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Empress Dowager Cixi

Index Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress Dowager Cixi1 (Manchu: Tsysi taiheo; 29 November 1835 – 15 November 1908), of the Manchu Yehenara clan, was a Chinese empress dowager and regent who effectively controlled the Chinese government in the late Qing dynasty for 47 years from 1861 until her death in 1908. [1]

185 relations: Aisin Gioro, An Dehai, Anchee Min, Anhui, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Battle of Beicang, Battle of Langfang, Battle of Peking (1900), Beijing, Beijing railway station, Beiyang Fleet, Bette Bao Lord, Boxer Protocol, Boxer Rebellion, Changzhou, Chengde, Chengde Mountain Resort, Chiang Kai-shek, China Central Television, China Daily, Chinese era name, Chinese opera, Chingmy Yau, Clan Nara, Claude Maxwell MacDonald, CNN, Concubinage, Consort Jin, Consort Zhen, Constitutional monarchy, Crown prince, Dai Yi, De facto, Dong Fuxiang, Dorgon, Duanhua, Eastern Qing tombs, Edwin H. Conger, Eight Banners, Eight-Nation Alliance, Empire of Japan, Empress dowager, Empress Dowager Ci'an, Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China, Empress Dowager Longyu, Empress Orchid, Empress Xiaojingcheng, Empress Xiaoshengxian, Empress Xiaozheyi, Eunuch, ..., First Sino-Japanese War, Flashman and the Dragon, Flora Robson, Forbidden City, Frederick Samuel Augustus Bourne, Gate of Supreme Harmony, George MacDonald Fraser, German Empire, Grand Council (Qing dynasty), Guangxu Emperor, Harry Smith Parkes, Hebei, Honorific, Hubert Vos, Hundred Days' Reform, IMDb, Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers, Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol, Imperial Japanese Navy, Imperial Majesty (style), Imperial Noble Consort Shushen, Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing, Imperial Woman, Itō Hirobumi, James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, Jasper Becker, Jiang Qing, Johan Fabricius, Kang Youwei, Kansu Braves, Katharine Carl, Li Hongzao, Li Hongzhang, Liang Qichao, Lingchi, Lisa Lu, List of ambassadors of the United States to China, List of consorts of rulers of China, Liu Xiaoqing, London Review of Books, Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Manchu language, Manchu people, Mandarin (novel), Mandate of Heaven, Marble Boat, Meiji Restoration, Mount Putuo, Nanjing, New Army, New Policies, Old Summer Palace, Order of succession, Order of the Precious Crown, Palace of Heavenly Purity, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Pearl S. Buck, Peking Field Force, Pleiades, Political consulting, Posthumous name, Prince Gong, Prince regent, Princess Der Ling, Puyi, Qianlong Emperor, Qing dynasty, Regent, Rehe Province, Robert Elegant, Ronglu, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Sacred Mountains of China, Second Opium War, Self-Strengthening Movement, Sexagenary cycle, Shandong, Shanxi, Shunzhi Emperor, Sino-French War, Sir Edmund Backhouse, 2nd Baronet, Six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform, Smallpox, Smithsonian Institution, Social policy, Soong Mei-ling, Stephen G. Haw, Sterling Seagrave, Stroke, Summer Palace, Sun Dianying, Sushun, Syphilis, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Taiping Rebellion, Tan Sitong, The Empress Dowager, The Ginger Tree, The Last Emperor, The Last Empress (novel), The Last Tempest, The Legend of Korra, The Spectator, Timothy Richard, Tongwen Guan, Tongzhi Emperor, Towards the Republic, Traditional Chinese medicine, Tsinghua University, Viceroy of Liangjiang, Wade–Giles, War reparations, Weng Tonghe, Wenxiang, Women in ancient and imperial China, Wu Zhihui, Xi'an, Xianfeng, Xianfeng Emperor, Xiang Army, Yūko Tanaka, Yehenara Wanzhen, Yicong, Yikuang, Prince Qing, Yixuan, Prince Chun, Zaiyi, Zaiyuan, Zaize, Zeng Guofan, Zeng Guoquan, Zhongnanhai, Zongli Yamen, Zuo Zongtang, 55 Days at Peking. Expand index (135 more) »

Aisin Gioro

Aisin Gioro is the imperial clan of Manchu emperors of the Qing dynasty.

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An Dehai

An Dehai (1844 – 12 September 1869) was a palace eunuch at the imperial court of the Qing dynasty.

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Anchee Min

Anchee Min or Min Anqi (born January 14, 1957 in Shanghai, China) is a Chinese-American author who lives in San Francisco and Shanghai.

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Anhui

Anhui is a province of the People's Republic of China located in the eastern region of the country.

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Arthur M. Sackler Gallery

The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and the Freer Gallery of Art form the Smithsonian Institution's national museums of Asian art in the United States.

