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70 relations: Acrosome reaction, Activin and inhibin, Adaptive immune system, Allergy, Antigen-presenting cell, Antisperm antibodies, Autoimmune disease, Autoimmunity, B cell, Blood–testis barrier, Chickenpox, Chlamydia infection, Chlamydia trachomatis, Coxsackie A virus, Cyclooxygenase, Cytokine, Cytotoxic T cell, Dendritic cell, Dengue fever, Embryo, Eosinophil, Epstein–Barr virus, Extracellular fluid, Fertilisation, Gangrene, Gonorrhea, Hippocrates, HIV, Immune privilege, Immune system, Immune tolerance, Infection, Inflammation, Interleukin 6, Interleukin-1 family, Leprosy, Leydig cell, Lymphocyte, Macrophage, Mast cell, Monocyte, Mumps, Natural killer cell, Natural killer T cell, Neutrophil, Nitric oxide, Nitric oxide synthase, Orchitis, Pancreatic islets, Parasitism, ..., Pelvic inflammatory disease, Prostaglandin E2, Prostatitis, Reproduction (journal), Rete testis, Seminiferous tubule, Sertoli cell, Sperm, Spermatogenesis, Spermatogonium, Syphilis, T cell, T helper cell, Testicle, Testicular cancer, Testicular torsion, Transforming growth factor beta, Tuberculosis, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Varicocele. Expand index (20 more) »
Acrosome reaction
During fertilization, a sperm must first fuse with the plasma membrane and then penetrate the female egg in order to fertilize it.
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Activin and inhibin
Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects.
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Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall immune system that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Antigen-presenting cell
An antigen-presenting cell (APC) or accessory cell is a cell that displays antigen complexed with major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) on their surfaces; this process is known as antigen presentation.
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Antisperm antibodies
Antisperm antibodies are antibodies produced against sperm antigens.
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Autoimmune disease
An autoimmune disease is a condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
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Autoimmunity
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues.
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B cell
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.
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Blood–testis barrier
The blood–testis barrier is a physical barrier between the blood vessels and the seminiferous tubules of the animal testes.
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Chickenpox
Chickenpox, also known as varicella, is a highly contagious disease caused by the initial infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV).
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Chlamydia infection
Chlamydia infection, often simply known as chlamydia, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
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Chlamydia trachomatis
Chlamydia trachomatis, commonly known as chlamydia, is one of four bacterial species in the genus Chlamydia.
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Coxsackie A virus
Coxsackie A virus (CAV) is a cytolytic Coxsackievirus of the Picornaviridae family, an enterovirus (a group containing the polioviruses, coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses).
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Cyclooxygenase
Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme (specifically, a family of isozymes) that is responsible for formation of prostanoids, including thromboxane and prostaglandins such as prostacyclin, from arachidonic acid.
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Cytokine
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling.
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Cytotoxic T cell
A cytotoxic T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or killer T cell) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that are damaged in other ways.
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Dendritic cell
Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as accessory cells) of the mammalian immune system.
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Dengue fever
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus.
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Embryo
An embryo is an early stage of development of a multicellular diploid eukaryotic organism.
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Eosinophil
Eosinophils sometimes called eosinophiles or, less commonly, acidophils, are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates. Along with mast cells and basophils, they also control mechanisms associated with allergy and asthma. They are granulocytes that develop during hematopoiesis in the bone marrow before migrating into blood, after which they are terminally differentiated and do not multiply. These cells are eosinophilic or "acid-loving" due to their large acidophilic cytoplasmic granules, which show their affinity for acids by their affinity to coal tar dyes: Normally transparent, it is this affinity that causes them to appear brick-red after staining with eosin, a red dye, using the Romanowsky method. The staining is concentrated in small granules within the cellular cytoplasm, which contain many chemical mediators, such as eosinophil peroxidase, ribonuclease (RNase), deoxyribonucleases (DNase), lipase, plasminogen, and major basic protein. These mediators are released by a process called degranulation following activation of the eosinophil, and are toxic to both parasite and host tissues. In normal individuals, eosinophils make up about 1–3% of white blood cells, and are about 12–17 micrometres in size with bilobed nuclei. While they are released into the bloodstream as neutrophils are, eosinophils reside in tissue They are found in the medulla and the junction between the cortex and medulla of the thymus, and, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, ovary, uterus, spleen, and lymph nodes, but not in the lung, skin, esophagus, or some other internal organs under normal conditions. The presence of eosinophils in these latter organs is associated with disease. For instance, patients with eosinophilic asthma have high levels of eosinophils that lead to inflammation and tissue damage, making it more difficult for patients to breathe. Eosinophils persist in the circulation for 8–12 hours, and can survive in tissue for an additional 8–12 days in the absence of stimulation. Pioneering work in the 1980s elucidated that eosinophils were unique granulocytes, having the capacity to survive for extended periods of time after their maturation as demonstrated by ex-vivo culture experiments.
