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Upper Mesopotamia

Index Upper Mesopotamia

Upper Mesopotamia constitutes the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 148 relations: Abarsal, Abbasid Caliphate, Achaemenid Assyria, Achaemenid Empire, Adiabene, Akkadian Empire, Al-Dirbasiyah, Al-Hasakah, Al-Hasakah Governorate, Al-Jazira (caliphal province), Al-Jazira Province, Al-Malikiyah, Alawites, Aleppo, Alluvial plain, Amarna letters, Amuda, Anatolia, Andrew M. T. Moore, Aq Qoyunlu, Aram (region), Aramaic, Arbayistan, Armenian genocide, Arminiya, Artuqids, Asoristan, Assyria, Assyrian homeland, Ayyubid dynasty, Azerbaijan (Iran), Şanlıurfa Province, Babylonia, Baghdad, Basra, Basra Governorate, Battle of Chaldiran, Beth Nahrain, Breadbasket, Bronze Age, Buyid dynasty, Byzantine Empire, Cambridge University Press, Chalcolithic, Christians, County of Edessa, Damascus, Deir ez-Zor, Diocese, Divide and rule, ... Expand index (98 more) »

  2. Historical regions of Anatolia
  3. Historical regions of Iraq
  4. Iraq–Syria border
  5. Iraq–Turkey border
  6. Plains of Iraq
  7. Plains of Syria
  8. Plains of Turkey
  9. Syria–Turkey border

Abarsal

Abarsal was a city-state of Mesopotamia in the area of the Euphrates.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Abarsal

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Abbasid Caliphate

Achaemenid Assyria

Athura (𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 Aθurā), also called Assyria, was a geographical area within the Achaemenid Empire in Upper Mesopotamia from 539 to 330 BC as a military protectorate state.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Achaemenid Assyria

Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Achaemenid Empire

Adiabene

Adiabene (Greek: Αδιαβηνή) was an ancient kingdom in northern Mesopotamia, corresponding to the northwestern part of ancient Assyria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Adiabene

Akkadian Empire

The Akkadian Empire was the first known ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Akkadian Empire

Al-Dirbasiyah

Al-Dirbasiyah (ad-Dirbāsīyah, Dirbêsiyê) is a Syrian town on the Syria–Turkey border opposite the Turkish town of Şenyurt.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Al-Dirbasiyah

Al-Hasakah

Al-Hasakah (al-Ḥasaka; Heseke/حەسەکە; ܚܣܝܟܐ Hasake) is the capital city of the Al-Hasakah Governorate, in the northeastern corner of Syria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Al-Hasakah

Al-Hasakah Governorate

Al-Hasakah Governorate (Muḥāfaẓat al-Ḥasakah; Parêzgeha Hesekê; Huparkiyo d'Ḥasake, also known as ܓܙܪܬܐ, Gozarto) is one of the fourteen governorates (provinces) of Syria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Al-Hasakah Governorate

Al-Jazira (caliphal province)

Al-Jazira (الجزيرة), also known as Jazirat Aqur or Iqlim Aqur, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates, spanning at minimum most of Upper Mesopotamia (al-Jazira proper), divided between the districts of Diyar Bakr, Diyar Rabi'a and Diyar Mudar, and at times including Mosul, Arminiya and Adharbayjan as sub-provinces.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Al-Jazira (caliphal province)

Al-Jazira Province

Al-Jazira Province (الجزيرة,, Cazire., Djézireh) was an administrative division in the State of Aleppo (1920–25), the State of Syria (1925–1930) and the first decades of the Mandatory Syrian Republic, during the French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Al-Jazira Province

Al-Malikiyah

Al-Malikiyah (al-Mālikīyah; translit) also known as Derik, is a small Syrian city and the center of an administrative district belonging to Al-Hasakah Governorate.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Al-Malikiyah

Alawites

The Alawites, also known as Nusayrites, are an Arab ethnoreligious group that live primarily in the Levant and follow Alawism, a religious sect that splintered from early Shi'ism as a ghulat branch during the ninth century.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Alawites

Aleppo

Aleppo (ﺣَﻠَﺐ, ALA-LC) is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous governorate of Syria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Aleppo

