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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

Index Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (Vertrag über die abschließende Regelung in Bezug auf Deutschland), more commonly referred to as the Two Plus Four Agreement (Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag), is an international agreement that allowed the reunification of Germany in October 1990. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 149 relations: ABC News (United States), Albania, Allied Control Council, Allied-occupied Germany, Allies of World War II, Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Basic Treaty, 1972, Belarus, Berlin, Berlin Declaration (1945), Berlin Wall, Bonn–Paris conventions, Boris Yeltsin, Boston University, Brandenburg, Budapest Memorandum, Bulgaria, Bundeswehr, Charles S. Maier, Charter of the United Nations, Cold War, Conscription, Council of Europe, Council of Foreign Ministers, Croatia, Czech Republic, Der Spiegel, Die Welt, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Douglas Hurd, East Germany, East Prussia, Eduard Shevardnadze, Elbe, End of World War II in Europe, Energy Charter Treaty, Energy industry, English language, Enlargement of NATO, Estonia, European Communities, European Convention on Human Rights, Federal Academy for Security Policy, Finland, Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, Former eastern territories of Germany, Fossil fuel, Four Power Agreement on Berlin, ... Expand index (99 more) »

  2. 1990 in France
  3. 1990 in Germany
  4. 1990 in Moscow
  5. 1990 in politics
  6. 1990 in the United Kingdom
  7. 1990 in the United States
  8. Borders of Germany
  9. German reunification
  10. Treaties concluded in 1990
  11. Treaties entered into force in 1991

ABC News (United States)

ABC News is the news division of the American television network ABC.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and ABC News (United States)

Albania

Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Albania

Allied Control Council

The Allied Control Council (ACC) or Allied Control Authority (Alliierter Kontrollrat), and also referred to as the Four Powers (Vier Mächte), was the governing body of the Allied occupation zones in Germany (1945–1949/1991) and Austria (1945–1955) after the end of World War II in Europe. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Allied Control Council are France–Soviet Union relations, Germany–Soviet Union relations, Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations and Soviet Union–United States relations.

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Allied-occupied Germany

The entirety of Germany was occupied and administered by the Allies of World War II from the Berlin Declaration on 5 June 1945 to the establishment of West Germany on 23 May 1949.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Allied-occupied Germany

Allies of World War II

The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Allies of World War II

Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

In February and March 2014, Russia invaded the Crimean Peninsula, part of Ukraine, and then annexed it.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany

The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany

Basic Treaty, 1972

The Basic Treaty (Grundlagenvertrag) is the shorthand name for the Treaty concerning the basis of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic (Vertrag über die Grundlagen der Beziehungen zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik). Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and basic Treaty, 1972 are Treaties of East Germany and Treaties of West Germany.

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Belarus

Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Berlin

Berlin Declaration (1945)

The Berlin Declaration (Berliner Erklärung/Deklaration) of 5 June 1945 or the Declaration regarding the defeat of Germany,Officially, the "Declaration regarding the defeat of Germany and the assumption of supreme authority with respect to Germany by the Governments of the United States of America, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the Provisional Government of the French Republic".

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Berlin Declaration (1945)

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany).

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Berlin Wall

Bonn–Paris conventions

The Bonn–Paris conventions were signed in May 1952 and came into force after the 1955 ratification. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Bonn–Paris conventions are Treaties of West Germany.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Bonn–Paris conventions

Boris Yeltsin

Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin (Борис Николаевич Ельцин,; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as President of Russia from 1991 to 1999.

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Boston University

Boston University (BU) is a private research university in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Brandenburg

Brandenburg, officially the State of Brandenburg (see Names), is a state in northeastern Germany.

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Budapest Memorandum

The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances comprises three substantially identical political agreements signed at the OSCE conference in Budapest, Hungary, on 5 December 1994, to provide security assurances by its signatories relating to the accession of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Budapest Memorandum

Bulgaria

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.

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Bundeswehr

The Bundeswehr (literally Federal Defence) is the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany.

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Charles S. Maier

Charles S. Maier (born February 23, 1939) is the Leverett Saltonstall Research Professor of History at Harvard University.

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Charter of the United Nations

The Charter of the United Nations (UN) is the foundational treaty of the United Nations. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Charter of the United Nations are Treaties of East Germany, Treaties of West Germany and Treaties of the Soviet Union.

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Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Cold War are Aftermath of World War II.

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Conscription

Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service.

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Council of Europe

The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe.

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Council of Foreign Ministers

Council of Foreign Ministers was an organisation agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference in 1945 and announced in the Potsdam Agreement and dissolved upon the entry into force of the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in 1991. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Council of Foreign Ministers are Aftermath of World War II, France–Soviet Union relations, Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations and Soviet Union–United States relations.

