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195 relations: Afroinsectiphilia, Afrotheria, Aleutian Islands, Altungulata, Amynodontidae, Animal locomotion, Antelope, Anthracobunidae, Anthracotheriidae, Antilocapridae, Antler, Aquatic adaptation, Archaeoceti, Arctocyonidae, Asia, Astrapotheria, Atavism, Baja California, Balaenidae, Baleen, Baleen whale, Bat, Beaked whale, Blood vessel, Bovidae, Brontotheriidae, Camel, Camelid, Canine tooth, Carl Linnaeus, Carnivora, Carodnia, Cartilage, Cattle, Cetacea, Cetotheriidae, Cetruminantia, Chalicothere, Chevrotain, Cladistics, Clavicle, Condylarth, Convergent evolution, Creodonta, Crypsis, Cuboid bone, Deep sea, Deer, Delphinoidea, Dental pad, ..., Desert, Desmostylia, Digitigrade, Dinocerata, Dinosaur, Donkey, Duiker, Ecological niche, Ecology, Elephant, Elephant shrew, Embrithopoda, Eocene, Equidae, Eschrichtiidae, Even-toed ungulate, Evolution of cetaceans, Ferae, Ferungulata, Fish fin, Folk taxonomy, Form classification, Fossil, Fur, Giraffe, Giraffidae, Goat, Golden mole, Grassland, Grazing, Great American Interchange, Grit, not grass hypothesis, Habitat, Heptodon, Herbivore, Hippopotamidae, Hippopotamus, Hoof, Horn (anatomy), Horse, Human, Human digestive system, Hyopsodus, Hypsodont, Hyrachyus, Hyracodontidae, Hyracotherium, Hyrax, Iberian ibex, Inbreeding depression, Iniidae, Japan, Keratin, Kogiidae, Krill, La Plata dolphin, Late Cretaceous, Leaf, Lipotidae, Litopterna, Littoral zone, Mammal, Marsupial, Meridiungulata, Mesaxonia, Mesonychid, Miocene, Miotapirus, Molar (tooth), Mongolestes, Monodontidae, Monophyly, Morphology (biology), Moschidae, Mountain, Nail (anatomy), North America, Notoungulata, Oceanic dolphin, Odd-toed ungulate, Okapi, Oligocene, Orycteropodidae, Ossicone, Osteoclast, Pacific Rim, Paenungulata, Pakicetus, Paleocene, Paleontology, Pangolin, Paraceratherium, Peccary, Pecora, Pegasoferae, Pharyngula (blog), Phenacodontidae, Phenetics, Physeteroidea, Pig, Pig-footed bandicoot, Pinniped, Plant, Plantigrade, Pleistocene, Pliocene, Porpoise, Predation, Proboscidea, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Pronghorn, Protungulatum, Pyrotheria, Radius (bone), Raoellidae, Reindeer, Rhinoceros, River dolphin, Rorqual, Ruminant, Ruminantia, Russia, ScienceBlogs, Sexual selection, Shark, Sirenia, Skin, South Asian river dolphin, Squid, Suidae, Suina, Systematic Biology, Talus bone, Tapir, Taxonomic rank, Tenrec, TheGuardian.com, Toe, Toothed whale, Tusk, Tylopoda, Type species, Ulna, Whippomorpha. Expand index (145 more) »
Afroinsectiphilia
The Afroinsectiphilia (African insectivores) is a clade that has been proposed based on the results of recent molecular phylogenetic studies.
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Afrotheria
Afrotheria is a clade of mammals, the living members of which belong to groups that are either currently living in Africa or of African origin: golden moles, elephant shrews (also known as sengis), tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants, sea cows, and several extinct clades.
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Aleutian Islands
The Aleutian Islands (Tanam Unangaa, literally "Land of the Aleuts", possibly from Chukchi aliat, "island") are a chain of 14 large volcanic islands and 55 smaller ones belonging to both the U.S. state of Alaska and the Russian federal subject of Kamchatka Krai.
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Altungulata
Altungulata or Pantomesaxonia (sensu and later authors) is an invalid clade (mirorder) of ungulate mammals comprising the perissodactyls, hyracoids, and tethytheres (sirenians, proboscideans, and related extinct taxa.) The name "Pantomesaxonia" was originally introduced by, a German zoologist and racial theorist.
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Amynodontidae
Amynodontidae ("threatening tooth") is a family of extinct perissodactyls related to true rhinoceroses, they are commonly portrayed as semiaquatic hippo-like rhinos but this description only fits members of the Metamynodontini, other groups of amynodonts like the cadurcodontines had more typical ungulate proportions and convergently evolved a tapir-like proboscis.