Alluvial plain

An alluvial plain is a plain (a largely flat landform) created by the deposition of sediment over a long period of time by one or more rivers coming from highland regions, from which alluvial soil forms.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Alluvial plain

Amarna letters

The Amarna letters (sometimes referred to as the Amarna correspondence or Amarna tablets, and cited with the abbreviation EA, for "El Amarna") are an archive, written on clay tablets, primarily consisting of diplomatic correspondence between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru, or neighboring kingdom leaders, during the New Kingdom, spanning a period of no more than thirty years in the middle 14th century BC.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Amarna letters

Amuda

Amuda (ʿĀmūdā, Amûdê) is a town in Al Hasakah Governorate in northeastern Syria close to the Syria–Turkey border.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Amuda

Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Anatolia

Andrew M. T. Moore

Andrew Michael Tangye Moore, also known as A. M. T. Moore, is a British archaeologist and academic.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Andrew M. T. Moore

Aq Qoyunlu

The Aq Qoyunlu or the White Sheep Turkomans (Ağqoyunlular) was a culturally Persianate,Kaushik Roy, Military Transition in Early Modern Asia, 1400–1750, (Bloomsbury, 2014), 38; "Post-Mongol Persia and Iraq were ruled by two tribal confederations: Akkoyunlu (White Sheep) (1378–1507) and Qaraoyunlu (Black Sheep).

See Upper Mesopotamia and Aq Qoyunlu

Aram (region)

Aram (ʾĀrām; ʾĂrām; ܐܪܡ) was a historical region mentioned in early cuneiforms and in the Bible, populated by Arameans.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Aram (region)

Aramaic

Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Aramaic

Arbayistan

Arbāyistān (𐭀𐭓𐭁𐭉𐭎𐭈𐭍 ystn; Middle Persian: Arwāstān; Armenian: Arvastan) or Beth Arabaye (Syriac: Bēṯ ʿArbāyē) was a Sasanian province in Late Antiquity.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Arbayistan

Armenian genocide

The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Armenian genocide

Arminiya

Arminiya, also known as the Ostikanate of Arminiya (Հայաստանի Օստիկանություն, Hayastani ostikanut'yun) or the Emirate of Armenia (إمارة أرمينية, imārat armīniya), was a political and geographic designation given by the Muslim Arabs to the lands of Greater Armenia, Caucasian Iberia, and Caucasian Albania, following their conquest of these regions in the 7th century.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Arminiya

Artuqids

The Artuqid dynasty (alternatively Artukid, Ortoqid, or Ortokid;, pl.) was established in 1102 as an Anatolian Beylik (Principality) of the Seljuk Empire.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Artuqids

Asoristan

Asoristan (𐭠𐭮𐭥𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭭 Asōristān, Āsūristān) was the name of the Sasanian province of Assyria and Babylonia from 226 to 637.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Asoristan

Assyria

Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Assyria

Assyrian homeland

The Assyrian homeland, Assyria (Āṯōr or Bêth Nahrin), refers to the homeland of the Assyrian people within which Assyrian civilisation developed, located in their indigenous Upper Mesopotamia.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Assyrian homeland

Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Ayyubid dynasty

Azerbaijan (Iran)

Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan (italic), also known as Iranian Azerbaijan, is a historical region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq and Turkey to the west, and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan proper to the north.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Azerbaijan (Iran)

Şanlıurfa Province

Şanlıurfa Province (Şanlıurfa ili; Parêzgeha Rihayê), also known as Urfa Province, is a province and metropolitan municipality in southeastern Turkey.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Şanlıurfa Province

Babylonia

Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).