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Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.

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Czech Republic

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Der Spiegel

(stylized in all caps) is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.

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Die Welt

("The World") is a German national daily newspaper, published as a broadsheet by Axel Springer SE.

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Dissolution of the Soviet Union

Douglas Hurd

Douglas Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd of Westwell, (born 8 March 1930) is a British Conservative Party politician who served in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major from 1979 to 1995.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Douglas Hurd

East Germany

East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and East Germany

East Prussia

East Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and East Prussia

Eduard Shevardnadze

Eduard Ambrosis dze Shevardnadze (ედუარდ ამბროსის ძე შევარდნაძე, romanized:; 25 January 1928 – 7 July 2014) was a Soviet and Georgian politician and diplomat who governed Georgia for several non-consecutive periods from 1972 until his resignation in 2003 and also served as the final Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1985 to 1990.

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Elbe

The Elbe (Labe; Ilv or Elv; Upper and Łobjo) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe.

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End of World War II in Europe

The final battles of the European theatre of World War II continued after the definitive surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies, signed by Field marshal Wilhelm Keitel on 8 May 1945 (VE Day) in Karlshorst, Berlin.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and End of World War II in Europe

Energy Charter Treaty

The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is an international agreement which establishes a multilateral framework for cross-border cooperation in the energy industry, principally the fossil fuel industry. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and energy Charter Treaty are Treaties of France.

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Energy industry

The energy industry is the totality of all of the industries involved in the production and sale of energy, including fuel extraction, manufacturing, refining and distribution.

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English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.

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Enlargement of NATO

NATO is a military alliance of thirty-two European and North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Enlargement of NATO

Estonia

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Estonia

European Communities

The European Communities (EC) were three international organizations that were governed by the same set of institutions.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and European Communities

European Convention on Human Rights

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR; formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is an international convention to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and European Convention on Human Rights are Treaties of France and Treaties of West Germany.

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Federal Academy for Security Policy

The Federal Academy for Security Policy (Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik, BAKS) is the Federal Republic of Germany’s interministerial institution for advanced studies, education and training in security policy in the remit of the Federal Ministry of Defence.

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Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

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Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)

During the later stages of World War II and the post-war period, Germans and fled and were expelled from various Eastern and Central European countries, including Czechoslovakia, and from the former German provinces of Lower and Upper Silesia, East Prussia, and the eastern parts of Brandenburg (Neumark) and Pomerania (Hinterpommern), which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950) are Germany–Soviet Union relations.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) is the ministry of foreign affairs and a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office

Former eastern territories of Germany

The former eastern territories of Germany refer in present-day Germany to those territories east of the current eastern border of Germany, i.e., the Oder–Neisse line, which historically had been considered German and which were annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union after World War II in Europe. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and former eastern territories of Germany are borders of Germany.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Former eastern territories of Germany

Fossil fuel

A fossil fuel is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants and planktons), a process that occurs within geological formations.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Fossil fuel

Four Power Agreement on Berlin

The Four Power Agreement on Berlin, also known as the Berlin Agreement or the Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin, was agreed on 3 September 1971 by the four wartime Allied powers, represented by their ambassadors. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and four Power Agreement on Berlin are France–Soviet Union relations, Soviet Union–United Kingdom relations, Soviet Union–United States relations, Treaties of France and Treaties of the Soviet Union.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and France

French Fifth Republic

The Fifth Republic (Cinquième République) is France's current republican system of government.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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George Washington University

The George Washington University (GW or GWU) is a private federally-chartered research university in Washington, D.C. Originally named Columbian College, it was chartered in 1821 by the United States Congress and is the first university founded under Washington D.C.'s jurisdiction.

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German Air Force

The German Air Force (lit) is the aerial warfare branch of the Bundeswehr, the armed forces of Germany.

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German Army

The German Army ('army') is the land component of the armed forces of Germany.

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German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.

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German reunification

German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single full sovereign state, which took place between 9 November 1989 and 15 March 1991. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and German reunification are 1990 in Germany.