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Animal locomotion
Animal locomotion, in ethology, is any of a variety of movements or methods that animals use to move from one place to another.
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Antelope
An antelope is a member of a number of even-toed ungulate species indigenous to various regions in Africa and Eurasia.
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Anthracobunidae
Anthracobunidae is an extinct family of stem perissodactyls that lived in the early to middle Eocene period.
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Anthracotheriidae
Anthracotheriidae is a family of extinct, hippopotamus-like artiodactyl ungulates related to hippopotamuses and whales.
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Antilocapridae
The Antilocapridae are a family of artiodactyls endemic to North America.
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Antler
Antlers are extensions of an animal's skull found in members of the deer family.
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Aquatic adaptation
Several animal groups have undergone aquatic adaptation, going from being purely terrestrial animals to living at least part of the time in water.
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Archaeoceti
Archaeoceti ("ancient whales"), or Zeuglodontes in older literature, is a paraphyletic group of primitive cetaceans that lived from the Early Eocene to the late Oligocene.
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Arctocyonidae
Arctocyonidae (from Greek arktos kyôn, "bear/dog-like") is an extinct family of unspecialized, primitive mammals with more than 20 genera.
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Asia
Asia is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres.
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Astrapotheria
Astrapotheria is an extinct order of South American and Antarctic hoofed mammals that existed from the Late Paleocene to the Middle Miocene,.
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Atavism
In biology, an atavism is a modification of a biological structure whereby an ancestral trait reappears after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations.
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Baja California
Baja CaliforniaSometimes informally referred to as Baja California Norte (North Lower California) to distinguish it from both the Baja California Peninsula, of which it forms the northern half, and Baja California Sur, the adjacent state that covers the southern half of the peninsula.
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Balaenidae
Balaenidae is a family of whales of the parvorder Mysticeti that contains two living genera.
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Baleen
Baleen is a filter-feeder system inside the mouths of baleen whales.
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Baleen whale
Baleen whales (systematic name Mysticeti), known earlier as whalebone whales, form a parvorder of the infraorder Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises).
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Bat
Bats are mammals of the order Chiroptera; with their forelimbs adapted as wings, they are the only mammals naturally capable of true and sustained flight.
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Beaked whale
Beaked whales are the members of the family Ziphiidae, which consists of 23 species.
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Blood vessel
The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system, and microcirculation, that transports blood throughout the human body.
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Bovidae
The Bovidae are the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals that includes bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, wildebeest, impala, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle.
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Brontotheriidae
Brontotheriidae, also called Titanotheriidae, is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs.
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Camel
A camel is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.
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Camelid
Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only currently living family in the suborder Tylopoda.
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Canine tooth
In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dog teeth, fangs, or (in the case of those of the upper jaw) eye teeth, are relatively long, pointed teeth.
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Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von LinnéBlunt (2004), p. 171.
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Carnivora
Carnivora (from Latin carō (stem carn-) "flesh" and vorāre "to devour") is a diverse scrotiferan order that includes over 280 species of placental mammals.
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Carodnia
Carodnia is an extinct genus of South American ungulate known from the Paleocene of Brazil and Argentina, and the Early Eocene of Peru.
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Cartilage
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth elastic tissue, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long bones at the joints, and is a structural component of the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the bronchial tubes, the intervertebral discs, and many other body components.
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Cattle
Cattle—colloquially cows—are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates.
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Cetacea
Cetacea are a widely distributed and diverse clade of aquatic mammals that today consists of the whales, dolphins, and porpoises.
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Cetotheriidae
Cetotheriidae is a family of baleen whales (suborder Mysticeti).
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Cetruminantia
The Cetruminantia are a clade made up of the Cetacodontamorpha (or Whippomorpha) and their closest living relatives, the Ruminantia.
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Chalicothere
Chalicotheres (from Greek chalix, "gravel" + therion, "beast") is an extinct group of herbivorous, odd-toed ungulate (or perissodactyl) mammals spread throughout North America, Eurasia, and Africa from the Middle Eocene until the Early Pleistocene, existing from 46.2 mya to just 781,000 years ago.
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Chevrotain
Chevrotains, also known as mouse-deer, are small ungulates that make up the family Tragulidae, the only members of the infraorder Tragulina.
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Cladistics
Cladistics (from Greek κλάδος, cládos, i.e., "branch") is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on the most recent common ancestor.