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Battle of Beicang

The Battle of Beicang (Peitsang), during the Boxer Rebellion, was fought August 5, 1900, between the Eight Nation Alliance and the Chinese army.

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Battle of Langfang

The Battle of Langfang was a battle in the Seymour Expedition during the Boxer Rebellion, in June 1900, involving Chinese imperial troops, the Chinese Muslim Kansu Braves and Boxers ambushing and defeating the Eight-Nation Alliance expeditionary army on its way to Beijing, pushing the Alliance forces to retreat back to Tientsin (Tianjin).

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Battle of Peking (1900)

The Battle of Peking, or historically the Relief of Peking, was the battle on 14–15 August 1900, in which a multi-national force, led by Britain, relieved the siege of foreign legations in Peking (now Beijing) during the Boxer Rebellion.

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Beijing

Beijing, formerly romanized as Peking, is the capital of the People's Republic of China, the world's second most populous city proper, and most populous capital city.

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Beijing railway station

Beijing railway station, or simply Beijing station, is a passenger railway station in Dongcheng District, Beijing.

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Beiyang Fleet

The Beiyang Fleet (Pei-yang Fleet;, alternatively Northern Seas Fleet) was one of the four modernised Chinese navies in the late Qing Dynasty.

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Bette Bao Lord

Bette Bao Lord (Chinese: 包柏漪, Pinyin: Bāo Bóyì; born November 3, 1938) is a Chinese-born American writer and civic activist for human rights and democracy.

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Boxer Protocol

The Boxer Protocol was signed on September 7, 1901, between the Qing Empire of China and the Eight-Nation Alliance that had provided military forces (Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) plus Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands after China's defeat in the intervention to put down the Boxer Rebellion at the hands of the Eight-Power Expeditionary Force.

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Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion (拳亂), Boxer Uprising or Yihetuan Movement (義和團運動) was a violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty.

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Changzhou

Changzhou is a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu province of China.

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Chengde

Chengde, previously known as Jehol or Rehe, is a prefecture-level city in Hebei province, situated northeast of Beijing.

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Chengde Mountain Resort

The Mountain Resort in Chengde (Manchu: Halhūn be jailara gurung) or Ligong, is a large complex of imperial palaces and gardens situated in the city of Chengde in Hebei, China.

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Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 1887 – 5 April 1975), also romanized as Chiang Chieh-shih or Jiang Jieshi and known as Chiang Chungcheng, was a political and military leader who served as the leader of the Republic of China between 1928 and 1975, first in mainland China until 1949 and then in exile in Taiwan.

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China Central Television

China Central Television (formerly Beijing Television), commonly abbreviated as CCTV, is the predominant state television broadcaster in the People's Republic of China.

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China Daily

China Daily is an English-language daily newspaper published in the People's Republic of China.

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Chinese era name

A Chinese era name is the regnal year, reign period, or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese rulers.

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Chinese opera

Traditional Chinese opera, or Xiqu, is a popular form of drama and musical theatre in China with roots going back to the early periods in China.

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Chingmy Yau

Chingmy Yau Suk-zing (born 16 May 1968) is a retired Hong Kong actress.

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Clan Nara

Nara (Manchu:, Wade-Giles: nara hala, Chinese: 納喇氏, 納蘭氏 or 那拉氏, also Nala, Nalan) is a clan name shared by a number of royal Manchu clans.

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Claude Maxwell MacDonald

Colonel Sir Claude Maxwell MacDonald, (12 June 1852 – 10 September 1915) was a British soldier and diplomat, best known for his service in China and Japan.

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CNN

Cable News Network (CNN) is an American basic cable and satellite television news channel and an independent subsidiary of AT&T's WarnerMedia.

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Concubinage

Concubinage is an interpersonal and sexual relationship in which the couple are not or cannot be married.

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Consort Jin

Imperial Noble Consort Wenjing (1873–1924), better known as Consort Jin, was a consort of the Guangxu Emperor, the penultimate emperor of the Qing dynasty and imperial China.

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Consort Zhen

Imperial Noble Consort Keshun (27 February 1876 – 15 August 1900), better known as Consort Zhen or popularly as the Pearl Concubine, was a consort of the Guangxu Emperor, the penultimate emperor of the Qing dynasty and imperial China.

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Constitutional monarchy

A constitutional monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign exercises authority in accordance with a written or unwritten constitution.

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Crown prince

A crown prince is the male heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy.

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Dai Yi

Dai Yi() is a Chinese historian who primarily focuses on the Qing dynasty's history.

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De facto

In law and government, de facto (or;, "in fact") describes practices that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised by official laws.

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Dong Fuxiang

Dong Fuxiang (1839–1908), courtesy name Xingwu (星五), was a Chinese military general who lived in the late Qing dynasty.

