Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty. ^[1]

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Table of Contents

1. 325 relations: Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid Revolution, Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, Abd al-Rahman I, Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf, Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid, Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Abd Allah ibn Yazid, Abrahamic religions, Abu al-Umaytir al-Sufyani, Abu Bakr, Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani, Abu Muslim, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, Aisha, Al-Andalus, Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, Al-Baladhuri, Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri, Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, Al-Harith ibn al-Hakam, Al-Harith ibn Surayj, Al-Jazira (caliphal province), Al-Masudi, Al-Mughira, Al-Saffah, Al-Tabari, Al-Walid I, Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan, Al-Walid II, Ali, Ali al-Sajjad, Alids, Amr ibn al-As, Amsar, Anatolia, Ancient drachma, Aniconism in Islam, Ansar (Islam), Anti-Taurus Mountains, Arab Muslims, Arab nationalism, Arab–Khazar wars, Arab–Sasanian coinage, Arabic, ... Expand index (275 more) » « Shrink index

2. 661 establishments
3. 750s disestablishments
4. 7th-century establishments in Africa
5. 8th century in al-Andalus
6. 8th-century disestablishments in Africa
7. Caliphates
8. Historical transcontinental empires
9. Medieval history of Iran
10. Medieval history of Spain
11. Medieval history of Syria
12. States and territories disestablished in the 8th century
13. States and territories established in the 660s
14. Umayyad dynasty

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umayyad Caliphate and Abbasid Caliphate are caliphates, historical transcontinental empires, history of North Africa, history of the Mediterranean, history of the Middle East and medieval history of Iran.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Abbasid Caliphate

Abbasid dynasty

The Abbasid dynasty or Abbasids (Banu al-ʿAbbās) were an Arab dynasty that ruled the Abbasid Caliphate between 750 and 1258.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Abbasid dynasty

Abbasid Revolution

The Abbasid Revolution, also called the Movement of the Men of the Black Raiment (حركة رجال الثياب السوداء ḥaraka rijāl ath-thiyāb as-sawdāʾ), was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517 CE).

See Umayyad Caliphate and Abbasid Revolution

Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan

Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (translit; died 12 May 705) was the Umayyad governor and de facto viceroy of Egypt between 685 and his death.

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Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (translit; July/August 644 or June/July 647 – 9 October 705) was the fifth Umayyad caliph, ruling from April 685 until his death in October 705.

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Abd al-Rahman I

Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham (7 March 731 – 30 September 788), commonly known as Abd al-Rahman I, was the founder and first emir of the Emirate of Córdoba, ruling from 756 to 788.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Abd al-Rahman I

Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn ʿAwf (عبد الرحمن بن عوف) was one of the companions of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.

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Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid

Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid ibn al-Walid (translit; 616–666) was the governor of Homs under caliphs Uthman and Mu'awiya I.

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Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri

Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri, also known as Ibn Jahdam, was the governor of Egypt for the rival caliph Ibn al-Zubayr in 684, during the Second Fitna.

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Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam (translit; May 624October/November 692) was the leader of a caliphate based in Mecca that rivaled the Umayyads from 683 until his death.

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Abd Allah ibn Yazid

ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān, commonly known as al-Uswār, was an Umayyad prince from the Sufyanid line of the dynasty.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Abd Allah ibn Yazid

Abrahamic religions

The Abrahamic religions are a grouping of three of the major religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) together due to their historical coexistence and competition; it refers to Abraham, a figure mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible, and the Quran, and is used to show similarities between these religions and put them in contrast to Indian religions, Iranian religions, and the East Asian religions (though other religions and belief systems may refer to Abraham as well).

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Abu al-Umaytir al-Sufyani

Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Khālid ibn Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān, better known as Abū al-ʿUmayṭir al-Sufyānī, was an Umayyad rebel against Abbasid rule in Syria during the Fourth Muslim Civil War and a self-proclaimed messiah who, in 811, attempted to restore the Umayyad Caliphate, which had been toppled by the Abbasids in 750. Umayyad Caliphate and Abu al-Umaytir al-Sufyani are Umayyad dynasty.

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Abu Bakr

Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr, was the first caliph, ruling from 632 until his death in 634.

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Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani

Ziyād ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya (زياد بن عبد الله بن يزيد بن معاوية), commonly known as Abū Muḥammad al-Sufyānī (أبو محمد السفياني) was an Umayyad prince and a pretender to the Umayyad Caliphate, which had been overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate in early 750. Umayyad Caliphate and Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani are Umayyad dynasty.

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Abu Muslim

Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khurasani (أبو مسلمعبد الرحمن بن مسلمالخراساني; ابومسلمعبدالرحمان بن مسلمخراسانی; born 718/19 or 723/27, died 755) was a Persian general who led the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyad dynasty, leading to the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate.

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Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Sakhr ibn Harb ibn Umayya (translit), commonly known by his Abu Sufyan (translit), was a prominent opponent-turned companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah

ʿĀmir ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Jarrāḥ (عامر بن عبدالله بن الجراح.; 583–639 CE), better known as Abū ʿUbayda (أبو عبيدة) was a Muslim commander and one of the Companions of the Prophet.

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Aisha

Aisha bint Abi Bakr was Islamic prophet Muhammad's third and youngest wife.

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Al-Andalus

Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula. Umayyad Caliphate and al-Andalus are medieval history of Spain.

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Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays

Abū Muḥammad Maʿdīkarib ibn Qays ibn Maʿdīkarib (599–661), better known as al-Ashʿath (الأشعث), was a chief of the Kinda tribe of Hadhramawt and founder of a leading noble Arab household in Kufa, one of the two main garrison towns and administrative centers of Iraq under the Rashidun (632–661) and Umayyad (661–750) caliphs.

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Al-Baladhuri

ʾAḥmad ibn Yaḥyā ibn Jābir al-Balādhurī (أحمد بن يحيى بن جابر البلاذري) was a 9th-century Muslim historian.

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Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri

Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri (died August 684) was an Umayyad general, head of security forces and governor of Damascus during the reigns of caliphs Mu'awiya I, Yazid I and Mu'awiya II.

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Al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Shaybani

Al-Ḍaḥḥāk ibn Qays al-Shaybānī (الضحاك بن قيس الشيباني) was the leader of a widespread but unsuccessful Kharijite rebellion in Iraq against the Umayyad Caliph Marwan II from 745 until his death in battle in 746.

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Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf

Abu Muhammad al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi Aqil al-Thaqafi (Abū Muḥammad al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abī ʿAqīl al-Thaqafī), known simply as al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf (al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf), was the most notable governor who served the Umayyad Caliphate.

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Al-Harith ibn al-Hakam

Al-Ḥārith ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ ibn Umayya was a senior adviser and cousin of Caliph Uthman.

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Al-Harith ibn Surayj

Abu Hatim al-Harith ibn Surayj ibn Yazid (translit) was an Arab leader of a large-scale social rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in Khurasan and Transoxiana.

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Al-Jazira (caliphal province)

Al-Jazira (الجزيرة), also known as Jazirat Aqur or Iqlim Aqur, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, spanning at minimum most of Upper Mesopotamia (al-Jazira proper), divided between the districts of Diyar Bakr, Diyar Rabi'a and Diyar Mudar, and at times including Mosul, Arminiya and Adharbayjan as sub-provinces.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Al-Jazira (caliphal province)

Al-Masudi

al-Masʿūdī (full name, أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي), –956, was a historian, geographer and traveler.

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Al-Mughira

Abu Abd Allah al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba ibn Abi Amir ibn Mas'ud al-Thaqafi (Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Mughīra ibn Shuʿba ibn Abī ʿĀmir ibn Masʿūd al-Thaqafī); –671), was a prominent companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was known as one of the four 'shrewds of the Arabs' (duhat al-Arab).

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Al-Saffah

Abu al-ʿAbbās Abd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿal-ʿAbbās (translit‎; 721/722 – 8 June 754), known by his laqab al-Saffah (translit), was the first caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, one of the longest and most important caliphates in Islamic history.

