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Videotape

Index Videotape

Videotape is magnetic tape used for storing video and usually sound in addition. [1]

Table of Contents

  1. 121 relations: Ampex, An Evening with Fred Astaire, Analog delay line, Analog signal, Army–Navy Game, AVCHD, Azimuth recording, Bandwidth (signal processing), BBC, Betacam, Betamax, Bing Crosby, Blockbuster (retailer), Broadcast quality, Camcorder, CBS, CBS Evening News, Chicago, Closed captioning, Color television, Component video, Composite video, Cult film, D-1 (Sony), D-2 (video), D-3 (video), D-5 (Panasonic), D-VHS, DCT (videocassette format), Degaussing, Digital data, Digital signal (signal processing), Digital video recorder, Digital-S, Digital8, Donald O'Connor, Dorothy Collins, DV (video format), DVD, DVD recorder, Electrocardiography, Flash memory, Funai, Hal Holbrook, Hard disk drive, HDCAM, HDV, Helical scan, High-definition television, High-definition video, ... Expand index (71 more) »

  2. Audiovisual introductions in 1950
  3. History of television
  4. Home video

Ampex

Ampex Data Systems Corporation is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M. Poniatoff as a spin-off of Dalmo-Victor.

See Videotape and Ampex

An Evening with Fred Astaire

An Evening with Fred Astaire is a one-hour live television special starring Fred Astaire, broadcast on NBC on October 17, 1958.

See Videotape and An Evening with Fred Astaire

Analog delay line

An analog delay line is a network of electrical components connected in cascade, where each individual element creates a time difference between its input and output.

See Videotape and Analog delay line

Analog signal

An analog signal is any continuous-time signal representing some other quantity, i.e., analogous to another quantity.

See Videotape and Analog signal

Army–Navy Game

The Army–Navy Game is an American college football rivalry game between the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, and the Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy (USNA) at Annapolis, Maryland.

See Videotape and Army–Navy Game

AVCHD

AVCHD (Advanced Video Coding High Definition) is a file-based format for the digital recording and playback of high-definition video.

See Videotape and AVCHD

Azimuth recording

Azimuth recording is the use of a variation in angle between two recording heads that are recording data so close together on magnetic tape that crosstalk would otherwise likely occur.

See Videotape and Azimuth recording

Bandwidth (signal processing)

Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies.

See Videotape and Bandwidth (signal processing)

BBC

The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.

See Videotape and BBC

Betacam

Betacam is a family of half-inch professional videocassette products developed by Sony in 1982.

See Videotape and Betacam

Betamax

Betamax (also known as Beta, as in its logo) is a consumer-level analog recording and cassette format of magnetic tape for video, commonly known as a video cassette recorder. Videotape and Betamax are home video.

See Videotape and Betamax

Bing Crosby

Harry Lillis "Bing" Crosby Jr. (May 3, 1903 – October 14, 1977) was an American singer, actor, television producer, television and radio personality, and businessman.

See Videotape and Bing Crosby

Blockbuster (retailer)

Blockbuster (formerly called Blockbuster Video) is an American multimedia brand and former rental store chain.

See Videotape and Blockbuster (retailer)

Broadcast quality

Broadcast quality is a term stemming from quad videotape to denote the quality achieved by professional video cameras and time base correctors (TBC) used for broadcast television, usually in standard definition.

See Videotape and Broadcast quality

Camcorder

A camcorder is a self-contained portable electronic device with video and recording as its primary function.

See Videotape and Camcorder

CBS

CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS (an abbreviation of its original name, Columbia Broadcasting System), is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainment Group division of Paramount Global and is one of the company's three flagship subsidiaries, along with namesake Paramount Pictures and MTV.

See Videotape and CBS

CBS Evening News

The CBS Evening News is the flagship evening television news program of CBS News, the news division of the CBS television network in the United States.

See Videotape and CBS Evening News

Chicago

Chicago is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States.

See Videotape and Chicago

Closed captioning

Closed captioning (CC) and subtitling are both processes of displaying text on a television, video screen, or other visual display to provide additional or interpretive information.

See Videotape and Closed captioning

Color television

Color television (American English) or colour television (Commonwealth English) is a television transmission technology that includes color information for the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set.

See Videotape and Color television

Component video

Component video is an analog video signal that has been split into two or more component channels.

See Videotape and Component video

Composite video

Composite video is an baseband analog video format that typically carries a 415, 525 or 625 line interlaced black and white or color signal, on a single channel, unlike the higher-quality S-Video (two channels) and the even higher-quality component video (three or more channels).