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Dorgon

Dorgon (Manchu:, literally "badger"; 17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650), formally known as Prince Rui, was a Manchu prince and regent of the early Qing dynasty.

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Duanhua

Duanhua (Manchu: Duwanhūwa; 1807 – 1861) was a Manchu prince and regent of the Qing dynasty.

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Eastern Qing tombs

The Eastern Qing tombs are an imperial mausoleum complex of the Qing dynasty located in Zunhua, northeast of Beijing.

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Edwin H. Conger

Edwin Hurd Conger (March 7, 1843 – May 18, 1907) was an American Civil War soldier, lawyer, banker, Iowa congressman, and United States diplomat.

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Eight Banners

The Eight Banners (in Manchu: jakūn gūsa) were administrative/military divisions under the Qing dynasty into which all Manchu households were placed.

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Eight-Nation Alliance

The Eight-Nation Alliance was an international military coalition set up in response to the Boxer Rebellion in China.

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Empire of Japan

The was the historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 to the enactment of the 1947 constitution of modern Japan.

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Empress dowager

Empress dowager (also dowager empress or empress mother) (hiragana: こうたいごう) is the English language translation of the title given to the mother or widow of a Chinese, Japanese, Korean or Vietnamese emperor.

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Empress Dowager Ci'an

Empress Xiaozhenxian (Manchu: Hiyoošungga jekdun iletu Hūwangheo; 12 August 1837 – 8 April 1881), better known as Empress Dowager Ci'an (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Jekdun Iletu Hūwanghu) and informally as the East Empress Dowager, was the Empress Consort of the Xianfeng Emperor of the Qing dynasty in China.

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Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China

Empress Dowager Cixi: The Concubine Who Launched Modern China is a 2013 biography written by Jung Chang, published by Alfred A. Knopf.

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Empress Dowager Longyu

Empress Xiaodingjing (28 January 1868 – 22 February 1913), better known as Empress Dowager Longyu, personal name Jingfen, was the Empress Consort of the Guangxu Emperor, the penultimate emperor of the Qing dynasty and imperial China.

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Empress Orchid

Empress Orchid (2004) is a novel by Anchee Min which was first published in Great Britain in 2004.

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Empress Xiaojingcheng

Empress Xiaojingcheng (19 June 1812 – 21 August 1855) was an Imperial Noble Consort of the Daoguang Emperor of the Qing dynasty.

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Empress Xiaoshengxian

Empress Xiaoshengxian (Manchu: hiyoošungga enduringge temgetulehe hūwangheo; 1 January 1693 – 2 March 1777) was a consort of the Yongzheng Emperor of the Qing dynasty.

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Empress Xiaozheyi

Empress Xiaozheyi (25 July 1854 – 27 March 1875), also known as the Jiashun Empress, was the Empress Consort of the Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.

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Eunuch

The term eunuch (εὐνοῦχος) generally refers to a man who has been castrated, typically early enough in his life for this change to have major hormonal consequences.

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First Sino-Japanese War

The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 – 17 April 1895) was fought between Qing dynasty of China and Empire of Japan, primarily for influence over Joseon.

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Flashman and the Dragon

Flashman and the Dragon is a 1985 novel by George MacDonald Fraser.

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Flora Robson

Dame Flora McKenzie Robson, (28 March 19027 July 1984) was an English actress and star of the theatrical stage and cinema, particularly renowned for her performances in plays demanding dramatic and emotional intensity.

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Forbidden City

The Forbidden City is a palace complex in central Beijing, China.

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Frederick Samuel Augustus Bourne

Sir Frederick Samuel August Bourne CMG (1854-1940) was a British judge and diplomat who served in China.

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Gate of Supreme Harmony

The Gate of Supreme Harmony (Manchu:; Möllendorff: amba hūwaliyambure duka) is the second major gate in the south of the Forbidden City in Beijing, China.

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George MacDonald Fraser

George MacDonald Fraser OBE FRSL (2 April 1925 – 2 January 2008) was a Scottish author who wrote historical novels, non-fiction books and several screenplays.

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German Empire

The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.

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Grand Council (Qing dynasty)

The Grand Council or Junjichu (Manchu: coohai nashūn i ba; literally, "Office of Military Secrets") was an important policy-making body during the Qing dynasty.

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Guangxu Emperor

The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 187114 November 1908), personal name Zaitian (Manchu: dzai-tiyan), was the eleventh emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China.

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Harry Smith Parkes

Sir Harry Smith Parkes (24 February 1828 – 22 March 1885) was a British diplomat who served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary and Consul General of the United Kingdom to the Empire of Japan from 1865 to 1883 and the Chinese Qing Empire from 1883 to 1885, and Minister to Korea in 1884.

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Hebei

Hebei (postal: Hopeh) is a province of China in the North China region.