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Al-Tabari

Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī (أَبُو جَعْفَر مُحَمَّد بْن جَرِير بْن يَزِيد ٱلطَّبَرِيّ; 839–923 CE / 224–310 AH), commonly known as al-Ṭabarī (ٱلطَّبَرِيّ), was a Sunni Muslim scholar, polymath, traditionalist, historian, exegete, jurist, and theologian from Amol, Tabaristan, present-day Iran.

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Al-Walid I

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān; – 23 February 715), commonly known as al-Walid I (الوليد الأول), was the sixth Umayyad caliph, ruling from October 705 until his death in 715.

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Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan

Al-Walīd ibn ʿUtba ibn Abī Sufyān (died 684) was an Umayyad ruling family member and statesman during the reigns of the Umayyad caliphs Mu'awiya I and Yazid I. Umayyad Caliphate and al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan are Umayyad dynasty.

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Al-Walid II

Al-Walid ibn Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik (translit; 70917 April 744), commonly known as al-Walid II, was the eleventh Umayyad caliph, ruling from 743 until his assassination in 744.

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Ali

Ali ibn Abi Talib (translit) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 to 661, as well as the first Shia imam.

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Ali al-Sajjad

Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Sajjad (translit, 712), also known as Zayn al-Abidin (lit) was the great-grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and the fourth imam in Shia Islam, succeeding his father, Husayn ibn Ali, his uncle, Hasan ibn Ali, and his grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib.

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Alids

The Alids are those who claim descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib (عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600–661 CE), the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first imam in Shia Islam. Umayyad Caliphate and Alids are history of the Middle East.

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Amr ibn al-As

Amr ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi (translit; 664) was an Arab commander and companion of Muhammad who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. The son of a wealthy Qurayshite, Amr embraced Islam in and was assigned important roles in the nascent Muslim community by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Amsar

Amṣar (أمصار), refer to civilised cities and large areas in which houses, markets, schools and other public facilities are located.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Ancient drachma

In ancient Greece, the drachma (drachmḗ,; pl. drachmae or drachmas) was an ancient currency unit issued by many city-states during a period of ten centuries, from the Archaic period throughout the Classical period, the Hellenistic period up to the Roman period.

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Aniconism in Islam

In some forms of Islamic art, aniconism stems in part from the prohibition of idolatry and in part from the belief that the creation of living forms is God's prerogative.

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Ansar (Islam)

The Ansar or Ansari (The Helpers' or 'Those who bring victory) are the local inhabitants of Medina who took the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers (the Muhajirun) into their homes when they emigrated from Mecca during the hijra.

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Anti-Taurus Mountains

The Anti-Taurus Mountains (from Αντίταυρος) or Aladaglar are a mountain range in southern and eastern Turkey, curving northeast from the Taurus Mountains.

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Arab Muslims

Arab Muslims (ﺍﻟْمُسْلِمون ﺍﻟْﻌَﺮَﺏ) are the largest subdivision of the Arab people and the largest ethnic group among Muslims globally, followed by Bengalis and Punjabis.

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Arab nationalism

Arab nationalism (al-qawmīya al-ʿarabīya) is a political ideology asserting that Arabs constitute a single nation.

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Arab–Khazar wars

The Arab–Khazar wars were a series of conflicts fought between the Khazar Khaganate and successive Arab caliphates in the Caucasus region from to 799 CE.

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Arab–Sasanian coinage

Arab–Sasanian coinage is a modern term used to describe coins struck in the style of the coinage of the Iranian Sasanian Empire (224–651) after the Muslim conquest of Persia, on behalf of the Muslim governors of the early Islamic caliphates (7th–8th centuries).

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Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

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Arabization

Arabization or Arabicization (translit) is a sociological process of cultural change in which a non-Arab society becomes Arab, meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the Arabic language, culture, literature, art, music, and ethnic identity as well as other socio-cultural factors. Umayyad Caliphate and Arabization are history of North Africa.

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Archon

Archon (árchōn, plural: ἄρχοντες, árchontes) is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office.

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Arminiya

Arminiya, also known as the Ostikanate of Arminiya (Հայաստանի Օստիկանություն, Hayastani ostikanut'yun) or the Emirate of Armenia (إمارة أرمينية, imārat armīniya), was a political and geographic designation given by the Muslim Arabs to the lands of Greater Armenia, Caucasian Iberia, and Caucasian Albania, following their conquest of these regions in the 7th century.

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Assassination of Uthman

Uthman, the third caliph from 644 to 656, was assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house in 656.

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Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

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Balkh

Balkh is a town in the Balkh Province of Afghanistan, about northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some south of the Amu Darya river and the Uzbekistan border.

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Banu Hashim

The Banū Hāshim (بنو هاشم) is an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe to which Muhammad Ibn Abdullah belonged, named after Muhammad's great-grandfather Hashim ibn Abd Manaf.

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Banu Judham

The Judham (Banū Jud͟hām) was a large Arab tribe that inhabited the southern Levant and northwestern Arabia during the late antique and early Islamic eras (5th–8th centuries). Umayyad Caliphate and Banu Judham are medieval history of Syria.

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Banu Kalb

The Banu Kalb (Banū Kalb) was an Arab tribe which mainly dwelt in the desert and steppe of northwestern Arabia and central Syria. Umayyad Caliphate and Banu Kalb are medieval history of Syria.

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Banu Thaqif

The Banu Thaqif (Banū Thaqīf) is an Arab tribe which inhabited, and still inhabits, the city of Ta'if and its environs, in modern Saudi Arabia, and played a prominent role in early Islamic history.

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Basra

Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.

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Battle of Akroinon

The Battle of Akroinon was fought at Akroinon or Akroinos (near modern Afyon) in Phrygia, on the western edge of the Anatolian plateau, in 740 between an Umayyad Arab army and the Byzantine forces.

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Battle of Aksu (717)

The Battle of Aksu (معركة أقسو) was fought between the Umayyad Caliphate, and their Turgesh and Tibetan allies, against the Tang dynasty, and their Karluk and Western Turk allies.

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Battle of al-Harra

The Battle of al-Harra (lit) was fought between the Umayyad army of the caliph Yazid I led by Muslim ibn Uqba and the defenders of Medina from the Ansar and Muhajirun factions, who had rebelled against the caliph.

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Battle of Carthage (698)

The Battle of Carthage was fought in 698 A.D. between a Byzantine expeditionary force and the armies of the Umayyad Caliphate.

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Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim

The Battle of Dayr al-Jamajim ("Battle of the Monastery of Skulls" after a nearby Nestorian monastery), was fought in 701 CE in central Iraq between the largely Syrian Umayyad army under al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf against the mostly Iraqi followers of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath, who had rebelled against al-Hajjaj's overbearing attitude towards the Iraqis.

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Battle of Karbala

The Battle of Karbala (maʿraka Karbalāʾ) was fought on 10 October 680 (10 Muharram in the year 61 AH of the Islamic calendar) between the army of the second Umayyad caliph Yazid I and a small army led by Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, at Karbala, Sawad (modern-day southern Iraq).

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Battle of Khazir

The Battle of Khazir (Yawm Khāzir) took place in August 686 near the Khazir River in Mosul's eastern environs, in modern-day Iraq.

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Battle of Marj Ardabil

The Battle of Marj Ardabil or the Battle of Ardabil was fought on the plains surrounding the city of Ardabil in northwestern Iran in AD 730.

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Battle of Marj Rahit (684)

The Battle of Marj Rahit (translit) was one of the early battles of the Second Fitna.

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Battle of Maskin

The Battle of Maskin (معركة مسكن), also known as the Battle of Dayr al-Jathaliq (معركة دير الجثاليق) from a nearby Nestorian monastery, was a decisive battle of the Second Fitna (680s-690s).

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Battle of Sebastopolis

The Battle of Sebastopolis was fought at Sebastopolis (mostly identified with Elaiussa Sebaste in Cilicia but also with modern Sulusaray) in 692 CE between the Byzantine Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate under Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.

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Battle of Siffin

The Battle of Siffin (translit) was fought in 657 CE (37 AH) between the fourth Rashidun caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib and the rebellious governor of Syria Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan.

