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Wallachia

Index Wallachia

Wallachia or Walachia (Țara Românească; archaic: Țeara Rumânească, Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: Цѣра Рȣмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania. [1]

351 relations: Aaron the Tyrant, Ad hoc Divans, Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire, Age of Enlightenment, Ahmed III, Akkerman Convention, Alexander I Aldea, Alexander Mourouzis, Alexander Ypsilantis, Alexandros Soutzos, Alexandru II Ghica, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Almaș, Antonie Vodă din Popești, Archaism, Armenian Apostolic Church, Athinganoi, Attila, Austrian Empire, Austro-Prussian War, Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718), Árpád dynasty, Balkans, Ban (title), Banat, Banate of Severin, Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, Basarab I of Wallachia, Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân, Battle of Călugăreni, Battle of Finta, Battle of Nicopolis, Battle of Posada, Battle of Rovine, Béla IV of Hungary, Bărbat, Bessarabia, Bogdan III the One-Eyed, Boyar, Brașov, Bram Stoker, Brâncovenesc style, Brăila, Bucharest, Budjak, Bukovina, Bulgaria, Bulgarians, Buzău, Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria, ..., Byzantine Empire, Calafat, Cantacuzino family, Caracal, Romania, Caragea's plague, Carol I of Romania, Catholic Church, Câmpina, Câmpulung, Călărași, Călimănești, Central European University Press, Centralized government, Charles I of Hungary, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Chernyakhov culture, Chiajna, Christian, Chronicon Pictum, Church Slavonic language, Ciceu, Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire, Conservatism, Constantin Brâncoveanu, Constantin C. Giurescu, Constantin Șerban, Constantine Hangerli, Constantine Mavrocordatos, Constantine the Great, Constantine Ypsilantis, Constantine's Bridge (Danube), Constantinople, Constitution, Cornwall, Coup d'état, Craiova, Craiovești, Crișana, Crimean War, Cumans, Curtea de Argeș, Curtea de Argeș Cathedral, Dacia, Dan I of Wallachia, Dan II of Wallachia, Danube, Danube Delta, Danubian Principalities, Demographics of Romania, Dimitrie Cantemir, Dobruja, Domnitor, Dracula, Drăgășani, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Early Middle Ages, Eastern Orthodox Church, Elective monarchy, Elizabeth Miller (academic), Enlightened absolutism, Șerban Cantacuzino, Ștefan Cantacuzino, Fall of Constantinople, Făgăraș, Filiki Eteria, First Bulgarian Empire, First French Empire, Foundation of Wallachia, George Ducas, George Ghica, George II Rákóczi, Gepids, Germanic peoples, Gheorghe Bibescu, Gheorghe Ștefan, Ghica family, Gigen, Giurgiu, Goths, Great Turkish War, Great Vlachia, Greek language, Greek Orthodox Church, Greek War of Independence, Greeks in Romania, Grigore I Ghica, Grigore IV Ghica, Habsburg Monarchy, Hațeg, Historical regions of Romania, History of Bucharest, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Empire, House of Basarab, House of Dănești, House of Drăculești, Humanitas (publishing house), Hungarian language, Hungarians, Huns, Iași, Impalement, Independence, Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria, John Caradja, John Zápolya, Judaism, Kaymakam, Kiliya, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), Kingdom of Romania, Kingdom of Sardinia, Knyaz, Ladislaus IV of Hungary, Land reform, Late Middle Ages, Levant, Liberalism, Liberalism and radicalism in Romania, Limes, List of Polish monarchs, List of political conspiracies, List of rulers of Wallachia, Litovoi, Long Turkish War, Louis I of Hungary, Louis II of Hungary, Mahmud II, Manorialism, Maramureș, Matei Basarab, Maurice (emperor), Mehmed I, Mehmed IV, Mehmed the Conqueror, Mercenary, Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja, Michael I of Wallachia, Michael the Brave, Migration Period, Mihnea cel Rău, Mihnea Turcitul, Mikhail Miloradovich, Milcov River (Siret), Military of the Ottoman Empire, Mircea I of Wallachia, Mircea the Shepherd, Moesia, Moldavia, Moldavian Magnate Wars, Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongols, Muntenia, Murad II, Murad III, Napoleonic Wars, National Party (Romania), Neagoe Basarab, Neagu Djuvara, Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia, Nicholas Mavrocordatos, Nicholas Mavrogenes, Nicolae Bălcescu, Nicolae Iorga, Night Attack at Târgovişte, Nogais, Nomad, Northern Dobruja, Northwestern Europe, Oescus, Old Church Slavonic in Romania, Olt River, Oltenia, Order of the Dragon, Osman Pazvantoğlu, Ottoman dynasty, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turkish language, Pannonian Avars, Pannonian Basin, Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Pasha, Pavel Kiselyov, Pârvu Cantacuzino, Pătrașcu the Good, Pechenegs, Peter the Great, Peter the Younger, Petru Cercel, Phanariotes, Pippo Spano, Pitești, Ploiești, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Political freedom, Prince Eugene of Savoy, Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Principality, Priscus (general), Privilege (law), Proclamation of Islaz, Pruth River Campaign, Radicalism (historical), Radu cel Frumos, Radu Șerban, Radu I of Wallachia, Radu II of Wallachia, Radu IV the Great, Radu Mihnea, Radu Negru, Radu of Afumați, Radu Paisie, Râmnicu Sărat, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Regent, Regulamentul Organic, Renaissance, Revolutions of 1848, Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, Roman Dacia, Roman Empire, Roman province, Romance languages, Romani people in Romania, Romania, Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, Romanian language, Romanian Orthodox Church, Romanians, Romanization (cultural), Rucăr, Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, Russian Empire, Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739), Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829), Sarmatians, Săliște, Scarlat Callimachi (hospodar), Secret society, Seimeni, Seneslau, Serbia, Serfdom, Sibiu, Sigismund Báthory, Sigismund III Vasa, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, Silistra, Simion Movilă, Slavery in medieval Europe, Slavery in Romania, Slavs, Social class, Southeast Europe, Southern Carpathians, Sublime Porte, Sucidava, Sudiți, Suleiman the Magnificent, Suzerainty, Tax, Tax exemption, Tax reform, Târgoviște, Târgu Jiu, Teodosie of Wallachia, Thessaly, Trajan's Dacian Wars, Transylvania, Transylvanian Saxons, Treasury, Treaty of Adrianople (1829), Treaty of Belgrade, Treaty of Bucharest (1812), Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, Treaty of Paris (1856), Treaty of Passarowitz, Tribute, Tudor Vladimirescu, Turkic peoples, Turnu Măgurele, Ukraine, Union of Transylvania with Romania, United Principalities, University of Hertfordshire, Vasile Lupu, Vlachs, Vlad cel Tânăr, Vlad II Dracul, Vlad the Impaler, Vladislav I of Wallachia, Voivode, Wales, Walhaz, Wallachian Revolution of 1848, Wallachian uprising of 1821, Wallonia. 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Aaron the Tyrant