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Honorific

An honorific is a title that conveys esteem or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person.

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Hubert Vos

Hubert Vos (February 15, 1855 – 1935) was a Dutch painter who was born Josephus Hubertus Vos in Maastricht.

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Hundred Days' Reform

The Hundred Days' Reform was a failed 104-day national, cultural, political, and educational reform movement from 11 June to 22 September 1898 in late Qing dynasty China.

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IMDb

IMDb, also known as Internet Movie Database, is an online database of information related to world films, television programs, home videos and video games, and internet streams, including cast, production crew and personnel biographies, plot summaries, trivia, and fan reviews and ratings.

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Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers

Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers (Chinese: 宣戰詔書) was a 1900 declaration of war against the colonising powers: Russian Empire, United States, United Kingdom, Japan, France, German Empire, Italy, Spain, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and the Netherlands simultaneously.

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Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol

The Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol is an imperial decree issued by the government of the Qing dynasty in the name of the Guangxu Emperor, as an official imperial statement on historical events such as Boxer Rebellion, Eight-Nation Alliance and Battle of Peking and Siege of the International Legations, detailing instructions given to Prince Qing and Li Hongzhang as the full representatives of the imperial court in negotiating a peace treaty with the foreign powers, prior to the official signing of the Boxer Protocol on 7 September 1901.

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Imperial Japanese Navy

The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国海軍 or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun, "Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's defeat and surrender in World War II.

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Imperial Majesty (style)

Imperial Majesty (His/Her Imperial Majesty, abbreviated as HIM) is a style used by Emperors and Empresses.

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Imperial Noble Consort Shushen

Imperial Noble Consort Shushen (24 December 1859 – 13 April 1904) was a consort of the Tongzhi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.

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Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing

Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing (1837–1890) was a consort of the Xianfeng Emperor of the Qing dynasty.

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Imperial Woman

Imperial Woman is a novel by Pearl S. Buck first published in 1956.

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Itō Hirobumi

Prince was a Japanese statesman and genrō.

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James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin

James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin and 12th Earl of Kincardine, (20 July 1811 – 20 November 1863) was a British colonial administrator and diplomat. He served as Governor of Jamaica (1842–1846), Governor General of the Province of Canada (1847–1854), and Viceroy of India (1862–1863). In 1857, he was appointed High Commissioner and Plenipotentiary in China and the Far East to assist in the process of opening up China and Japan to Western trade. In 1860, during the Second Opium War in China, in the retaliation of the torture and execution of almost twenty European and Indian prisoners, he ordered the destruction of the Old Summer Palace in Beijing, an architectural wonder with immeasurable collections of artworks and historic antiques, inflicting invaluable loss of cultural heritage. Subsequently, he submitted the Qing Dynasty to the unequal treaty of the Convention of Peking, adding Kowloon Peninsula to the British crown colony of Hong Kong.

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Jasper Becker

Jasper Becker (born 1956) is a British author, commentator and journalist who has spent two decades as a foreign correspondent mostly in China.

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Jiang Qing

Jiang Qing (March 19, 1914May 14, 1991), also known as Madame Mao, was a Chinese Communist Revolutionary, Chinese actress, and major political figure during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76).

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Johan Fabricius

Johan Wigmore Fabricius (24 August 1899 – 21 June 1981) was a Dutch writer, journalist and adventurer.

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Kang Youwei

Kang Youwei (Cantonese: Hōng Yáuh-wàih; 19March 185831March 1927) was a Chinese scholar, noted calligrapher and prominent political thinker and reformer of the late Qing dynasty.

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Kansu Braves

The Kansu Braves or Gansu Army was a unit of 10,000 Chinese Muslim troops from the northwestern province of Kansu (now Gansu) in the last decades the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).

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Katharine Carl

Katharine Augusta Carl (February 12, 1865 – December 7, 1938) (sometimes spelled Katherine Carl) was an American portrait painter and author.

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Li Hongzao

Li Hongzao (1820-1897), styled Lansun, pseudonym Shisun, was a high government official towards the end of the Qing dynasty.

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Li Hongzhang

Li Hongzhang, Marquess Suyi (also romanised as Li Hung-chang) (15 February 1823 – 7 November 1901),, was a Chinese politician, general and diplomat of the late Qing dynasty.

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Liang Qichao

Liang Qichao (Cantonese: Lèuhng Kái-chīu; 23 February 1873 – 19 January 1929), courtesy name Zhuoru, art name Rengong, was a Chinese scholar, journalist, philosopher, and reformist who lived during the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China.

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Lingchi

Lingchi, translated variously as the slow process, the lingering death, or slow slicing, and also known as death by a thousand cuts, was a form of torture and execution used in China from roughly 900 CE until it was banned in 1905.

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Lisa Lu

Lisa Lu (born July 8, 1927) is a Chinese-born American actress and singer.