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Battle of the Camel

The Battle of the Camel took place outside of Basra, Iraq, in 36 AH (656 CE).

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Battle of the Defile

The Battle of the Defile or Battle of the Pass (Waqʿat al-Shʿib) was fought in the Takhtakaracha Pass (in modern Uzbekistan) between a large army of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Türgesh khaganate over three days in July 731 CE.

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Battle of the Zab

The Battle of the Zab (معركة الزاب), also referred to in scholarly contexts as Battle of the Great Zāb River, took place on January 25, 750, on the banks of the Great Zab in what is now the modern country of Iraq. It spelled the end of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate, which would last from 750 to 1517.

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Battle of Toulouse (721)

The Battle of Toulouse (721) was a victory of an Aquitanian Christian army led by Odo the Great, Duke of Aquitaine over an Umayyad Muslim army besieging the city of Toulouse, led by al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, the Umayyad wāli (governor-general) of al-Andalus.

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Battle of Tours

The Battle of Tours, also called the Battle of Poitiers and the Battle of the Highway of the Martyrs (Maʿrakat Balāṭ ash-Shuhadā'), was fought on 10 October 732, and was an important battle during the Umayyad invasion of Gaul.

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Bedouin

The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (singular) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq).

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Berber Revolt

The Berber Revolt or the Kharijite Revolt of 740–743 AD (122–125 AH in the Islamic calendar) took place during the reign of the Umayyad Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and marked the first successful secession from the Arab caliphate (ruled from Damascus).

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Bilad al-Sham

Bilad al-Sham (Bilād al-Shām), often referred to as Islamic Syria or simply Syria in English-language sources, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Bilad al-Sham

Bishr ibn Marwan

Abu Marwan Bishr ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam (Bishr ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam; –694) was an Umayyad prince and governor of Iraq during the reign of his brother, Caliph Abd al-Malik.

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Black Standard

The Black Banner or Black Standard (ar-rāyat as-sawdāʾ, also known as راية العقاب ("banner of the eagle" or simply as,, "the banner") is one of the flags flown by the Islamic prophet Muhammad according to Muslim tradition. It was historically used by Abu Muslim in his uprising leading to the Abbasid Revolution in 747 and is therefore associated with the Abbasid Caliphate in particular.

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Book of Revelation

The Book of Revelation or Book of the Apocalypse is the final book of the New Testament (and therefore the final book of the Christian Bible).

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Bukhara

Bukhara (Uzbek; بخارا) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan by population, with 280,187 residents.

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Byzacena

Byzacena (or Byzacium) (Βυζάκιον, Byzakion) was a Late Roman province in the central part of Roman North Africa, which is now roughly Tunisia, split off from Africa Proconsularis.

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Byzantine architecture

Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire, or Eastern Roman Empire, usually dated from 330 AD, when Constantine the Great established a new Roman capital in Byzantium, which became Constantinople, until the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453.

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Byzantine coinage

Byzantine currency, money used in the Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of the West, consisted of mainly two types of coins: gold solidi and hyperpyra and a variety of clearly valued bronze coins.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Umayyad Caliphate and Byzantine Empire are historical transcontinental empires and history of the Mediterranean.

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Byzantine mosaics

Byzantine mosaics are mosaics produced from the 4th to 15th centuries in and under the influence of the Byzantine Empire.

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Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor. Umayyad Caliphate and caliphate are caliphates.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.

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Caucasian Albania

Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus, mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located).

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Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.

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Córdoba, Spain

Córdoba, or sometimes Cordova, is a city in Andalusia, Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba.

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Chalukya dynasty

The Chalukya dynasty was a Classical Indian dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries. Umayyad Caliphate and Chalukya dynasty are states and territories disestablished in the 8th century.

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Christians

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Circesium

Circesium (ܩܪܩܣܝܢ, Κιρκήσιον), known in Arabic as al-Qarqisiya, was a Roman fortress city near the junction of the Euphrates and Khabur rivers, located at the empire's eastern frontier with the Sasanian Empire.

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Collins English Dictionary

The Collins English Dictionary is a printed and online dictionary of English.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Companions of the Prophet

The Companions of the Prophet (lit) were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence.

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Constantine IV

Constantine IV (Constantinus; Kōnstantînos; 650 – 10 July 685), called the Younger (iunior; ho néos) and often incorrectly the Bearded (Pogonatus; Pōgōnãtos) out of confusion with his father, was Byzantine emperor from 668 to 685.

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Coptic language

Coptic (Bohairic Coptic) is a group of closely related Egyptian dialects, representing the most recent developments of the Egyptian language, and historically spoken by the Copts, starting from the third century AD in Roman Egypt.

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Cosmas of Maiuma

Cosmas of Maiuma, also called Cosmas Hagiopolites ("of the Holy City"), Cosmas of Jerusalem, Cosmas the Melodist, or Cosmas the Poet (d. 773 or 794), was a bishop and an important hymnographer in the East.

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Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.

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Dawah

(دعوة,, "invitation", also spelt dâvah,,, or dakwah) is the act of inviting people to Islam.

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Day of Thirst

The "Day of Thirst" (Yawm al-aṭash) is the name traditionally given in Arabic historiography to a battle fought in 724 between the Turkic Türgesh Khaganate and the Umayyad Caliphate on the banks of the Syr Darya river, in Transoxiana (in modern Tajikistan, Central Asia).

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Denarius

The denarius (dēnāriī) was the standard Roman silver coin from its introduction in the Second Punic War to the reign of Gordian III (AD 238–244), when it was gradually replaced by the antoninianus.

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Derbent

Derbent (Дербе́нт; Кьвевар, Цал; Dərbənd; Дербенд), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea.

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Desert castles

The desert castles or qasrs are often called Umayyad desert castles, since the vast majority of these fortified palaces or castles were built by the Umayyad Dynasty in their province of Bilad ash-Sham, with very few Abbasid exceptions.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Desert castles

Dhimmi

(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.

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Dirham

The dirham, dirhem or drahm (درهم) is a unit of currency and of mass.

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Dome of the Rock

The Dome of the Rock (Qubbat aṣ-Ṣaḵra) is an Islamic shrine at the center of the Al-Aqsa mosque compound on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.

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Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam. Umayyad Caliphate and early Muslim conquests are 8th century in al-Andalus and history of the Mediterranean.

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Emir

Emir (أمير, also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.

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Empire

An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries".

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Euphrates

The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.

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Exarchate of Africa

The Exarchate of Africa was a division of the Byzantine Empire around Carthage that encompassed its possessions on the Western Mediterranean.

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ʻAbdu'l-Bahá

ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (Persian: عبد البهاء‎, 23 May 1844 – 28 November 1921), born ʻAbbás (عباس), was the eldest son of Baháʼu'lláh and served as head of the Baháʼí Faith from 1892 until 1921.

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Fals

The fals (fals, plural fulus) was a medieval copper coin first produced by the Umayyad caliphate (661–750) beginning in the late 7th century.

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Farrukhan the Great

Farrukhan the Great (Persian: فرخان بزرگ, Farrukhan-e Bozorg; 712–728) was the independent ruler (ispahbadh) of Tabaristan in the early 8th century, until his death in 728.

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Fergana

Fergana (Фарғона), or Ferghana, also Farghana is a district-level city and the capital of Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan.

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Fire temple

A fire temple, (darb-e Mehr, lit. ‘Door of Kindness’)(agiyārī) is the place of worship for the followers of Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of Persia.

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First Fitna

The First Fitna was the first civil war in the Islamic community.

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Fitna (word)

Fitna (or, pl.; فتنة, فتن: "temptation, trial; sedition, civil strife, conflict"Wehr (1976), p. 696.) is an Arabic word with extensive connotations of trial, affliction, or distress.

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Follis

The follis (plural folles; follaro, فلس, Fels) was a type of coin in the Roman and Byzantine traditions.