See Videotape and Composite video

Cult film

A cult film or cult movie, also commonly referred to as a cult classic, is a film that has acquired a cult following.

See Videotape and Cult film

D-1 (Sony)

D-1 or 4:2:2 Component Digital is an SMPTE digital recording video standard, introduced in 1986 through efforts by SMPTE engineering committees.

See Videotape and D-1 (Sony)

D-2 (video)

D-2 is a professional digital videocassette format created by Ampex and introduced in 1988 at the NAB Show as a composite video alternative to the component video D-1 format.

See Videotape and D-2 (video)

D-3 (video)

D-3 is an uncompressed composite digital video format invented at NHK and introduced commercially by Panasonic.

See Videotape and D-3 (video)

D-5 (Panasonic)

D-5 is a professional digital video format introduced by Panasonic at 18th International Television Symposium in Montreux in 1993 and released a year later in 1994.

See Videotape and D-5 (Panasonic)

D-VHS

D-VHS is a digital video recording format developed by JVC, in collaboration with Hitachi, Matsushita, and Philips.

See Videotape and D-VHS

DCT (videocassette format)

DCT is a digital recording component video videocassette format developed and introduced by Ampex in 1992.

See Videotape and DCT (videocassette format)

Degaussing

Degaussing is the process of decreasing or eliminating a remnant magnetic field.

See Videotape and Degaussing

Digital data

Digital data, in information theory and information systems, is information represented as a string of discrete symbols, each of which can take on one of only a finite number of values from some alphabet, such as letters or digits.

See Videotape and Digital data

Digital signal (signal processing)

In the context of digital signal processing (DSP), a digital signal is a discrete time, quantized amplitude signal.

See Videotape and Digital signal (signal processing)

Digital video recorder

A digital video recorder (DVR), also referred to as a personal video recorder (PVR) particularly in Canada and British English, is an electronic device that records video in a digital format to a disk drive, USB flash drive, SD memory card, SSD or other local or networked mass storage device.

See Videotape and Digital video recorder

Digital-S

D-9 or Digital-S as it was originally known, is a professional digital video videocassette format created by JVC in 1995.

See Videotape and Digital-S

Digital8

Digital8 (or Di8) is a consumer digital recording videocassette for camcorders developed by Sony, and introduced in 1999.

See Videotape and Digital8

Donald O'Connor

Donald David Dixon Ronald O'Connor (August 28, 1925 – September 27, 2003) was an American dancer, singer and actor.

See Videotape and Donald O'Connor

Dorothy Collins

Dorothy Collins (born Marjorie Chandler;, The New York Times (July 23, 1994), p. 27 November 18, 1926 – July 21, 1994) was a Canadian-American singer, actress, and recording artist.

See Videotape and Dorothy Collins

DV (video format)

DV (from Digital Video) is a family of codecs and tape formats used for storing digital video, launched in 1995 by a consortium of video camera manufacturers led by Sony and Panasonic.

See Videotape and DV (video format)

DVD

The DVD (common abbreviation for digital video disc or digital versatile disc) is a digital optical disc data storage format. Videotape and DVD are home video.

See Videotape and DVD

DVD recorder

A DVD recorder is an optical disc recorder that uses optical disc recording technologies to digitally record analog or digital signals onto blank writable DVD media.

See Videotape and DVD recorder

Electrocardiography

Electrocardiography is the process of producing an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG), a recording of the heart's electrical activity through repeated cardiac cycles.

See Videotape and Electrocardiography

Flash memory

Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer memory storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

See Videotape and Flash memory

Funai

is a Japanese consumer electronics company headquartered in Daitō, Osaka. Apart from producing its own branded electronic products, it is also an OEM providing assembled televisions and video players/recorders to major corporations such as Sharp, Toshiba, Denon, and others. Funai supplies inkjet printer hardware technology to Dell and Lexmark, and produces printers under the Kodak name.

See Videotape and Funai

Hal Holbrook

Harold Rowe Holbrook Jr. (February 17, 1925 – January 23, 2021) was an American actor.

See Videotape and Hal Holbrook

Hard disk drive

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive, or fixed disk is an electro-mechanical data storage device that stores and retrieves digital data using magnetic storage with one or more rigid rapidly rotating platters coated with magnetic material. Videotape and hard disk drive are American inventions.

See Videotape and Hard disk drive

HDCAM

HDCAM is a high-definition video digital recording videocassette version of Digital Betacam introduced in 1997 that uses an 8-bit discrete cosine transform (DCT) compressed 3:1:1 recording, in 1080i-compatible down-sampled resolution of 1440×1080, and adding 24p and 23.976 progressive segmented frame (PsF) modes to later models.

