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211 relations: Adyghe language, African reference alphabet, Albanian alphabet, Albanian language, Americanist phonetic notation, Andalusian Spanish, Arabic, Arabic alphabet, Arabic phonology, Armenian alphabet, Armenian language, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Asturian language, Auvergnat (language), Azerbaijani alphabet, Azerbaijani language, Basque language, Bengali language, Bengali phonology, Berber languages, Berber Latin alphabet, Breton language, Bulgarian alphabet, Bulgarian language, Bulgarian phonology, Canzés dialect, Caron, Catalan language, Catalan orthography, Catalan phonology, Cedilla, Chilean Spanish, Colognian dialect, Consonant, Coronal consonant, Cypriot Greek, Cyrillic script, Czech language, Czech orthography, Czech phonology, Devanagari, Dutch language, Dutch orthography, Dutch phonology, Eastern Armenian, Eastern Nagari script, Emilia-Romagna, English language, English orthography, English phonology, ..., Esh (letter), Esperanto, Esperanto orthography, Esperanto phonology, Faroese language, Faroese phonology, Filipino orthography, Finnish language, Finnish orthography, Finnish phonology, French language, French orthography, French phonology, Fricative consonant, Gaj's Latin alphabet, Galician language, Galician phonology, Gascon language, Georgian language, Georgian scripts, German language, German orthography, Gmina Istebna, Greek alphabet, Greek language, Grey parrot, Gurmukhi script, Hebrew alphabet, Hebrew language, Hiberno-English, Hindi, Hindustani phonology, Hungarian language, Hungarian orthography, Hungarian phonology, Ilocano language, Index of phonetics articles, Integral symbol, International Phonetic Alphabet, Irish language, Irish orthography, Irish phonology, Isaac Pitman, ISO 9, Italian language, Italian orthography, Italian phonology, Jablunkov, Jan Hus, Kabardian language, Kabyle language, Kashubian language, Labialization, Language, Latin spelling and pronunciation, Latvian language, Latvian orthography, Latvian phonology, Limburgish, Limousin dialect, Lingala, Lithuanian language, Lithuanian orthography, Lithuanian phonology, Maastrichtian dialect, Macedonian alphabet, Macedonian language, Macedonian phonology, Malay alphabet, Malay language, Maltese alphabet, Maltese language, Marathi language, Marathi phonology, Masovian dialect, Mayan languages, Mexican Spanish, Middle High German, Modern Hebrew phonology, Mopan language, Mutsun language, Neapolitan language, New Mexican Spanish, North Frisian language, Occitan language, Occitan phonology, Old English, Old High German, Palatalization (phonetics), Panamanian Spanish, Persian alphabet, Persian language, Persian phonology, Place of articulation, Polish language, Polish orthography, Portuguese language, Portuguese orthography, Portuguese phonology, Postalveolar consonant, Proto-Germanic language, Punjabi language, Received Pronunciation, Rioplatense Spanish, Romance languages, Romani language, Romanian alphabet, Romanian language, Romanian phonology, Russian language, Sahaptin language, Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic, Scottish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic orthography, Scottish Gaelic phonology, Silesian language, Sj-sound, Slovene alphabet, Slovene language, Slovene phonology, Somali language, Somali phonology, Spanish language, Spanish orthography, Spanish phonology, Standard German phonology, Swahili language, Tagalog language, Tagalog phonology, Tilquiapan Zapotec, Toda language, Tunica language, Turkish alphabet, Turkish language, Turkish phonology, Ukrainian alphabet, Ukrainian language, Ukrainian phonology, Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, Urdu, Urdu alphabet, Uyghur Arabic alphabet, Uyghur language, Vlax Romani language, Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative, Voiceless retroflex fricative, Voicelessness, Walloon alphabet, Walloon language, Welsh language, Welsh orthography, Welsh phonology, West Frisian language, West Frisian phonology, Western Lombard dialect, X-SAMPA, Yeísmo, Yiddish, Yiddish phonology, Yoruba language, Zapotec languages. Expand index (161 more) »
Adyghe language
Adyghe (or; Adyghe: Адыгабзэ, Adygabzæ), also known as West Circassian (КӀахыбзэ, K’axybzæ), is one of the two official languages of the Republic of Adygea in the Russian Federation, the other being Russian. It is spoken by various tribes of the Adyghe people: Abzekh, Adamey, Bzhedug, Hatuqwai, Temirgoy, Mamkhegh, Natekuay, Shapsug, Zhaney and Yegerikuay, each with its own dialect. The language is referred to by its speakers as Adygebze or Adəgăbză, and alternatively transliterated in English as Adygean, Adygeyan or Adygei. The literary language is based on the Temirgoy dialect. There are apparently around 128,000 speakers of Adyghe in Russia, almost all of them native speakers. In total, some 300,000 speak it worldwide. The largest Adyghe-speaking community is in Turkey, spoken by the post Russian–Circassian War (circa 1763–1864) diaspora; in addition to that, the Adyghe language is spoken by the Cherkesogai in Krasnodar Krai. Adyghe belongs to the family of Northwest Caucasian languages. Kabardian (also known as East Circassian) is a very close relative, treated by some as a dialect of Adyghe or of an overarching Circassian language. Ubykh, Abkhaz and Abaza are somewhat more distantly related to Adyghe. The language was standardised after the October Revolution in 1917. Since 1936, the Cyrillic script has been used to write Adyghe. Before that, an Arabic-based alphabet was used together with the Latin.