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Clavicle
The clavicle or collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum or breastbone.
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Condylarth
Condylarthra is an informal group – previously considered an order – of extinct placental mammals, known primarily from the Paleocene and Eocene epochs.
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Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.
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Creodonta
Creodonta is an extinct, potentially polyphyletic order of carnivorous mammals that lived from the Paleocene to the Miocene epochs.
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Crypsis
In ecology, crypsis is the ability of an animal to avoid observation or detection by other animals.
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Cuboid bone
In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot.
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Deep sea
The deep sea or deep layer is the lowest layer in the ocean, existing below the thermocline and above the seabed, at a depth of 1000 fathoms (1800 m) or more.
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Deer
Deer (singular and plural) are the ruminant mammals forming the family Cervidae.
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Delphinoidea
Delphinoidea is the largest group of toothed whales with 66 genera in 6 families.
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Dental pad
The dental pad or browsing pad is a feature of ruminant dental anatomy that results from a lack of upper incisors and helps them gather large quantities of grass and other plant matter.
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Desert
A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.
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Desmostylia
The Desmostylia (from Greek δεσμά desma, "bundle", and στῦλος stylos, "pillar") are an extinct order of aquatic mammals that existed from the early Oligocene (Rupelian) to the late Miocene (Tortonian).
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Digitigrade
A digitigrade, is an animal that stands or walks on its digits, or toes.
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Dinocerata
Dinocerata ("terrible horned") is an extinct order of plant-eating, rhinoceros-like hoofed creatures famous for their paired horns and tusk-like canine teeth.
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Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.
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Donkey
The donkey or ass (Equus africanus asinus) is a domesticated member of the horse family, Equidae.
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Duiker
A duiker is a small to medium-sized brown in colour antelope native to Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Ecological niche
In ecology, a niche (CanE, or) is the fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.
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Ecology
Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.
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Elephant
Elephants are large mammals of the family Elephantidae and the order Proboscidea.
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Elephant shrew
Elephant shrews, also called jumping shrews or sengis, are small insectivorous mammals native to Africa, belonging to the family Macroscelididae, in the order Macroscelidea. Their traditional common English name "elephant shrew" comes from a fancied resemblance between their long noses and the trunk of an elephant, and their superficial similarity with shrews (family Soricidae) in the order Eulipotyphla.
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Embrithopoda
Embrithopoda ("heavy-footed") is an order of extinct mammals known from Asia, Africa and eastern Europe.
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Eocene
The Eocene Epoch, lasting from, is a major division of the geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the Cenozoic Era.
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Equidae
Equidae (sometimes known as the horse family) is the taxonomic family of horses and related animals, including the extant horses, donkeys, and zebras, and many other species known only from fossils.
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Eschrichtiidae
Eschrichtiidae or the gray whales is a family of baleen whale (suborder Mysticeti) with a single extant species, the gray whale (Eschrichtius robustus).
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Even-toed ungulate
The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla) are ungulates (hoofed animals) whose weight is borne equally by the third and fourth toes.
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Evolution of cetaceans
The evolutionary history of cetaceans is thought to have occurred in the Indian subcontinent from even-toed ungulates 50 million years ago, over a period of at least 15 million years.
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Ferae
The Ferae are a clade of mammals, consisting of the orders Carnivora (over 260 species, around the globe) and Pholidota (eight species of pangolins in tropical Africa and Asia).
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Ferungulata
Ferungulata or Fereuungulata is a clade of placental mammals that groups together various carnivorans and ungulates.
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Fish fin
Fins are usually the most distinctive anatomical features of a fish.
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Folk taxonomy
A folk taxonomy is a vernacular naming system, and can be contrasted with scientific taxonomy.
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Form classification
Form classification is the classification of organisms based on their morphology, which does not necessarily reflect their biological relationships.
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Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
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Fur
Fur is the hair covering of non-human mammals, particularly those mammals with extensive body hair that is soft and thick.
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Giraffe
The giraffe (Giraffa) is a genus of African even-toed ungulate mammals, the tallest living terrestrial animals and the largest ruminants.
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Giraffidae
The Giraffidae are a family of ruminant artiodactyl mammals that share a common ancestor with cervids and bovids.
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Goat
The domestic goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe.
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Golden mole
Golden moles are small, insectivorous burrowing mammals endemic to Southern Africa, where their Afrikaans names are gouemolle or kruipmolle (singular gouemol or kruipmol).
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Grassland
Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae); however, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) families can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs.