See Videotape and HDCAM

HDV

HDV is a format for recording of high-definition video on DV videocassette tape.

See Videotape and HDV

Helical scan

Helical scan is a method of recording high-frequency signals on magnetic tape, used in open-reel video tape recorders, video cassette recorders, digital audio tape recorders, and some computer tape drives.

See Videotape and Helical scan

High-definition television

High-definition television (HDTV) describes a television or video system which provides a substantially higher image resolution than the previous generation of technologies.

See Videotape and High-definition television

High-definition video

High-definition video (HD video) is video of higher resolution and quality than standard-definition.

See Videotape and High-definition video

Home movie

A home movie is a short amateur film or video typically made just to preserve a visual record of family activities, a vacation, or a special event, and intended for viewing at home by family and friends.

See Videotape and Home movie

Howdy Doody

Howdy Doody is an American children's television program (with circus and Western frontier themes) that was created and produced by Victor F. Campbell, The New York Times, Dec 1 1973.

See Videotape and Howdy Doody

Inland Empire (film)

Inland Empire is a 2006 experimental psychological thriller film written, directed and co-produced by David Lynch.

See Videotape and Inland Empire (film)

Instant replay

Instant replay or action replay is a video reproduction of something that recently occurred which was both shot and broadcast live.

See Videotape and Instant replay

Inverse (website)

Inverse is an online magazine from Bustle Digital Group, covering topics such as technology, science, and culture for a millennial audience.

See Videotape and Inverse (website)

Jack Mullin

John Thomas Mullin (October 5, 1913 – June 24, 1999) was an American pioneer in the field of magnetic tape sound recording and made significant contributions to many other related fields.

See Videotape and Jack Mullin

JVC

JVC (short for Japan Victor Company) is a Japanese brand owned by JVCKenwood.

See Videotape and JVC

Kinescope

Kinescope, shortened to kine, also known as telerecording in Britain, is a recording of a television program on motion picture film, directly through a lens focused on the screen of a video monitor.

See Videotape and Kinescope

Kraft Music Hall (TV series)

Kraft Music Hall is an umbrella title for several television series aired by NBC in the United States from the 1950s to the 1970s in the musical variety genre, sponsored by Kraft Foods, the producers of a well-known line of cheeses and related dairy products.

See Videotape and Kraft Music Hall (TV series)

Linear motion

Linear motion, also called rectilinear motion, is one-dimensional motion along a straight line, and can therefore be described mathematically using only one spatial dimension.

See Videotape and Linear motion

Live television

Live television is a television production broadcast in real-time, as events happen, in the present. Videotape and Live television are History of television.

See Videotape and Live television

Longitudinal Video Recording

Longitudinal Video Recording or LVR was a consumer VCR system and videotape standard.

See Videotape and Longitudinal Video Recording

Lost television broadcast

Lost television broadcasts are mostly those early television programs which cannot be accounted for in studio archives (or in personal archives).

See Videotape and Lost television broadcast

Magnetic tape

Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic storage made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film.

See Videotape and Magnetic tape

Mark Twain Tonight!

Mark Twain Tonight! is a one-man play devised by Hal Holbrook, in which he depicted Mark Twain giving a dramatic recitation selected from several of Twain's writings, with an emphasis on the comic ones.

See Videotape and Mark Twain Tonight!

Mary Martin

Mary Virginia Martin (December 1, 1913 – November 3, 1990) was an American actress and singer.

See Videotape and Mary Martin

MicroMV

MicroMV is a proprietary videotape format introduced in October 2001 by Sony.

See Videotape and MicroMV

MII (videocassette format)

MII is a professional analog recording videocassette format developed by Panasonic in 1986 in competition with Sony's Betacam SP format.

See Videotape and MII (videocassette format)

Mikhail Baryshnikov

Mikhail Nikolayevich Baryshnikov (p; Mihails Barišņikovs; born January 27, 1948) is a Latvian and American dancer, choreographer, and actor.

See Videotape and Mikhail Baryshnikov

Milton Berle

Milton Berle (born Mendel Berlinger;; July 12, 1908 – March 27, 2002) was an American actor and comedian.

See Videotape and Milton Berle

National Association of Broadcasters

The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) is a trade association and lobby group representing the interests of commercial and non-commercial over-the-air radio and television broadcasters in the United States.

See Videotape and National Association of Broadcasters

NBC

The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the NBC Entertainment division of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast.

See Videotape and NBC

New York City

New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.

See Videotape and New York City

NPR

National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.

See Videotape and NPR

P2 (storage media)

P2 (P2 is a short form for "Professional Plug-In") is a professional digital recording solid-state memory storage media format introduced by Panasonic in 2004.

See Videotape and P2 (storage media)

Pacific Time Zone

The Pacific Time Zone (PT) is a time zone encompassing parts of western Canada, the western United States, and western Mexico.

See Videotape and Pacific Time Zone

Panasonic

is a Japanese multinational electronics company, headquartered in Kadoma, Osaka, Japan.

See Videotape and Panasonic

Peter Pan (1954 musical)

Peter Pan is a musical based on J. M. Barrie's 1904 play Peter Pan and his 1911 novelization of it, Peter and Wendy.

See Videotape and Peter Pan (1954 musical)

Philips

Koninklijke Philips N.V., commonly shortened to Philips, is a Dutch multinational conglomerate corporation that was founded in Eindhoven in 1891.

See Videotape and Philips

Popular Electronics was an American magazine published by John August Media, LLC, and hosted at TechnicaCuriosa.com.

See Videotape and Popular Electronics

Princeton, New Jersey

Princeton is a borough in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

See Videotape and Princeton, New Jersey

Quadruplex videotape

2-inch quadruplex videotape (also called 2″ quad video tape or quadraplex) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. Videotape and quadruplex videotape are American inventions.

See Videotape and Quadruplex videotape

Random access

Random access (more precisely and more generally called direct access) is the ability to access an arbitrary element of a sequence in equal time or any datum from a population of addressable elements roughly as easily and efficiently as any other, no matter how many elements may be in the set.

See Videotape and Random access

RCA

The RCA Corporation was a major American electronics company, which was founded in 1919 as the Radio Corporation of America.

See Videotape and RCA

S-VHS

, the common initialism for Super VHS, is an improved version of the VHS (VHS standing for video home system) standard for consumer-level video recording.

See Videotape and S-VHS

SD card

Secure Digital, officially abbreviated as SD, is a proprietary, non-volatile, flash memory card format the SD Association (SDA) developed for use in portable devices.

See Videotape and SD card

Sequential access

Sequential access is a term describing a group of elements (such as data in a memory array or a disk file or on magnetic-tape data storage) being accessed in a predetermined, ordered sequence.

See Videotape and Sequential access

Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers

The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) (rarely), founded in 1916 as the Society of Motion Picture Engineers or SMPE, is a global professional association of engineers, technologists, and executives working in the media and entertainment industry.

See Videotape and Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers

Sony

, formerly known as and, commonly known as Sony, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

See Videotape and Sony

Sound recording and reproduction

Sound recording and reproduction is the electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects.

See Videotape and Sound recording and reproduction

Tape head

A tape head is a type of transducer used in tape recorders to convert electrical signals to magnetic fluctuations and vice versa.

See Videotape and Tape head

Television broadcaster

A television broadcaster or television network is a telecommunications network for the distribution of television content, where a central operation provides programming to many television stations, pay television providers or, in the United States, multichannel video programming distributors.

See Videotape and Television broadcaster

Television show

A television show, TV program, or simply a TV show, is the general reference to any content produced for viewing on a television set that is traditionally broadcast via over-the-air, satellite, or cable.

See Videotape and Television show

The Dinah Shore Chevy Show

The Dinah Shore Chevy Show is an American variety series hosted by Dinah Shore, and broadcast on NBC from October 1956 to May 1963.

See Videotape and The Dinah Shore Chevy Show

The Edsel Show

The Edsel Show was an hour-long television special broadcast live on CBS in the United States on October 13, 1957, intended to promote Ford Motor Company's new Edsel cars.

See Videotape and The Edsel Show

The Nutcracker

The Nutcracker (Щелкунчикъ in Russian pre-revolutionary orthography spelling|Shchelkunchik), Op. 71, is an 1892 two-act classical ballet (conceived as a ballet-féerie; balet-feyeriya) by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, set on Christmas Eve at the foot of a Christmas tree in a child's imagination.

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Time shifting

In broadcasting, time shifting is the recording of programming to a storage medium to be viewed or listened to after the live broadcasting.

See Videotape and Time shifting

Tony Verna

Anthony F. Verna (November 26, 1933 – January 18, 2015) was a producer of television sports and entertainment blockbusters.

See Videotape and Tony Verna

Toshiba

is a Japanese multinational electronics company headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan.

See Videotape and Toshiba

Truth or Consequences

Truth or Consequences is an American game show originally hosted on NBC radio by Ralph Edwards (1940–57) and later on television by Edwards (1950–54), Jack Bailey (1954–56), Bob Barker (1956–75), Steve Dunne (1957–58), Bob Hilton (1977–78) and Larry Anderson (1987–88).

See Videotape and Truth or Consequences

Type B videotape

1-inch Type B Helical Scan or SMPTE B is a reel-to-reel analog recording video tape format developed by the Bosch Fernseh division of Bosch in Germany in 1976.

See Videotape and Type B videotape

Type C videotape

1-inch Type C Helical Scan or SMPTE C is a professional reel-to-reel analog recording helical scan videotape format co-developed and introduced by Ampex and Sony in 1976.

See Videotape and Type C videotape

U-matic

U-matic or -inch Type E Helical Scan or SMPTE E is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971.

See Videotape and U-matic

UCLA Film and Television Archive

The UCLA Film & Television Archive is a visual arts organization focused on the preservation, study and appreciation of film and television, based at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

See Videotape and UCLA Film and Television Archive

VHS

The VHS (Video Home System) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes, introduced in 1976 by the Victor Company of Japan (JVC). Videotape and VHS are home video.

See Videotape and VHS

VHS-C

VHS-C is the compact variant of the VHS videocassette format, introduced by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in 1982, and used primarily for consumer-grade compact analog recording camcorders.

See Videotape and VHS-C

Video

Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Videotape and Video are History of television.

See Videotape and Video

Video 2000

Video 2000 (also known as V2000, with the tape standard Video Compact Cassette, or VCC) is a consumer videocassette system and analogue recording standard developed by Philips and Grundig to compete with JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax video technologies.

See Videotape and Video 2000

Video Cassette Recording

Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips.

See Videotape and Video Cassette Recording

Video production

Video production is the process of producing video content for video.

See Videotape and Video production

Video tape recorder

A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record and playback video and audio material from magnetic tape.

See Videotape and Video tape recorder

Videocassette recorder

A videocassette recorder (VCR) or video recorder is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other AV sources and can play back the recording after rewinding.

See Videotape and Videocassette recorder

Videotape format war

The videotape format war was a period of competition or "format war" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats.

See Videotape and Videotape format war

Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus

Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus (VERA) was an early analog recording videotape format developed from 1952 by the BBC under project manager Dr Peter Axon.

See Videotape and Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus

W-VHS

W-VHS (Wide-VHS) is an HDTV-capable analog recording videocassette format created by JVC.

See Videotape and W-VHS

Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States.

See Videotape and Washington, D.C.

WRC-TV

WRC-TV (channel 4) is a television station in Washington, D.C., serving as the market's NBC outlet.

See Videotape and WRC-TV

XDCAM

XDCAM is a series of products for digital recording using random access solid-state memory media, introduced by Sony in 2003.

See Videotape and XDCAM

28 Days Later

28 Days Later is a 2002 British post-apocalyptic survival horror film directed by Danny Boyle and written by Alex Garland.

See Videotape and 28 Days Later

3M

3M Company (originally the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company) is an American multinational conglomerate operating in the fields of industry, worker safety, healthcare, and consumer goods.

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8 mm video format

The 8mm video format refers informally to three related videocassette formats.

See Videotape and 8 mm video format

See also

Audiovisual introductions in 1950

History of television

Home video

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotape

Also known as Magnetic tape video storage, Video cassette tape, Video tape, Video tapes, Video-tape, Videocassette, Videocassette tape, Videocassettes, Videotape recording, Videotaped, Videotapes, .

, Home movie, Howdy Doody, Inland Empire (film), Instant replay, Inverse (website), Jack Mullin, JVC, Kinescope, Kraft Music Hall (TV series), Linear motion, Live television, Longitudinal Video Recording, Lost television broadcast, Magnetic tape, Mark Twain Tonight!, Mary Martin, MicroMV, MII (videocassette format), Mikhail Baryshnikov, Milton Berle, National Association of Broadcasters, NBC, New York City, NPR, P2 (storage media), Pacific Time Zone, Panasonic, Peter Pan (1954 musical), Philips, Popular Electronics, Princeton, New Jersey, Quadruplex videotape, Random access, RCA, S-VHS, SD card, Sequential access, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Sony, Sound recording and reproduction, Tape head, Television broadcaster, Television show, The Dinah Shore Chevy Show, The Edsel Show, The Nutcracker, Time shifting, Tony Verna, Toshiba, Truth or Consequences, Type B videotape, Type C videotape, U-matic, UCLA Film and Television Archive, VHS, VHS-C, Video, Video 2000, Video Cassette Recording, Video production, Video tape recorder, Videocassette recorder, Videotape format war, Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus, W-VHS, Washington, D.C., WRC-TV, XDCAM, 28 Days Later, 3M, 8 mm video format.