Aaron the Tyrant (Aron Tiranul) or Aron Vodă ("Aron the Voivode"), sometimes credited as Aron Emanoil or Emanuel Aaron (Aaron Waida, Aaron Vaivoda, Arvan or Zalim; before 1560 – May 1597), was twice the Prince of Moldavia: between September 1591 and June 1592, and October 1592 to May 3 or 4, 1595.

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Ad hoc Divans

The two Ad hoc Divans were legislative and consultative assemblies of the Danubian Principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia), vassals of the Ottoman Empire.

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Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire

The administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire were administrative divisions of the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason; in lit in Aufklärung, "Enlightenment", in L’Illuminismo, “Enlightenment” and in Spanish: La Ilustración, "Enlightenment") was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, "The Century of Philosophy".

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Ahmed III

Ahmed III (Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث, Aḥmed-i sālis) (30/31 December 16731 July 1736) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV (r. 1648–87).

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Akkerman Convention

The Akkerman Convention was a treaty signed on October 7, 1826, between the Russian and the Ottoman Empires in the Budjak citadel of Akkerman (present-day Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi, Ukraine).

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Alexander I Aldea

Alexander I Aldea (1397–1436) was a Voivode of Wallachia (1431–1436) from the House of Basarab, son of Mircea the Elder.

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Alexander Mourouzis

Alexander Mourouzis (Αλέξανδρος Μουρούζης; Alexandru Moruzi; died 1816) was a Grand Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire who served as Prince of Moldavia and Prince of Wallachia.

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Alexander Ypsilantis

Alexander Ypsilantis, Ypsilanti, or Alexandros Ypsilantis (Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης Alexandros Yipsilantis; Alexandru Ipsilanti; Александр Константинович Ипсиланти Aleksandr Konstantinovich Ipsilanti; 12 December 179231 January 1828), was a member of a prominent Phanariot Greek family, a prince of the Danubian Principalities, a senior officer of the Imperial Russian cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars, and a leader of the Filiki Eteria, a secret organization that coordinated the beginning of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire.

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Alexandros Soutzos

Alexandros Soutzos (1758 – January 18/19, 1821, Bucharest) was a Phanariote Greek who ruled as Prince of Moldavia (July 10, 1801 – October 1, 1802 and Prince of Wallachia (July 2, 1802 – August 30, 1802; August 24, 1806 – October 15, 1806; December 1806; November 17, 1818 – January 19, 1821). Born in Constantinople, he had earlier been Grand Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire.

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Alexandru II Ghica

Alexandru II or Alexandru D. Ghica (1796–1862), a member of the Ghica family, was Prince of Wallachia from April 1834 to 7 October 1842 and later caimacam (regent) from July 1856 to October 1858.

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Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Alexandru Ioan Cuza (or Alexandru Ioan I, also anglicised as Alexander John Cuza; 20 March 1820 – 15 May 1873) was Prince of Moldavia, Prince of Wallachia, and later Domnitor (Ruler) of the Romanian Principalities.

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Almaș

Almaș (Háromalmás) is a commune in Arad County, Romania.

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Antonie Vodă din Popești

Antonie din Popeşti was ruler of Wallachia from March 1669 to 1672.

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Archaism

In language, an archaism (from the ἀρχαϊκός, archaïkós, 'old-fashioned, antiquated', ultimately ἀρχαῖος, archaîos, 'from the beginning, ancient') is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current or that is current only within a few special contexts.

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Armenian Apostolic Church

The Armenian Apostolic Church (translit) is the national church of the Armenian people.

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Athinganoi

The Athinganoi or Athingani, Ἀθίγγανοι, plural of Athinganos (Ἀθίγγανος), were a 9th-century sect of Monarchians located in Phrygia, founded by Theodotus the banker.

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Attila

Attila (fl. circa 406–453), frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death in March 453.

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Austrian Empire

The Austrian Empire (Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling Kaisertum Österreich) was a Central European multinational great power from 1804 to 1919, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs.

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Austro-Prussian War

The Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks' War (also known as the Unification War, the War of 1866, or the Fraternal War, in Germany as the German War, and also by a variety of other names) was a war fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation.

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Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)

The Austro-Turkish War was fought between Austria and the Ottoman Empire.

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Árpád dynasty

The Árpáds or Arpads (Árpádok, Arpadovići, translit, Arpádovci, Arpatlar) was the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301.

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Balkans

The Balkans, or the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographic area in southeastern Europe with various and disputed definitions.

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Ban (title)

Ban was a noble title used in several states in Central and Southeastern Europe between the 7th century and the 20th century.

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Banat

The Banat is a geographical and historical region in Central Europe that is currently divided among three countries: the eastern part lies in western Romania (the counties of Timiș, Caraș-Severin, Arad south of the Körös/Criș river, and the western part of Mehedinți); the western part in northeastern Serbia (mostly included in Vojvodina, except a part included in the Belgrade Region); and a small northern part lies within southeastern Hungary (Csongrád county).

