Logo
Unionpedia
Communication
Get it on Google Play
New! Download Unionpedia on your Android™ device!
Free
Faster access than browser!
 

Vitamin

Index Vitamin

A vitamin is an organic molecule (or related set of molecules) which is an essential micronutrient - that is, a substance which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism - but cannot synthesize it (either at all, or in sufficient quantities), and therefore it must be obtained through the diet. [1]

211 relations: Adenine, Adenosine monophosphate, Adenosylcobalamin, Adenylthiomethylpentose, Albert Szent-Györgyi, American Association of Poison Control Centers, Amine, Amino acid, Amygdalin, Anemia, Angular cheilitis, Antarctic, Anthranilic acid, Antioxidant, Arctic, Avidin, B vitamins, Battleship, Beta-Carotene, Biochemist, Biotin, Birth defect, Bleeding diathesis, Bone, Bran, Cancer, Canning, Carbohydrate, Cardiovascular disease, Carnitine, Carotenoid, Casimir Funk, Catechol, Cellular respiration, Charles Glen King, Chemotherapy, Cholecalciferol, Christiaan Eijkman, Citrus, Cobalamin, Cod liver oil, Code of Federal Regulations, Cofactor (biochemistry), Collagen, Compound (linguistics), Convenience food, Cyanocobalamin, Cystic fibrosis, Dairy product, Dermatitis, ..., Diet (nutrition), Dietary Reference Intake, Dietary supplement, Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994, Disease, East Asia, Edward Adelbert Doisy, Egg as food, Egypt, Endemic (epidemiology), Enteritis, Enzyme, Ergocalciferol, Essential amino acid, Essential fatty acid, European Food Safety Authority, European Pharmacopoeia, Fat, Fetus, Fish oil, Flavin group, Flavonoid, Florida State University, Folate, Food and Drug Administration, Food fortification, Frederick Gowland Hopkins, Gastrointestinal tract, George Wald, German language, Glossitis, Good Housekeeping, Grain, Guinea pig, Gums, Gustav von Bunge, Gut flora, Haldan Keffer Hartline, Hemolytic anemia, Henrik Dam, Human body, Hydroxocobalamin, Hygiene, Hyperkeratosis, Hypervitaminosis, Hypervitaminosis A, Hypervitaminosis D, Imperial Japanese Navy, Infertility, Jack Drummond, James Lind, Keratomalacia, Leaf vegetable, Lemon, Lime (fruit), Limey, Lipid, Lipophilicity, Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Liver, Liver (food), Malnutrition, Maximilian Nierenstein, McCall's, Meat, Megaloblastic anemia, Methylcobalamin, Milk, Mineral (nutrient), Miscarriage, Morale, Mouse, Multivitamin, Muscle, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Naturopathy, Neural tube, Niacin, Nicotinamide, Nicotinamide riboside, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Norman Haworth, Nutrient, Nyctalopia, Organic compound, Organism, Osteomalacia, Over-the-counter drug, Pantothenic acid, Paresthesia, Paul Karrer, Pellagra, Peripheral neuropathy, Pharmacopoeia, Physician, Phytomenadione, Precursor (chemistry), Pregnancy, Prenatal development, Proprioception, Protein, Provitamin, Pyridoxal, Pyridoxamine, Pyridoxine, Ragnar Granit, Rat, Reference Daily Intake, Renaissance, Retinal, Retinol, Riboflavin, Rice, Rickets, Robert Falcon Scott, Royal Navy, Russian Empire, S-Methylmethionine, Salicylic acid, Salt, Scotland, Scurvy, Skin, Solubility, Staple food, Sunlight, Surgeon, Takaki Kanehiro, Thiamine, Thiamine deficiency, Tobacco smoking, Tocopherol, Tocotrienol, Tryptophan, Umetaro Suzuki, United States, United States Department of Agriculture, United States Pharmacopeia, University of Tartu, Vitamer, Vitamin A, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, Vitamin B6, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin deficiency, Vitamin E, Vitamin K, Vitamin K2, Warfarin, Water, Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, Wheat germ oil, White rice, Whole grain, World War II, Yeast, 4-Aminobenzoic acid. Expand index (161 more) »

Adenine

Adenine (A, Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative).

New!!: Vitamin and Adenine · See more »

Adenosine monophosphate

Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide.

New!!: Vitamin and Adenosine monophosphate · See more »

Adenosylcobalamin

Adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), which is also known as cobamamide and dibencozide, is, along with methylcobalamin (MeCbl), one of the active forms of vitamin B12.

New!!: Vitamin and Adenosylcobalamin · See more »

Adenylthiomethylpentose

Adenylthiomethylpentose is a sulfur-containing nucleoside that was formerly known as vitamin L2.