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Fourth Fitna

The Fourth Fitna or Great Abbasid Civil War resulted from the conflict between the brothers al-Amin and al-Ma'mun over the succession to the throne of the Abbasid Caliphate. Their father, Caliph Harun al-Rashid, had named al-Amin as the first successor, but had also named al-Ma'mun as the second, with Khurasan granted to him as an appanage.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Fourth Fitna

Franks

Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.

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Fred Donner

Fred McGraw Donner (born 1945) is a scholar of Islam and Peter B. Ritzma Professor of Near Eastern History at the University of Chicago.

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Fresco

Fresco (or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster.

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Fustat

Fustat (translit), also Fostat, was the first capital of Egypt under Muslim rule, and the historical centre of modern Cairo.

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Ghassanids

The Ghassanids, also called the Jafnids, were an Arab tribe which founded a kingdom which was in place from the third century to the seventh century in the area of the Levant and northern Arabia. They emigrated from South Arabia in the early third century to the Levant. Some merged with Hellenized Christian communities, converting to Christianity in the first few centuries, while others may have already been Christians before emigrating north to escape religious persecution.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Ghassanids

Gold dinar

The gold dinar (ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ ذهبي) is an Islamic medieval gold coin first issued in AH 77 (696–697 CE) by Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan.

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Gorgan

Gorgan (گرگان) is a city in the Central District of Gorgan County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.

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Greater Khorasan

Greater KhorāsānDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed.

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Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty

The Pratihara dynasty, also called the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Pratiharas of Kannauj and the Imperial Pratiharas, was a medieval Indian dynasty that ruled parts of Northern India from the mid-8th to the 11th century.

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HarperCollins

HarperCollins Publishers LLC is a British-American publishing company that is considered to be one of the "Big Five" English-language publishers, along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, Macmillan, and Simon & Schuster.

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Harran

Harran is a municipality and district of Şanlıurfa Province, Turkey.

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Hasan ibn Ali

Hasan ibn Ali (translit; 2 April 670) was an Alid political and religious leader.

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Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty

The Hasan–Mu'awiya treaty was a political peace treaty signed in 661 between Hasan ibn Ali and Mu'awiya I to bring the First Fitna (656–661) to a close.

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Hasmonean dynasty

The Hasmonean dynasty (חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים Ḥašmōnāʾīm; Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from BCE to 37 BCE.

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Hassan ibn al-Nu'man

Hassan ibn al-Nu'man al-Ghassani (Hassān ibn al-Nuʿmān al-Ghassānī) was an Arab general of the Umayyad Caliphate who led the final Muslim conquest of Ifriqiya, firmly establishing Islamic rule in the region.

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Hawwara

The Hawwara is an Arab-Berber tribal confederation in the Maghreb, primarily in Tripolitania, with descendants in Upper Egypt and Sudan.

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Hereditary monarchy

A hereditary monarchy is a form of government and succession of power in which the throne passes from one member of a ruling family to another member of the same family.

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Hijrah

The Hijrah (hijra, originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'), also Hegira (from Medieval Latin), was the journey the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Medina.

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Himyarite Kingdom

The Himyarite Kingdom was a polity in the southern highlands of Yemen, as well as the name of the region which it claimed.

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Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik

Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit; 6 February 743) was the tenth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 724 until his death in 743.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik

Hisham's Palace

Hisham's Palace (قصر هشام), also known as Khirbat al-Mafjar (خربة المفجر), is an important early Islamic archaeological site in the Palestinian city of Jericho, in the West Bank.

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Hispania

Hispania (Hispanía; Hispānia) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula.

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Historiography of early Islam

The historiography of early Islam is the secular scholarly literature on the early history of Islam during the 7th century, from Muhammad's first purported revelations in 610 until the disintegration of the Rashidun Caliphate in 661, and arguably throughout the 8th century and the duration of the Umayyad Caliphate, terminating in the incipient Islamic Golden Age around the beginning of the 9th century.

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History of Islam

The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization. Umayyad Caliphate and history of Islam are history of the Middle East.

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Homs

Homs (حِمْص / ALA-LC:; Levantine Arabic: حُمْص / Ḥomṣ), known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa (Émesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.

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Hugh N. Kennedy

Hugh Nigel Kennedy (born 22 October 1947) is a British medievalist and academic.

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Husayn ibn Ali

Imam Husayn ibn Ali (translit; 11 January 626 – 10 October 680) was a social, political and religious leader.

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Iberian Peninsula

The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.

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Ibn al-Ash'ath

Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath (ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ashʿath; died 704), commonly known as Ibn al-Ash'ath after his grandfather, was a prominent Arab nobleman and military commander during the Umayyad Caliphate, most notable for leading a failed rebellion against the Umayyad viceroy of the east, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf, in 700–703.

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Ibn Bahdal

Hassan ibn Malik ibn Bahdal al-Kalbi (Ḥassān ibn Mālik ibn Baḥdal al-Kalbī, commonly known as Ibn Bahdal (Ibn Baḥdal; d. 688 or 689), was the Umayyad governor of Palestine and Jordan during the reigns of Mu'awiya I and Yazid I, a senior figure in the caliph's court, and a chieftain of the Banu Kalb tribe.

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Ibrahim ibn al-Walid

Ibrāhīm ibn al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik (died 25 January 750) (ابراهيمابن الوليد بن عبد الملك) was an Umayyad caliph, and a son of Caliph al-Walid I (r. 743–744).

See Umayyad Caliphate and Ibrahim ibn al-Walid

Iconoclasm

Iconoclasm (from Greek: label + label)From lit.

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Ifriqiya

Ifriqiya, also known as al-Maghrib al-Adna (المغرب الأدنى), was a medieval historical region comprising today's Tunisia and eastern Algeria, and Tripolitania (roughly western Libya).

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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International Studies Quarterly

International Studies Quarterly is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of international studies and an official journal of the International Studies Association.

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Isaac the Syrian

Isaac the Syrian (Arabic: إسحاق النينوي Ishaq an-Naynuwī; Ἰσαὰκ Σῦρος; c. 613 – c. 700), also remembered as Saint Isaac the Syrian, Isaac of Nineveh, Abba Isaac, Isaac Syrus and Isaac of Qatar, was a 7th-century Syriac Christian bishop and theologian best remembered for his written works on Christian asceticism.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islamic architecture

Islamic architecture comprises the architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam.

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Islamic art

Islamic art is a part of Islamic culture and encompasses the visual arts produced since the 7th century CE by people who lived within territories inhabited or ruled by Muslim populations.

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Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.

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Jabiyah

Jabiyah (الجابية / ALA-LC: al-Jābiya) was a town of political and military significance in the 6th–8th centuries.

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Jerusalem

Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

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Jizya

Jizya (jizya), or jizyah, is a tax historically levied on dhimmis, that is, protected non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.

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John of Damascus

John of Damascus (Yūḥana ad-Dimashqī; Ioánnēs ho Damaskēnós,; Ioannes Damascenus; born Yūḥana ibn Manṣūr ibn Sarjūn, يوحنا إبن منصور إبن سرجون) or John Damascene was an Arab Christian monk, priest, hymnographer, and apologist.

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Julius Wellhausen

Julius Wellhausen (17 May 1844 – 7 January 1918) was a German biblical scholar and orientalist.

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Jund al-Urdunn

Jund al-Urdunn (جُـنْـد الْأُرْدُنّ, translation: "The military district of Jordan") was one of the five districts of Bilad al-Sham (Islamic Syria) during the early Islamic period.

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Jund Dimashq

Jund Dimashq (جند دمشق) was the largest of the sub-provinces (ajnad, sing. jund), into which Syria was divided under the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties.

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Jund Filastin

Jund Filasṭīn (جُنْد فِلَسْطِيْن, "the military district of Palestine") was one of the military districts of the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Bilad al-Sham (Levant), organized soon after the Muslim conquest of the Levant in the 630s.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Jund Filastin

Jund Qinnasrin

Jund Qinnasrīn (جُـنْـد قِـنَّـسْـرِيْـن, "military district of Qinnasrin") was one of five sub-provinces of Syria under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, organized soon after the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 7th century CE.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Jund Qinnasrin

Kaaba

The Kaaba, sometimes referred to as al-Ka'ba al-Musharrafa, is a stone building at the center of Islam's most important mosque and holiest site, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

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Kahina

Al-Kahina (the diviner), also known as Dihya, was a Berber warrior-queen of the Aurès and a religious and military leader who lived during the seventh century AD.