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Grazing
Grazing is a method of feeding in which a herbivore feeds on plants such as grasses, or other multicellular organisms such as algae.
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Great American Interchange
The Great American Interchange was an important late Cenozoic paleozoogeographic event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America via Central America to South America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents.
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Grit, not grass hypothesis
The Grit, not grass hypothesis is an evolutionary hypothesis that explains the evolution of high-crowned teeth, particularly in New World mammals.
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Habitat
In ecology, a habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives.
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Heptodon
Heptodon is an extinct genus of tapir-type herbivore of the family Helaletidae endemic to North America during the Eocene epoch.
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Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage, for the main component of its diet.
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Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamuses are stout, naked-skinned, and amphibious artiodactyl mammals, possessing three-chambered stomachs and walking on four toes on each foot.
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Hippopotamus
The common hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), or hippo, is a large, mostly herbivorous, semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa, and one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis).
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Hoof
A hoof, plural hooves or hoofs, is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, strengthened by a thick, horny, keratin covering.
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Horn (anatomy)
A horn is a permanent pointed projection on the head of various animals consisting of a covering of keratin and other proteins surrounding a core of live bone.
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Horse
The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''.
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Human
Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.
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Human digestive system
The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).
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Hyopsodus
Hyopsodus is a genus of extinct odd-toed ungulate mammal of the family Hyopsodontidae.
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Hypsodont
Hypsodont is a pattern of dentition with high-crowned teeth and enamel extending past the gum line, providing extra material for wear and tear.
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Hyrachyus
Hyrachyus (from Hyrax and ὗς "pig") is an extinct genus of perissodactyl mammal that lived in Eocene Europe, North America, and Asia.
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Hyracodontidae
Hyracodontidae is an extinct family of rhinoceroses endemic to North America, Europe, and Asia during the Eocene through early Miocene living from 48.6—26.3 mya, existing for approximately.
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Hyracotherium
Hyracotherium ("hyrax-like beast") is an extinct genus of very small (about 60 cm in length) perissodactyl ungulates that was found in the London Clay formation.
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Hyrax
Hyraxes (from the Greek ὕραξ, hýrax, "shrewmouse"), also called dassies, are small, thickset, herbivorous mammals in the order Hyracoidea.
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Iberian ibex
The Iberian ibex, Spanish ibex, Spanish wild goat, or Iberian wild goat (Capra pyrenaica) is a species of ibex with four subspecies.
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Inbreeding depression
Inbreeding depression is the reduced biological fitness in a given population as a result of inbreeding, or breeding of related individuals.
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Iniidae
Iniidae is a family of river dolphins containing one living and four extinct genera.
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Japan
Japan (日本; Nippon or Nihon; formally 日本国 or Nihon-koku, lit. "State of Japan") is a sovereign island country in East Asia.
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Keratin
Keratin is one of a family of fibrous structural proteins.
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Kogiidae
Kogiidae is a family comprising at least two extant species of Cetacea, the pygmy and dwarf sperm whales.
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Krill
Krill are small crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea, and are found in all the world's oceans.
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La Plata dolphin
The La Plata dolphin, franciscana or toninha (Pontoporia blainvillei) is a species of dolphin found in coastal Atlantic waters of southeastern South America.
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Late Cretaceous
The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale.
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Leaf
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem.
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Lipotidae
Lipotidae is a family of river dolphins containing the functionally extinct baiji and the fossil genus Parapontoporia.
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Litopterna
Litopterna (from λῑτή πτέρνα "smooth heel") is an extinct order of fossil hoofed mammals (ungulates) from the Cenozoic period that displayed toe reduction – three-toed forms developed; there was even a one-toed horselike form.
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Littoral zone
The littoral zone is the part of a sea, lake or river that is close to the shore.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Marsupial
Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia.
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Meridiungulata
Meridiungulata is an extinct clade with the rank of cohort or superorder, containing the South American ungulates Pyrotheria (possibly including Xenungulata), Astrapotheria, Notoungulata and Litopterna.
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Mesaxonia
Mesaxonians (near-synonymous with Panperissodactyla) a clade of ungulates whose weight is distributed on the third toe on all legs through the plane symmetry of their feet.
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Mesonychid
Mesonychia ("middle claws") is an extinct taxon of small- to large-sized carnivorous ungulates related to the cetartiodactyls.
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Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).
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Miotapirus
Miotapirus harrisonensis is an extinct species of tapir lived during the early Miocene Epoch some 20 million years ago in North America.
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Molar (tooth)
The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth.