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List of ambassadors of the United States to China

The United States Ambassador to China is the chief American diplomat to People's Republic of China (PRC).

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List of consorts of rulers of China

The following is a list of consorts of rulers of China.

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Liu Xiaoqing

Liu Xiaoqing (born 30 October 1955) is a Chinese actress and businesswoman.

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London Review of Books

The London Review of Books (LRB) is a British journal of literary essays.

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Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum

The Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum was an incident in which some of the major mausoleums of the Chinese Qing dynasty in the Eastern Qing Tombs were looted by troops under the command of the warlord Sun Dianying.

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Louisiana Purchase Exposition

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the St.

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Manchu language

Manchu (Manchu: manju gisun) is a critically endangered Tungusic language spoken in Manchuria; it was the native language of the Manchus and one of the official languages of the Qing dynasty (1636–1911) of China.

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Manchu people

The Manchu are an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name.

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Mandarin (novel)

Mandarin is a Robert Elegant historical novel published by Simon & Schuster in 1983.

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Mandate of Heaven

The Mandate of Heaven or Tian Ming is a Chinese political and religious doctrine used since ancient times to justify the rule of the King or Emperor of China.

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Marble Boat

The Marble Boat, also known as the Boat of Purity and Ease, is a lakeside pavilion on the grounds of the Summer Palace in Beijing, China.

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Meiji Restoration

The, also known as the Meiji Ishin, Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was an event that restored practical imperial rule to the Empire of Japan in 1868 under Emperor Meiji.

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Mount Putuo

Mount Putuo is an island southeast of Shanghai, in Zhoushan prefecture of Zhejiang province, China.

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Nanjing

Nanjing, formerly romanized as Nanking and Nankin, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China and the second largest city in the East China region, with an administrative area of and a total population of 8,270,500.

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New Army

The New Armies (Traditional Chinese: 新軍, Simplified Chinese: 新军; Pinyin: Xīnjūn, Manchu: Ice cooha), more fully called the Newly Created Army (Xinjian LujunAlso translated as "Newly Established Army"), was the modernized army corps formed under the Qing dynasty in December 1895, following its defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War.

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New Policies

The New Policies, or New Administration of the late Qing dynasty (1644-1912), also known as the Late Qing Reform, were a series of cultural, economic, educational, military, and political reforms that were implemented in the last decade of the Qing dynasty to keep the dynasty in power after the humiliating defeat in the Boxer Rebellion.

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Old Summer Palace

The Old Summer Palace, known in Chinese as Yuanming Yuan, and originally called the Imperial Gardens, was a complex of palaces and gardens in present-day Haidian District, Beijing, China. It is located northwest of the walls of the former Imperial City section of Beijing.

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Order of succession

An order of succession is the sequence of those entitled to hold a high office such as head of state or an honour such as a title of nobility in the order in which they stand in line to it when it becomes vacated.

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Order of the Precious Crown

The is a Japanese order, established on January 4, 1888 by Emperor Meiji of Japan, and the lowest ranking of the Japanese orders currently awarded.

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Palace of Heavenly Purity

The Palace of Heavenly Purity, or Qianqing Palace (Manchu:; Möllendorff: kiyan cing gung) is a palace in the Forbidden City in Beijing, China.

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Pamela Kyle Crossley

Pamela Kyle Crossley (born 18 November 1953) is an historian of modern China, northern Asia, and global history and holds the Charles and Elfriede Collis Professor of History, Dartmouth College.

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Pearl S. Buck

Pearl Sydenstricker Buck (June 26, 1892 – March 6, 1973; also known by her Chinese name Sai Zhenzhu) was an American writer and novelist.

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Peking Field Force

The Peking Field Force was a modern-armed military unit that defended the Chinese imperial capital Beijing in the last decades of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912).

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Pleiades

The Pleiades (also known as the Seven Sisters and Messier 45), are an open star cluster containing middle-aged, hot B-type stars located in the constellation of Taurus.

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Political consulting

Political consulting is a form of consulting that consists primarily of advising and assisting political campaigns.

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Posthumous name

A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life.

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Prince Gong

Yixin (11January 1833– 29May 1898), better known in English as PrinceKung or Gong, was an imperial prince of the Aisin Gioro clan and an important statesman of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in China.

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Prince regent

A prince regent, or prince-regent, is a prince who rules a monarchy as regent instead of a monarch, e.g., as a result of the Sovereign's incapacity (minority or illness) or absence (remoteness, such as exile or long voyage, or simply no incumbent).

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Princess Der Ling

"Princess" Der Ling (Chinese: 裕德齡, pinyin: Yù Délíng) (18851944) was a Hanjun bannerwoman, the daughter of Yu Keng (Chinese: 裕庚. Wade–Giles: Yu Keng. Pinyin: Yù Geng).