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Kairouan

Kairouan, also spelled El Qayrawān or Kairwan (al-Qayrawān, Qeirwān), is the capital of the Kairouan Governorate in Tunisia and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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Kaysanites

The Kaysanites were a Shi'i sect of Islam that formed from the followers of Al-Mukhtar.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Kaysanites

Khalid ibn al-Walid

Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (died 642) was a 7th-century Arab military commander.

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Khalid ibn Yazid

Khālid ibn Yazīd (full name Abū Hāshim Khālid ibn Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān), 668–704 or 709, was an Umayyad prince and purported alchemist.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Khalid ibn Yazid

Kharijites

The Kharijites (translit, singular) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661).

See Umayyad Caliphate and Kharijites

Khazars

The Khazars were a nomadic Turkic people that, in the late 6th-century CE, established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, Crimea, and Kazakhstan.

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Khutbah

Khutbah (خطبة, khuṭbah; خطبه, khotbeh; hutbe) serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition.

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Khwarazm

Khwarazm (Hwârazmiya; خوارزم, Xwârazm or Xârazm) or Chorasmia is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Khwarazm

Kinda (tribe)

The Kinda, or Kindah, (كِنْدَة, Ancient South Arabian script: 𐩫𐩬𐩵𐩩) were an Arab tribe from South Arabia.

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Kufa

Kufa (الْكُوفَة), also spelled Kufah, is a city in Iraq, about south of Baghdad, and northeast of Najaf.

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Kutama

The Kutama (Berber: Ikutamen; كتامة) were a Berber tribe in northern Algeria classified among the Berber confederation of the Bavares.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

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Lexico

Lexico was a dictionary website that provided a collection of English and Spanish dictionaries produced by Oxford University Press (OUP), the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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List of largest empires

Several empires in human history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement.

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List of Sunni dynasties

The following is a list of Sunni Muslim dynasties.

See Umayyad Caliphate and List of Sunni dynasties

Madinat al-Zahra

Madinat al-Zahra or Medina Azahara (lit) was a fortified palace-city on the western outskirts of Córdoba in present-day Spain.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Madinat al-Zahra

Maghreb

The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Maghreb

Manichaeism

Manichaeism (in New Persian آیینِ مانی) is a former major world religion,R.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Manichaeism

Mardaites

The Mardaites or al-Jarajima (ܡܪ̈ܕܝܐ; ٱلْجَرَاجِمَة/ALA-LC: al-Jarājimah) were early Christians following either Miaphysitism or Monothelitism or Orthodoxy in the Nur Mountains. Umayyad Caliphate and Mardaites are medieval history of Syria.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Mardaites

Marwan I

Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya (translit; 623 or 626April/May 685), commonly known as MarwanI, was the fourth Umayyad caliph, ruling for less than a year in 684–685.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Marwan I

Marwan II

Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan (translit; – 6 August 750), commonly known as Marwan II, was the fourteenth and last caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 744 until his death.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Marwan II

Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik

Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik (Maslama ibn ʿAbd al-Malik, in Greek sources Μασαλμᾶς, Masalmas; – 24 December 738) was an Umayyad prince and one of the most prominent Arab generals of the early decades of the 8th century, leading several campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and the Khazar Khaganate.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik

Mawla

Mawlā (مَوْلَى, plural mawālī مَوَالِي), is a polysemous Arabic word, whose meaning varied in different periods and contexts.

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Maysun bint Bahdal

Maysun bint Bahdal was a wife of caliph Mu'awiya I, and as mother of his successor and son Yazid I.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Maysun bint Bahdal

Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Mecca

Medieval Greek

Medieval Greek (also known as Middle Greek, Byzantine Greek, or Romaic) is the stage of the Greek language between the end of classical antiquity in the 5th–6th centuries and the end of the Middle Ages, conventionally dated to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Medieval Greek

Medina

Medina, officially Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah, is the capital of Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Medina

Medina of Tunis

The Medina of Tunis is the medina quarter of Tunis, the capital of Tunisia.

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Melkite

The term Melkite, also written Melchite, refers to various Eastern Christian churches of the Byzantine Rite and their members originating in West Asia.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Melkite

Merv

Merv (Merw, Мерв, مرو; translit), also known as the Merve Oasis, was a major Iranian city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, near today's Mary, Turkmenistan.

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Middle Persian

Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg (Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Middle Persian

Mihrab

Mihrab (محراب,, pl. محاريب) is a niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca towards which Muslims should face when praying.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Mihrab

Militarism

Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Militarism

Moorish architecture

Moorish architecture is a style within Islamic architecture which developed in the western Islamic world, including al-Andalus (on the Iberian peninsula) and what is now Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia (part of the Maghreb).

See Umayyad Caliphate and Moorish architecture

Moors

The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim populations of the Maghreb, al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.

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Morocco

Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

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Mosaic

A mosaic is a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface.

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Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba

The Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba (Mezquita-Catedral de Córdoba), officially known by its ecclesiastical name of Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption (Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción), is the cathedral of the Diocese of Córdoba dedicated to the Assumption of Mary and located in the Spanish region of Andalusia.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba

Mu'awiya I

Mu'awiya I (Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Mu'awiya I

Mu'awiya II

Mu'awiya ibn Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (translit; –684), commonly known as Mu'awiya II, was the third Umayyad caliph, ruling for less than a year in 683–684.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Mu'awiya II

Muhajirun

The Muhajirun (al-muhājirūn, singular مهاجر) were the converts to Islam and the Islamic prophet Muhammad's advisors and relatives, who emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the event is known in Islam as the Hijra.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Muhajirun

Muhallabids

The Muhallabids or the Muhallabid dynasty were an Arab family who became prominent in the middle Umayyad Caliphate and reached its greatest eminence during the early Abbasids, when members of the family ruled Basra and Ifriqiya.

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Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

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Muhammad ibn al-Qasim

Muḥammad ibn al-Qāsim al-Thaqafī (محمد بن القاسمالثقفي; –) was an Arab military commander in service of the Umayyad Caliphate who led the Muslim conquest of Sindh (and Punjab, part of ancient Sindh), inaugurating the Umayyad campaigns in India.

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Muhammad ibn Marwan

Abū ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Muḥammad ibn Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam (died 719/720) was an Umayyad prince and one of the most important generals of the Umayyad Caliphate in the period 690–710, and the one who completed the Arab conquest of Armenia.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Muhammad ibn Marwan

Mukhtar

A mukhtar (chosen one; μουχτάρης) is a village chief in the Levant: "an old institution that goes back to the time of the Ottoman rule".

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Mukhtar al-Thaqafi

Al-Mukhtar ibn Abi Ubayd al-Thaqafi (translit; – 3 April 687) was a pro-Alid revolutionary based in Kufa, who led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate in 685 and ruled over most of Iraq for eighteen months during the Second Fitna.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Mukhtar al-Thaqafi

Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr

Mu'sab ibn al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam al-Asadi (translit; died October 691) was the governor of Basra in 686–691 for his brother, the Mecca-based counter-caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, during the Second Fitna.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr

Musa ibn Nusayr

Musa ibn Nusayr (موسى بن نصير Mūsá bin Nuṣayr; 640 – c. 716) was an Arab general and governor who served under the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I. He ruled over the Muslim provinces of North Africa (Ifriqiya), and directed the Islamic conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom that controlled the Iberian Peninsula and part of what is now southern France (Septimania).

See Umayyad Caliphate and Musa ibn Nusayr

Muslim conquest of Persia

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Muslim conquest of Persia

Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, also known as the Arab conquest of Spain, by the Umayyad Caliphate occurred between approximately 711 and the 720s. Umayyad Caliphate and Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula are 8th century in al-Andalus.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula

Muslim conquest of the Levant

The Muslim conquest of the Levant (Fatḥ al-šām; lit. "Conquest of Syria"), or Arab conquest of Syria, was a 634–638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Muslim conquest of the Levant

Narbonne

Narbonne (Narbona; Narbo; Late Latin:Narbona) is a commune in Southern France in the Occitanie region.