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African reference alphabet
An African reference alphabet was first proposed in 1978 by a UNESCO-organized conference held in Niamey, Niger, and the proposed alphabet was revised in 1982.
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Albanian alphabet
The Albanian alphabet (alfabeti shqip) is a variant of the Latin alphabet used to write the Albanian language.
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Albanian language
Albanian (shqip, or gjuha shqipe) is a language of the Indo-European family, in which it occupies an independent branch.
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Americanist phonetic notation
Americanist phonetic notation, also known as the North American Phonetic Alphabet or NAPA, is a system of phonetic notation originally developed by European and American anthropologists and language scientists (many of whom were students of Neogrammarians) for the phonetic and phonemic transcription of indigenous languages of the Americas and for languages of Europe.
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Andalusian Spanish
The Andalusian varieties of Spanish (Spanish: andaluz; Andalusian: andalú) are spoken in Andalusia, Ceuta, Melilla, and Gibraltar.
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Arabic
Arabic (العَرَبِيَّة) or (عَرَبِيّ) or) is a Central Semitic language that first emerged in Iron Age northwestern Arabia and is now the lingua franca of the Arab world. It is named after the Arabs, a term initially used to describe peoples living from Mesopotamia in the east to the Anti-Lebanon mountains in the west, in northwestern Arabia, and in the Sinai peninsula. Arabic is classified as a macrolanguage comprising 30 modern varieties, including its standard form, Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. As the modern written language, Modern Standard Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities, and is used to varying degrees in workplaces, government, and the media. The two formal varieties are grouped together as Literary Arabic (fuṣḥā), which is the official language of 26 states and the liturgical language of Islam. Modern Standard Arabic largely follows the grammatical standards of Classical Arabic and uses much of the same vocabulary. However, it has discarded some grammatical constructions and vocabulary that no longer have any counterpart in the spoken varieties, and has adopted certain new constructions and vocabulary from the spoken varieties. Much of the new vocabulary is used to denote concepts that have arisen in the post-classical era, especially in modern times. During the Middle Ages, Literary Arabic was a major vehicle of culture in Europe, especially in science, mathematics and philosophy. As a result, many European languages have also borrowed many words from it. Arabic influence, mainly in vocabulary, is seen in European languages, mainly Spanish and to a lesser extent Portuguese, Valencian and Catalan, owing to both the proximity of Christian European and Muslim Arab civilizations and 800 years of Arabic culture and language in the Iberian Peninsula, referred to in Arabic as al-Andalus. Sicilian has about 500 Arabic words as result of Sicily being progressively conquered by Arabs from North Africa, from the mid 9th to mid 10th centuries. Many of these words relate to agriculture and related activities (Hull and Ruffino). Balkan languages, including Greek and Bulgarian, have also acquired a significant number of Arabic words through contact with Ottoman Turkish. Arabic has influenced many languages around the globe throughout its history. Some of the most influenced languages are Persian, Turkish, Spanish, Urdu, Kashmiri, Kurdish, Bosnian, Kazakh, Bengali, Hindi, Malay, Maldivian, Indonesian, Pashto, Punjabi, Tagalog, Sindhi, and Hausa, and some languages in parts of Africa. Conversely, Arabic has borrowed words from other languages, including Greek and Persian in medieval times, and contemporary European languages such as English and French in modern times. Classical Arabic is the liturgical language of 1.8 billion Muslims and Modern Standard Arabic is one of six official languages of the United Nations. All varieties of Arabic combined are spoken by perhaps as many as 422 million speakers (native and non-native) in the Arab world, making it the fifth most spoken language in the world. Arabic is written with the Arabic alphabet, which is an abjad script and is written from right to left, although the spoken varieties are sometimes written in ASCII Latin from left to right with no standardized orthography.
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Arabic alphabet
The Arabic alphabet (الأَبْجَدِيَّة العَرَبِيَّة, or الحُرُوف العَرَبِيَّة) or Arabic abjad is the Arabic script as it is codified for writing Arabic.
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Arabic phonology
While many languages have numerous dialects that differ in phonology, the contemporary spoken Arabic language is more properly described as a continuum of varieties.
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Armenian alphabet
The Armenian alphabet (Հայոց գրեր Hayoc' grer or Հայոց այբուբեն Hayoc' aybowben; Eastern Armenian:; Western Armenian) is an alphabetical writing system used to write Armenian.
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Armenian language
The Armenian language (reformed: հայերեն) is an Indo-European language spoken primarily by the Armenians.