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German–Polish Border Treaty

The German–Polish Border Treaty of 1990 finally settled the issue of the Polish–German border, which in terms of international law had been pending since 1945. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and German–Polish Border Treaty are 1990 in Germany, Boundary treaties, German reunification and Treaties concluded in 1990.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Germany

Germany–Poland border

The Germany–Poland border (Grenze zwischen Deutschland und Polen, Granica polsko-niemiecka) is the state border between Poland and Germany, mostly along the Oder–Neisse line, with a total length of. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Germany–Poland border are borders of Germany.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Germany–Poland border

Government of Portugal

The Government of Portugal, also referred to as the Government of the Portuguese Republic, the Portuguese Government or simply the Government, is one of the four of the Portuguese Republic, together with the President of the Republic, the Assembly of the Republic and the courts.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Government of Portugal

Group of Soviet Forces in Germany

The Western Group of Forces (WGF), previously known as the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany (GSOFG) and the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG), were the troops of the Soviet Army in East Germany. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Group of Soviet Forces in Germany are Germany–Soviet Union relations.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Group of Soviet Forces in Germany

Hallstein Doctrine

The Hallstein Doctrine, named after Walter Hallstein, was a key principle in the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) from 1955 to 1970.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Hallstein Doctrine

Hannes Adomeit

Hannes Adomeit (9 November 1942 – 25 April 2022) was a German political scientist who worked as a political analyst with emphasis on foreign policy, security and defense, transatlantic perspectives in Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Hannes Adomeit

Hans-Dietrich Genscher

Hans-Dietrich Genscher (21 March 1927 – 31 March 2016) was a German statesman and a member of the liberal Free Democratic Party (FDP), who served as Federal Minister of the Interior from 1969 to 1974, and as Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs and Vice Chancellor of Germany from 1974 to 1992 (except for a two-week break in 1982, after the FDP had left the Third Schmidt cabinet), making him the longest-serving occupant of either post and the only person to have held one of these positions under two different Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Hans-Dietrich Genscher

Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1982 to 1990, Chancellor of Germany from 1990 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Helmut Kohl are German reunification.

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Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Hungary

International Herald Tribune

The International Herald Tribune (IHT) was a daily English-language newspaper published in Paris, France, for international English-speaking readers.

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International Security (journal)

International Security is a peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of international and national security.

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James Baker

James Addison Baker III (born April 28, 1930) is an American attorney, diplomat and statesman.

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Jürgen Chrobog

Jürgen Chrobog (born 28 February 1940) is a German jurist and former diplomat.

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Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg

Karl-Theodor Maria Nikolaus Johann Jacob Philipp Franz Joseph Sylvester Buhl-Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg (born 5 December 1971), known professionally as Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, is a German businessman and politician of the Christian Social Union (CSU).

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Kazakhstan

Latvia

Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Latvia

Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Lithuania

London and Paris Conferences

The London and Paris Conferences were two related conferences held in London and Paris during September–October 1954 to determine the status of West Germany.

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Lothar de Maizière

Lothar de Maizière (born 2 March 1940) is a German former Christian Democratic politician.

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M. E. Sarotte

Mary Elise Sarotte is an American post-Cold War historian.

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Marc Trachtenberg

Marc Trachtenberg (born February 9, 1946) is a professor of Political Science at the University of California, Los Angeles.

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Memorandum of conversation

Memorandum of conversation (abbrev.: MEMCON) and also memorandum of a conversation and memo to the file refers to a method of contemporaneous documentation of a conversation in the form of a memorandum used by the United States federal government.

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Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (2 March 1931 – 30 August 2022) was a Soviet and Russian politician who served as the last leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to the country's dissolution in 1991.

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Military

A military, also known collectively as an armed forces, are a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare.

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Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation (MFA Russia; Министерство иностранныхдел Российской Федерации, МИД РФ) is the central government institution charged with leading the foreign policy and foreign relations of Russia.

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Montenegro

Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

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Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

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National Security Archive

The National Security Archive is a 501(c)(3) non-governmental, non-profit research and archival institution located on the campus of the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Founded in 1985 to check rising government secrecy.

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NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.

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New states of Germany

The new states of Germany (die neuen Länder / die neuen Bundesländer) are the five re-established states of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) that unified with the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) with its 10 "old states" upon German reunification on 3 October 1990. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and new states of Germany are 1990 in Germany and German reunification.

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North Macedonia

North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and North Macedonia

Nuclear-weapon-free zone

A nuclear-weapon-free zone (NWFZ) is defined by the United Nations as an agreement that a group of states has freely established by treaty or convention that bans the development, manufacturing, control, possession, testing, stationing or transporting of nuclear weapons in a given area, that has mechanisms of verification and control to enforce its obligations, and that is recognized as such by the General Assembly of the United Nations.

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Occupation statute

The Occupation Statute of Germany (Besatzungsstatut) of April 10, 1949 specified the roles and responsibilities of the newly created government of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the Allied High Commission.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Occupation statute

Oder

The Oder (Czech, Lower Sorbian and) is a river in Central Europe.