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Banate of Severin

The Banate of Severin or Banate of Szörény (szörényi bánság; Banatul Severinului; Banatus Zewrinensis; Северинско банство., Severinsko banstvo; Северинска бановина, Severinska banovina) was a political, military and administrative unit with a special role in initially anti-Bulgarian, latterly anti-Ottoman defensive system of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary.

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Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei

Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei, also written as Stirbey, (1799 in Craiova – April 13, 1869 in Nice), a member of the Bibescu boyar family, was a Prince of Wallachia on two occasions, between 1848–1853 and between 1854–1856.

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Basarab I of Wallachia

Basarab I, also known as Basarab the Founder (Basarab Întemeietorul), was a voivode, and later the first independent ruler of Wallachia who lived in the first half of the.

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Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân

Basarab III cel Bătrân ("the Old"), also known as Laiotă Basarab or Basarab Laiotă, was Voivode of the principality of Wallachia in the 1470s, repeating the achievement of Dan II in being elected by the boyars as Voivode on five different occasions.

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Battle of Călugăreni

The Battle of Călugăreni was one of the most important battles in the history of early modern Romania.

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Battle of Finta

The Battle of Finta (27 May 1653) was a confrontation between Prince Matei Basarab's Wallachian army and a combined Moldavian–Cossack–Tatar force under Prince Vasile Lupu and Tymofiy Khmelnytsky.

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Battle of Nicopolis

The Battle of Nicopolis (Битка при Никопол, Bitka pri Nikopol; Niğbolu Savaşı, Nikápolyi csata, Bătălia de la Nicopole) took place on 25 September 1396 and resulted in the rout of an allied crusader army of Hungarian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Wallachian, French, English, Burgundian, German and assorted troops (assisted by the Venetian navy) at the hands of an Ottoman force, raising of the siege of the Danubian fortress of Nicopolis and leading to the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire. It is often referred to as the Crusade of Nicopolis as it was one of the last large-scale Crusades of the Middle Ages, together with the Crusade of Varna in 1443–1444.

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Battle of Posada

The Battle of Posada (November 9, 1330 – November 12, 1330) was fought between Basarab I of Wallachia and Charles I (also known as Charles Robert) of Hungary.

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Battle of Rovine

The Battle of Rovine took place on 17 May 1395.

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Béla IV of Hungary

Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258.

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Bărbat

Bărbat was the brother and successor of voivode Litovoi whose territory had comprised northern Oltenia (Romania).

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Bessarabia

Bessarabia (Basarabia; Бессарабия, Bessarabiya; Besarabya; Бессара́бія, Bessarabiya; Бесарабия, Besarabiya) is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west.

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Bogdan III the One-Eyed

Bogdan III the One-Eyed (Bogdan al III-lea cel Chior) or Bogdan III the Blind (Bogdan al III-lea cel Orb) (1479 – April 20, 1517) Voivode of Moldavia from July 2, 1504 to 1517.

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Boyar

A boyar was a member of the highest rank of the feudal Bulgarian, Kievan, Moscovian, Wallachian and Moldavian and later, Romanian aristocracies, second only to the ruling princes (in Bulgaria, tsars), from the 10th century to the 17th century.

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Brașov

Brașov (Corona, Kronstadt, Transylvanian Saxon: Kruhnen, Brassó) is a city in Romania and the administrative centre of Brașov County.

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Bram Stoker

Abraham "Bram" Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912) was an Irish author, best known today for his 1897 Gothic novel Dracula.

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Brâncovenesc style

The Brâncovenesc style /brɨŋkovenesk/, also known as Wallachian Renaissance and Romanian Renaissance, is an art and architectural style that evolved during the administration of Prince Constantin Brâncoveanu in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.

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Brăila

Brăila (Βράιλα; Turkish: İbrail) is a city in Muntenia, eastern Romania, a port on the Danube and the capital of Brăila County.

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Bucharest

Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre.

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Budjak

Budjak or Budzhak (Russian, Ukrainian, and Bulgarian: Буджак; Bugeac; Bucak, historical Cyrillic: Буӂак; Bucak) is a historical region in Ukraine.

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Bukovina

Bukovina (Bucovina; Bukowina/Buchenland; Bukowina; Bukovina, Буковина Bukovyna; see also other languages) is a historical region in Central Europe,Klaus Peter Berger,, Kluwer Law International, 2010, p. 132 divided between Romania and Ukraine, located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains.

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Bulgaria

Bulgaria (България, tr.), officially the Republic of Bulgaria (Република България, tr.), is a country in southeastern Europe.

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Bulgarians

Bulgarians (българи, Bǎlgari) are a South Slavic ethnic group who are native to Bulgaria and its neighboring regions.

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Buzău

The city of Buzău (formerly spelled Buzeu or Buzĕu) is the county seat of Buzău County, Romania, in the historical region of Muntenia.

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Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria

From ca.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).

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Calafat

Calafat is a city in Dolj County, Romania, on the river Danube, opposite the Bulgarian city of Vidin, to which it is linked by the Calafat-Vidin Bridge, opened in 2013.

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Cantacuzino family

The Cantacuzino or Cantacuzène family is a Romanian aristocratic family that gave several Princes of Wallachia and Moldavia, descending from a branch of the Byzantine Kantakouzenos family, specifically from the Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos (reigned 1347–1354).

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Caracal, Romania

Caracal is a city in Olt county, Romania, situated in the historic region of Oltenia, on the plains between the lower reaches of the Jiu and Olt rivers.

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Caragea's plague

Caragea's plague or Caradja's plague (Ciuma lui Caragea) was a bubonic plague epidemic that occurred in Wallachia, mainly in Bucharest, in the years 1813 and 1814.

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Carol I of Romania

Carol I (20 April 1839 – 27 September (O.S.) / 10 October (N.S.) 1914), born Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was the monarch of Romania from 1866 to 1914.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Câmpina

Câmpina is a city in Prahova County, Romania, north of the county seat Ploiești, located on the main route between Wallachia and Transylvania.