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Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (ܣܘܪܝܬ, sūrët), or just simply Assyrian, is a Neo-Aramaic language within the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
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Asturian language
Asturian (asturianu,Art. 1 de la formerly also known as bable) is a West Iberian Romance language spoken in Principality of Asturias, Spain.
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Auvergnat (language)
Auvergnat or Auvergnat language (endonym: auvernhat) is an idiom spoken in France in part of the Massif Central and in particular, in most of Auvergne, province that gives it its name.
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Azerbaijani alphabet
The Azerbaijani alphabet (Azərbaycan əlifbası) of the Republic of Azerbaijan is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Azerbaijani language.
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Azerbaijani language
Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language spoken primarily by the Azerbaijanis, who are concentrated mainly in Transcaucasia and Iranian Azerbaijan (historic Azerbaijan).
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Basque language
Basque (euskara) is a language spoken in the Basque country and Navarre. Linguistically, Basque is unrelated to the other languages of Europe and, as a language isolate, to any other known living language. The Basques are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit, the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. The Basque language is spoken by 28.4% of Basques in all territories (751,500). Of these, 93.2% (700,300) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.8% (51,200) are in the French portion. Native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the three "ancient provinces" in France. Gipuzkoa, most of Biscay, a few municipalities of Álava, and the northern area of Navarre formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen the language. By contrast, most of Álava, the western part of Biscay and central and southern areas of Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of Spanish, either because Basque was replaced by Spanish over the centuries, in some areas (most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it was possibly never spoken there, in other areas (Enkarterri and southeastern Navarre). Under Restorationist and Francoist Spain, public use of Basque was frowned upon, often regarded as a sign of separatism; this applied especially to those regions that did not support Franco's uprising (such as Biscay or Gipuzkoa). However, in those Basque-speaking regions that supported the uprising (such as Navarre or Álava) the Basque language was more than merely tolerated. Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish. As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called Euskara Batua, was developed by the Euskaltzaindia in the late 1960s. Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are Biscayan, Gipuzkoan, and Upper Navarrese in Spain, and Navarrese–Lapurdian and Souletin in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media, literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school. A language isolate, Basque is believed to be one of the few surviving pre-Indo-European languages in Europe, and the only one in Western Europe. The origin of the Basques and of their languages is not conclusively known, though the most accepted current theory is that early forms of Basque developed prior to the arrival of Indo-European languages in the area, including the Romance languages that geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Basque has adopted a good deal of its vocabulary from the Romance languages, and Basque speakers have in turn lent their own words to Romance speakers. The Basque alphabet uses the Latin script.
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Bengali language
Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in South Asia.
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Bengali phonology
The Bengali phonology is, like that of its neighbouring Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, characterised by a wide variety of diphthongs and inherent back vowel (both and) instead of the schwa used by almost all other branches of the Indo-Aryan language family.
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Berber languages
The Berber languages, also known as Berber or the Amazigh languages (Berber name: Tamaziɣt, Tamazight; Neo-Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, Tuareg Tifinagh: ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⵜ, ⵝⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵗⵝ), are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
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Berber Latin alphabet
The Berber Latin alphabet (Agemmay Amaziɣ Alatin) is the version of the Latin alphabet used to write the Berber languages.
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Breton language
Breton (brezhoneg or in Morbihan) is a Southwestern Brittonic Celtic language spoken in Brittany.
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Bulgarian alphabet
The Bulgarian alphabet is used to write the Bulgarian language.
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Bulgarian language
No description.
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Bulgarian phonology
This article discusses the phonological system of Standard Bulgarian.
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Canzés dialect
Canzés (also written Canzees) is a variety of Brianzöö (a Western Lombard language) spoken in the commune of Canzo, Italy.
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Caron
A caron, háček or haček (or; plural háčeks or háčky) also known as a hachek, wedge, check, inverted circumflex, inverted hat, is a diacritic (ˇ) commonly placed over certain letters in the orthography of some Baltic, Slavic, Finnic, Samic, Berber, and other languages to indicate a change in the related letter's pronunciation (c > č; >). The use of the haček differs according to the orthographic rules of a language.
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Catalan language
Catalan (autonym: català) is a Western Romance language derived from Vulgar Latin and named after the medieval Principality of Catalonia, in northeastern modern Spain.
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Catalan orthography
Like those of many other Romance languages, the Catalan alphabet derives from the Latin alphabet and is largely based on the language’s phonology.
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Catalan phonology
The phonology of Catalan, a Romance language, has a certain degree of dialectal variation.
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Cedilla
A cedilla (from Spanish), also known as cedilha (from Portuguese) or cédille (from French), is a hook or tail (¸) added under certain letters as a diacritical mark to modify their pronunciation.
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Chilean Spanish
Chilean Spanish (español chileno, español de Chile or castellano de Chile) is any of several varieties of Spanish spoken in most of Chile.
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Colognian dialect
Colognian or Kölsch (natively Kölsch Platt) is a small set of very closely related dialects, or variants, of the Ripuarian Central German group of languages.
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Consonant
In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract.
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Coronal consonant
Coronal consonants are consonants articulated with the flexible front part of the tongue.