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Mongolestes
Mongolestes ("Mongolian robber") is an extinct genus of mesonychid known from the 'Ulan Gochu' formation of Inner Mongolia, and likely originated in Asia.
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Monodontidae
The cetacean family Monodontidae comprises two unusual whale species, the narwhal, in which the male has a long tusk, and the dorsal fin-lacking, pure white beluga whale.
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Monophyly
In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
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Morphology (biology)
Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
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Moschidae
Moschidae is a family of pecoran even-toed ungulates, characterized by long 'saber teeth' instead of horns, antlers or ossicones, modest size (Moschus only reaches 37 pounds in weight, other taxa were even smaller) and a lack of facial glands.
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Mountain
A mountain is a large landform that stretches above the surrounding land in a limited area, usually in the form of a peak.
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Nail (anatomy)
A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in most primates and a few other mammals.
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North America
North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas.
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Notoungulata
Notoungulata is an extinct order of hoofed, sometimes heavy-bodied mammalian ungulates that inhabited South America during the Paleocene to the mid-Holocene, living from approximately 57 Ma to 5,000 years ago.
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Oceanic dolphin
Oceanic dolphins or Delphinidae are a widely distributed family of dolphins that live in the sea.
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Odd-toed ungulate
Members of the order Perissodactyla, also known as odd-toed ungulates, are mammals characterized by an odd number of toes and by hindgut fermentation with somewhat simple stomachs.
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Okapi
The okapi (Okapia johnstoni), also known as the forest giraffe, congolese giraffe or zebra giraffe, is an artiodactyl mammal native to the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Central Africa.
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Oligocene
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.
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Orycteropodidae
Orycteropodidae is a family of afrotherian mammals.
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Ossicone
Ossicones are horn-like (or antler-like) protuberances on the heads of giraffes, male okapis, and their extinct relatives, such as Sivatherium, and the climacoceratids, such as Climacoceras.
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Osteoclast
An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.
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Pacific Rim
The Pacific Rim comprises the lands around the rim of the Pacific Ocean.
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Paenungulata
Paenungulata is a clade that groups three extant mammal orders: Proboscidea (including elephants), Sirenia (sea cows, including dugongs and manatees), and Hyracoidea (hyraxes).
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Pakicetus
Pakicetus is an extinct genus of amphibious cetacean of the family Pakicetidae, which was endemic to modern Pakistan during the Eocene.
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Paleocene
The Paleocene or Palaeocene, the "old recent", is a geological epoch that lasted from about.
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Paleontology
Paleontology or palaeontology is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).
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Pangolin
Pangolins or scaly anteaters are mammals of the order Pholidota (from the Greek word φολῐ́ς, "horny scale").
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Paraceratherium
Paraceratherium is an extinct genus of hornless rhinoceros, and one of the largest terrestrial mammals that has ever existed.
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Peccary
A peccary (also javelina or skunk pig) is a medium-sized hoofed mammal of the family Tayassuidae (New World pigs) in the suborder Suina along with the Old World pigs, Suidae.
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Pecora
The Pecora are an infraorder of even-toed hoofed mammals with ruminant digestion (Ruminantia, a clade within the Artiodactyla).
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Pegasoferae
Pegasoferae is a proposed clade of mammals based on genomic research in molecular systematics by Nishihara, Hasegawa and Okada (2006).
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Pharyngula (blog)
Pharyngula, a blog founded and written by PZ Myers, is hosted on ScienceBlogs (2005–2011, in full, and 2011–present, in part) and on FreeThoughtBlogs (2011–present).
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Phenacodontidae
Phenacodontidae is an extinct family of large herbivorous mammals traditionally placed in the “wastebasket taxon” Condylarthra, which may instead represent early-stage perissodactyls.
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Phenetics
In biology, phenetics (phainein - to appear), also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relation.
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Physeteroidea
Physeteroidea is a superfamily that, today, includes three extant species of whales: the sperm whale, in the genus Physeter, and the pygmy sperm whale and dwarf sperm whale, in the genus Kogia.
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Pig
A pig is any of the animals in the genus Sus, within the even-toed ungulate family Suidae.
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Pig-footed bandicoot
The pig-footed bandicoot (Chaeropus ecaudatus) was a small marsupial of the arid and semi-arid plains of Australia.
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Pinniped
Pinnipeds, commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic marine mammals.
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Plant
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.
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Plantigrade
Human skeleton, showing plantigrade habit In terrestrial animals, plantigrade locomotion means walking with the toes and metatarsals flat on the ground.