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Câmpulung

Câmpulung (also spelled Cîmpulung,, Langenau), or Câmpulung Muscel, is a city in the Argeș County, Muntenia, Romania.

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Călărași

Călărași, the capital of Călărași County in the Muntenia region, is situated in south-east Romania, on the bank of Danube's Borcea branch, at about from the Bulgarian border and from Bucharest.

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Călimănești

Călimănești, often known as Călimănești-Căciulata, is a town in Vâlcea County, southern Romania.

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Central European University Press

Following the founding of the Central European University by George Soros, the Central European University Press was established in 1993.

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Centralized government

A centralized government (also centralised government (Oxford spelling)) is one in which power or legal authority is exerted or coordinated by a de facto political executive to which '''federal states''', local authorities, and smaller units are considered subject.

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Charles I of Hungary

Charles I, also known as Charles Robert (Károly Róbert; Karlo Robert; Karol Róbert; 128816 July 1342) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to his death.

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Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles VI (1 October 1685 – 20 October 1740; Karl VI.) succeeded his elder brother, Joseph I, as Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia (as Charles II), King of Hungary and Croatia, Serbia and Archduke of Austria (as Charles III) in 1711.

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Chernyakhov culture

The Chernyakhov culture, or Sântana de Mureș culture, is an archaeological culture that flourished between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD in a wide area of Eastern Europe, specifically in what is now Ukraine, Romania, Moldova and parts of Belarus.

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Chiajna

Chiajna is a commune in the south-west of Ilfov County, Romania, immediately west of the capital, Bucharest.

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Christian

A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Chronicon Pictum

The Chronicon Pictum (Latin for illustrated chronicle, Illuminated Chronicle or Vienna Illuminated Chronicle, Képes Krónika also referred to as Chronica Hungarorum, Chronicon (Hungariae) Pictum, Chronica Picta or Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum) is a medieval illustrated chronicle from the Kingdom of Hungary from the second half of fourteenth century.

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Church Slavonic language

Church Slavonic, also known as Church Slavic, New Church Slavonic or New Church Slavic, is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Orthodox Church in Bulgaria, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Russia, Belarus, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Macedonia and Ukraine.

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Ciceu

Ciceu (Csíkcsicsó, or colloquially Csicsó) is a commune in Romania, located in Harghita County.

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Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire

The Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire (Klasik Çağ) concerns the history of the Ottoman Empire from the Conquest of Constantinople in 1453 until the second half of the sixteenth century, roughly the end of the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566).

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Conservatism

Conservatism is a political and social philosophy promoting traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.

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Constantin Brâncoveanu

Constantin Brâncoveanu (1654 – August 15, 1714) was Prince of Wallachia between 1688 and 1714.

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Constantin C. Giurescu

Constantin C. Giurescu (26 October 1901 – 13 November 1977) was a Romanian historian, member of Romanian Academy, and professor at the University of Bucharest.

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Constantin Șerban

Constantin II Şerban was Prince of Wallachia between 1654 and 1658, illegitimate son to Radu Şerban (according to custom, being born out of wedlock (social term bastard) did not disqualify Constantin from becoming Prince).

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Constantine Hangerli

Constantine Hangerli (Κωνσταντίνος Χατζερής, Konstantinos Chatzeris; died 18 February 1799), also written as Constantin Hangerliu, was a Prince of Wallachia, then part of the Ottoman Empire, between 1797 and the time of his death.

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Constantine Mavrocordatos

Constantine Mavrocordatos (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Μαυροκορδάτος, Romanian: Constantin Mavrocordat; February 27, 1711November 23, 1769) was a Greek noble who served as Prince of Wallachia and Prince of Moldavia at several intervals.

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Constantine the Great

Constantine the Great (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus; Κωνσταντῖνος ὁ Μέγας; 27 February 272 ADBirth dates vary but most modern historians use 272". Lenski, "Reign of Constantine" (CC), 59. – 22 May 337 AD), also known as Constantine I or Saint Constantine, was a Roman Emperor of Illyrian and Greek origin from 306 to 337 AD.

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Constantine Ypsilantis

Constantine Ypsilantis (Κωνσταντίνος Υψηλάντης Konstantinos Ypsilantis; Constantin Ipsilanti; 1760–1816), was the son of Alexander Ypsilanti, a key member of an important Phanariote family, Grand Dragoman of the Porte (1796–99), hospodarEast, The Union of Moldavia and Wallachia, 1859, p. 178.

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Constantine's Bridge (Danube)

Constantine's Bridge (Podul lui Constantin cel Mare; Константинов мост, Konstantinov most) was a Roman bridge over the Danube.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis; Constantinopolis) was the capital city of the Roman/Byzantine Empire (330–1204 and 1261–1453), and also of the brief Latin (1204–1261), and the later Ottoman (1453–1923) empires.

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Constitution

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.

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Cornwall

Cornwall (Kernow) is a county in South West England in the United Kingdom.

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Coup d'état

A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.

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Craiova

No description.

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Craiovești

The Craiovești, later Brâncovenești, were a boyar family in Wallachia who gave the country several of its Princes and held the title of Ban of Oltenia (whether of Strehaia or Craiova) for ca.

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Crișana

Crișana (Körösvidék, Kreischgebiet) is a geographical and historical region in north-western Romania, named after the Criș (Körös) River and its three tributaries: the Crișul Alb, Crișul Negru, and Crișul Repede.

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Crimean War

The Crimean War (or translation) was a military conflict fought from October 1853 to February 1856 in which the Russian Empire lost to an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, Britain and Sardinia.

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Cumans

The Cumans (Polovtsi) were a Turkic nomadic people comprising the western branch of the Cuman–Kipchak confederation.

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Curtea de Argeș

Curtea de Argeș is a city in Romania on the right bank of the Argeş River, where it flows through a valley of the lower Carpathians (the Făgăraș Mountains), on the railway from Pitești to the Turnu Roșu Pass.

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Curtea de Argeș Cathedral

The Cathedral of Curtea de Argeș (early 16th century) is a Romanian Orthodox cathedral in Curtea de Argeș, Romania.