See Upper Mesopotamia and Babylonia

Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Baghdad

Basra

Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Basra

Basra Governorate

Basra Governorate (محافظة البصرة), also called Basra Province, is a governorate in southern Iraq in the region of Arabian Peninsula, bordering Kuwait to the south and Iran to the east.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Basra Governorate

Battle of Chaldiran

The Battle of Chaldiran (جنگ چالدران; Çaldıran Savaşı) took place on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavid Empire.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Battle of Chaldiran

Beth Nahrain

Beth Nahrain (Bêṯ Nahrīn); is the name for the region known as Mesopotamia in the Syriac language.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Beth Nahrain

Breadbasket

The breadbasket of a country or of a region is an area which, because of the richness of the soil and/or advantageous climate, produces large quantities of wheat or other grain.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Breadbasket

Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Bronze Age

Buyid dynasty

The Buyid dynasty (Âl-i Bōya), also spelled Buwayhid (Al-Buwayhiyyah), was a Zaydi and, later, Twelver Shia dynasty of Daylamite origin, which mainly ruled over central and southern Iran and Iraq from 934 to 1062.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Buyid dynasty

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Byzantine Empire

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Cambridge University Press

Chalcolithic

The Chalcolithic (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Chalcolithic

Christians

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Christians

County of Edessa

"Les Croisades, Origines et consequences", Claude Lebedel, p.50--> The County of Edessa (Latin: Comitatus Edessanus) was a 12th-century Crusader state in Upper Mesopotamia.

See Upper Mesopotamia and County of Edessa

Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Damascus

Deir ez-Zor

Deir ez-Zor (Dayru z-Zawr / Dayru z-Zūr; Syriac: ܕܝܪܐ ܙܥܘܪܬܐ, Dayrāʾ Zəʿōrtāʾ) is the largest city in eastern Syria and the seventh largest in the country.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Deir ez-Zor

Diocese

In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Diocese

Divide and rule

Divide and rule policy (divide et impera), or divide and conquer, in politics and sociology is gaining and maintaining power divisively.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Divide and rule

Diyarbakır

Diyarbakır (local pronunciation: Dikranagerd), formerly Diyarbekir, is the largest Kurdish-majority city in Turkey.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Diyarbakır

Diyarbakır Province

Diyarbakır Province (Diyarbakır ili, Zazaki: Suke Diyarbekır Parêzgeha Amedê) is a province and metropolitan municipality in southeastern Turkey.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Diyarbakır Province

Druze

The Druze (دَرْزِيّ, or دُرْزِيّ, rtl), who call themselves al-Muwaḥḥidūn (lit. 'the monotheists' or 'the unitarians'), are an Arab and Arabic-speaking esoteric ethnoreligious group from West Asia who adhere to the Druze faith, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, syncretic, and ethnic religion whose main tenets assert the unity of God, reincarnation, and the eternity of the soul.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Druze

Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)

The Early Dynastic period (abbreviated ED period or ED) is an archaeological culture in Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) that is generally dated to and was preceded by the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr periods.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)

Early Muslim conquests

The early Muslim conquests or early Islamic conquests (translit), also known as the Arab conquests, were initiated in the 7th century by Muhammad, the founder of Islam.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Early Muslim conquests

Eastern Anatolia Region

The Eastern Anatolia Region (Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi) is a geographical region of Turkey.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia Region

Ebla

Ebla (Sumerian: eb₂-la, إبلا., modern: تل مرديخ, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Ebla

Emar

Emar, is an archaeological site at Tell Meskene in the Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Emar

Euphrates

The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Euphrates

Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Fertile Crescent

First Crusade

The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages.

See Upper Mesopotamia and First Crusade

Göbekli Tepe

Göbekli Tepe (Kurdish: Girê Mirazan or Xirabreşkê, 'Wish Hill') is a Neolithic archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Göbekli Tepe

Geography of Iraq

The geography of Iraq is diverse and falls into five main regions: the desert (west of the Euphrates), Upper Mesopotamia (between the upper Tigris and Euphrates rivers), the northern highlands of Iraq, Lower Mesopotamia, and the alluvial plain extending from around Tikrit to the Persian Gulf.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Geography of Iraq

Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Greece

Hama

Hama (حَمَاة,; lit; Ḥămāṯ) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Hama

Hamdanid dynasty

The Hamdanid dynasty (al-Ḥamdāniyyūn) was a Shia Muslim Arab dynasty of Northern Mesopotamia and Syria (890–1004).

