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87 relations: Active site, Adrenal medulla, Adrenaline, Allotropes of oxygen, Alpha helix, Alternative splicing, Alzheimer's disease, Amino acid, Aquayamycin, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome, Biomolecular structure, Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase, C-terminus, CAMK, Catalysis, Catecholamine, Central nervous system, Cocaine, Cofactor (biochemistry), Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Cytosol, Cytotoxicity, Dehydration reaction, Dopamine, Dopamine beta-hydroxylase, Dystonia, Encephalopathy, Enzyme, Enzyme assay, Extracellular signal–regulated kinases, Ferrous, Gene, Glucocorticoid, Glutamic acid, Histidine, Homotetramer, Hormone, Huntington's disease, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydroxylation, Hypertension, Hypotension, Indole, International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders, Intrinsically disordered proteins, Iron, Journal of Child Neurology, L-DOPA, MAPKAPK2, ..., Meta- (chemistry), Metirosine, Miosis, N-terminus, Nicotine, Norepinephrine, Oudenone, Oxidation state, Oxygenase, Parkinson's disease, Pathogenesis, Phenylalanine hydroxylase, Pheochromocytoma, Phosphorylation, Protein, Protein domain, Protein kinase, Protein kinase A, Protein subunit, Ptosis (eyelid), Rate-determining step, Reactive oxygen species, Schizophrenia, Second messenger system, Segawa Syndrome, Sequence homology, Serine, Substantia nigra, Testis-determining factor, Tetrahydrobiopterin, Tetramer, Transcription (biology), Tryptophan hydroxylase, Tyrosine, X-ray crystallography, 14-3-3 protein, 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase. Expand index (37 more) »
Active site
In biology, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
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Adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla (medulla glandulae suprarenalis) is part of the adrenal gland.
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Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as adrenalin or epinephrine, is a hormone, neurotransmitter, and medication.
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Allotropes of oxygen
There are several known allotropes of oxygen.
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Alpha helix
The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a righthand-spiral conformation (i.e. helix) in which every backbone N−H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C.
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Alternative splicing
Alternative splicing, or differential splicing, is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Aquayamycin
Aquayamycin is an anthraquinone derivative.
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Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC or AAAD), also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), tryptophan decarboxylase, and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, is a lyase enzyme.
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Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APSs), also called autoimmune polyglandular syndromes (APSs), polyglandular autoimmune syndromes (PGASs), or polyendocrine autoimmune syndromes, are a heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by autoimmune activity against more than one endocrine organ, although non-endocrine organs can be affected.There are three types of APS or (in terms that mean the same thing) three APSs, and there are a number of other diseases which have endocrine autoimmunity.
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Biomolecular structure
Biomolecular structure is the intricate folded, three-dimensional shape that is formed by a molecule of protein, DNA, or RNA, and that is important to its function.
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Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylase
Biopterin-dependent aromatic amino acid hydroxylases (AAAH) are a family of aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes which includes phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase, tyrosine 3-hydroxylase, and tryptophan 5-hydroxylase.
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C-terminus
The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).
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CAMK
CAMK, also written as CaMK, is an abbreviation for the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase class of enzymes.
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Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.
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Catecholamine
A catecholamine (CA) is a monoamine, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups at carbons 1 and 2) and a side-chain amine.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Cocaine
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug.
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Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes.
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Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.
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Cytotoxicity
Cytotoxicity is the quality of being toxic to cells.
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Dehydration reaction
In chemistry and the biological sciences, a dehydration reaction, also known as Zimmer's hydrogenesis, is a chemical reaction that involves the loss of a water molecule from the reacting molecule.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Dopamine beta-hydroxylase
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), also known as dopamine beta-monooxygenase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DBH gene.
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Dystonia
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder syndrome in which sustained or repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal fixed postures.
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Encephalopathy
Encephalopathy (from ἐγκέφαλος "brain" + πάθος "suffering") means any disorder or disease of the brain, especially chronic degenerative conditions.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Enzyme assay
Enzyme assays are laboratory methods for measuring enzymatic activity.
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Extracellular signal–regulated kinases
In molecular biology, extracellular signal–regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells.
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Ferrous
In chemistry, ferrous (Fe2+), indicates a divalent iron compound (+2 oxidation state), as opposed to ferric, which indicates a trivalent iron compound (+3 oxidation state).
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Homotetramer
A homotetramer is a protein complex made up of four identical subunits which are associated but not covalently bound.
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Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle “ὁρμῶ”, "to set in motion, urge on") is any member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organisms that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organs to regulate physiology and behaviour.