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Oder–Neisse line

The Oder–Neisse line (Oder-Neiße-Grenze, granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej) is an unofficial term for the modern border between Germany and Poland.

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Office of Public Sector Information

The Office of Public Sector Information (OPSI) is the body responsible for the operation of His Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO) and of other public information services of the United Kingdom.

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Orange Revolution

The Orange Revolution (translit) was a series of protests, that lead to political upheaval in Ukraine from late November 2004 to January 2005.

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Peaceful Revolution

Peaceful Revolution (Friedliche Revolution) was the process of sociopolitical change that led to the opening of East Germany's borders to the Western world as part of the Revolutions of 1989. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Peaceful Revolution are 1990 in politics and German reunification.

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Petersberg Agreement

The Petersberg Agreement is an international treaty that extended the rights of the government of West Germany vis-a-vis the occupying forces of the United Kingdom, France, and the United States. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Petersberg Agreement are Treaties of West Germany.

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Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Poland

Pomerania

Pomerania (Pomorze; Pommern; Kashubian: Pòmòrskô; Pommern) is a historical region on the southern shore of the Baltic Sea in Central Europe, split between Poland and Germany.

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Potsdam Agreement

The Potsdam Agreement (Potsdamer Abkommen) was the agreement among three of the Allies of World War II: the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union after the war ended in Europe on 1 August 1945 and it was published the next day. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Potsdam Agreement are Aftermath of World War II, Germany–Soviet Union relations, Treaties of the Soviet Union and world War II treaties.

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Potsdam Conference

The Potsdam Conference was held at Potsdam in the Soviet occupation zone from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Potsdam Conference are Aftermath of World War II and Germany–Soviet Union relations.

See Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Potsdam Conference

Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine

In March and April 2021, prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian Armed Forces began massing thousands of personnel and military equipment near Russia's border with Ukraine and in Crimea, representing the largest mobilisation since the illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014.

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Ratification

Ratification is a principal's legal confirmation of an act of its agent.

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Roland Dumas

Roland Dumas (23 August 1922 – 3 July 2024) was a French lawyer and Socialist politician who served as Foreign Minister under President François Mitterrand from 1984 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1993.

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Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Russia Beyond

Russia Beyond (formerly Russia Beyond The Headlines) is a Russian multilingual project operated by RT (formerly Russia Today) parent ANO TV-Novosti, founded by the Russian state news agency RIA Novosti.

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Russia–NATO relations

Relations between the NATO military alliance and the Russian Federation were established in 1991 within the framework of the North Atlantic Cooperation Council.

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Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in 2014.

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Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.

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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I. was an independent federal socialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populous constituent republic of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR..

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Russo-Georgian War

The 2008 Russo-Georgian WarThe war is known by a variety of other names, including Five-Day War, August War and Russian invasion of Georgia.

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Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

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Sergey Lavrov

Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (Сергей Викторович Лавров; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat who has served as the foreign minister of Russia since 2004.

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Silesia

Silesia (see names below) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within modern Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom

Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP and Affiliates, typically shortened to Skadden, is an American multinational law firm headquartered in New York City.

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Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.

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Socialist Unity Party of Germany

The Socialist Unity Party of Germany (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands,; SED) was the founding and ruling party of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from the country's foundation in 1949 until its dissolution after the Peaceful Revolution in 1989.

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Sovereign state

A sovereign state is a state that has the highest authority over a territory.

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Sovereignty

Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Stephen F. Cohen

Stephen Frand Cohen (November 25, 1938September 18, 2020) was an American scholar of Russian studies.

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Succession of states

Succession of states is a concept in international relations regarding a successor state that has become a sovereign state over a territory (and populace) that was previously under the sovereignty of another state.

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Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

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Telcon

In air traffic control, a Telcon refers to the routine telephone conferences that take place between Traffic Management Coordinators at different FAA facilities throughout the day.

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The Daily Telegraph

The Daily Telegraph, known online and elsewhere as The Telegraph, is a British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed in the United Kingdom and internationally.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The Nation

The Nation is a progressive American monthly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis.

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The National Archives (United Kingdom)

The National Archives (TNA; Yr Archifau Cenedlaethol) is a non-ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom.

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The National Interest

The National Interest (TNI) is an American bimonthly international relations magazine edited by American journalist Jacob Heilbrunn and published by the Center for the National Interest, a public policy think tank based in Washington, D.C., that was established by former U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1994 as the Nixon Center for Peace and Freedom.

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The Washington Quarterly

The Washington Quarterly (abbreviated as TWQ) is a magazine of international affairs covering topics and issues concerning global security, diplomatic relations, and policy implications.

