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18 relations: Abductive reasoning, Causal model, Causality, Developmental biology, Duhem–Quine thesis, Empirical research, Four causes, Hypothesis, Occam's razor, Peter Lipton, Power (social and political), Role, Sexual selection, Social status, Symbolic interactionism, Tinbergen's four questions, Verstehen, 5 Whys.
Abductive reasoning
Abductive reasoning (also called abduction,For example: abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference which starts with an observation or set of observations then seeks to find the simplest and most likely explanation.
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Causal model
A causal model is an abstract model that describes the causal mechanisms of a system.
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Causality
Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is what connects one process (the cause) with another process or state (the effect), where the first is partly responsible for the second, and the second is partly dependent on the first.
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Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
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Duhem–Quine thesis
The Duhem–Quine thesis, also called the Duhem–Quine problem, after Pierre Duhem and Willard Van Orman Quine, is that it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions (also called auxiliary assumptions or auxiliary hypotheses).
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Empirical research
Empirical research is research using empirical evidence.
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Four causes
The "four causes" are elements of an influential principle in Aristotelian thought whereby explanations of change or movement are classified into four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?".
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Hypothesis
A hypothesis (plural hypotheses) is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon.
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Occam's razor
Occam's razor (also Ockham's razor or Ocham's razor; Latin: lex parsimoniae "law of parsimony") is the problem-solving principle that, the simplest explanation tends to be the right one.
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Peter Lipton
Peter Lipton (October 9, 1954 – November 25, 2007) was the Hans Rausing Professor and Head of the Department of History and Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University, and a fellow of King's College, until his unexpected death in November 2007.
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Power (social and political)
In social science and politics, power is the ability to influence or outright control the behaviour of people.
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Role
A role (also rôle or social role) is a set of connected behaviors, rights, obligations, beliefs, and norms as conceptualized by people in a social situation.
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Sexual selection
Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection).
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Social status
Social status is the relative respect, competence, and deference accorded to people, groups, and organizations in a society.
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Symbolic interactionism
Symbolic interactionism is a sociological theory that develops from practical considerations and alludes to people's particular utilization of dialect to make images, normal implications, for deduction and correspondence with others.
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Tinbergen's four questions
Tinbergen's four questions, named after Nikolaas Tinbergen and based on Aristotle's four causes, are complementary categories of explanations for behaviour.
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Verstehen
Verstehen (literally: "to understand") in the context of German philosophy and social sciences in general, has been used since the late 19th century – in English as in German – with the particular sense of the "interpretive or participatory" examination of social phenomena.
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5 Whys
5 Whys is an iterative interrogative technique used to explore the cause-and-effect relationships underlying a particular problem.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proximate_and_ultimate_causation
