Faster access than browser!
70 relations: Akkadian language, Arabic, Aramaic language, Arunachal Pradesh, Byzantine Empire, Carlo Goldoni, Classical antiquity, Creole language, Dialect, English as a lingua franca, English language, Esperanto, Euro English, European Union, First language, Frankish language, French language, Global language system, Greek language, Hellenistic period, Hindi, Hindustani language, Indonesia, Indonesian language, International auxiliary language, Inuit, Inuit Sign Language, Iran, Italian language, Javanese language, Juan del Encina, Koiné language, Koine Greek, Language contact, Latin, Levant, Lingua Franca Nova, List of languages by number of native speakers, List of languages by total number of speakers, Loanword, Mandarin Chinese, Mediterranean Lingua Franca, Mixed language, Mutual intelligibility, North America, North India, Occitan language, Old French, Ottoman Empire, Pakistan, ..., Persian language, Philippines, Pidgin, Plains Indian Sign Language, Plateau Sign Language, Portuguese language, Renaissance, Roman Empire, Rosetta Stone, Russian language, Second language, Sign language, Spanish language, Three-language formula, Turkish language, Universal language, Urdu, Vernacular, Working language, World language. Expand index (20 more) »
Akkadian language
Akkadian (akkadû, ak-ka-du-u2; logogram: URIKI)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.
New!!: Lingua franca and Akkadian language · See more »
Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
New!!: Lingua franca and Arabic · See more »
Aramaic language
Aramaic (אַרָמָיָא Arāmāyā, ܐܪܡܝܐ, آرامية) is a language or group of languages belonging to the Semitic subfamily of the Afroasiatic language family.
New!!: Lingua franca and Aramaic language · See more »
Arunachal Pradesh
Arunachal Pradesh ("the land of dawn-lit mountains") is one of the 29 states of India and is the northeastern-most state of the country.
New!!: Lingua franca and Arunachal Pradesh · See more »
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).
New!!: Lingua franca and Byzantine Empire · See more »
Carlo Goldoni
Carlo Osvaldo Goldoni (25 February 1707 – 6 February 1793) was an Italian playwright and librettist from the Republic of Venice.
New!!: Lingua franca and Carlo Goldoni · See more »
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th or 6th century AD centered on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, collectively known as the Greco-Roman world.
New!!: Lingua franca and Classical antiquity · See more »
Creole language
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language developed from a mixture of different languages at a fairly sudden point in time: often, a pidgin transitioned into a full, native language.
New!!: Lingua franca and Creole language · See more »
Dialect
The term dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word,, "discourse", from,, "through" and,, "I speak") is used in two distinct ways to refer to two different types of linguistic phenomena.
New!!: Lingua franca and Dialect · See more »
English as a lingua franca
English as a lingua franca (ELF) is the use of the English language as "a common means of communication for speakers of different first languages".
New!!: Lingua franca and English as a lingua franca · See more »
English language
English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.
New!!: Lingua franca and English language · See more »
Esperanto
Esperanto (or; Esperanto) is a constructed international auxiliary language.
New!!: Lingua franca and Esperanto · See more »
Euro English
Euro English is a set of varieties of English used in Continental Europe and especially in the institutions of the European Union or among young mobile Europeans (such as in the Erasmus programme).
New!!: Lingua franca and Euro English · See more »
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.
New!!: Lingua franca and European Union · See more »
First language
A first language, native language or mother/father/parent tongue (also known as arterial language or L1) is a language that a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.
New!!: Lingua franca and First language · See more »
Frankish language
Frankish (reconstructed Frankish: *italic), Old Franconian or Old Frankish was the West Germanic language spoken by the Franks between the 4th and 8th century.
New!!: Lingua franca and Frankish language · See more »
French language
French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
New!!: Lingua franca and French language · See more »
Global language system
The global language system is the "ingenious pattern of connections between language groups".
New!!: Lingua franca and Global language system · See more »
Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
New!!: Lingua franca and Greek language · See more »
Hellenistic period
The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year.