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Nasr ibn Sayyar

Naṣr ibn Sayyār al-Lāythi al-Kināni (نصر بن سيار الليثي الكناني; 663 – 9 December 748) was an Arab general and the last Umayyad governor of Khurasan in 738–748.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Nasr ibn Sayyar

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Oxford University Press

Pan-Arab colors

The pan-Arab colors are black, white, green and red.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Pan-Arab colors

Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Persian language

Plague of Amwas

The plague of Amwas (ṭāʿūn ʿAmwās), also spelled plague of Emmaus, was an ancient bubonic plague epidemic that afflicted Islamic Syria in 638–639, during the first plague pandemic and toward the end of the Muslim conquest of the region. Umayyad Caliphate and plague of Amwas are medieval history of Syria.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Plague of Amwas

Poll tax

A poll tax, also known as head tax or capitation, is a tax levied as a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Poll tax

Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria

Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria, 38th Pope of Alexandria & Patriarch of the See of St. Mark.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Pope Benjamin I of Alexandria

Pre-Islamic Arabia

Pre-Islamic Arabia, referring to the Arabian Peninsula before Muhammad's first revelation in 610 CE, is referred to in Islam in the context of, highlighting the prevalence of paganism throughout the region at the time. Umayyad Caliphate and pre-Islamic Arabia are history of Saudi Arabia.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Pre-Islamic Arabia

Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.

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Principality of Iberia

Principality of Iberia (Georgian: ႵႠႰႧႪႨႱ ႱႠႤႰႨႱႫႧႠႥႰႭ) was an early medieval aristocratic regime in a core Georgian region of Kartli, called Iberia by classical authors.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Principality of Iberia

Qadariyah

Qadariyyah (Qadariyya), also Qadarites or Kadarites, from (قدر), meaning "power", was originally a derogatory term designating early Islamic theologians who rejected the concept of predestination in Islam, qadr, and asserted that humans possess absolute free will, making them responsible for their actions, justifying divine punishment and absolving God of responsibility for evil in the world.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Qadariyah

Qays

Qays ʿAylān (قيس عيلان), often referred to simply as Qays (Kais or Ḳays) were an Arab tribal confederation that branched from the Mudar group.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Qays

Qays–Yaman rivalry

The Qays–Yaman rivalry refers to the historical rivalries and feuds between the northern Arabian Qays tribes and the southern Arabian Yaman tribes.

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Quda'a

The Quda'a (translit) were a confederation of Arab tribes, including the powerful Kalb and Tanukh, mainly concentrated throughout Syria and northwestern Arabia, from at least the 4th century CE, during Byzantine rule, through the 12th century, during the early Islamic era.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Quda'a

Quraysh

The Quraysh (قُرَيْشٌ) was an Arab tribe that inhabited and controlled Mecca and its Kaaba.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Quraysh

Qusayr 'Amra

Qusayr 'Amra or Quseir Amra, sometimes also named Qasr Amra, is the best-known of the desert castles located in present-day eastern Jordan.

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Qutayba ibn Muslim

Abū Ḥafṣ Qutayba ibn Abī Ṣāliḥ Muslim ibn ʿAmr al-Bāhilī (أبو حفص قتيبة بن أبي صالح مسلمبن عمرو الباهلي; 669–715/6) was an Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate who became governor of Khurasan and distinguished himself in the conquest of Transoxiana during the reign of al-Walid I (705–715).

See Umayyad Caliphate and Qutayba ibn Muslim

Rashidun

The Rashidun (lit) are the first four caliphs (lit.: 'successors') who led the Muslim community following the death of Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Rashidun

Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Umayyad Caliphate and Rashidun Caliphate are caliphates, historical transcontinental empires, history of Saudi Arabia and medieval history of Syria.

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Relief

Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material.

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Resafa

Resafa (Reṣafa), sometimes spelled Rusafa, and known in the Byzantine era as Sergiopolis (Σεργιούπολις or Σεργιόπολις) and briefly as Anastasiopolis (Αναστασιόπολις), was a city located in the Roman province of Euphratensis, in modern-day Syria.

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Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas

Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhri (translit) was an Arab Muslim commander.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas

Samaritans

The Samaritans (שומרונים; السامريون), often prefering to be called Israelite Samaritans, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Hebrews and Israelites of the ancient Near East.

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Samarkand

Samarkand or Samarqand (Uzbek and Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia.

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Sarjun ibn Mansur

Sarjun ibn Mansur (سرجون بن منصور Σέργιος ὁ τοῦ Μανσοῦρ) was a Melkite Christian official of the early Umayyad Caliphate.

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Sasanian architecture

Sasanian architecture refers to the Persian architectural style that reached a peak in its development during the Sasanian era.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Sasanian architecture

Sasanian coinage

Sasanian coinage was produced within the domains of the Iranian Sasanian Empire (224–651).

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Sasanian Empire

Sawad

Sawad was the name used in early Islamic times (7th–12th centuries) for southern Iraq.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Sawad

Second Fitna

The Second Fitna was a period of general political and military disorder and civil war in the Islamic community during the early Umayyad Caliphate.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Second Fitna

Shahada

The Shahada (الشَّهَادَةُ;, 'the testimony'), also transliterated as Shahadah, is an Islamic oath and creed, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam and part of the Adhan.

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Shura

Shura (lit) can for example take the form of a council or a referendum.

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Shurahbil ibn Simt

Shurahbil ibn al-Simt ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi was a Kindite commander in the Muslim army against the Sasanian Persians at the Battle of al-Qadisiyya in 636 and later a Homs-based member of the inner circle of Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan during the latter's governorship of Syria (639–661) and caliphate (661–680).

See Umayyad Caliphate and Shurahbil ibn Simt

Siege of Constantinople (717–718)

The second Arab siege of Constantinople was a combined land and sea offensive in 717–718 by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Siege of Constantinople (717–718)

Siege of Mecca (683)

The siege of Mecca in September–November 683 was one of the early battles of the Second Fitna.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Siege of Mecca (683)

Siege of Mecca (692)

The siege of Mecca occurred at the end of the Second Fitna in 692 when the forces of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan besieged and defeated his rival, the caliph Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr in his center of power, the Islamic holy city of Mecca.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Siege of Mecca (692)

Siege of Wasit

The siege of Wasit involved the army of the Abbasid Revolution under al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba and the future Caliph al-Mansur, and the Umayyad garrison of Wasit under the last Umayyad governor of Iraq, Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Siege of Wasit

Sind (caliphal province)

Sind was an administrative division of the Umayyad Caliphate and later of the Abbasid Caliphate in post-classical India, from around 711 CE with the Umayyad conquest of Sindh by the Arab military commander Muhammad ibn al-Qasim, to around 854 CE with the emergence of the independent dynasties of the Habbarid Emirate and the Emirate of Multan.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Sind (caliphal province)

Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate

Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate refers to the chattel slavery taking place in the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), which comprised the majority of the Middle East with a center in the capital of Damascus in Syria.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate

Sogdia

Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Sogdia

Solidus (coin)

The solidus (Latin 'solid';: solidi) or nomisma (νόμισμα, nómisma, 'coin') was a highly pure gold coin issued in the Later Roman Empire and Byzantine Empire.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Solidus (coin)

Some Answered Questions

Some Answered Questions (abbreviated SAQ; Persian version: Mufáviḍát-i-‘Abdu'l-Bahá) is a compilation of table talks of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá that were collected by Laura Clifford Barney between 1904 and 1906 across several pilgrimages.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Some Answered Questions

Sous

The Sous region (also spelt Sus, Suss, Souss or Sousse) (sūs, sus) is a historical, cultural and geographical region of Morocco, which constitutes part of the region administration of Souss-Massa and Guelmim-Oued Noun.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Sous

South Caucasus

The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains.

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Spread of Islam

The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years.