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Epstein–Barr virus
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
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Extracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells.
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Fertilisation
Fertilisation or fertilization (see spelling differences), also known as generative fertilisation, conception, fecundation, syngamy and impregnation, is the fusion of gametes to initiate the development of a new individual organism.
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Gangrene
Gangrene is a type of tissue death caused by a lack of blood supply.
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Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea, also spelled gonorrhoea, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Kos (Hippokrátēs ho Kṓos), also known as Hippocrates II, was a Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Greece), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine.
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HIV
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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Immune privilege
Certain sites of the human body have immune privilege, meaning they are able to tolerate the introduction of antigens without eliciting an inflammatory immune response.
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Immune system
The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease.
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Immune tolerance
Immune tolerance, or immunological tolerance, or immunotolerance, is a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in given organism.It is induced by prior exposure to that specific antigen.
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Infection
Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they produce.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Interleukin 6
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine.
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Interleukin-1 family
The Interleukin-1 family (IL-1 family) is a group of 11 cytokines that plays a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections or sterile insults.
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Leprosy
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
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Leydig cell
Leydig cells, also known as interstitial cells of Leydig, are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules in the testicle.
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Lymphocyte
A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of white blood cell in a vertebrate's immune system.
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Macrophage
Macrophages (big eaters, from Greek μακρός (makrós).
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Mast cell
A mast cell (also known as a mastocyte or a labrocyte) is a type of white blood cell.
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Monocyte
Monocytes are a type of leukocyte, or white blood cell.
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Mumps
Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus.
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Natural killer cell
Natural killer cells or NK cells are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system.
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Natural killer T cell
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a heterogeneous group of T cells that share properties of both T cells and natural killer cells.
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Neutrophil
Neutrophils (also known as neutrocytes) are the most abundant type of granulocytes and the most abundant (40% to 70%) type of white blood cells in most mammals.
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Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula NO.
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Nitric oxide synthase
Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) are a family of enzymes catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine.
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Orchitis
Orchitis or orchiditis (from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις meaning "testicle"; same root as orchid) is inflammation of the testes.
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Pancreatic islets
The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells, discovered in 1869 by German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans.
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Parasitism
In evolutionary biology, parasitism is a relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
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Pelvic inflammatory disease
Pelvic inflammatory disease or pelvic inflammatory disorder (PID) is an infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system namely the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, and inside of the pelvis.
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Prostaglandin E2
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), also known as dinoprostone, is a naturally occurring prostaglandin which is used as a medication.
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Prostatitis
Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland.
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Reproduction (journal)
Reproduction is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the cellular and molecular biology of reproduction, including the development of gametes and early embryos in all species; developmental processes such as cell differentiation, morphogenesis and related regulatory mechanisms in normal and disease models, assisted reproductive technologies in model systems and in a clinical environment, and reproductive endocrinology, immunology and physiology.
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Rete testis
The rete testis is an anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts.
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Seminiferous tubule
Seminiferous tubules are located within the testes, and are the specific location of meiosis, and the subsequent creation of male gametes, namely spermatozoa.
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Sertoli cell
A Sertoli cell (a kind of sustentacular cell) is a "nurse" cell of the testicles that is part of a seminiferous tubule and helps in the process of spermatogenesis, the production of sperm.
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Sperm
Sperm is the male reproductive cell and is derived from the Greek word (σπέρμα) sperma (meaning "seed").
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
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Spermatogonium
A spermatogonium (plural: spermatogonia) is an undifferentiated male germ cell.
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Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
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T cell
A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
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T helper cell
The T helper cells (Th cells) are a type of T cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in the adaptive immune system.
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Testicle
The testicle or testis is the male reproductive gland in all animals, including humans.
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Testicular cancer
Testicular cancer is cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system.
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Testicular torsion
Testicular torsion occurs when the spermatic cord (from which the testicle is suspended) twists, cutting off the testicle's blood supply.
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Transforming growth factor beta
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily that includes four different isoforms (TGF-β 1 to 4, HGNC symbols TGFB1, TGFB2, TGFB3, TGFB4) and many other signaling proteins produced by all white blood cell lineages.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα, cachexin, or cachectin) is a cell signaling protein (cytokine) involved in systemic inflammation and is one of the cytokines that make up the acute phase reaction.
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Varicocele
A varicocele is an abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicular_immunology