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Cypriot Greek
Cypriot Greek (Κυπριακά) is the variety of Modern Greek that is spoken by the majority of the Cypriot populace and Greek Cypriot diaspora.
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Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script is a writing system used for various alphabets across Eurasia (particularity in Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and North Asia).
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Czech language
Czech (čeština), historically also Bohemian (lingua Bohemica in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group.
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Czech orthography
Czech orthography is a system of rules for correct writing (orthography) in the Czech language.
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Czech phonology
This article discusses the phonological system of the Czech language.
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Devanagari
Devanagari (देवनागरी,, a compound of "''deva''" देव and "''nāgarī''" नागरी; Hindi pronunciation), also called Nagari (Nāgarī, नागरी),Kathleen Kuiper (2010), The Culture of India, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group,, page 83 is an abugida (alphasyllabary) used in India and Nepal.
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Dutch language
The Dutch language is a West Germanic language, spoken by around 23 million people as a first language (including the population of the Netherlands where it is the official language, and about sixty percent of Belgium where it is one of the three official languages) and by another 5 million as a second language.
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Dutch orthography
Dutch orthography uses the Latin alphabet and has evolved to suit the needs of the Dutch language.
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Dutch phonology
Dutch phonology is similar to that of other West Germanic languages.
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Eastern Armenian
Eastern Armenian (arevelahayeren) is one of the two standardized forms of Modern Armenian, the other being Western Armenian.
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Eastern Nagari script
Eastern Nagari script, Assamese script, Bengali script, Assamese-Bengali script or Purbi script is the basis of the Assamese alphabet and the Bengali alphabet.
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Emilia-Romagna
Emilia-Romagna (Emilian and Emélia-Rumâgna) is an administrative Region of Northeast Italy comprising the historical regions of Emilia and Romagna.
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English language
English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca.
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English orthography
English orthography is the system of writing conventions used to represent spoken English in written form that allows readers to connect spelling to sound to meaning.
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English phonology
Like many other languages, English has wide variation in pronunciation, both historically and from dialect to dialect.
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Esh (letter)
Esh (majuscule: Ʃ Unicode U+01A9, minuscule: ʃ Unicode U+0283) is a character used in conjunction with the Latin script.
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Esperanto
Esperanto (or; Esperanto) is a constructed international auxiliary language.
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Esperanto orthography
Esperanto is written in a Latin-script alphabet of twenty-eight letters, with upper and lower case.
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Esperanto phonology
Esperanto is a constructed international auxiliary language.
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Faroese language
Faroese (føroyskt mál,; færøsk) is a North Germanic language spoken as a first language by about 66,000 people, 45,000 of whom reside on the Faroe Islands and 21,000 in other areas, mainly Denmark.
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Faroese phonology
Faroese has a phoneme inventory similar to closely related Icelandic but markedly different processes differentiate the two.
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Filipino orthography
Filipino orthography specifies the correct use of the writing system of the Filipino language, the national and co-official language of the Philippines.
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Finnish language
Finnish (or suomen kieli) is a Finnic language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland.
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Finnish orthography
Finnish orthography is based on the Latin script, and uses an alphabet derived from the Swedish alphabet, officially comprising 29 letters.
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Finnish phonology
Unless otherwise noted, statements in this article refer to Standard Finnish, which is based on the dialect spoken in the former Häme Province in central south Finland.
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French language
French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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French orthography
French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.
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French phonology
French phonology is the sound system of French.
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Fricative consonant
Fricatives are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.
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Gaj's Latin alphabet
Gaj's Latin alphabet (gâj); abeceda, latinica, or gajica) is the form of the Latin script used for Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, and Montenegrin). It was devised by Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1835, based on Jan Hus's Czech alphabet. A slightly reduced version is used as the script of the Slovene language, and a slightly expanded version is used as a script of the modern standard Montenegrin language. A modified version is used for the romanization of the Macedonian language. Pavao Ritter Vitezović had proposed an idea for the orthography of the Croatian language, stating that every sound should have only one letter. Gaj's alphabet is currently used in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, and Serbia.
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Galician language
Galician (galego) is an Indo-European language of the Western Ibero-Romance branch.
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Galician phonology
This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the Galician language.
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Gascon language
Gascon is a dialect of Occitan.
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Georgian language
Georgian (ქართული ენა, translit.) is a Kartvelian language spoken by Georgians.
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Georgian scripts
The Georgian scripts are the three writing systems used to write the Georgian language: Asomtavruli, Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli.
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German language
German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.
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German orthography
German orthography is the orthography used in writing the German language, which is largely phonemic.
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Gmina Istebna
Gmina Istebna is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Cieszyn County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland, in the historical region of Cieszyn Silesia.
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Greek alphabet
The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.
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Greek language
Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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Grey parrot
The grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), also known as the Congo grey parrot or African grey parrot, is an Old World parrot in the family Psittacidae.
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Gurmukhi script
Gurmukhi (Gurmukhi (the literal meaning being "from the Guru's mouth"): ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ) is a Sikh script modified, standardized and used by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad (1563–1606).