New!!: Vitamin and Adenylthiomethylpentose · See more »

Albert Szent-Györgyi

Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrápolt (nagyrápolti Szent-Györgyi Albert; September 16, 1893 – October 22, 1986) was a Hungarian biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937.

New!!: Vitamin and Albert Szent-Györgyi · See more »

American Association of Poison Control Centers

The American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) is a national voluntary health organization founded in 1958 that represents the nation’s 55 poison centers.

New!!: Vitamin and American Association of Poison Control Centers · See more »

Amine

In organic chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.

New!!: Vitamin and Amine · See more »

Amino acid

Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.

New!!: Vitamin and Amino acid · See more »

Amygdalin

Amygdalin (from Ancient Greek: ἀμυγδαλή amygdálē "almond") is a naturally occurring chemical compound, famous for falsely being promoted as a cancer cure.

New!!: Vitamin and Amygdalin · See more »

Anemia

Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen.

New!!: Vitamin and Anemia · See more »

Angular cheilitis

Angular cheilitis (AC) is inflammation of one or both corners of the mouth.

New!!: Vitamin and Angular cheilitis · See more »

Antarctic

The Antarctic (US English, UK English or and or) is a polar region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole.

New!!: Vitamin and Antarctic · See more »

Anthranilic acid

Anthranilic acid (o-amino-benzoic acid, 2-aminobenzoic acid, 2-AA, 2AA, AA) is an aromatic acid with the formula C6H4(NH2)(CO2H).

New!!: Vitamin and Anthranilic acid · See more »

Antioxidant

Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.

New!!: Vitamin and Antioxidant · See more »

Arctic

The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth.

New!!: Vitamin and Arctic · See more »

Avidin

Avidin is a tetrameric biotin-binding protein produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and deposited in the whites of their eggs.

New!!: Vitamin and Avidin · See more »

B vitamins

B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism.

New!!: Vitamin and B vitamins · See more »

Battleship

A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns.

New!!: Vitamin and Battleship · See more »

Beta-Carotene

β-Carotene is an organic, strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in plants and fruits.

New!!: Vitamin and Beta-Carotene · See more »

Biochemist

Biochemists are scientists that are trained in biochemistry.

New!!: Vitamin and Biochemist · See more »

Biotin

Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin, also called vitamin B7 and formerly known as vitamin H or coenzyme R. Biotin is composed of a ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring.

New!!: Vitamin and Biotin · See more »

Birth defect

A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.

New!!: Vitamin and Birth defect · See more »

Bleeding diathesis

In medicine (hematology), bleeding diathesis (h(a)emorrhagic diathesis) is an unusual susceptibility to bleed (hemorrhage) mostly due to hypocoagulability, in turn caused by a coagulopathy (a defect in the system of coagulation).

New!!: Vitamin and Bleeding diathesis · See more »

Bone

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the vertebrate skeleton.

New!!: Vitamin and Bone · See more »

Bran

Bran, also known as miller's bran, is the hard outer layers of cereal grain.

New!!: Vitamin and Bran · See more »

Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.

New!!: Vitamin and Cancer · See more »

Canning

Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food contents are processed and sealed in an airtight container.

New!!: Vitamin and Canning · See more »

Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).

New!!: Vitamin and Carbohydrate · See more »

Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.

New!!: Vitamin and Cardiovascular disease · See more »

Carnitine

Carnitine (β-hydroxy-γ-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid, 3-hydroxy-4-N,N,N- trimethylaminobutyrate) is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants and some bacteria. Carnitine may exist in two isomers, labeled D-carnitine and L-carnitine, as they are optically active. At room temperature, pure carnitine is a white powder, and a water-soluble zwitterion with low toxicity. Carnitine only exists in animals as the L-enantiomer, and D-carnitine is toxic because it inhibits the activity of L-carnitine. Carnitine, derived from an amino acid, is found in nearly all organisms and animal tissue. Carnitine is the generic expression for a number of compounds that include L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and propionyl-L-carnitine. It is most accumulated in cardiac and skeletal muscles as it accounts for 0.1% of its dry matter. It was first derived from meat extracts in 1905, therefore the name carnitine is derived from Latin "carnus" or flesh. The body synthesizes enough carnitine from lysine side chains to keep up with the needs of energy production in the body as carnitine acts as a transporter of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria to be oxidized and produce energy. Some individuals with genetic or medical disorders (like preterm infants) cannot make enough, so this makes carnitine a conditionally essential nutrient for them.

New!!: Vitamin and Carnitine · See more »

Carotenoid

Carotenoids, also called tetraterpenoids, are organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria and fungi.