See Upper Mesopotamia and Hamdanid dynasty

Hit, Iraq

Hit or Heet (هيت, Hīt) is an Iraqi city in Al Anbar Governorate.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Hit, Iraq

Homs

Homs (حِمْص / ALA-LC:; Levantine Arabic: حُمْص / Ḥomṣ), known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa (Émesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Homs

Imad al-Din Zengi

Imad al-Din Zengi (عماد الدین زنكي; – 14 September 1146), also romanized as Zangi, Zengui, Zenki, and Zanki, was a Turkoman atabeg of the Seljuk Empire, who ruled Mosul, Aleppo, Hama, and, later, Edessa.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Imad al-Din Zengi

Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Iraq

Jizya

Jizya (jizya), or jizyah, is a tax historically levied on dhimmis, that is, protected non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Jizya

Karaca Dağ

Karaca Dağ is a shield volcano located in southeastern Turkey, near Diyarbakır.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Karaca Dağ

Khabur (Euphrates)

The Khabur River is the largest perennial tributary to the Euphrates in Syria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Khabur (Euphrates)

Kharijites

The Kharijites (translit, singular) were an Islamic sect which emerged during the First Fitna (656–661).

See Upper Mesopotamia and Kharijites

Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Levant

Mamluk Sultanate

The Mamluk Sultanate (translit), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mamluk Sultanate

Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban; al-intidāb al-faransīalā sūriyā wa-lubnān, also referred to as the Levant States; 1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon

Mardin Province

Mardin Province (Mardin ili; Parêzgeha Mêrdîn; محافظة ماردين) is a province and metropolitan municipality in Turkey.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mardin Province

Mari, Syria

Mari (Cuneiform:, ma-riki, modern Tell Hariri; تل حريري) was an ancient Semitic city-state in modern-day Syria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mari, Syria

Median kingdom

Media (in Old Persian: Māda; in Greek: Mēdía; in Akkadian: Mādāya) was a political entity centered in Ecbatana that existed from the 7th century BCE until the mid-6th century BCE and is believed to have dominated a significant portion of the Iranian plateau, preceding the powerful Achaemenid Empire.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Median kingdom

Mehrgarh

Mehrgarh is a Neolithic archaeological site (dated) situated on the Kacchi Plain of Balochistan in modern-day Pakistan.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mehrgarh

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent. Upper Mesopotamia and Mesopotamia are historical regions of Anatolia and historical regions of Iraq.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia (Roman province)

Mesopotamia was the name of a Roman province, initially a short-lived creation of the Roman emperor Trajan in 116–117 and then re-established by Emperor Septimius Severus in c. 198.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mesopotamia (Roman province)

Michael G. Morony

Michael Gregory Morony (born September 30, 1939) has been a professor of history at UCLA since 1974, with interests in the history of Ancient and Islamic Near East.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Michael G. Morony

Middle Assyrian Empire

The Middle Assyrian Empire was the third stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of Assyria from the accession of Ashur-uballit I 1363 BC and the rise of Assyria as a territorial kingdom to the death of Ashur-dan II in 912 BC.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Middle Assyrian Empire

Middle East

The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Middle East

Mirdasid dynasty

The Mirdasid dynasty (al-Mirdāsiyyīn), also called the Banu Mirdas, was an Arab Shia Muslim dynasty which ruled an Aleppo-based emirate in northern Syria and the western Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) more or less continuously from 1024 until 1080.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mirdasid dynasty

Mosul

Mosul (al-Mawṣil,,; translit; Musul; Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mosul

Mu'awiya I

Mu'awiya I (Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mu'awiya I

Mureybet

Mureybet (lit) is a tell, or ancient settlement mound, located on the west bank of the Euphrates in Raqqa Governorate, northern Syria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Mureybet

Muslim conquest of Persia

The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Muslim conquest of Persia

Nasir al-Dawla

Abu Muhammad al-Hasan ibn Abi'l-Hayja Abdallah ibn Hamdan al-Taghlibi (أبو محمد الحسن بن أبي الهيجاء عبد الله بن حمدان التغلبي; died 968 or 969), more commonly known simply by his honorific of Nasir al-Dawla (ناصر الدولة), was the second Hamdanid ruler of the Emirate of Mosul, encompassing most of the Jazira.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Nasir al-Dawla

Natufian culture

Natufian culture is a Late Epipaleolithic archaeological culture of the Neolithic prehistoric Levant in Western Asia, dating to around 15,000 to 11,500 years ago.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Natufian culture

Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Neo-Assyrian Empire

Nineveh Governorate

Nineveh or Ninawa Governorate (muḥāfaẓat Naynawā; Hoparkiya d’Ninwe, Parêzgeha Neynewa) is a governorate in northern Iraq.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Nineveh Governorate

Numayrid dynasty

The Numayrids were an Arab dynasty based in Diyar Mudar (western Upper Mesopotamia).

See Upper Mesopotamia and Numayrid dynasty

Nusaybin

Nusaybin is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Nusaybin

Old Assyrian period

The Old Assyrian period was the second stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of the city of Assur from its rise as an independent city-state under Ushpia 2080 BC, and consolidated under Puzur-Ashur I 2025 BC to the foundation of a larger Assyrian territorial state and empire after the accession of Ashur-uballit I 1363 BC, which marks the beginning of the succeeding Middle Assyrian period.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Old Assyrian period

One-party period of the Republic of Turkey

The one-party period of the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye'de tek partili dönem) began with the formal establishment of the country in 1923.

See Upper Mesopotamia and One-party period of the Republic of Turkey

Osroene

Osroene or Osrhoene (Ὀσροηνή) was an ancient region and state in Upper Mesopotamia.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Osroene

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Ottoman Empire

Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)

The Ottoman–Mamluk War of 1516–1517 was the second major conflict between the Egypt-based Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which led to the fall of the Mamluk Sultanate and the incorporation of the Levant, Egypt, and the Hejaz as provinces of the Ottoman Empire.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)

Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)

The Ottoman–Safavid War of 1532–1555 was one of the many military conflicts fought between the two arch rivals, the Ottoman Empire led by Suleiman the Magnificent, and the Safavid Empire led by Tahmasp I.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Oxford University Press

Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Parthian Empire

Plain

In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Plain

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A

Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) denotes the first stage of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, in early Levantine and Anatolian Neolithic culture, dating to years ago, that is, 10,000–8800 BCE.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Pre-Pottery Neolithic B

Qamishli

Qamishli is a city in northeastern Syria on the Syria–Turkey border, adjoining the city of Nusaybin in Turkey.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Qamishli

Qara Qoyunlu

The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (Qaraqoyunlular,; قره قویونلو), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a culturally Persianate, Muslim Turkoman "Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468." "Better known as Turkomans...

See Upper Mesopotamia and Qara Qoyunlu

Raqqa

Raqqa (ar-Raqqah, also) is a city in Syria on the left bank of the Euphrates River, about east of Aleppo.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Raqqa

Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Rashidun Caliphate

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Roman Empire

Rub' al Khali

The Rub' al KhaliOther standardized transliterations include: /. The is the assimilated Arabic definite article,, which can also be transliterated as.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Rub' al Khali

Sabkhat al-Jabbul

Sabkhat al-Jabbūl or Mamlahat al-Jabbūl or Lake Jabbūl (سبخة الجبول) is a large, traditionally seasonal, saline lake and concurrent salt flats (sabkha) 30 km southeast of Aleppo, Syria, in the Bāb District of Aleppo Governorate.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Sabkhat al-Jabbul

Safavid Iran

Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Safavid Iran

Salt pan (geology)

Natural salt pans or salt flats are flat expanses of ground covered with salt and other minerals, usually shining white under the sun.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Salt pan (geology)

Samarra

Samarra (سَامَرَّاء) is a city in Iraq.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Samarra

Samarra culture

The Samarra culture is a Late Neolithic archaeological culture of northern Mesopotamia, roughly dated to between 5500 and 4800 BCE.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Samarra culture

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

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Sawad

Sawad was the name used in early Islamic times (7th–12th centuries) for southern Iraq.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Sawad

Sayf al-Dawla

ʿAlī ibn ʾAbū'l-Hayjāʾ ʿAbdallāh ibn Ḥamdān ibn Ḥamdūn ibn al-Ḥārith al-Taghlibī (علي بن أبو الهيجاء عبد الله بن حمدان بن الحارث التغلبي, 22 June 916 – 8 February 967), more commonly known simply by his honorific of Sayf al-Dawla (سيف الدولة), was the founder of the Emirate of Aleppo, encompassing most of northern Syria and parts of the western Jazira.