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Dacia

In ancient geography, especially in Roman sources, Dacia was the land inhabited by the Dacians.

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Dan I of Wallachia

Dan I was the ruler of Wallachia from 1383 to 1386.

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Dan II of Wallachia

Dan II (? – June 1, 1432) was a voivode of the principality of Wallachia, ruling an extraordinary five times, and succeeded four times by Radu II Chelul, his rival for the throne.

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Danube

The Danube or Donau (known by various names in other languages) is Europe's second longest river, after the Volga.

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Danube Delta

The Danube Delta (Delta Dunării; Дельта Дунаю, Deľta Dunayu) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent.

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Danubian Principalities

Danubian Principalities (Principatele Dunărene, translit) was a conventional name given to the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, which emerged in the early 14th century.

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Demographics of Romania

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Romania, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

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Dimitrie Cantemir

Dimitrie or Demetrius Cantemir (1673–1723), also known by other spellings, was a Moldavian soldier, statesman, and man of letters.

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Dobruja

Dobruja or Dobrudja (Добруджа, transliterated: Dobrudzha or Dobrudža; Dobrogea or; Dobruca) is a historical region in Eastern Europe that has been divided since the 19th century between the territories of Bulgaria and Romania.

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Domnitor

Domnitor (pl. Domnitori) was the official title of the ruler of Romania between 1862 and 1881.

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Dracula

Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker.

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Drăgășani

Drăgășani (archaic English: Dragashan) is a city in Vâlcea County, Romania, near the right bank of the Olt river, and on the railway between Caracal and Râmnicu Vâlcea.

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Drobeta-Turnu Severin

Drobeta-Turnu Severin (Drobeta; Szörényvár, Szörénytornya; Северин; Дробета-Турн Северин/Drobeta-Turn Severin) is a city in Mehedinți County, Oltenia, Romania, on the left bank of the Danube, below the Iron Gates.

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Early Middle Ages

The Early Middle Ages or Early Medieval Period, typically regarded as lasting from the 5th or 6th century to the 10th century CE, marked the start of the Middle Ages of European history.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.

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Elective monarchy

An elective monarchy is a monarchy ruled by an elected monarch, in contrast to a hereditary monarchy in which the office is automatically passed down as a family inheritance.

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Elizabeth Miller (academic)

Elizabeth Russell Miller (born February 26, 1939) is Professor Emerita at Memorial University of Newfoundland.

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Enlightened absolutism

Enlightened absolutism refers to the conduct and policies of European absolute monarchs during the 18th and 19th centuries who were influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment.

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Șerban Cantacuzino

Șerban Cantacuzino (1640–1688) was a Prince of Wallachia between 1678 and 1688.

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Ștefan Cantacuzino

Ștefan Cantacuzino (Στέφανος Καντακουζηνός, Stephanos Kantakouzinos), was a Prince of Wallachia between April 1714 and January 21, 1716, the son of stolnic Constantin Cantacuzino.

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Fall of Constantinople

The Fall of Constantinople (Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs; İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453.

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Făgăraș

Făgăraș (Fogarasch, Fugreschmarkt, Fogaras) is a city in central Romania, located in Brașov County.

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Filiki Eteria

Filiki Eteria or Society of Friends (Φιλική Εταιρεία or Εταιρεία των Φιλικών) was a secret 19th-century organization whose purpose was to overthrow the Ottoman rule of Greece and establish an independent Greek state.

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First Bulgarian Empire

The First Bulgarian Empire (Old Bulgarian: ц︢рьство бл︢гарское, ts'rstvo bl'garskoe) was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed in southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD.

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First French Empire

The First French Empire (Empire Français) was the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.

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Foundation of Wallachia

The foundation of Wallachia (Descălecatul Țării Românești), that is the establishment of the first independent Romanian principality, was achieved at the beginning of the 14th century, through the unification of smaller political units that had existed between the Carpathian Mountains, and the Rivers Danube, Siret and Milcov.

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George Ducas

Voivode George Ducas (Greek: Γεώργιος Δούκας, Romanian: Gheorghe Duca) (d. 1685) was three times prince of Moldavia (September 1665 – May 1666, November 1668 – 20 August 1672, November 1678 – January 1684) and one time prince of Wallachia (1673 – 29 November 1678).

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George Ghica

George Ghica (Gjergj Gjika, Gheorghe Ghika) (3 March 1600 – 2 November 1664) founder of the Ghica family, was Prince of Moldavia in 1658–1659 and Prince of Wallachia in 1659–1660.

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George II Rákóczi

George II Rákóczi (30 January 1621 – 7 June 1660), was a Hungarian nobleman, Prince of Transylvania (1648-1660), the eldest son of George I and Zsuzsanna Lorántffy.

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Gepids

The Gepids (Gepidae, Gipedae) were an East Germanic tribe.

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Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin.

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Gheorghe Bibescu

Gheorghe Bibescu (1804–1873) was a hospodar (Prince) of Wallachia between 1843 and 1848.

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Gheorghe Ștefan

Gheorghe Ştefan (István Görgicze, seldom referred to as Burduja; d. 1668 in Szczecin) was Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia between April 13 and May 8, 1653, and again from July 16, 1653 to March 13, 1658; he was the son of boyar Dumitraşcu Ceaur; Gheorghe Ştefan was Chancellor (logofăt) during the reign of Vasile Lupu.

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Ghica family

The Ghica family (Ghica, Gjika, Gikas, Γκίκαs) was a noble family active in Wallachia, Moldavia and in the Kingdom of Romania, between the 17th and 19th centuries.

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Gigen

Gigen (Гиген, pronounced) is a village in northern Bulgaria, part of Gulyantsi Municipality, Pleven Province.

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Giurgiu

Giurgiu is a city in southern Romania.

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Goths

The Goths (Gut-þiuda; Gothi) were an East Germanic people, two of whose branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire through the long series of Gothic Wars and in the emergence of Medieval Europe.