New!!: Vitamin and Carotenoid · See more »

Casimir Funk

Kazimierz Funk (February 23, 1884 – November 19, 1967 Casimir Funk A Biographical Sketch (1884–1967). Journal of Nutrition 1972 Sep;102(9):1105–13.. Available from: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/102/9/1105.full.pdf), commonly anglicized as Casimir Funk, was a Polish biochemist, generally credited with being among the first to formulate (in 1912) the concept of vitamins, which he called "vital amines" or "vitamines".

New!!: Vitamin and Casimir Funk · See more »

Catechol

Catechol, also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H4(OH)2.

New!!: Vitamin and Catechol · See more »

Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

New!!: Vitamin and Cellular respiration · See more »

Charles Glen King

Charles Glen King (October 22, 1896 – January 23, 1988) was an American biochemist who was a pioneer in the field of nutrition research and who isolated vitamin C at the same time as Albert Szent-Györgyi.

New!!: Vitamin and Charles Glen King · See more »

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.

New!!: Vitamin and Chemotherapy · See more »

Cholecalciferol

Cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D3 and colecalciferol, is a type of vitamin D which is made by the skin, found in some foods, and taken as a dietary supplement.

New!!: Vitamin and Cholecalciferol · See more »

Christiaan Eijkman

Christiaan Eijkman (11 August 1858 – 5 November 1930) was a Dutch physician and professor of physiology whose demonstration that beriberi is caused by poor diet led to the discovery of antineuritic vitamins (thiamine).

New!!: Vitamin and Christiaan Eijkman · See more »

Citrus

Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae.

New!!: Vitamin and Citrus · See more »

Cobalamin

Cobalamin (Cbl) is a general term that is referred to a number of compounds, that have cobalt ion in the middle, hence the name of the compound.

New!!: Vitamin and Cobalamin · See more »

Cod liver oil

Cod liver oil is a dietary supplement derived from liver of cod fish (Gadidae).

New!!: Vitamin and Cod liver oil · See more »

Code of Federal Regulations

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the federal government of the United States.

New!!: Vitamin and Code of Federal Regulations · See more »

Cofactor (biochemistry)

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.

New!!: Vitamin and Cofactor (biochemistry) · See more »

Collagen

Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.

New!!: Vitamin and Collagen · See more »

Compound (linguistics)

In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word) that consists of more than one stem.

New!!: Vitamin and Compound (linguistics) · See more »

Convenience food

Convenience food, or tertiary processed food, is food that is commercially prepared (often through processing) to optimise ease of consumption.

New!!: Vitamin and Convenience food · See more »

Cyanocobalamin

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of 12.

New!!: Vitamin and Cyanocobalamin · See more »

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine.

New!!: Vitamin and Cystic fibrosis · See more »

Dairy product

Dairy products, milk products or lacticinia are a type of food produced from or containing the milk of mammals, primarily cattle, water buffaloes, goats, sheep, camels, and humans.

New!!: Vitamin and Dairy product · See more »

Dermatitis

Dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a group of diseases that results in inflammation of the skin.

New!!: Vitamin and Dermatitis · See more »

Diet (nutrition)

In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.

New!!: Vitamin and Diet (nutrition) · See more »

Dietary Reference Intake

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies (United States).

New!!: Vitamin and Dietary Reference Intake · See more »

Dietary supplement

A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.

New!!: Vitamin and Dietary supplement · See more »

Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 ("DSHEA"), is a 1994 statute of United States Federal legislation which defines and regulates dietary supplements.

New!!: Vitamin and Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 · See more »

Disease

A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in an organism that is not due to any external injury.

New!!: Vitamin and Disease · See more »

East Asia

East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical or ethno-cultural "The East Asian cultural sphere evolves when Japan, Korea, and what is today Vietnam all share adapted elements of Chinese civilization of this period (that of the Tang dynasty), in particular Buddhism, Confucian social and political values, and literary Chinese and its writing system." terms.

New!!: Vitamin and East Asia · See more »

Edward Adelbert Doisy

Edward Adelbert Doisy (November 13, 1893 – October 23, 1986) was an American biochemist.

New!!: Vitamin and Edward Adelbert Doisy · See more »

Egg as food

Eggs are laid by female animals of many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and fish, and have been eaten by humans for thousands of years.

New!!: Vitamin and Egg as food · See more »

Egypt

Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.

New!!: Vitamin and Egypt · See more »

Endemic (epidemiology)

In epidemiology, an infection is said to be endemic (from Greek ἐν en "in, within" and δῆμος demos "people") in a population when that infection is constantly maintained at a baseline level in a geographic area without external inputs.

New!!: Vitamin and Endemic (epidemiology) · See more »

Enteritis

Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine.