New!!: Lingua franca and Hellenistic period · See more »
Hindi
Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, IAST: Mānak Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language.
New!!: Lingua franca and Hindi · See more »
Hindustani language
Hindustani (हिन्दुस्तानी, ہندوستانی, ||lit.
New!!: Lingua franca and Hindustani language · See more »
Indonesia
Indonesia (or; Indonesian), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia), is a transcontinental unitary sovereign state located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania.
New!!: Lingua franca and Indonesia · See more »
Indonesian language
Indonesian (bahasa Indonesia) is the official language of Indonesia.
New!!: Lingua franca and Indonesian language · See more »
International auxiliary language
An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a language meant for communication between people from different nations who do not share a common first language.
New!!: Lingua franca and International auxiliary language · See more »
Inuit
The Inuit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, "the people") are a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Greenland, Canada and Alaska.
New!!: Lingua franca and Inuit · See more »
Inuit Sign Language
Inuit Sign Language (IUR, Inuktitut: Uukturausingit ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ or Atgangmuurngniq ᐊᒼᖕᒨᕐᓂᖅ) is an Indigenous sign language isolate native to Inuit communities of the Canadian Arctic.
New!!: Lingua franca and Inuit Sign Language · See more »
Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
New!!: Lingua franca and Iran · See more »
Italian language
Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.
New!!: Lingua franca and Italian language · See more »
Javanese language
Javanese (colloquially known as) is the language of the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia.
New!!: Lingua franca and Javanese language · See more »
Juan del Encina
Juan del Enzina – the spelling he used – or Juan del Encina – modern Spanish spelling – (born July 12, 1468 – died late 1529 or early 1530)Slonimsky, Nicolas, ed.
New!!: Lingua franca and Juan del Encina · See more »
Koiné language
In linguistics, a koiné language, koiné dialect, or simply koiné (Ancient Greek κοινή, "common ") is a standard language or dialect that has arisen as a result of contact between two or more mutually intelligible varieties (dialects) of the same language.
New!!: Lingua franca and Koiné language · See more »
Koine Greek
Koine Greek,.
New!!: Lingua franca and Koine Greek · See more »
Language contact
Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other.
New!!: Lingua franca and Language contact · See more »
Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
New!!: Lingua franca and Latin · See more »
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean.
New!!: Lingua franca and Levant · See more »
Lingua Franca Nova
Lingua Franca Nova (abbreviated as LFN or Elefen) is an auxiliary constructed language originally created by C. George Boeree of Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania.
New!!: Lingua franca and Lingua Franca Nova · See more »
List of languages by number of native speakers
This article ranks human languages by their number of native speakers.
New!!: Lingua franca and List of languages by number of native speakers · See more »
List of languages by total number of speakers
A number of sources have compiled lists of languages by their number of speakers. However, all such lists should be used with caution.
New!!: Lingua franca and List of languages by total number of speakers · See more »
Loanword
A loanword (also loan word or loan-word) is a word adopted from one language (the donor language) and incorporated into another language without translation.
New!!: Lingua franca and Loanword · See more »
Mandarin Chinese
Mandarin is a group of related varieties of Chinese spoken across most of northern and southwestern China.
New!!: Lingua franca and Mandarin Chinese · See more »
Mediterranean Lingua Franca
The Mediterranean Lingua Franca or Sabir was a pidgin language used as a lingua franca in the Mediterranean Basin from the 11th to the 19th century.
New!!: Lingua franca and Mediterranean Lingua Franca · See more »
Mixed language
Although every language is mixed to some extent, by virtue of containing loanwords, it is a matter of controversy whether a term mixed language can meaningfully distinguish the contact phenomena of certain languages (such as those listed below) from the type of contact and borrowing seen in all languages.
New!!: Lingua franca and Mixed language · See more »
Mutual intelligibility
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.
New!!: Lingua franca and Mutual intelligibility · See more »
North America
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.
New!!: Lingua franca and North America · See more »
North India
North India is a loosely defined region consisting of the northern part of India.