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Puyi

Puyi or Pu Yi (7 February 190617 October 1967), of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, was the last Emperor of China and the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing dynasty.

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Qianlong Emperor

The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 1711 – 7 February 1799) was the sixth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper.

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Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty, also known as the Qing Empire, officially the Great Qing, was the last imperial dynasty of China, established in 1636 and ruling China from 1644 to 1912.

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Regent

A regent (from the Latin regens: ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated.

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Rehe Province

Rehe (ᠬᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ), also known as Jehol, is a former Chinese special administrative region and province.

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Robert Elegant

Robert Sampson Elegant (born March 7, 1928) is a British-American author and journalist born in New York City.

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Ronglu

Ronglu (6 April 1836 – 11 April 1903), courtesy name Zhonghua, was a Manchu political and military leader of the late Qing dynasty.

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Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China developed a complicated peerage system for royal and noble ranks.

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Sacred Mountains of China

The Sacred Mountains of China are divided into several groups.

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Second Opium War

The Second Opium War (第二次鴉片戰爭), the Second Anglo-Chinese War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a war pitting the United Kingdom and the French Empire against the Qing dynasty of China, lasting from 1856 to 1860.

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Self-Strengthening Movement

The Self-Strengthening Movement, c. 1861 – 1895, was a period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers.

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Sexagenary cycle

The sexagenary cycle, also known as the Stems-and-Branches or ganzhi, is a cycle of sixty terms used for reckoning time in China and the East Asian cultural sphere.

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Shandong

Shandong (formerly romanized as Shantung) is a coastal province of the People's Republic of China, and is part of the East China region.

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Shanxi

Shanxi (postal: Shansi) is a province of China, located in the North China region.

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Shunzhi Emperor

The Shunzhi Emperor; Manchu: ijishūn dasan hūwangdi; ᠡᠶ ᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ |translit.

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Sino-French War

The Sino-French War (Guerre franco-chinoise, សង្គ្រាមបារាំង-ចិន, Chiến tranh Pháp-Thanh), also known as the Tonkin War and Tonquin War, was a limited conflict fought from August 1884 through April 1885, to decide whether France would supplant China's control of Tonkin (northern Vietnam).

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Sir Edmund Backhouse, 2nd Baronet

Sir Edmund Trelawny Backhouse, 2nd Baronet (20 October 1873 – 8 January 1944) was a British oriental scholar, Sinologist, and linguist whose books exerted a powerful influence on the Western view of the last decades of the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912).

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Six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform

The six gentlemen of the Hundred Days' Reform refers to a group of six Chinese intellectuals whom the Empress Dowager Cixi had arrested and executed for their attempts to implement the Hundred Days' Reform.

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Smallpox

Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by one of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor.

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Smithsonian Institution

The Smithsonian Institution, established on August 10, 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge," is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States.

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Social policy

Social policy is a term which is applied to various areas of policy, usually within a governmental or political setting (such as the welfare state and study of social services).

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Soong Mei-ling

Soong Mei-ling or Soong May-ling (March 5, 1898 – October 23, 2003), also known as Madame Chiang Kai-shek or Madame Chiang, was a Chinese political figure who was First Lady of the Republic of China, the wife of Generalissimo and President Chiang Kai-shek.

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Stephen G. Haw

Stephen G. Haw (born 1951) is a botanical taxonomist and historian, specializing in subjects relating to China.

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Sterling Seagrave

Sterling Seagrave (April 15, 1937 – May 1, 2017) was an American historian.

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Stroke

A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.

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Summer Palace

The Summer Palace, is a vast ensemble of lakes, gardens and palaces in Beijing.

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Sun Dianying

Sun Dianying (1889–1948) was a Chinese bandit leader, warlord, and National Revolutionary Army commander who fought in the Warlord Era, Second Sino-Japanese War, and Chinese Civil War, earning notoriety for changing sides multiple times in course of these conflicts.

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Sushun

Sushun (Manchu: Uksun Sušun; 26 November 1816 – September 1861), courtesy name Yuting, was a Manchu noble and politician of the Qing dynasty.

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Syphilis

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.

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Taiping Heavenly Kingdom

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, officially the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, was an oppositional state in China from 1851 to 1864, supporting the overthrow of the Qing dynasty by Hong Xiuquan and his followers.

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Taiping Rebellion

The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion or total civil war in China that was waged from 1850 to 1864 between the established Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom under Hong Xiuquan.

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Tan Sitong

Tan Sitong (March 10, 1865 – September 28, 1898), courtesy name Fusheng (復生), pseudonym Zhuangfei (壯飛), was a well-known Chinese politician, thinker and reformist in the late Qing Dynasty (1636–1911); he was executed at the age of 33 when the Reformation Movement failed.