New!!: Vitamin and Enteritis · See more »

Enzyme

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.

New!!: Vitamin and Enzyme · See more »

Ergocalciferol

Ergocalciferol, also known as vitamin D2 and calciferol, is a type of vitamin D found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

New!!: Vitamin and Ergocalciferol · See more »

Essential amino acid

An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized ''de novo'' (from scratch) by the organism, and thus must be supplied in its diet.

New!!: Vitamin and Essential amino acid · See more »

Essential fatty acid

Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must ingest because the body requires them for good health but cannot synthesize them.

New!!: Vitamin and Essential fatty acid · See more »

European Food Safety Authority

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain.

New!!: Vitamin and European Food Safety Authority · See more »

European Pharmacopoeia

The European Pharmacopoeia (Pharmacopoeia Europaea, Ph. Eur.) is a major regional pharmacopoeia which provides common quality standards throughout the pharmaceutical industry in Europe to control the quality of medicines, and the substances used to manufacture them.

New!!: Vitamin and European Pharmacopoeia · See more »

Fat

Fat is one of the three main macronutrients, along with carbohydrate and protein.

New!!: Vitamin and Fat · See more »

Fetus

A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms.

New!!: Vitamin and Fetus · See more »

Fish oil

Fish oil is oil derived from the tissues of oily fish.

New!!: Vitamin and Fish oil · See more »

Flavin group

Flavin (from Latin flavus, "yellow") is the common name for a group of organic compounds based on pteridine, formed by the tricyclic heterocycle isoalloxazine.

New!!: Vitamin and Flavin group · See more »

Flavonoid

Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids) (from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of plant and fungus secondary metabolites.

New!!: Vitamin and Flavonoid · See more »

Florida State University

Florida State University (Florida State or FSU) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university with its primary campus on a campus in Tallahassee, Florida.

New!!: Vitamin and Florida State University · See more »

Folate

Folate, distinct forms of which are known as folic acid, folacin, and vitamin B9, is one of the B vitamins.

New!!: Vitamin and Folate · See more »

Food and Drug Administration

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.

New!!: Vitamin and Food and Drug Administration · See more »

Food fortification

Food fortification or enrichment is the process of adding micronutrients (essential trace elements and vitamins) to food.

New!!: Vitamin and Food fortification · See more »

Frederick Gowland Hopkins

Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (20 June 1861 – 16 May 1947) was an English biochemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1929, with Christiaan Eijkman, for the discovery of vitamins, even though Casimir Funk, a Polish biochemist, is widely credited with discovering vitamins.

New!!: Vitamin and Frederick Gowland Hopkins · See more »

Gastrointestinal tract

The gastrointestinal tract (digestive tract, digestional tract, GI tract, GIT, gut, or alimentary canal) is an organ system within humans and other animals which takes in food, digests it to extract and absorb energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste as feces.

New!!: Vitamin and Gastrointestinal tract · See more »

George Wald

George David Wald (November 18, 1906 – April 12, 1997) was an American scientist who studied pigments in the retina.

New!!: Vitamin and George Wald · See more »

German language

German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.

New!!: Vitamin and German language · See more »

Glossitis

Glossitis can mean soreness of the tongue, or more usually inflammation with depapillation of the dorsal surface of the tongue (loss of the lingual papillae), leaving a smooth and erythematous (reddened) surface, (sometimes specifically termed atrophic glossitis).

New!!: Vitamin and Glossitis · See more »

Good Housekeeping

Good Housekeeping is a women's magazine owned by the Hearst Corporation, featuring articles about women's interests, product testing by The Good Housekeeping Institute, recipes, diet, and health, as well as literary articles.

New!!: Vitamin and Good Housekeeping · See more »

Grain

A grain is a small, hard, dry seed, with or without an attached hull or fruit layer, harvested for human or animal consumption.

New!!: Vitamin and Grain · See more »

Guinea pig

The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), also known as cavy or domestic cavy, is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus Cavia.

New!!: Vitamin and Guinea pig · See more »

Gums

The gums or gingiva (plural: gingivae), consist of the mucosal tissue that lies over the mandible and maxilla inside the mouth.

New!!: Vitamin and Gums · See more »

Gustav von Bunge

Gustav von Bunge (19 January 1844, Dorpat – 5 November 1920, Basel) was a German physiologist known for work in the field of nutrition physiology.

New!!: Vitamin and Gustav von Bunge · See more »

Gut flora

Gut flora, or gut microbiota, or gastrointestinal microbiota, is the complex community of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of humans and other animals, including insects.

New!!: Vitamin and Gut flora · See more »

Haldan Keffer Hartline

Haldan Keffer Hartline (December 22, 1903 – March 17, 1983) was an American physiologist who was a co-recipient (with George Wald and Ragnar Granit) of the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in analyzing the neurophysiological mechanisms of vision.

New!!: Vitamin and Haldan Keffer Hartline · See more »

Hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic anemia or haemolytic anaemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular, but usually in the spleen).

New!!: Vitamin and Hemolytic anemia · See more »

Henrik Dam

Henrik Dam (Full name Carl Peter Henrik Dam) (21 February 1895 – 17 April 1976) was a Danish biochemist and physiologist.

New!!: Vitamin and Henrik Dam · See more »

Human body

The human body is the entire structure of a human being.

New!!: Vitamin and Human body · See more »

Hydroxocobalamin

Hydroxocobalamin, also known as vitamin B12a and hydroxycobalamin, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

New!!: Vitamin and Hydroxocobalamin · See more »

Hygiene

Hygiene is a set of practices performed to preserve health.

New!!: Vitamin and Hygiene · See more »

Hyperkeratosis

Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis), often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of keratin,Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelso; Abbas, Abul (2004) Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.). Saunders.

New!!: Vitamin and Hyperkeratosis · See more »

Hypervitaminosis

Hypervitaminosis is a condition of abnormally high storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms.

New!!: Vitamin and Hypervitaminosis · See more »

Hypervitaminosis A

Hypervitaminosis A refers to the toxic effects of ingesting too much preformed vitamin A. Symptoms arise as a result of altered bone metabolism and altered metabolism of other fat-soluble vitamins.

New!!: Vitamin and Hypervitaminosis A · See more »

Hypervitaminosis D

Hypervitaminosis D is a state of vitamin D toxicity.

New!!: Vitamin and Hypervitaminosis D · See more »

Imperial Japanese Navy

The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国海軍 or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun, "Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire") was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 until 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's defeat and surrender in World War II.

New!!: Vitamin and Imperial Japanese Navy · See more »

Infertility

Infertility is the inability of a person, animal or plant to reproduce by natural means.

New!!: Vitamin and Infertility · See more »

Jack Drummond

Sir Jack Cecil Drummond FRIC, FRS (12 January 1891 – 4/5 August 1952) was a distinguished biochemist, noted for his work on nutrition as applied to the British diet under rationing during the Second World War.

New!!: Vitamin and Jack Drummond · See more »

James Lind

James Lind (4 October 1716 – 13 July 1794) was a Scottish physician.

New!!: Vitamin and James Lind · See more »

Keratomalacia

Keratomalacia is an eye disorder that results from vitamin A deficiency.

New!!: Vitamin and Keratomalacia · See more »

Leaf vegetable

Leaf vegetables, also called leafy greens, salad greens, pot herbs, vegetable greens, or simply greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots.

New!!: Vitamin and Leaf vegetable · See more »

Lemon

The lemon, Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family Rutaceae, native to Asia.

New!!: Vitamin and Lemon · See more »

Lime (fruit)

A lime (from French lime, from Arabic līma, from Persian līmū, "lemon") is a hybrid citrus fruit, which is typically round, lime green, in diameter, and contains acidic juice vesicles.

New!!: Vitamin and Lime (fruit) · See more »

Limey

Limey is a predominantly North American slang nickname for a British person.

New!!: Vitamin and Limey · See more »

Lipid

In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.

New!!: Vitamin and Lipid · See more »

Lipophilicity

Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly"), refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene.

New!!: Vitamin and Lipophilicity · See more »

Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine

The Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, informally known as the Lister Institute, was established as a research institute (the British Institute of Preventive Medicine) in 1891, with bacteriologist Marc Armand Ruffer as its first director, using a grant of £250,000 from Edward Cecil Guinness of the Guinness family.

New!!: Vitamin and Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine · See more »

Liver

The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.

New!!: Vitamin and Liver · See more »

Liver (food)

The liver of mammals, fowl, and fish is commonly eaten as food by humans.

New!!: Vitamin and Liver (food) · See more »

Malnutrition

Malnutrition is a condition that results from eating a diet in which one or more nutrients are either not enough or are too much such that the diet causes health problems.

New!!: Vitamin and Malnutrition · See more »

Maximilian Nierenstein

Maximilian Nierenstein (also known as Moses Max Nierenstein or Max Nierenstein, born in 1877 - died in 1946) was a professor of biochemistry at the University of Bristol.

New!!: Vitamin and Maximilian Nierenstein · See more »

McCall's

McCall's was a monthly American women's magazine, published by the McCall Corporation, that enjoyed great popularity through much of the 20th century, peaking at a readership of 8.4 million in the early 1960s.

New!!: Vitamin and McCall's · See more »

Meat

Meat is animal flesh that is eaten as food.

New!!: Vitamin and Meat · See more »

Megaloblastic anemia

Megaloblastic anemia (or megaloblastic anaemia) is an anemia (of macrocytic classification) that results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during red blood cell production.

New!!: Vitamin and Megaloblastic anemia · See more »

Methylcobalamin

Methylcobalamin (mecobalamin, MeCbl, or MeB) is a cobalamin, a form of 12.

New!!: Vitamin and Methylcobalamin · See more »

Milk

Milk is a white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals.

New!!: Vitamin and Milk · See more »

Mineral (nutrient)

In the context of nutrition, a mineral is a chemical element required as an essential nutrient by organisms to perform functions necessary for life.

New!!: Vitamin and Mineral (nutrient) · See more »

Miscarriage

Miscarriage, also known as spontaneous abortion and pregnancy loss, is the natural death of an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive independently.

New!!: Vitamin and Miscarriage · See more »

Morale

Morale, also known as esprit de corps, is the capacity of a group's members to maintain belief in an institution or goal, particularly in the face of opposition or hardship.

New!!: Vitamin and Morale · See more »

Mouse

A mouse (Mus), plural mice, is a small rodent characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high breeding rate.

New!!: Vitamin and Mouse · See more »

Multivitamin

A multivitamin is a preparation intended to serve as a dietary supplement - with vitamins, dietary minerals, and other nutritional elements.

New!!: Vitamin and Multivitamin · See more »

Muscle

Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.

New!!: Vitamin and Muscle · See more »

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (also known as "NASEM" or "the National Academies") is the collective scientific national academy of the United States.

New!!: Vitamin and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine · See more »

National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research, founded in the late 1870s.

New!!: Vitamin and National Institutes of Health · See more »

Naturopathy

Naturopathy or naturopathic medicine is a form of alternative medicine that employs an array of pseudoscientific practices branded as "natural", "non-invasive", and as promoting "self-healing".

New!!: Vitamin and Naturopathy · See more »

Neural tube

In the developing chordate (including vertebrates), the neural tube is the embryonic precursor to the central nervous system, which is made up of the brain and spinal cord.

New!!: Vitamin and Neural tube · See more »

Niacin

Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound and a form of vitamin B3, an essential human nutrient.

New!!: Vitamin and Niacin · See more »

Nicotinamide

Nicotinamide (NAA), also known as niacinamide, is a form of vitamin B3 found in food and used as a dietary supplement and medication.

New!!: Vitamin and Nicotinamide · See more »

Nicotinamide riboside

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is a pyridine-nucleoside form of vitamin B3 that functions as a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD+.

New!!: Vitamin and Nicotinamide riboside · See more »

Nobel Prize in Chemistry

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.

New!!: Vitamin and Nobel Prize in Chemistry · See more »

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.

New!!: Vitamin and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine · See more »

Norman Haworth

Sir (Walter) Norman Haworth FRS.

New!!: Vitamin and Norman Haworth · See more »

Nutrient

A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.

New!!: Vitamin and Nutrient · See more »

Nyctalopia

Nyctalopia, also called night-blindness, is a condition making it difficult or impossible to see in relatively low light.

New!!: Vitamin and Nyctalopia · See more »

Organic compound

In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.

New!!: Vitamin and Organic compound · See more »

Organism

In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.

New!!: Vitamin and Organism · See more »

Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia is the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium.

New!!: Vitamin and Osteomalacia · See more »

Over-the-counter drug

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines sold directly to a consumer without a prescription from a healthcare professional, as opposed to prescription drugs, which may be sold only to consumers possessing a valid prescription.

New!!: Vitamin and Over-the-counter drug · See more »

Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid, also called vitamin B5 (a B vitamin), is a water-soluble vitamin.

New!!: Vitamin and Pantothenic acid · See more »

Paresthesia

Paresthesia is an abnormal sensation such as tingling, tickling, pricking, numbness or burning of a person's skin with no apparent physical cause.

New!!: Vitamin and Paresthesia · See more »

Paul Karrer

Prof Paul Karrer FRS FRSE FCS (21 April 1889 – 18 June 1971) was a Swiss organic chemist best known for his research on vitamins.

New!!: Vitamin and Paul Karrer · See more »

Pellagra

Pellagra is a disease caused by a lack of the vitamin niacin (vitamin B3).

New!!: Vitamin and Pellagra · See more »

Peripheral neuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is damage to or disease affecting nerves, which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, or other aspects of health, depending on the type of nerve affected.

New!!: Vitamin and Peripheral neuropathy · See more »

Pharmacopoeia

A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (literally, “drug-making”), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published by the authority of a government or a medical or pharmaceutical society.

New!!: Vitamin and Pharmacopoeia · See more »

Physician

A physician, medical practitioner, medical doctor, or simply doctor is a professional who practises medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining, or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.

New!!: Vitamin and Physician · See more »

Phytomenadione

Phytomenadione, also known as vitamin K1 or phylloquinone, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

New!!: Vitamin and Phytomenadione · See more »

Precursor (chemistry)

In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.

New!!: Vitamin and Precursor (chemistry) · See more »

Pregnancy

Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.

New!!: Vitamin and Pregnancy · See more »

Prenatal development

Prenatal development is the process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation.

New!!: Vitamin and Prenatal development · See more »

Proprioception

Proprioception, from Latin proprius, meaning "one's own", "individual", and capio, capere, to take or grasp, is the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement.

New!!: Vitamin and Proprioception · See more »

Protein

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.

New!!: Vitamin and Protein · See more »

Provitamin

A provitamin is a substance that may be converted within the body to a vitamin.

New!!: Vitamin and Provitamin · See more »

Pyridoxal

Pyridoxal is one form of vitamin B6.

New!!: Vitamin and Pyridoxal · See more »

Pyridoxamine

Pyridoxamine is one form of vitamin B6.

New!!: Vitamin and Pyridoxamine · See more »

Pyridoxine

Pyridoxine, also known as vitamin B6, is a form of vitamin B6 found commonly in food and used as dietary supplement.

New!!: Vitamin and Pyridoxine · See more »

Ragnar Granit

Ragnar Arthur Granit (October 30, 1900 – March 12, 1991) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish and later Swedish scientist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1967 along with Haldan Keffer Hartline and George Wald "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye".

New!!: Vitamin and Ragnar Granit · See more »

Rat

Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents in the superfamily Muroidea.

New!!: Vitamin and Rat · See more »

Reference Daily Intake

The Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic in the United States.

New!!: Vitamin and Reference Daily Intake · See more »

Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

New!!: Vitamin and Renaissance · See more »

Retinal

Retinal is also known as retinaldehyde.

New!!: Vitamin and Retinal · See more »

Retinol

Retinol, also known as Vitamin A1, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

New!!: Vitamin and Retinol · See more »

Riboflavin

Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

New!!: Vitamin and Riboflavin · See more »

Rice

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice).

New!!: Vitamin and Rice · See more »

Rickets

Rickets is a condition that results in weak or soft bones in children.

New!!: Vitamin and Rickets · See more »

Robert Falcon Scott

Captain Robert Falcon Scott, (6 June 1868 – 29 March 1912) was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the Discovery Expedition (1901–1904) and the ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition (1910–1913).

New!!: Vitamin and Robert Falcon Scott · See more »

Royal Navy

The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force.

New!!: Vitamin and Royal Navy · See more »

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

New!!: Vitamin and Russian Empire · See more »

S-Methylmethionine

S-Methylmethionine (SMM) is a derivative of methionine with the chemical formula (CH3)2S+CH2CH2CH(NH3+)CO2−.

New!!: Vitamin and S-Methylmethionine · See more »

Salicylic acid

Salicylic acid (from Latin salix, willow tree) is a lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, and a beta hydroxy acid (BHA).

New!!: Vitamin and Salicylic acid · See more »

Salt

Salt, table salt or common salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl), a chemical compound belonging to the larger class of salts; salt in its natural form as a crystalline mineral is known as rock salt or halite.

New!!: Vitamin and Salt · See more »

Scotland

Scotland (Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

New!!: Vitamin and Scotland · See more »

Scurvy

Scurvy is a disease resulting from a lack of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

New!!: Vitamin and Scurvy · See more »

Skin

Skin is the soft outer tissue covering vertebrates.

New!!: Vitamin and Skin · See more »

Solubility

Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.

New!!: Vitamin and Solubility · See more »

Staple food

A staple food, or simply a staple, is a food that is eaten routinely and in such quantities that it constitutes a dominant portion of a standard diet for a given people, supplying a large fraction of energy needs and generally forming a significant proportion of the intake of other nutrients as well.

New!!: Vitamin and Staple food · See more »

Sunlight

Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light.

New!!: Vitamin and Sunlight · See more »

Surgeon

In medicine, a surgeon is a physician who performs surgical operations.

New!!: Vitamin and Surgeon · See more »

Takaki Kanehiro

Baron was a Japanese naval physician.

New!!: Vitamin and Takaki Kanehiro · See more »

Thiamine

Thiamine, also known as thiamin or vitamin B1, is a vitamin found in food, and manufactured as a dietary supplement and medication.

New!!: Vitamin and Thiamine · See more »

Thiamine deficiency

Thiamine deficiency is a medical condition of low levels of thiamine (vitamin B1).

New!!: Vitamin and Thiamine deficiency · See more »

Tobacco smoking

Tobacco smoking is the practice of smoking tobacco and inhaling tobacco smoke (consisting of particle and gaseous phases).

New!!: Vitamin and Tobacco smoking · See more »

Tocopherol

Tocopherols (TCP) are a class of organic chemical compounds (more precisely, various methylated phenols), many of which have vitamin E activity.

New!!: Vitamin and Tocopherol · See more »

Tocotrienol

Tocotrienols are certain members of the vitamin E family.

New!!: Vitamin and Tocotrienol · See more »

Tryptophan

Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.

New!!: Vitamin and Tryptophan · See more »

Umetaro Suzuki

was a Japanese scientist, born in Shizuoka Prefecture.

New!!: Vitamin and Umetaro Suzuki · See more »

United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

New!!: Vitamin and United States · See more »

United States Department of Agriculture

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), also known as the Agriculture Department, is the U.S. federal executive department responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food.

New!!: Vitamin and United States Department of Agriculture · See more »

United States Pharmacopeia

The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) is a pharmacopeia (compendium of drug information) for the United States published annually by the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (usually also called the USP), a nonprofit organization that owns the trademark and copyright.

New!!: Vitamin and United States Pharmacopeia · See more »

University of Tartu

The University of Tartu (UT; Tartu Ülikool, Universitas Tartuensis) is a classical university in the city of Tartu, Estonia.

New!!: Vitamin and University of Tartu · See more »

Vitamer

A vitamer of a particular vitamin is any of a number of chemical compounds, generally having a similar molecular structure, each of which shows vitamin-activity in a vitamin-deficient biological system.

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamer · See more »

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds that includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamin A carotenoids (most notably beta-carotene).

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamin A · See more »

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12, also called cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that is involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body: it is a cofactor in DNA synthesis, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamin B12 · See more »

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, of which pernicious anemia is a type, is a disease in which not enough red blood cells are produced due to a deficiency of vitamin B12.

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia · See more »

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6 refers to a group of chemically similar compounds which can be interconverted in biological systems.

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamin B6 · See more »

Vitamin C

Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamin C · See more »

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and multiple other biological effects.

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamin D · See more »

Vitamin deficiency

A vitamin deficiency can cause a disease or syndrome known as an avitaminosis or hypovitaminosis.

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamin deficiency · See more »

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a group of eight compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols.

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamin E · See more »

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamins that the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation (K from Koagulation, Danish for "coagulation") and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues.

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamin K · See more »

Vitamin K2

Vitamin K2 or menaquinone has nine related compounds, generally subdivided into the short-chain menaquinones (with MK-4 as the most important member) and the long-chain menaquinones, of which MK-7, MK-8 and MK-9 are nutritionally the most recognized.

New!!: Vitamin and Vitamin K2 · See more »

Warfarin

Warfarin, sold under the brand name Coumadin among others, is a medication that is used as an anticoagulant (blood thinner).

New!!: Vitamin and Warfarin · See more »

Water

Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.

New!!: Vitamin and Water · See more »

Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome

Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is the combined presence of Wernicke encephalopathy (WE) and alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome.

New!!: Vitamin and Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome · See more »

Wheat germ oil

Wheat germ oil is extracted from the germ of the wheat kernel, which makes up only 2.5% by weight of the kernel Wheat germ oil is particularly high in octacosanol - a 28-carbon long-chain saturated primary alcohol found in a number of different vegetable waxes.

New!!: Vitamin and Wheat germ oil · See more »

White rice

White rice is milled rice that has had its husk, bran, and germ removed.

New!!: Vitamin and White rice · See more »

Whole grain

A whole grain is a grain of any cereal and pseudocereal that contains the endosperm, germ, and bran, in contrast to refined grains, which retain only the endosperm.

New!!: Vitamin and Whole grain · See more »

World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

New!!: Vitamin and World War II · See more »

Yeast

Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.

New!!: Vitamin and Yeast · See more »

4-Aminobenzoic acid

4-Aminobenzoic acid (also known as para-aminobenzoic acid or PABA because the number 4 carbon in the benzene ring is also known as the para position) is an organic compound with the formula H2NC6H4CO2H.

New!!: Vitamin and 4-Aminobenzoic acid · See more »

Redirects here:

Fat soluble vitamin, Fat soluble vitamins, Fat-soluble vitamin, Fat-soluble vitamins, History of vitamins, Liquid vitamin, List of Vitamins, Vital amine, Vitamine, Vitamins, Water-soluble vitamins.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin

OutgoingIncoming
Hey! We are on Facebook now! »