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Great Turkish War

The Great Turkish War (Der Große Türkenkrieg) or the War of the Holy League (Kutsal İttifak Savaşları) was a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League consisting of the Habsburg Empire, Poland-Lithuania, Venice and Russia.

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Great Vlachia

Great Wallachia or Great Vlachia (Μεγάλη Βλαχία, Megáli Vlachía) or simply Vlachia (Βλαχία) was a province in southeastern Thessaly in the late 12th century, and was used to denote the entire region of Thessaly in the 13th and 14th centuries.

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Greek language

Greek (Modern Greek: ελληνικά, elliniká, "Greek", ελληνική γλώσσα, ellinikí glóssa, "Greek language") is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea.

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Greek Orthodox Church

The name Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἑκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía), or Greek Orthodoxy, is a term referring to the body of several Churches within the larger communion of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, whose liturgy is or was traditionally conducted in Koine Greek, the original language of the Septuagint and New Testament, and whose history, traditions, and theology are rooted in the early Church Fathers and the culture of the Byzantine Empire.

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Greek War of Independence

The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi, or also referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as the Αγώνας, Agonas, "Struggle"; Ottoman: يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı, "Greek Uprising"), was a successful war of independence waged by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830.

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Greeks in Romania

There has been a Greek presence in Romania for at least 27 centuries.

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Grigore I Ghica

Grigore I Ghica (1628-1675), a member of the Ghica family, was Prince of Wallachia between September 1660 and December 1664 and again between March 1672 and November 1673.

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Grigore IV Ghica

Grigore IV Ghica or Grigore Dimitrie Ghica (June 30, 1755 – April 29, 1834) was Prince of Wallachia between 1822 and 1828.

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Habsburg Monarchy

The Habsburg Monarchy (Habsburgermonarchie) or Empire is an unofficial appellation among historians for the countries and provinces that were ruled by the junior Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg between 1521 and 1780 and then by the successor branch of Habsburg-Lorraine until 1918.

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Hațeg

Hațeg (Wallenthal; Hátszeg) is a town in Hunedoara County, Romania with a population of 9,340.

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Historical regions of Romania

The historical regions of Romania are located in Central and Southeastern Europe.

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History of Bucharest

The history of Bucharest covers the time from the early settlements on the locality's territory (and that of the surrounding area in Ilfov County) until its modern existence as a city, capital of Wallachia, and present-day capital of Romania.

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Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.

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House of Basarab

The Basarabs (also Bazarabs or Bazaraads, Basarab) were a family which had an important role in the establishing of the Principality of Wallachia, giving the country its first line of Princes, one closely related with the Mușatin rulers of Moldavia.

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House of Dănești

The House of Dănești was one of the two main lineages of the Wallachian noble family House of Basarab.

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House of Drăculești

The Drăculești were one of two major rival lines of Wallachian voivodes of the House of Basarab, the other being the Dănești.

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Humanitas (publishing house)

Humanitas (Editura Humanitas) is an independent Romanian publishing house, founded on February 1, 1990 (after the Romanian Revolution) in Bucharest by the philosopher Gabriel Liiceanu, based on a state-owned publishing house, Editura Politică.

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Hungarian language

Hungarian is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in Hungary and several neighbouring countries. It is the official language of Hungary and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union. Outside Hungary it is also spoken by communities of Hungarians in the countries that today make up Slovakia, western Ukraine, central and western Romania (Transylvania and Partium), northern Serbia (Vojvodina), northern Croatia, and northern Slovenia due to the effects of the Treaty of Trianon, which resulted in many ethnic Hungarians being displaced from their homes and communities in the former territories of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It is also spoken by Hungarian diaspora communities worldwide, especially in North America (particularly the United States). Like Finnish and Estonian, Hungarian belongs to the Uralic language family branch, its closest relatives being Mansi and Khanty.

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Hungarians

Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a nation and ethnic group native to Hungary (Magyarország) and historical Hungarian lands who share a common culture, history and speak the Hungarian language.

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Huns

The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, between the 4th and 6th century AD.

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Iași

Iași (also referred to as Jassy or Iassy) is the second-largest city in Romania, after the national capital Bucharest, and the seat of Iași County.

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Impalement

Impalement, as a method of execution and also torture, is the penetration of a human by an object such as a stake, pole, spear, or hook, often by complete or partial perforation of the torso.

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Independence

Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over the territory.

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Ivan Shishman of Bulgaria

Ivan Shishman (Иван Шишман) ruled as emperor (tsar) of Bulgaria in Tarnovo from 1371 to 3 June 1395.

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John Caradja

John Caradja or John George Caradja (Greek: Ἰωάννης Γεώργιος Καρατζάς, Ioannis Georgios Karatzas; Ioan Gheorghe Caragea; Jean Georges Caradja; 1754, Constantinople – 1844, Athens) was a Phanariote Prince of Wallachia, who reigned between 1812 and 1818.

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John Zápolya

John Zápolya, or John Szapolyai (Ivan Zapolja, Szapolyai János or Zápolya János, Ioan Zápolya, Ján Zápoľský, Jovan Zapolja/Јован Запоља; 1490 or 1491 – 22 July 1540), was King of Hungary (as John I) from 1526 to 1540.

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Judaism

Judaism (originally from Hebrew, Yehudah, "Judah"; via Latin and Greek) is the religion of the Jewish people.

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Kaymakam

Qaim Maqam, Qaimaqam or Kaymakam (also spelled kaimakam and caimacam; قائم مقام, "sub-governor") is the title used for the governor of a provincial district in the Republic of Turkey, Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus and in Lebanon; additionally, it was a title used for roughly the same official position in the Ottoman Empire.

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Kiliya

Kiliya (Кілія; Килия; Chilia; Moldovan (Cyrillic): Килия; Kilia;, Kellía; Kilya) is a small city in Odessa Oblast (province) of southwestern Ukraine.

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Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed from the Middle Ages into the twentieth century (1000–1946 with the exception of 1918–1920).