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Treaty of Warsaw (1970)

The Treaty of Warsaw (Warschauer Vertrag, Traktat warszawski) was a treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the People's Republic of Poland. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and treaty of Warsaw (1970) are Boundary treaties and Treaties of West Germany.

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Treaty of Zgorzelec

The Treaty of Zgorzelec (Full title The Agreement Concerning the Demarcation of the Established and the Existing Polish-German State Frontier, also known as the Treaty of Görlitz and Treaty of Zgorzelic) between the Republic of Poland and East Germany (GDR) was signed on 6 July 1950 in Zgorzelec, Poland. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Treaty of Zgorzelec are Boundary treaties and Treaties of East Germany.

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Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe

The original Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the Cold War and established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in Europe (from the Atlantic to the Urals) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe are arms control treaties, Soviet Union–United States relations, Treaties concluded in 1990, Treaties of France and Treaties of the Soviet Union.

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Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT, is an international treaty intended to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology, to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, and to further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons are arms control treaties, Treaties of East Germany, Treaties of France, Treaties of West Germany and Treaties of the Soviet Union.

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Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and United Nations are Aftermath of World War II.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States National Security Council

The United States National Security Council (NSC) is the principal forum used by the president of the United States for consideration of national security, military, and foreign policy matters.

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Vladimir Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (born 7 October 1952) is a Russian politician and former intelligence officer who is the president of Russia.

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Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and Warsaw Pact are Treaties of East Germany.

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West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until the reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. The Cold War-era country is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic (Bonner Republik) after its capital city of Bonn. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc. Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany and west Germany are borders of Germany.

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Western world

The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.

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1990 East German general election

General elections were held in East Germany on 18 March 1990.

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2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, which proclaimed the Republic of Kosovo to be a state independent from Serbia, was adopted at a meeting held on 17 February 2008 by 109 out of the 120 members of the Assembly of Kosovo, including the Prime Minister of Kosovo, Hashim Thaçi, and by the President of Kosovo, Fatmir Sejdiu (who was not a member of the Assembly).

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2022 Madrid summit

The 2022 Madrid summit was 31st summit of the heads of state and heads of government of the thirty members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), their partner countries, and the European Union, held in Madrid, Spain, on 29–30 June 2022.

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See also

1990 in France

1990 in Germany

1990 in Moscow

1990 in politics

1990 in the United Kingdom

1990 in the United States

Borders of Germany

German reunification

Treaties concluded in 1990

Treaties entered into force in 1991

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany

Also known as 2 + 4, 2 + 4 Negotiations, 2 4 Negotiations, 2 Plus 4, 2+4, 2+4 Negotiations, 2+4 Treaty, Baker-Gorbachev Negotiations, Baker-Gorbachev Pact, Final Settlement, German Treaty, Treaty of the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany, Treaty on the Final Settlement, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (Two-Plus-Four Treaty), Two Plus Four, Two Plus Four Agreement, Two Plus Four Treaty, Vertrag über die abschließende Regelung in Bezug auf Deutschland, Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag.

, France, French Fifth Republic, French language, George Washington University, German Air Force, German Army, German language, German reunification, German–Polish Border Treaty, Germany, Germany–Poland border, Government of Portugal, Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, Hallstein Doctrine, Hannes Adomeit, Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Helmut Kohl, Hungary, International Herald Tribune, International Security (journal), James Baker, Jürgen Chrobog, Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, London and Paris Conferences, Lothar de Maizière, M. E. Sarotte, Marc Trachtenberg, Memorandum of conversation, Mikhail Gorbachev, Military, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia), Montenegro, Moscow, National Security Archive, NATO, New states of Germany, North Macedonia, Nuclear-weapon-free zone, Occupation statute, Oder, Oder–Neisse line, Office of Public Sector Information, Orange Revolution, Peaceful Revolution, Petersberg Agreement, Poland, Pomerania, Potsdam Agreement, Potsdam Conference, Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ratification, Roland Dumas, Romania, Russia, Russia Beyond, Russia–NATO relations, Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian language, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russo-Georgian War, Serbia, Sergey Lavrov, Silesia, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, Slovakia, Slovenia, Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Sovereign state, Sovereignty, Soviet Union, Stephen F. Cohen, Succession of states, Sweden, Telcon, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Nation, The National Archives (United Kingdom), The National Interest, The Washington Quarterly, Treaty of Warsaw (1970), Treaty of Zgorzelec, Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United Nations, United States, United States National Security Council, Vladimir Putin, Warsaw Pact, West Germany, Western world, 1990 East German general election, 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, 2022 Madrid summit.