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The Empress Dowager

The Empress Dowager is a 1975 Hong Kong historical film directed by Li Han-hsiang and produced by the Shaw Brothers Studio, starring Lisa Lu as Empress Dowager Cixi.

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The Ginger Tree

The Ginger Tree is a 1977 novel by Scottish novelist Oswald Wynd.

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The Last Emperor

The Last Emperor (L'ultimo imperatore) is a 1987 British-Italian epic biographical drama film about the life of Puyi, the last Emperor of China, whose autobiography was the basis for the screenplay written by Mark Peploe and Bernardo Bertolucci.

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The Last Empress (novel)

The Last Empress is a historical novel by Anchee Min that provides a sympathetic account of the life of Empress Dowager Cixi (referred to as Empress Orchid), from her rise to power as Empress Tzu-Hsi, until her death at 72 years of age.

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The Last Tempest

The Last Tempest (translit. Ying tai qi xue) is a 1976 Hong Kong drama film directed by Li Han-hsiang.

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The Legend of Korra

The Legend of Korra is an American animated television series that aired on the Nickelodeon television network from 2012 to 2014.

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The Spectator

The Spectator is a weekly British magazine on politics, culture, and current affairs.

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Timothy Richard

Timothy Richard (1845/10/10 – 1919) (Chinese: 李提摩太 Li Timotai) was a Welsh Baptist missionary to China, who influenced the modernisation of China and the rise of the Chinese Republic.

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Tongwen Guan

The School of Combined Learning, or the Tongwen Guan was a government school for teaching Western languages (and later scientific subjects), founded at Beijing, China in 1862 during the late-Qing dynasty, right after the conclusion of the Second Opium War, as part of the Self-Strengthening Movement.

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Tongzhi Emperor

The Tongzhi Emperor (27 April 185612 January 1875), born Zaichun of the Aisin Gioro clan, was the tenth emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the eighth Qing emperor to rule over China.

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Towards the Republic

Towards the Republic, also known as For the Sake of the Republic and Zou Xiang Gong He, is a Chinese historical television series first broadcast on CCTV in China from April to May 2003.

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Traditional Chinese medicine

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a style of traditional medicine built on a foundation of more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice that includes various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy, but recently also influenced by modern Western medicine.

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Tsinghua University

Tsinghua University (abbreviated THU;; also romanized as Qinghua) is a major research university in Beijing, China and a member of the elite C9 League of Chinese universities.

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Viceroy of Liangjiang

The Viceroy of Liangjiang or Viceroy of the Two Jiangs, fully referred to in Chinese as the Governor-General of the Two Yangtze Provinces and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs, Provisions and Funds, Manager of Waterways, Director of Civil Affairs, was one of eight regional Viceroys in China proper during the Qing dynasty.

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Wade–Giles

Wade–Giles, sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a Romanization system for Mandarin Chinese.

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War reparations

War reparations are payments made after a war by the vanquished to the victors.

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Weng Tonghe

Weng Tonghe (1830–1904), courtesy name Shuping (叔平), was a Chinese Confucian scholar and imperial tutor who lived in the Qing dynasty.

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Wenxiang

Wenxiang born October 16, 1818 in Liaoyang, died May 26, 1876). Manchu statesman during the late Qing dynasty. Wenxiang hailed from the Gūwalgiya clan and belonged to the Plain Red Banner in the Eight Banners in Mukden. In 1845, he obtained the highest degree (jinshi) in the imperial examination and four years later he was appointed to the Board of Works. He advanced through the ranks and in 1858, he was appointed vice president to the Board of Rites and also became a member of the Grand Council, the highest policy-making organ in the Empire. He subsequently held a number of prominent posts in the central government and became a key player in court politics. As foreign troops invaded Beijing during the Second Opium War and the Xianfeng Emperor fled to Chengde, Wenxiang remained in the capital and took part in negotiating with the British and French. Following the peace settlement, he became one of the founders of the new Qing foreign office, the Zongli Yamen. He was one of the architects behind the Self-strengthening movement and was instrumental in devising the Qing government's cooperative policy towards the Western powers in the period 1861-76.

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Women in ancient and imperial China

The study of women's history in the context of imperial China has been pursued since at least the late 1990s.

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Wu Zhihui

Wu Zhihui (Woo Chih-hui,; 25 March 1865 – 30 October 1953), also known as Woo Tsin-hang or Wu Shi-Fee, was a Chinese linguist and philosopher who was the chairman of the 1912–13 Commission on the Unification of Pronunciation that created Zhuyin (based on Zhang Binglin's work) and standardized Guoyu pronunciation.

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Xi'an

Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi Province, China.

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Xianfeng

Xianfeng may refer to.

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Xianfeng Emperor

The Xianfeng Emperor (17 July 183122 August 1861), personal name I-ju (or Yizhu), was the ninth Emperor of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1850 to 1861.