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Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)

The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania joined in a personal union established by the Union of Krewo (1385).

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Kingdom of Romania

The Kingdom of Romania (Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe which existed from 1881, when prince Carol I of Romania was proclaimed King, until 1947, when King Michael I of Romania abdicated and the Parliament proclaimed Romania a republic.

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Kingdom of Sardinia

The Kingdom of SardiniaThe name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica.

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Knyaz

Knyaz or knez is a historical Slavic title, used both as a royal and noble title in different times of history and different ancient Slavic lands.

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Ladislaus IV of Hungary

Ladislaus the Cuman (IV., Ladislav IV., Ladislav IV.; 5 August 1262 – 10 July 1290), also known as Ladislas the Cuman, was king of Hungary and Croatia from 1272 to 1290.

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Land reform

Land reform (also agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning) involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership.

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Late Middle Ages

The Late Middle Ages or Late Medieval Period was the period of European history lasting from 1250 to 1500 AD.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Liberalism

Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.

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Liberalism and radicalism in Romania

This article gives an overview of liberalism and radicalism in Romania.

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Limes

Originally the Latin noun līmes (Latin līmitēs) had a number of different meanings: a path or balk delimiting fields, a boundary line or marker, any road or path, any channel, such as a stream channel, or any distinction or difference.

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List of Polish monarchs

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes (the 10th–14th century) or by kings (the 11th-18th century).

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List of political conspiracies

In a political sense, conspiracy refers to a group of people united in the goal of usurping, altering or overthrowing an established political power.

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List of rulers of Wallachia

This is a list of rulers of Wallachia, from the first mention of a medieval polity situated between the Southern Carpathians and the Danube until the union with Moldavia in 1862, leading to the creation of Romania.

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Litovoi

Litovoi, also Litvoy, was a Vlach/Romanian voivode in the 13th century whose territory comprised northern Oltenia (Romania).

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Long Turkish War

The Long Turkish War or Thirteen Years' War was an indecisive land war between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire, primarily over the Principalities of Wallachia, Transylvania and Moldavia.

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Louis I of Hungary

Louis I, also Louis the Great (Nagy Lajos; Ludovik Veliki; Ľudovít Veľký) or Louis the Hungarian (Ludwik Węgierski; 5 March 132610 September 1382), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1342 and King of Poland from 1370.

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Louis II of Hungary

Louis II (Ludvík, Ludovik, Lajos, 1 July 1506 – 29 August 1526) was King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia from 1516 to 1526.

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Mahmud II

Mahmud II (Ottoman Turkish: محمود ثانى Mahmud-u sānī, محمود عدلى Mahmud-u Âdlî) (İkinci Mahmut) (20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839.

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Manorialism

Manorialism was an essential element of feudal society.

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Maramureș

Maramureș (Maramureș; Мармарощина, Marmaroshchyna) is a geographical, historical and cultural region in northern Romania and western Ukraine.

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Matei Basarab

Matei Basarab (1588, Brâncoveni, Olt – 9 April 1654, Bucharest) was a Wallachian Voivode (Prince) between 1632 and 1654.

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Maurice (emperor)

Maurice (Flavius Mauricius Tiberius Augustus;; 539 – 27 November 602) was Byzantine Emperor from 582 to 602.

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Mehmed I

Mehmed I (1379 – 26 May 1421), also known as Mehmed Çelebi (چلبی محمد, "the noble-born") or Kirişci (from Greek Kyritzes, "lord's son"), was the Ottoman Sultan from 1413 to 1421.

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Mehmed IV

Mehmed IV (Ottoman Turkish: محمد رابع Meḥmed-i rābiʿ; Modern Turkish: IV. Mehmet; also known as Avcı Mehmet, Mehmed the Hunter; 2 January 1642 – 6 January 1693) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687.

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Mehmed the Conqueror

Mehmed II (محمد ثانى, Meḥmed-i sānī; Modern II.; 30 March 1432 – 3 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (Fatih Sultan Mehmet), was an Ottoman Sultan who ruled first for a short time from August 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to May 1481.

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Mercenary

A mercenary is an individual who is hired to take part in an armed conflict but is not part of a regular army or other governmental military force.

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Metropolis of Muntenia and Dobrudja

The Metropolis of Wallachia and Dobrudja, headquartered in Bucharest, Romania, is a metropolis of the Romanian Orthodox Church.

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Michael I of Wallachia

Michael I (Mihail I) was Voivode of Wallachia from 1417 to 1420.

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Michael the Brave

Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazu(l) or Mihai Bravu, Vitéz Mihály; 1558 – 9 August 1601) was the Prince of Wallachia (as Michael II, 1593–1601), Prince of Moldavia (1600) and de facto ruler of Transylvania (1599–1600).

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Migration Period

The Migration Period was a period during the decline of the Roman Empire around the 4th to 6th centuries AD in which there were widespread migrations of peoples within or into Europe, mostly into Roman territory, notably the Germanic tribes and the Huns.

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Mihnea cel Rău

Mihnea cel Rău (Mihnea the Wrongdoer/Mean/Evil; c.1460 – 12 March 1510), the son of Vlad III Dracula (Vlad Țepeș), and his first wife, was Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia from 1508 to 1509, having replaced his first cousin Radu cel Mare.

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Mihnea Turcitul

Mihnea II Turcitul ("Mihnea the Turned-Turk"; 1564–1601) was Prince (Voivode) of Walachia between September 1577 and July 1583, and again from April 1585 to May 1591.

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Mikhail Miloradovich

Count Mikhail Andreyevich Miloradovich (Михаи́л Андре́евич Милора́дович), spelled Miloradovitch in contemporary English sources (&ndash) was a Russian general of Serbian origin, prominent during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Milcov River (Siret)

The Milcov River is a right tributary of the river Putna in eastern Romania.

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Military of the Ottoman Empire

The history of the military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods.

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Mircea I of Wallachia

Mircea the Elder (Mircea cel Bătrân,, d. 31 January 1418) was Voivode of Wallachia from 1386 until his death.