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Hebrew alphabet
The Hebrew alphabet (אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי), known variously by scholars as the Jewish script, square script and block script, is an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language, also adapted as an alphabet script in the writing of other Jewish languages, most notably in Yiddish (lit. "Jewish" for Judeo-German), Djudío (lit. "Jewish" for Judeo-Spanish), and Judeo-Arabic.
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Hebrew language
No description.
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Hiberno-English
Hiberno‐English (from Latin Hibernia: "Ireland") or Irish English is the set of English dialects natively written and spoken within the island of Ireland (including both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland).
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Hindi
Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī), or Modern Standard Hindi (Devanagari: मानक हिन्दी, IAST: Mānak Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language.
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Hindustani phonology
Hindustani is the lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan, and through its two standardized registers, Hindi and Urdu, an official language of India and Pakistan.
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Hungarian language
Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and several neighbouring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary it is also spoken by communities of Hungarians in the countries that today make up Slovakia, western Ukraine, central and western Romania (Transylvania and Partium), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia, and northern Slovenia due to the effects of the Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in many ethnic Hungarians being displaced from their homes and communities in the former territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide, especially in North America (particularly the United States). Like Finnish and Estonian, Hungarian belongs to the Uralic language family branch, its closest relatives being Mansi and Khanty.
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Hungarian orthography
Hungarian orthography (Hungarian: helyesírás, lit. ‘correct writing’) consists of rules defining the standard written form of the Hungarian language.
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Hungarian phonology
The phonology of the Hungarian language is notable for its process of vowel harmony, the frequent occurrence of geminate consonants and the presence of otherwise uncommon palatal stops.
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Ilocano language
Ilocano (also Ilokano;; Ilocano: Pagsasao nga Ilokano) is the third most-spoken native language of the Philippines.
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Index of phonetics articles
No description.
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Integral symbol
The integral symbol: is used to denote integrals and antiderivatives in mathematics.
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International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet.
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Irish language
The Irish language (Gaeilge), also referred to as the Gaelic or the Irish Gaelic language, is a Goidelic language (Gaelic) of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people.
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Irish orthography
Irish orthography has evolved over many centuries, since Old Irish was first written down in the Latin alphabet in about the 8th century AD.
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Irish phonology
The phonology of the Irish language varies from dialect to dialect; there is no standard pronunciation of Irish.
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Isaac Pitman
Sir Isaac Pitman (4 January 1813 – 22 January 1897), was a teacher of the:English language who developed the most widely used system of shorthand, known now as Pitman shorthand.
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ISO 9
The ISO international standard ISO 9 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and non-Slavic languages.
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Italian language
Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.
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Italian orthography
Italian orthography uses a variant of the Latin alphabet consisting of 21 letters to write the Italian language.
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Italian phonology
The phonology of Italian describes the sound system—the phonology and phonetics—of Standard Italian and its geographical variants.
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Jablunkov
Jablunkov (Jabłonków, Jablunkau) is a town in Frýdek-Místek District, Moravian-Silesian Region of the Czech Republic.
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Jan Hus
Jan Hus (– 6 July 1415), sometimes Anglicized as John Hus or John Huss, also referred to in historical texts as Iohannes Hus or Johannes Huss) was a Czech theologian, Roman Catholic priest, philosopher, master, dean, and rectorhttps://www.britannica.com/biography/Jan-Hus Encyclopedia Britannica - Jan Hus of the Charles University in Prague who became a church reformer, an inspirer of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation. After John Wycliffe, the theorist of ecclesiastical reform, Hus is considered the first church reformer, as he lived before Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli. His teachings had a strong influence on the states of Western Europe, most immediately in the approval of a reformed Bohemian religious denomination, and, more than a century later, on Martin Luther himself. He was burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, including those on ecclesiology, the Eucharist, and other theological topics. After Hus was executed in 1415, the followers of his religious teachings (known as Hussites) rebelled against their Roman Catholic rulers and defeated five consecutive papal crusades between 1420 and 1431 in what became known as the Hussite Wars. Both the Bohemian and the Moravian populations remained majority Hussite until the 1620s, when a Protestant defeat in the Battle of the White Mountain resulted in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown coming under Habsburg dominion for the next 300 years and being subject to immediate and forced conversion in an intense campaign of return to Roman Catholicism.
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Kabardian language
Kabardian (адыгэбзэ, къэбэрдей адыгэбзэ, къэбэрдейбзэ; Adyghe: адыгэбзэ, къэбэртай адыгабзэ, къэбэртайбзэ), also known as Kabardino-Cherkess (къэбэрдей-черкесыбзэ) or, is a Northwest Caucasian language closely related to the Adyghe language.
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Kabyle language
Kabyle, or Kabylian (native name: Taqbaylit), is a Berber language spoken by the Kabyle people in the north and northeast of Algeria.
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Kashubian language
Kashubian or Cassubian (Kashubian: kaszëbsczi jãzëk, pòmòrsczi jãzëk, kaszëbskò-słowińskô mòwa; język kaszubski, język pomorski, język kaszubsko-słowiński) is a West Slavic language belonging to the Lechitic subgroup along with Polish and Silesian.