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Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik

Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit, 24 September 717) was the seventh Umayyad caliph, ruling from 715 until his death.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik

Sulayman ibn Sa'd al-Khushani

Abū Thābit Sulaymān ibn Saʿd al-Khūshani was an Arab administrator of the Umayyad Caliphate who proposed and implemented the conversion of Syria's dīwān (tax administration) from Greek to Arabic in 700 under Caliph Abd al-Malik.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Sulayman ibn Sa'd al-Khushani

Syria (region)

Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant.

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Syriac Orthodox Church

The Syriac Orthodox Church (ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣath Shubḥo); also known as West Syriac Church or West Syrian Church, officially known as the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, and informally as the Jacobite Church, is an Oriental Orthodox church that branched from the Church of Antioch.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Syriac Orthodox Church

Tabaristan

Tabaristan or Tabarestan (Ṭabarestān, or Tabarestun, ultimately from Middle Persian:, Tapur(i)stān), was a mountainous region located on the Caspian coast of northern Iran. Umayyad Caliphate and Tabaristan are medieval history of Iran.

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Talha ibn Ubayd Allah

Ṭalḥa ibn ʿUbayd Allāh al-Taymī (طَلْحَة بن عُبَيْد اللّه التَّيمي) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty (唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705.

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Tangier

Tangier (Ṭanjah) or Tangiers is a city in northwestern Morocco, on the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.

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Tariq ibn Ziyad

Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād (طارق بن زياد), also known simply as Tarik in English, was an Umayyad commander who initiated the Muslim conquest of Visigothic Hispania (present-day Spain and Portugal) in 711–718 AD.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Tariq ibn Ziyad

Tashkent

Tashkent, or Toshkent in Uzbek, is the capital and largest city of Uzbekistan.

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Taurus Mountains

The Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları or Toroslar, Greek: Ταύρος) are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, separating the Mediterranean coastal region from the central Anatolian Plateau.

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Temple menorah

The menorah (מְנוֹרָה mənōrā) is a seven-branched candelabrum that is described in the Hebrew Bible and in later ancient sources as having been used in the Tabernacle and in the Temple in Jerusalem.

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Tokharistan

Tokharistan (formed from "Tokhara" and the suffix -stan meaning "place of" in Persian) is an ancient Early Middle Ages name given to the area which was known as Bactria in Ancient Greek sources. Umayyad Caliphate and Tokharistan are states and territories disestablished in the 8th century.

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Transoxiana

Transoxiana or Transoxania is the Latin name for the region and civilization located in lower Central Asia roughly corresponding to modern-day eastern Uzbekistan, western Tajikistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, parts of Turkmenistan and southern Kyrgyzstan.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

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Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad

Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad (translit) was the Umayyad governor of Basra, Kufa and Khurasan during the reigns of caliphs Mu'awiya I and Yazid I, and the leading general of the Umayyad army under caliphs Marwan I and Abd al-Malik.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad

Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Umar

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (translit; February 720) was the eighth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 717 until his death in 720.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

Umar ibn Hubayra

Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari (ʿUmar ibn Hubayra al-Fazārī) was a prominent Umayyad general and governor of Iraq, who played an important role in the Qays–Yaman conflict of this period.

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Umayya ibn Abd Shams

Umayya ibn Abd Shams (أمية بن عبد شمس) is the progenitor of the line of the Umayyad caliphs.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Umayya ibn Abd Shams

Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty. Umayyad Caliphate and Umayyad Caliphate are 661 establishments, 750s disestablishments, 7th-century establishments in Africa, 8th century in al-Andalus, 8th-century disestablishments in Africa, caliphates, historical transcontinental empires, history of North Africa, history of Saudi Arabia, history of the Mediterranean, history of the Middle East, medieval history of Iran, medieval history of Spain, medieval history of Syria, states and territories disestablished in the 8th century, states and territories established in the 660s and Umayyad dynasty.

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Umayyad dynasty

The Umayyad dynasty (Sons of Umayya) or Umayyads (al-Umawiyyūn) was an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe who were the ruling family of the Caliphate between 661 and 750 and later of al-Andalus between 756 and 1031.

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Umayyad invasion of Gaul

The Umayyad invasion of Gaul occurred in two phases, in 719 and 732 AD. Umayyad Caliphate and Umayyad invasion of Gaul are 8th century in al-Andalus.

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Umayyad Mosque

The Umayyad Mosque (al-Jāmiʿ al-Umawī), also known as the Great Mosque of Damascus, located in the old city of Damascus, the capital of Syria, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world.

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Umayyad state of Córdoba

The Umayyad state of Córdoba was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031.

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Upper Mesopotamia

Upper Mesopotamia constitutes the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East.

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Uqba ibn Nafi

ʿUqba ibn Nāfiʿ ibn ʿAbd al-Qays al-Fihrī al-Qurashī (ʿUqba ibn Nāfiʿ ibn ʿAbd al-Qays al-Fihrī), also simply known as Uqba ibn Nafi, was an Arab general serving the Rashidun Caliphate since the reign of Umar and later the Umayyad Caliphate during the reigns of Mu'awiya I and Yazid I, leading the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, including present-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco and a failed attempt in Nubia.

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Uthman

Uthman ibn Affan (translit; 17 June 656) was the third caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656.

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Visigothic Kingdom

The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths (Regnum Gothorum) occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries. Umayyad Caliphate and Visigothic Kingdom are medieval history of Spain and states and territories disestablished in the 8th century.

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Volga

The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of, and a catchment area of., Russian State Water Registry It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between and – and of drainage basin.

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Wasit

Wasit (Wāsiṭ, ‎ܘܐܣܛ) was an early Islamic city in Iraq.

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Wilferd Madelung

Wilferd Ferdinand Madelung FBA (26 December 1930 – 9 May 2023) was a German author and scholar of Islamic history widely recognised for his contributions to the fields of Islamic and Iranian studies.

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Ya'qubi

ʾAbū al-ʿAbbās ʾAḥmad bin ʾAbī Yaʿqūb bin Ǧaʿfar bin Wahb bin Waḍīḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (died 897/8), commonly referred to simply by his nisba al-Yaʿqūbī, was an Arab Muslim geographer.

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Yaman (tribal group)

Yaman was an Arab tribal confederation, originating from South Arabia, known for their centuries-long rivalry with the Qays, another Arab tribal confederation.

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Yazid I

Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (translit; 11 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from April 680 until his death in November 683.

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Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan

Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan ibn Harb ibn Umayya (Yazīd ibn Abī Sufyān ibn Ḥarb ibn Umayya; died 639) was a leading Arab Muslim commander in the conquest of Syria from 634 until his death in the plague of Amwas in 639.

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Yazid ibn al-Muhallab

Yazid ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi (Yazīd ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdī; 672/673–24 August 720) was a commander and statesman for the Umayyad Caliphate in Iraq and Khurasan in the early 8th century.

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Yazid II

Yazid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (translit; — 26 January 724), commonly known as Yazid II, was the ninth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 720 until his death in 724.

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Yazid III

Yazid ibn al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (translit; 701 – 3/4 October 744), commonly known as Yazid III, was the twelfth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 744 until his death months later.

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Zakat

Zakat (or Zakāh) is one of the five pillars of Islam.

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Zenata

The Zenata are a group of Berber tribes, historically one of the largest Berber confederations along with the Sanhaja and Masmuda.

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Ziyad ibn Abihi

Abu al-Mughira Ziyad ibn Abihi (Abū al-Mughīra Ziyād ibn Abīhi), also known as Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan (Ziyād ibn Abī Sufyān), was an administrator and statesman of the successive Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates in the mid-7th century.

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Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.

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Zubayr ibn al-Awwam

Al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ibn Khuwaylid al-Asadi was an Arab Muslim commander in the service of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar who played a leading role in the Ridda wars against rebel tribes in Arabia in 632–633 and later participated in early Muslim conquests of Sasanid Persia in 633–634, Byzantine Syria in 634–638, and the Exarchate of Africa in 639–643.