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Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.
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Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
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Hydroxylation
Hydroxylation is a chemical process that introduces a hydroxyl group (-OH) into an organic compound.
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Hypertension
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
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Hypotension
Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation.
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Indole
Indole is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound with formula C8H7N.
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International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders
The International Working Group on Neurotransmitter Related Disorders is an international collaboration of researchers studying neurotransmitter disorders.
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Intrinsically disordered proteins
An intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) is a protein that lacks a fixed or ordered three-dimensional structure.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Journal of Child Neurology
The Journal of Child Neurology is a peer-reviewed medical journal that covers the field of pediatric neurology.
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L-DOPA
L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, as well as some animals and plants.
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MAPKAPK2
MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MAPKAPK2 gene.
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Meta- (chemistry)
In chemistry, meta is a prefix, used for systematic names in IUPAC nomenclature.
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Metirosine
Metirosine (INN and BAN; α-Methyltyrosine, Metyrosine USAN, AMPT) is an antihypertensive drug.
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Miosis
Miosis is excessive constriction of the pupil.
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N-terminus
The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide.
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Nicotine
Nicotine is a potent parasympathomimetic stimulant and an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants.
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.
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Oudenone
Oudenone is a molecule found in fungus metabolism.
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Oxidation state
The oxidation state, sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound.
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Oxygenase
An oxygenase is any enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by transferring the oxygen from molecular oxygen O2 (as in air) to it.
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Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the motor system.
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Pathogenesis
The pathogenesis of a disease is the biological mechanism (or mechanisms) that leads to the diseased state.
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Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of the aromatic side-chain of phenylalanine to generate tyrosine.
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Pheochromocytoma
Pheochromocytoma (PCC) is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands (originating in the chromaffin cells), or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed to involute after birth, that secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine, plus epinephrine to a lesser extent.
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Phosphorylation
In chemistry, phosphorylation of a molecule is the attachment of a phosphoryl group.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein domain
A protein domain is a conserved part of a given protein sequence and (tertiary) structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain.
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Protein kinase
A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation).
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Protein kinase A
In cell biology, protein kinase A (PKANot to be confused with pKa, the symbol for the acid dissociation constant.) is a family of enzymes whose activity is dependent on cellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP).
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Protein subunit
In structural biology, a protein subunit is a single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a protein complex.
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Ptosis (eyelid)
Ptosis (/ˈtoʊsɪs/) is a drooping or falling of the upper eyelid.
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Rate-determining step
In chemical kinetics, the overall rate of a reaction is often approximately determined by the slowest step, known as the rate-determining step (RDS) or rate-limiting step.
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Reactive oxygen species
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.
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Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and failure to understand reality.
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Second messenger system
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules released by the cell in response to exposure to extracellular signaling molecules—the first messengers.
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Segawa Syndrome
Segawa Syndrome (SS) also known as Dopamine-responsive dystonia (DRD), Segawa's disease, Segawa's dystonia and hereditary progressive dystonia with diurnal fluctuation, is a genetic movement disorder which usually manifests itself during early childhood at around ages 5–8 years (variable start age).
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Sequence homology
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life.
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Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an ɑ-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Substantia nigra
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.
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Testis-determining factor
Testis-determining factor (TDF), also known as sex-determining region Y (SRY) protein, is a DNA-binding protein (also known as gene-regulatory protein/transcription factor) encoded by the SRY gene that is responsible for the initiation of male sex determination in humans.
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Tetrahydrobiopterin
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4, THB), also known as sapropterin, is a naturally occurring essential cofactor of the three aromatic amino acid hydroxylase enzymes, used in the degradation of amino acid phenylalanine and in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitters serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), melatonin, dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epinephrine (adrenaline), and is a cofactor for the production of nitric oxide (NO) by the nitric oxide synthases.
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Tetramer
A tetramer (tetra-, "four" + -mer, "parts") is an oligomer formed from four monomers or subunits.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Tryptophan hydroxylase
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
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Tyrosine
Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
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X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
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14-3-3 protein
14-3-3 proteins are a family of conserved regulatory molecules that are expressed in all eukaryotic cells.
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6,7-dihydropteridine reductase
In enzymology, a 6,7-dihydropteridine reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine, NAD+, and NADP+, whereas its 4 products are 6,7-dihydropteridine, NADH, NADPH, and H+.
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Redirects here:
EC 1.14.16.2, L-tyrosine,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating), TH (gene), TYH, Tyrosine 3-hydroxylase, Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, Tyrosine-3-hydroxylase.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase