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Labialization
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages.
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Language
Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.
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Latin spelling and pronunciation
Latin spelling, or Latin orthography, is the spelling of Latin words written in the scripts of all historical phases of Latin from Old Latin to the present.
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Latvian language
Latvian (latviešu valoda) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region.
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Latvian orthography
Latvian orthography, historically, has used a system based upon German phonetic principles and the Latgalian dialect was written using Polish orthographic principles.
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Latvian phonology
This article is about the phonology of the Latvian language.
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Limburgish
LimburgishLimburgish is pronounced, whereas Limburgan, Limburgian and Limburgic are, and.
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Limousin dialect
Limousin (Lemosin) is a dialect of the Occitan language, spoken in the three departments of Limousin, parts of Charente and the Dordogne in the southwest of France.
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Lingala
Lingala (Ngala) is a Bantu language spoken throughout the northwestern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and a large part of the Republic of the Congo, as well as to some degree in Angola and the Central African Republic.
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Lithuanian language
Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region.
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Lithuanian orthography
Lithuanian orthography employs a Latin alphabet of 32 letters, two of which denote sounds not native to the Lithuanian language.
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Lithuanian phonology
This article is about the phonology of the Lithuanian language.
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Maastrichtian dialect
Maastrichtian (Mestreechs) or Maastrichtian Limburgish (Mestreechs-Limburgs) is the dialect and variant of Limburgish spoken in the Dutch city of Maastricht alongside the Dutch language (with which it is not mutually intelligible).
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Macedonian alphabet
The orthography of Macedonian includes an alphabet (Македонска азбука, Makedonska azbuka), which is an adaptation of the Cyrillic script, as well as language-specific conventions of spelling and punctuation.
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Macedonian language
Macedonian (македонски, tr. makedonski) is a South Slavic language spoken as a first language by around two million people, principally in the Republic of Macedonia and the Macedonian diaspora, with a smaller number of speakers throughout the transnational region of Macedonia.
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Macedonian phonology
This article discusses the phonological system of Standard Macedonian (unless otherwise noted) based on the Prilep-Bitola dialect.
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Malay alphabet
The modern Malay alphabet or Indonesian alphabet (Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore: Tulisan Rumi, literally "Roman script" or "Roman writing", Indonesia: "Tulisan Latin") consists of the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet without any diacritics.
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Malay language
Malay (Bahasa Melayu بهاس ملايو) is a major language of the Austronesian family spoken in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.
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Maltese alphabet
The Maltese alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet with the addition of some letters with diacritic marks and digraphs.
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Maltese language
Maltese (Malti) is the national language of Malta and a co-official language of the country alongside English, while also serving as an official language of the European Union, the only Semitic language so distinguished.
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Marathi language
Marathi (मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by the Marathi people of Maharashtra, India.
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Marathi phonology
The phoneme inventory of the Marathi language is similar to that of many other Indo-Aryan languages.
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Masovian dialect
The Masovian dialect, also written Mazovian, is the dialect of Polish spoken in Mazovia and historically related regions, in northeastern Poland.
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Mayan languages
The Mayan languagesIn linguistics, it is conventional to use Mayan when referring to the languages, or an aspect of a language.
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Mexican Spanish
Mexican Spanish (español mexicano) is a set of varieties of the Spanish language as spoken in Mexico and in some parts of the United States and Canada.
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Middle High German
Middle High German (abbreviated MHG, Mittelhochdeutsch, abbr. Mhd.) is the term for the form of German spoken in the High Middle Ages.
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Modern Hebrew phonology
Modern Hebrew is phonetically simpler than Biblical Hebrew and has fewer phonemes, but it is phonologically more complex.
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Mopan language
Mopan (or Mopan Maya) is a language that belongs to the Yucatecan branch of the Mayan languages.
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Mutsun language
Mutsun (also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan) is an Utian language that was spoken in Northern California.
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Neapolitan language
Neapolitan (autonym: (’o n)napulitano; napoletano) is a Romance language of the Italo-Dalmatian group spoken across much of southern Italy, except for southern Calabria and Sicily.
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New Mexican Spanish
New Mexican Spanish (Spanish: español neomexicano) is a variant of Spanish spoken in the United States, primarily in the northern part of the state of New Mexico and the southern part of the state of Colorado by the Hispanos of New Mexico.
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North Frisian language
North Frisian is a minority language of Germany, spoken by about 10,000 people in North Frisia.
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Occitan language
Occitan, also known as lenga d'òc (langue d'oc) by its native speakers, is a Romance language.
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Occitan phonology
This article describes the phonology of the Occitan language.
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Old English
Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.
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Old High German
Old High German (OHG, Althochdeutsch, German abbr. Ahd.) is the earliest stage of the German language, conventionally covering the period from around 700 to 1050.
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Palatalization (phonetics)
In phonetics, palatalization (also) or palatization refers to a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate.