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Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often colloquially referred to as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the world's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
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Pliocene
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) Epoch is the epoch in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years BP.
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Porpoise
Porpoises are a group of fully aquatic marine mammals that are sometimes referred to as mereswine, all of which are classified under the family Phocoenidae, parvorder Odontoceti (toothed whales).
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Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where a predator (a hunting animal) kills and eats its prey (the organism that is attacked).
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Proboscidea
The Proboscidea (from the Greek προβοσκίς and the Latin proboscis) are a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family, Elephantidae, and several extinct families.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.
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Proceedings of the Royal Society
Proceedings of the Royal Society is the parent title of two scientific journals published by the Royal Society.
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Pronghorn
The pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) is a species of artiodactyl mammal indigenous to interior western and central North America.
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Protungulatum
Protungulatum ('first ungulate') is an extinct genus of mammal first found in the Bug Creek Anthills in northeastern Montana.
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Pyrotheria
Pyrotheria is an order of extinct meridiungulate mammals.
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Radius (bone)
The radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna.
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Raoellidae
Raoellidae, previously grouped within Helohyidae, is an extinct family of semiaquatic digitigrade artiodactyls in the clade Whippomorpha.
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Reindeer
The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America, is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal and mountainous regions of northern Europe, Siberia and North America.
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Rhinoceros
A rhinoceros, commonly abbreviated to rhino, is one of any five extant species of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae, as well as any of the numerous extinct species.
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River dolphin
River dolphins are a group of fully aquatic mammals that reside exclusively in freshwater or brackish water.
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Rorqual
Rorquals (Balaenopteridae) are the largest group of baleen whales, a family with nine extant species in two genera.
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Ruminant
Ruminants are mammals that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.
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Ruminantia
Ruminantia is a taxon within the order Artiodactyla that includes many of the well-known large grazing or browsing mammals: among them cattle, goats, sheep, deer, and antelope.
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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ScienceBlogs
ScienceBlogs was an invitation-only blog network and virtual community that operated for a little less than twelve years, from 2006 to 2017.
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Sexual selection
Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection).
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Shark
Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head.
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Sirenia
The Sirenia, commonly referred to as sea cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters.
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Skin
Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.
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South Asian river dolphin
The South Asian river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) is an endangered freshwater or river dolphin found in the Indian subcontinent which is split into two subspecies, the Ganges river dolphin (P. g. gangetica)(~3,500 individuals) and the Indus river dolphin (P. g. minor)(~1,500 individuals).
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Squid
Squid are cephalopods of the two orders Myopsida and Oegopsida, which were formerly regarded as two suborders of the order Teuthida, however recent research shows Teuthida to be paraphyletic.
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Suidae
Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars.
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Suina
The suborder Suina (also known as Suiformes) is a lineage of omnivorous non-ruminant artiodactyl mammals that includes the pigs and peccaries of the families Suidae and Tayassuidae and their fossil kin.
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Systematic Biology
Systematic Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists.
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Talus bone
The talus (Latin for ankle), talus bone, astragalus, or ankle bone is one of the group of foot bones known as the tarsus.
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Tapir
A tapir is a large, herbivorous mammal, similar in shape to a pig, with a short, prehensile nose trunk.
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Taxonomic rank
In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy.
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Tenrec
A tenrec is any species of mammal within the family Tenrecidae, found on Madagascar and in parts of the African mainland.
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TheGuardian.com
TheGuardian.com, formerly known as Guardian.co.uk and Guardian Unlimited, is a British news and media website owned by the Guardian Media Group.
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Toe
Toes are the digits of the foot of a tetrapod.
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Toothed whale
The toothed whales (systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales.
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Tusk
Tusks are elongated, continuously growing front teeth, usually but not always in pairs, that protrude well beyond the mouth of certain mammal species.
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Tylopoda
Tylopoda (meaning "calloused foot") is a suborder of terrestrial herbivorous even-toed ungulates belonging to the order Artiodactyla.
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Type species
In zoological nomenclature, a type species (species typica) is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen(s).
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Ulna
The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm.
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Whippomorpha
Whippomorpha is the clade containing the Cetacea (whales, dolphins, etc.) and their closest living relatives, the hippopotamuses, named by Waddell et al.
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Redirects here:
Euungulata, Euungulate, Evolution of ungulates, Hoofed mammals, Hooved animal, Hooved animals, Hooved mammal, Hooved mammals, True ungulate, Ungulata, Ungulate evolution, Ungulates, Unguligrade.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungulate