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Xiang Army

Zeng Guofan, the leader of the Xiang Army The Xiang Army was a standing army organized by Zeng Guofan from existing regional and village militia forces called tuanlian to contain the Taiping rebellion in Qing China (1850 to 1864).

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Yūko Tanaka

(born April 29, 1955 in Ikeda, Osaka, Japan) is a Japanese actress.

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Yehenara Wanzhen

Wanzhen (13 September 1841 – 19 June 1896), of the '''Yehenara''' clan, was a Manchu noble lady who lived in the late Qing dynasty.

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Yicong

Yicong (23 July 1831 – 18 February 1889), formally known as Prince Dun (or Prince Tun), was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty.

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Yikuang, Prince Qing

Yikuang (Manchu: I-kuwang; 16 November 1838 – 28 January 1917), formally known as Prince Qing (or Prince Ch'ing), was a Manchu noble and politician of the Qing dynasty.

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Yixuan, Prince Chun

Yixuan (16 October 1840 – 1 January 1891), formally known as Prince Chun, was an imperial prince of the Aisin Gioro clan and a statesman of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in China.

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Zaiyi

Zaiyi (Manchu:; dzai-i; 26 August 1856 – 24 November 1922),Edward J.M. Rhoads, Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928, University of Washington Press, 2001 better known by his title Prince Duan (or Prince Tuan), was a Manchu prince and statesman of the late Qing dynasty.

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Zaiyuan

Zaiyuan (1816–1861), formally known as Prince Yi, was a Manchu prince of the Qing dynasty.

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Zaize

Zaize (17 March 1876 – June 1929), born Zaijiao, courtesy name Yinping, was a Manchu noble of the Qing dynasty.

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Zeng Guofan

Zeng Guofan, Marquis Yiyong (26 November 1811 – 12 March 1872), birth name Zeng Zicheng, courtesy name Bohan, was a Chinese statesman, military general, and Confucian scholar of the late Qing dynasty.

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Zeng Guoquan

Zeng Guoquan (12 October 1824 – 13 November 1890), courtesy name Yuanfu, art name Shuchun, was a Chinese official and military leader of the late Qing dynasty.

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Zhongnanhai

Zhongnanhai is a former imperial garden in the Imperial City, Beijing, adjacent to the Forbidden City; it serves as the central headquarters for the Communist Party of China and the State Council (Central government) of China.

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Zongli Yamen

The Zongli Yamen was the government body in charge of foreign policy in imperial China during the late Qing dynasty.

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Zuo Zongtang

Zuo Zongtang, Marquis Kejing (also romanised as Tso Tsung-t'ang;; 10 November 1812 – 5 September 1885), sometimes referred to as General Tso, was a Chinese statesman and military leader of the late Qing dynasty.

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55 Days at Peking

55 Days at Peking is a 1963 historically based American epic film drama in Technirama and Technicolor, produced by Samuel Bronston and directed by Nicholas Ray, Andrew Marton (credited as second unit director), and Guy Green (uncredited).

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Redirects here:

Ci Xi, Ci'xi, Ci-Xi, Ci-xi, Cixi, Cixi of China, Cíxi, Dowager Cixi, Dowager Empress Cixi, Dowager Empress Tzu-Hsi, Dowager Empress Tzuhsi, Empress Ci Xi, Empress Cixi, Empress Cixi of China, Empress Dowager Ci Xi, Empress Dowager Ci'xi, Empress Dowager CiXi, Empress Dowager Cixi of China, Empress Dowager Cixi, (Lady Yehe Nala), Empress Dowager Cíxi, Empress Dowager Tz'u-Hsi, Empress Dowager Tz'u-hsi, Empress Dowager Tz'uhsi, Empress Dowager Tzu Hsi, Empress Dowager Tzu-Hsi, Empress Dowager Tzu-hsi, Empress Dowager Tzuhsi, Empress Xiao Qin Xian, Empress Xiao-Qin, Empress XiaoQin, Empress Xiaoqin, Empress Xiaoqin Xian, Empress Xiaoqinxian, T'zu-hsi, The Dowager Empress, Ts'eu hi, Ts'u-hsi, Tse Hsi, Tseu hi, Tsu Hsi, Tsu-Hsi, Tz'U Hsi, Tz'U-Hsi, Tz'u Hsi, Tz'u-Hsi, Tz'u-hsi, Tz'uhsi, Tzi Hsi, Tzu Hsi, Tzu Hsi Tai Hou, Tzu-Hsi, Tzu-hsi, Tzuhsi, Tzuhsi Taihou, Tz’u Hsi, Xi Taihou, Xiao Qin Xian, Xiaoqin Xian, Xiaoqin Xian Huanghou, Xinyou coup, Yehenala, the Empress Xiao Qin Xian, Yehonala, Zi Xi, 慈禧太后.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi

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