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Panamanian Spanish
Panamanian Spanish is the Spanish (Castilian) language as spoken in the country of Panama.
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Persian alphabet
The Persian alphabet (الفبای فارسی), or Perso-Arabic alphabet, is a writing system used for the Persian language.
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Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (فارسی), is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Persian phonology
The Persian language has six vowel phonemes and twenty-three consonant phonemes.
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Place of articulation
In articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is the point of contact where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an articulatory gesture, an active articulator (typically some part of the tongue), and a passive location (typically some part of the roof of the mouth).
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Polish language
Polish (język polski or simply polski) is a West Slavic language spoken primarily in Poland and is the native language of the Poles.
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Polish orthography
Polish orthography is the system of writing the Polish language.
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Portuguese language
Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language originating from the regions of Galicia and northern Portugal in the 9th century.
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Portuguese orthography
Portuguese orthography is based on the Latin alphabet and makes use of the acute accent, the circumflex accent, the grave accent, the tilde, and the cedilla to denote stress, vowel height, nasalization, and other sound changes.
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Portuguese phonology
The phonology of Portuguese can vary between dialects, in extreme cases leading to some difficulties in intelligibility.
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Postalveolar consonant
Postalveolar consonants (sometimes spelled post-alveolar) are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge, farther back in the mouth than the alveolar consonants, which are at the ridge itself but not as far back as the hard palate, the place of articulation for palatal consonants.
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Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; German: Urgermanisch; also called Common Germanic, German: Gemeingermanisch) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Punjabi language
Punjabi (Gurmukhi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ; Shahmukhi: پنجابی) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over 100 million native speakers worldwide, ranking as the 10th most widely spoken language (2015) in the world.
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Received Pronunciation
Received Pronunciation (RP) is an accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom and is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as "the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England", although it can be heard from native speakers throughout England and Wales.
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Rioplatense Spanish
Rioplatense Spanish (español rioplatense, locally castellano rioplatense) is a dialect of the Spanish language spoken mainly in the areas in and around the Río de la Plata Basin of Argentina and Uruguay.
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Romance languages
The Romance languages (also called Romanic languages or Neo-Latin languages) are the modern languages that began evolving from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries and that form a branch of the Italic languages within the Indo-European language family.
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Romani language
Romani (also Romany; romani čhib) is any of several languages of the Romani people belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family.
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Romanian alphabet
The Romanian alphabet is a variant of the Latin alphabet used by the Romanian language.
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Romanian language
Romanian (obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; autonym: limba română, "the Romanian language", or românește, lit. "in Romanian") is an East Romance language spoken by approximately 24–26 million people as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language.
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Romanian phonology
In the phonology of the Romanian language, the phoneme inventory consists of seven vowels, two or four semivowels (different views exist), and twenty consonants.
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Russian language
Russian (rússkiy yazýk) is an East Slavic language, which is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as being widely spoken throughout Eastern Europe, the Baltic states, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
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Sahaptin language
Sahaptin or Shahaptin is one of the two-language Sahaptian branch of the Plateau Penutian family spoken in a section of the northwestern plateau along the Columbia River and its tributaries in southern Washington, northern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho, in the United States.
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Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic
Scientific transliteration, variously called academic, linguistic, international, or scholarly transliteration, is an international system for transliteration of text from the Cyrillic script to the Latin script (romanization).
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Scottish Gaelic
Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic, sometimes also referred to simply as Gaelic (Gàidhlig) or the Gaelic, is a Celtic language native to the Gaels of Scotland.
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Scottish Gaelic orthography
Scottish Gaelic orthography has evolved over many centuries.
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Scottish Gaelic phonology
This article is about the phonology of the Scottish Gaelic language.
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Silesian language
Silesian or Upper Silesian (Silesian: ślōnskŏ gŏdka, ślůnsko godka (Silesian pronunciation), Slezština, język śląski / etnolekt śląski, Wasserpolnisch) is a West Slavic lect, part of its Lechitic group.
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Sj-sound
In Swedish phonology, the sj-sound (sj-ljudet) is a voiceless fricative phoneme found in most dialects.
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Slovene alphabet
The Slovene alphabet (slovenska abeceda, or slovenska gajica) is an extension of the Latin script and is used in the Slovene language.
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Slovene language
Slovene or Slovenian (slovenski jezik or slovenščina) belongs to the group of South Slavic languages.
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Slovene phonology
This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the Slovene language.
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Somali language
Somali Retrieved on 21 September 2013 (Af-Soomaali) is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch.
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Somali phonology
This article describes the phonology of the Somali language.
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Spanish language
Spanish or Castilian, is a Western Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain and today has hundreds of millions of native speakers in Latin America and Spain.
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Spanish orthography
Spanish orthography is the orthography used in the Spanish language.
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Spanish phonology
This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the Spanish language.
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Standard German phonology
The phonology of Standard German is the standard pronunciation or accent of the German language.
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Swahili language
Swahili, also known as Kiswahili (translation: coast language), is a Bantu language and the first language of the Swahili people.