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Sayfo

The Sayfo (ܣܲܝܦܵܐ), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass slaughter and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I. The Assyrians were divided into mutually antagonistic churches, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Assyrian Church of the East, and the Chaldean Catholic Church.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Sayfo

Seleucid Empire

The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Seleucid Empire

Seljuk Empire

The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Seljuk Empire

Shatt al-Arab

The Arvand Rud (lit; lit) is a river about in length that is formed at the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Shatt al-Arab

Sheikh Said rebellion

The Sheikh Said rebellion (Serhildana Şêx Seîd, Şeyh Said İsyanı) was a Kurdish nationalist rebellion in Turkish Kurdistan in 1925 led by Sheikh Said and with support of the Azadî against the newly-founded Turkish Republic.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Sheikh Said rebellion

Simele massacre

The Simele massacre, also known as the Assyrian affair, was committed by the Kingdom of Iraq, led by Bakr Sidqi, during a campaign systematically targeting the Assyrians in and around Simele in August 1933. The number of deaths was estimated by British officials at 600. Some Assyrian estimates are higher positing that as many as 6,000 were killed and over 100 Assyrian villages were destroyed and looted.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Simele massacre

Sinjar

Sinjar (Sinjār; translit, Shingar) is a town in the Sinjar District of the Nineveh Governorate in northern Iraq.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Sinjar

Sinjar Mountains

The Sinjar Mountains (translit, translit, Ṭura d'Shingar), are a mountain range that runs east to west, rising above the surrounding alluvial steppe plains in northwestern Iraq to an elevation of.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Sinjar Mountains

South Caucasus

The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains.

See Upper Mesopotamia and South Caucasus

Stonehenge

Stonehenge is a prehistoric megalithic structure on Salisbury Plain in Wiltshire, England, west of Amesbury.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Stonehenge

Sumer

Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Sumer

Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Syria

Syria (region)

Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Syria (region)

Syriac language

The Syriac language (Leššānā Suryāyā), also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect. Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Syriac language

Syriac Orthodox Church

The Syriac Orthodox Church (ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣath Shubḥo); also known as West Syriac Church or West Syrian Church, officially known as the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East, and informally as the Jacobite Church, is an Oriental Orthodox church that branched from the Church of Antioch.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Syriac Orthodox Church

Syrian Desert

The Syrian Desert (بادية الشامBādiyat Ash-Shām), also known as the North Arabian Desert, the Jordanian steppe, or the Badiya, is a region of desert, semi-desert, and steppe, covering approx.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Syrian Desert

Tell Abu Hureyra

Tell Abu Hureyra (تل أبو هريرة) is a prehistoric archaeological site in the Upper Euphrates valley in Syria.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Tell Abu Hureyra

The Economist

The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.

See Upper Mesopotamia and The Economist

Tigris

The Tigris (see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Tigris

Timeline of Kurdish uprisings

This is an incomplete list of Kurdish uprisings.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Timeline of Kurdish uprisings

Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Turkey

Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Umayyad Caliphate

Upland and lowland

Upland and lowland are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Upland and lowland

Uqaylid dynasty

The Uqaylid dynasty was a Shia Arab dynasty with several lines that ruled in various parts of Al-Jazira, northern Syria and Iraq in the late tenth and eleventh centuries.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Uqaylid dynasty

Uruk period

The Uruk period (c. 4000 to 3100 BC; also known as Protoliterate period) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, after the Ubaid period and before the Jemdet Nasr period.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Uruk period

Vassal

A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe.

See Upper Mesopotamia and Vassal

See also

Historical regions of Anatolia

Historical regions of Iraq

Iraq–Syria border

Iraq–Turkey border

Plains of Iraq

Plains of Syria

Plains of Turkey

Syria–Turkey border

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia

Also known as Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia, Gazerṯo, Gozarto, Jazira region, Northern Mesopotamia.

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