See Syria and 1963 Syrian coup d'état
1966 Syrian coup d'état
The 1966 Syrian coup d'état refers to events between 21 and 23 February during which the government of the Syrian Arab Republic was overthrown and replaced.
See Syria and 1966 Syrian coup d'état
1982 Hama massacre
The Hama massacre (مجزرة حماة) occurred in February 1982 when the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies, under orders of president Hafez al-Assad, besieged the town of Hama for 27 days in order to quell an uprising by the Muslim Brotherhood against the Ba'athist government.
See Syria and 1982 Hama massacre
2000 Syrian presidential election
A presidential referendum was held in Syria on 10 July 2000, following the death of President Hafez al-Assad.
See Syria and 2000 Syrian presidential election
2004 Qamishli riots
The 2004 Qamishli riots were an uprising by Syrian Kurds in the northeastern city of Qamishli in March 2004, which culminated in a massacre by the Syrian Arab Armed Forces.
See Syria and 2004 Qamishli riots
2017 Shayrat missile strike
On the morning of 7 April 2017, the United States launched 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles from the Mediterranean Sea into Syria, aimed at Shayrat Airbase controlled by the Syrian government.
See Syria and 2017 Shayrat missile strike
32nd parallel north
The 32nd parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 32 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
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35th meridian east
The meridian 35° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
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38th parallel north
The 38th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
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43rd meridian east
The meridian 43° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Asia, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
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See also
1946 establishments in Asia
Arab republics
- Algeria
- All-Palestine Protectorate
- Arab Islamic Republic
- Ba'athist Iraq
- Democratic Republic of Yemen
- Egypt
- Federation of Arab Republics
- Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- South Yemen
- State of Palestine
- Syria
- Union of Arab Republics (1972)
- United Arab Republic
- Yemen
- Yemen Arab Republic
Ba'athist states
- Ba'athist Iraq
- Syria
Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
- Algeria
- Bahrain
- Chad
- Comoros
- Djibouti
- Egypt
- Iraq
- Israel
- Jordan
- Kuwait
- Lebanon
- Libya
- List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
- Mali
- Mauritania
- Morocco
- Oman
- Qatar
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- Saudi Arabia
- Somalia
- Somaliland
- State of Palestine
- Sudan
- Syria
- Tunisia
- United Arab Emirates
- Western Sahara
- Yemen
- Zanzibar
Eastern Mediterranean
- 2002 Eastern Mediterranean event
- Assyria
- Assyrian homeland
- Buddhism and the Roman world
- Cyprus
- EMME
- East Mediterranean Gas Forum
- Eastern Mediterranean
- Eastern Mediterranean Activities Conference
- Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
- Eastern Mediterranean Optical System 1
- Eastern Mediterranean University
- Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests
- Egypt
- Fertile Crescent
- Fleet coinage (Mark Antony)
- Hatay Province
- Iraqi Kurdistan
- Israel
- Khabur (Euphrates)
- Lebanon
- Levant
- Libya
- Mashriq
- McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies
- Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal
- Near East
- Nile Delta
- Northern Cyprus
- Salvia fruticosa
- Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
- State of Palestine
- Syria
- Syrian Desert
- Syrian Kurdistan
- Turkey
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
- Wild edible plants of Israel and Palestine
Kurdish-speaking countries and territories
Member states of the Arab League
- Algeria
- Bahrain
- Comoros
- Djibouti
- Egypt
- Iraq
- Jordan
- Kuwait
- Lebanon
- Libya
- Mauritania
- Member states of the Arab League
- Morocco
- Oman
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia
- Somalia
- Sudan
- Syria
- Syrian opposition
- Tunisia
- United Arab Emirates
- Yemen
Middle Eastern countries
- Bahrain
- Cyprus
- Egypt
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Jordan
- Kuwait
- Lebanon
- Northern Cyprus
- Oman
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia
- State of Palestine
- Syria
- Turkey
- United Arab Emirates
- Yemen
States and territories established in 1946
- Cabinet of the State of East Indonesia
- Chisquilla District
- Colony of Singapore
- Corosha District
- Crown Colony of North Borneo
- Crown Colony of Penang
- Crown Colony of Sarawak
- Dnipropetrovsk Oblast
- Fourth Brazilian Republic
- French Fourth Republic
- French Guiana
- French Union
- Great Dayak
- Jiaonan
- Jordan
- Kaliningrad Oblast
- Kraków Voivodeship (1945–1975)
- Krasnoznamensky District
- Lower Saxony
- Malayan Union
- Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
- Montagnard country of South Indochina
- North Rhine-Westphalia
- People's Republic of Bulgaria
- People's Socialist Republic of Albania
- Philippines
- Polessky District
- Réunion
- Regierungsbezirk Montabaur
- Republic of Mahabad
- Rhineland-Palatinate
- Saint Pierre and Miquelon
- Schleswig-Holstein
- Second Hungarian Republic
- Second Syrian Republic
- Spanish West Africa
- State of East Indonesia
- State of Hanover
- Syria
- Szczecin County
- Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)
- Tainan County
- United Nations trust territories
- Zakarpattia Oblast
Totalitarian states
- Afghanistan
- Ba'athist Iraq
- Communist states
- Democratic Kampuchea
- Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
- Derg
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Fascist Italy
- Finnish Democratic Republic
- Francoist Spain
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References
Also known as Administrative divisions of Syria, Al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah, Amorrhitis, Arab Republic of Syria, Assad Government, Assad regime, Ba'athist Syria, Ba'athist regime, Ba'thist Syria, Baathist Syria, Biodiversity of Syria, Ecoregions of Syria, ISO 3166-1:SY, Souria, Sourie, Sport in Syria, Sryia, Subdivisions of Syria, Suriyah, Syrian Arab Republic, Syrie, Syrien, Sūriyā, Sūrīyah, الجمهورية العربية السورية, الجمهوريّة العربيّة السّوريّة, سوريا.
, Arab al-Mulk, Arab Argentines, Arab International University, Arab Kingdom of Syria, Arab League, Arab League monitors in Syria, Arab nationalism, Arab Reform Initiative, Arab socialism, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region, Arab Spring, Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Arab television drama, Arab world, Arabia Petraea, Arabian Peninsula, Arabian Plate, Arabic, Arabic coffee, Arabic literature, Arabic music, Arabization, Arabs, Arak (drink), Aram (region), Aram Rehob, Aram-Damascus, Aram-Naharaim, Aramaic, Arameans, Arbeia, Arbitrary arrest and detention, Archaeology, Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian Catholic Church, Armenian diaspora, Armenian genocide, Armenian language, Armenians, Armenians in Syria, Arwad, As-Suwayda, As-Suwayda Governorate, Asmahan, Assassination of Rafic Hariri, Assur, Assyria, Assyrian Church of the East, Assyrian people, Assyrians in Syria, Austria-Hungary, Authoritarianism, Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, Autonomous administrative 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