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Tagalog language
Tagalog is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority.
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Tagalog phonology
This article deals with current phonology and phonetics and with historical developments of the phonology of the Tagalog language, including variants.
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Tilquiapan Zapotec
Tilquiapan Zapotec (Zapoteco de San Miguel Tilquiápam) is an Oto-Manguean language of the Zapotecan branch, spoken in southern Oaxaca, Mexico.
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Toda language
Toda is a Dravidian language noted for its many fricatives and trills.
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Tunica language
The Tunica (or Tonica, or less common form Yuron) language is a language isolate that was spoken in the Central and Lower Mississippi Valley in the United States by Native American Tunica peoples.
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Turkish alphabet
The Turkish alphabet (Türk alfabesi) is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ş, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language.
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Turkish language
Turkish, also referred to as Istanbul Turkish, is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 10–15 million native speakers in Southeast Europe (mostly in East and Western Thrace) and 60–65 million native speakers in Western Asia (mostly in Anatolia).
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Turkish phonology
A notable feature of Turkish phonology is a system of vowel harmony that causes vowels in most words to be either front or back and either rounded or unrounded.
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Ukrainian alphabet
The Ukrainian alphabet is the set of letters used to write Ukrainian, the official language of Ukraine.
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Ukrainian language
No description.
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Ukrainian phonology
This article deals with the phonology of the standard Ukrainian language.
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Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
The Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA) or Finno-Ugric transcription system is a phonetic transcription or notational system used predominantly for the transcription and reconstruction of Uralic languages.
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Urdu
Urdu (اُردُو ALA-LC:, or Modern Standard Urdu) is a Persianised standard register of the Hindustani language.
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Urdu alphabet
The Urdu alphabet is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Urdu language.
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Uyghur Arabic alphabet
The Uyghur Perso-Arabic alphabet is an Arabic alphabet used for writing the Uyghur language, primarily by Uyghurs living in China.
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Uyghur language
The Uyghur or Uighur language (Уйғур тили, Uyghur tili, Uyƣur tili or, Уйғурчә, Uyghurche, Uyƣurqə), formerly known as Eastern Turki, is a Turkic language with 10 to 25 million speakers, spoken primarily by the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of Western China.
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Vlax Romani language
Vlax Romani is a dialect group of the Romani language.
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Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative
The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages.
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Voiceless retroflex fricative
The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.
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Voicelessness
In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.
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Walloon alphabet
The Walloon alphabet consist of the basic ISO Latin Alphabet, and four types of diacritic.
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Walloon language
Walloon (Walon in Walloon) is a Romance language that is spoken in much of Wallonia in Belgium, in some villages of Northern France (near Givet) and in the northeast part of WisconsinUniversité du Wisconsin: collection de documents sur l'immigration wallonne au Wisconsin, enregistrements de témoignages oraux en anglais et wallon, 1976 until the mid 20th century and in some parts of Canada.
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Welsh language
Welsh (Cymraeg or y Gymraeg) is a member of the Brittonic branch of the Celtic languages.
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Welsh orthography
Welsh orthography uses 29 letters (including eight digraphs) of the Latin script to write native Welsh words as well as established loanwords.
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Welsh phonology
The phonology of Welsh is characterised by a number of sounds that do not occur in English and are rare in European languages, such as the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative and several voiceless sonorants (nasals and liquids), some of which result from consonant mutation.
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West Frisian language
West Frisian, or simply Frisian (Frysk; Fries) is a West Germanic language spoken mostly in the province of Friesland (Fryslân) in the north of the Netherlands, mostly by those of Frisian ancestry.
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West Frisian phonology
This article is about the phonology and phonetics of the West Frisian language.
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Western Lombard dialect
Western Lombard is one of the main varieties of Lombard, a Romance language spoken in Italy.
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X-SAMPA
The Extended Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA;, /%Eks"s.
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Yeísmo
Yeísmo is a distinctive feature of many dialects of the Spanish language, which consists of the loss of the traditional palatal lateral approximant phoneme (written) and its merger into the phoneme (written), usually realized as a palatal approximant or affricate.
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Yiddish
Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish/idish, "Jewish",; in older sources ייִדיש-טײַטש Yidish-Taitsh, Judaeo-German) is the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews.
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Yiddish phonology
— There is significant phonological variation among the various Yiddish dialects.
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Yoruba language
Yoruba (Yor. èdè Yorùbá) is a language spoken in West Africa.
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Zapotec languages
The Zapotec languages are a group of closely related indigenous Mesoamerican languages that constitute a main branch of the Oto-Manguean language family and which is spoken by the Zapotec people from the southwestern-central highlands of Mexico.
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Redirects here:
/ʃ/, IPA ʃ, Post alveolar fricative, Sh IPA, Sh ipa, Sh sound, Unvoiced palato-alveolar sibilant, Voiceless palatal sibilant, Voiceless palatal-alveolar sibilant, Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative, Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant, Voiceless post-alveolar non-sibilant fricative, Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative, Voiceless postalveolar sibilant, Ʃ (IPA).
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative