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Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi

Abu al-Hudhayl Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi (Abū al-Hudhayl Zufar ibn al-Ḥārith al-Kilābī; died) was a Muslim commander, a chieftain of the Arab tribe of Banu Amir, and the preeminent leader of the Qays tribal–political faction in the late 7th century.

See Umayyad Caliphate and Zufar ibn al-Harith al-Kilabi

See also

661 establishments

• Duchy of Naples
• Haripuñjaya
• Maubeuge Abbey
• Umayyad Caliphate

750s disestablishments

• Lambityeco
• Umayyad Caliphate

7th-century establishments in Africa

• Great Mosque of Kairouan
• Kingdom of Diarra
• Monastery in Ghazali
• Umayyad Caliphate

8th century in al-Andalus

• Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
• Battle of Covadonga
• Battle of Guadalete
• Battle of Lutos
• Battle of Orbieu River
• Battle of the Burbia River
• Battle of the River Garonne
• Chronicle of 741
• Chronicle of 754
• Early Muslim conquests
• Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
• Reccopolis
• Siege of Córdoba (711)
• Timeline of 8th- and 9th-century Portuguese history
• Treaty of Orihuela
• Umayyad Caliphate
• Umayyad invasion of Gaul

8th-century disestablishments in Africa

• Kemondo Iron Age Sites
• Umayyad Caliphate

Caliphates

• Abbasid Caliphate
• Abolition of the Caliphate
• Ahmadiyya Caliphate
• Al-Farooq (book)
• Almohad Caliphate
• Caliphate
• Caliphate of Córdoba
• Caliphs
• Election of Ali to the caliphate
• Fatimid Caliphate
• Khilafah Ammah
• Majlis al-Shura
• Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam
• Ottoman Caliphate
• Ottoman Empire
• Rashidun Caliphate
• Sharifian Caliphate
• Sokoto Caliphate
• Umayyad Caliphate

Historical transcontinental empires

• Abbasid Caliphate
• Achaemenid Empire
• Afsharid Iran
• Almohad Caliphate
• Almoravid dynasty
• Ayyubid dynasty
• Belgian colonial empire
• British Empire
• Byzantine Empire
• Danish overseas colonies
• Dutch colonial empire
• Fatimid Caliphate
• First French Empire
• First Turkic Khaganate
• French colonial empire
• Golden Horde
• Italian Empire
• Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
• Mamluk Sultanate
• Mongol Empire
• Ottoman Empire
• Portuguese Empire
• Rashidun Caliphate
• Roman Empire
• Russian Empire
• Safavid Iran
• Soviet Union
• Spanish Empire
• Timurid Empire
• Umayyad Caliphate
• Western Roman Empire
• Western Turkic Khaganate

Medieval history of Iran

• Abaskun
• Abbasid Caliphate
• Abd Allah ibn Mu'awiya
• Alid dynasties of northern Iran
• Ancient Iranian medicine
• Ayyār
• Eldiguzids
• Hadith of Persian Men
• Iran during the Caliphate
• Iranian Intermezzo
• Jalali Castle
• Jibal
• Khurasan Road
• Kingdom of Georgia
• Nizari Ismaili state
• Ormus
• Qara Qoyunlu
• Samanid Empire
• Tabaristan
• Tarikh-i Sistan
• Turco-Persian tradition
• Turkoman (ethnonym)
• Umayyad Caliphate

Medieval history of Spain

• Al-Andalus
• Alcalde de la Santa Hermandad
• Alfoz (territory)
• Almohad Caliphate
• Autos sacramentales
• Ballestero de monte
• Cartularies of Valpuesta
• Counts of Urgell
• County of Aragon
• Crown of Aragon
• Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
• History of Asturias
• Jiménez dynasty
• Justicia de Aragón
• Kingdom of Aragon
• Kingdom of Asturias
• Kingdom of Castile
• Kingdom of León
• Kingdom of Navarre
• Kingdom of Valencia
• Knight-villein
• Llotja
• Megorashim
• Mudéjar architecture
• Old Catalonia
• Pere Joan Sala
• Principality of Catalonia
• Principality of Tarragona
• Reconquista
• Regimiento
• Remensa
• Sabaria
• Santa Hermandad
• Sentencia Arbitral de Guadalupe
• Spain in the Middle Ages
• Spania
• Spanish chivalry
• Spanish era
• Umayyad Caliphate
• Upper March
• Visigothic Kingdom
• Visigothic script
• War of the Remences

Medieval history of Syria

• Ahdath
• Al Fadl
• Amir al-ʿarab
• Artah
• Ayyubid dynasty
• Bahila
• Bali (tribe)
• Banu Ghani
• Banu Judham
• Banu Kalb
• Banu Kilab
• Banu Muhriz
• Banu Munqidh
• Burid dynasty
• Castle of al-Al
• County of Edessa
• Emirate of Aleppo
• Gökböri
• Ilkhanate
• Jarm
• Jund
• List of the Order of Assassins
• Mamluk Sultanate
• Mardaites
• Mirdasid dynasty
• Nizari Ismaili state
• Nur al-Din Bimaristan
• Order of Assassins
• Plague of Amwas
• Principality of Antioch
• Rashidun Caliphate
• Seljuk Empire
• Siege of Aleppo (637)
• Timurid Empire
• Umayyad Caliphate
• Zengid dynasty

States and territories disestablished in the 8th century

• Barbarian kingdoms
• Chalukya dynasty
• Cilicia (Roman province)
• Dogfeiling
• Dos Pilas
• Duchy of Rome
• Duchy of Tuscia
• Dumnonia
• Exarchate of Ravenna
• Frisian Kingdom
• Haestingas
• Heptarchy
• Hwicce
• Iwaki Province (718)
• Iwase Province
• Kingdom of Altava
• Kingdom of the Aurès
• Kingdom of the Lombards
• Later Gupta dynasty
• Licchavis of Nepal
• Maitraka dynasty
• Neustria
• Palenque
• Principality of Chaghaniyan
• Principality of Khuttal
• Protectorate General to Pacify the West
• Second Turkic Khaganate
• Shule Kingdom
• Sogdian city-states
• Tokharistan
• Twenty Years' Anarchy
• Umayyad Caliphate
• Umayyad rule in North Africa
• Varman dynasty (Kannauj)
• Visigothic Kingdom

States and territories established in the 660s

• Protectorate General to Pacify the East
• Umayyad Caliphate
• Umayyad rule in North Africa
• Unified Silla

Umayyad dynasty

• Aban ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham
• Aban ibn Uthman
• Aban ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba
• Abd al-Malik ibn Umar ibn Marwan
• Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid
• Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani
• Abu Rakwa
• Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
• Abu al-Umaytir al-Sufyani
• Al-Ashdaq
• Al-Faddayni
• Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf
• Al-Walid ibn Hisham al-Mu'ayti
• Al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
• Amr ibn Uthman
• Banu Abd-Shams
• Emirs of Córdoba
• Ibn al-Qitt
• Khalid ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid
• Sa'id ibn Uthman
• Umayya ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid
• Umayyad Caliphate
• Umayyad dynasty
• Umm al-Hajjaj bint Muhammad
• Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
• Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sufyan
• Yahya ibn al-Hakam

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate

Also known as Al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah, Al-Khilāfat al-ʾumawiyya, Al-Ḫilāfat al-ʾumawiyya, Caliph of Damascus, Caliphate of Damascus, Damascus Caliphate, Emevi, Omaiad, Omayyad, Omayyad Empire, Omayyad caliphate, Ommiad, Second Islamic Caliphate, Second caliphate, Sufyanid, Sufyanids, The Umayyad Caliphate, The Umayyads of Syria, The Ummayad Caliphate, Umawi, Umayad, Umayyad, Umayyad Caliph, Umayyad Chaliphate, Umayyad Empire, Umayyad Leader, Umayyad Syria, Umayyad accession, Umayyad coinage in Palestine, Umayyad period, Umayyade, Umayyed, Umayyid, Ummawiyy, Ummayad, Ummayad Caliphate, Ummayad Coinage in the Land of Israel, Ummayyad, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة.

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