New!!: Lingua franca and North India · See more »
Occitan language
Occitan, also known as lenga d'òc (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language.
New!!: Lingua franca and Occitan language · See more »
Old French
Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; Modern French: ancien français) was the language spoken in Northern France from the 8th century to the 14th century.
New!!: Lingua franca and Old French · See more »
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
New!!: Lingua franca and Ottoman Empire · See more »
Pakistan
Pakistan (پاکِستان), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (اِسلامی جمہوریہ پاکِستان), is a country in South Asia.
New!!: Lingua franca and Pakistan · See more »
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
New!!: Lingua franca and Persian language · See more »
Philippines
The Philippines (Pilipinas or Filipinas), officially the Republic of the Philippines (Republika ng Pilipinas), is a unitary sovereign and archipelagic country in Southeast Asia.
New!!: Lingua franca and Philippines · See more »
Pidgin
A pidgin, or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages.
New!!: Lingua franca and Pidgin · See more »
Plains Indian Sign Language
Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL), also known as Plains Sign Talk, Plains Sign Language and First Nation Sign Language, is a trade language (or international auxiliary language), formerly trade pidgin, that was once the lingua franca across central Canada, central and western United States and northern Mexico, used among the various Plains Nations.
New!!: Lingua franca and Plains Indian Sign Language · See more »
Plateau Sign Language
Plateau Sign Language, or Old Plateau Sign Language, is a poorly attested, extinct sign language historically used across the Columbian Plateau.
New!!: Lingua franca and Plateau Sign Language · See more »
Portuguese language
Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language originating from the regions of Galicia and northern Portugal in the 9th century.
New!!: Lingua franca and Portuguese language · See more »
Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.
New!!: Lingua franca and Renaissance · See more »
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.
New!!: Lingua franca and Roman Empire · See more »
Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele, found in 1799, inscribed with three versions of a decree issued at Memphis, Egypt in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V.
New!!: Lingua franca and Rosetta Stone · See more »
Russian language
Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
New!!: Lingua franca and Russian language · See more »
Second language
A person's second language or L2, is a language that is not the native language of the speaker, but that is used in the locale of that person.
New!!: Lingua franca and Second language · See more »
Sign language
Sign languages (also known as signed languages) are languages that use manual communication to convey meaning.
New!!: Lingua franca and Sign language · See more »
Spanish language
Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.
New!!: Lingua franca and Spanish language · See more »
Three-language formula
The three-language formula for language learning was formulated in 1968 by the Ministry of Education of the Government of India in consultation with the states.
New!!: Lingua franca and Three-language formula · See more »
Turkish language
Turkish, also referred to as Istanbul Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 10–15 million native speakers in Southeast Europe (mostly in East and Western Thrace) and 60–65 million native speakers in Western Asia (mostly in Anatolia).
New!!: Lingua franca and Turkish language · See more »
Universal language
Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population.
New!!: Lingua franca and Universal language · See more »
Urdu
Urdu (اُردُو ALA-LC:, or Modern Standard Urdu) is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.
New!!: Lingua franca and Urdu · See more »
Vernacular
A vernacular, or vernacular language, is the language or variety of a language used in everyday life by the common people of a specific population.
New!!: Lingua franca and Vernacular · See more »
Working language
A working language (also procedural language) is a language that is given a unique legal status in a supranational company, society, state or other body or organization as its primary means of communication.
New!!: Lingua franca and Working language · See more »
World language
A world language is a language that is spoken internationally and is learned and spoken by a large number of people as a second language.
New!!: Lingua franca and World language · See more »
Redirects here:
Bridge language, Common (language), Common Language, Common language, Common tongue, Diplomatic language, Langua franca, Language of trade, Language of wider communication, Linga franca, Lingua francae, Lingua francas, Lingua-franca, Linguae francae, Linguafranca, Linguas francas, Lingue franche, Lingue franchi, Link language, Linqua franca, Trade jargon, Trade language, Vehicular language.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca