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Mircea the Shepherd

Mircea the Shepherd, in Romanian Mircea Ciobanul (died 25 September 1559) was the Voivode or (Prince) of Wallachia three times: January 1545 (he entered Bucharest on 17 March)–16 November 1552; May 1553–28 February 1554 (leaving Bucharest that March); and January 1558–21 September 1559.

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Moesia

Moesia (Latin: Moesia; Μοισία, Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River.

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Moldavia

Moldavia (Moldova, or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), Цара Мѡлдовєй (in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.

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Moldavian Magnate Wars

The Moldavian Magnate Wars refer to the period at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century when the magnates of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth intervened in the affairs of Moldavia, clashing with the Habsburgs and the Ottoman Empire for domination and influence over the principality.

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Mongol invasion of Europe

The Mongol invasion of Europe in the 13th century was the conquest of Europe by the Mongol Empire, by way of the destruction of East Slavic principalities, such as Kiev and Vladimir. The Mongol invasions also occurred in Central Europe, which led to warfare among fragmented Poland, such as the Battle of Legnica (9 April 1241) and in the Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241) in the Kingdom of Hungary. The operations were planned by General Subutai (1175–1248) and commanded by Batu Khan (1207–1255) and Kadan (d. 1261). Both men were grandsons of Genghis Khan; their conquests integrated much European territory to the empire of the Golden Horde. Warring European princes realized they had to cooperate in the face of a Mongol invasion, so local wars and conflicts were suspended in parts of central Europe, only to be resumed after the Mongols had withdrawn.

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Mongols

The Mongols (ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ, Mongolchuud) are an East-Central Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

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Muntenia

Muntenia (also known in English as Greater Wallachia) is a historical region of Romania, usually considered Wallachia-proper (Muntenia, Țara Românească, and the seldom used Valahia are synonyms in Romanian).

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Murad II

Murad II (June 1404 – 3 February 1451) (Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثانى Murād-ı sānī, Turkish:II. Murat) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1421 to 1444 and 1446 to 1451.

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Murad III

Murad III (Ottoman Turkish: مراد ثالث Murād-i sālis, Turkish: III.Murat) (4 July 1546 – 15/16 January 1595) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death in 1595.

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Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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National Party (Romania)

The Partida Națională was a liberal Romanian political party active between 1856 and 1859.

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Neagoe Basarab

Neagoe Basarab was the Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia between 1512 and 1521.

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Neagu Djuvara

Neagu Bunea Djuvara (August 18, 1916 – January 25, 2018) was a Romanian historian, essayist, philosopher, journalist, novelist and diplomat.

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Nicholas Alexander of Wallachia

Nicholas Alexander (Nicolae Alexandru) was a Voivode of Wallachia (c. 1352 – November 1364), after having been co-ruler to his father Basarab I. In the year 1359, he founded the Eastern Orthodox Metropolis of Ungro-Wallachia.

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Nicholas Mavrocordatos

Nicholas Mavrocordatos (Νικόλαος Μαυροκορδάτος, Nicolae Mavrocordat; May 3, 1670 in ConstantinopleSeptember 3, 1730 in Bucharest) was a Greek member of the Mavrocordatos family, Grand Dragoman to the Divan (1697), and consequently the first Phanariote Hospodar of the Danubian Principalities - Prince of Moldavia, and Prince of Wallachia (both on two separate occasions).

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Nicholas Mavrogenes

Nicholas Mavrogenes (or Mavrogenous; Νικόλαος Μαυρογένης Nikolaos Mavrogenis (Greek: "Blackbeard"), Nicolae Mavrogheni; died 1790) was a Phanariote Prince of Wallachia (reigned 1786–1789).

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Nicolae Bălcescu

Nicolae Bălcescu (29 June 1819 – 29 November 1852) was a Romanian Wallachian soldier, historian, journalist, and leader of the 1848 Wallachian Revolution.

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Nicolae Iorga

Nicolae Iorga (sometimes Neculai Iorga, Nicolas Jorga, Nicolai Jorga or Nicola Jorga, born Nicu N. Iorga;Iova, p. xxvii. January 17, 1871 – November 27, 1940) was a Romanian historian, politician, literary critic, memoirist, poet and playwright.

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Night Attack at Târgovişte

The Night Attack at Târgoviște (Atacul de noapte de la Târgovişte, Tirgovişte Baskını) was a battle fought between forces of Vlad III the Impaler of Wallachia and Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire on Thursday, June 17, 1462.

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Nogais

The Nogais are a Turkic ethnic group who live in southern European Russia, mainly in the North Caucasus region.

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Nomad

A nomad (νομάς, nomas, plural tribe) is a member of a community of people who live in different locations, moving from one place to another in search of grasslands for their animals.

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Northern Dobruja

Northern Dobruja (Dobrogea; Северна Добруджа, Severna Dobrudzha) is the part of Dobruja within the borders of Romania.

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Northwestern Europe

Northwestern Europe, or Northwest Europe, is a loosely defined region of Europe, overlapping northern and western Europe.

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Oescus

Oescus, or Palatiolon Palatiolum, (Улпия Ескус) was an ancient town along the Danube river, in Moesia, northwest of the modern Bulgarian city of Pleven, near the village of Gigen.

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Old Church Slavonic in Romania

Old Church Slavonic was the main language used for administrative (until the 16th century) and liturgical purposes (until the 17th century) by the Romanian principalities, being still occasionally used in the Orthodox Church until the early 18th century.

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Olt River

The Olt (Romanian and Hungarian; Alt; Aluta or Alutus, Oltu, Ἄλυτος Alytos) is a river in Romania.

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Oltenia

Oltenia (also called Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions, with the alternate Latin names Wallachia Minor, Wallachia Alutana, Wallachia Caesarea between 1718 and 1739) is a historical province and geographical region of Romania in western Wallachia.

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Order of the Dragon

The Order of the Dragon (Societas Draconistarum, literally "Society of the Dragonists") was a monarchical chivalric order for selected nobility,Florescu and McNally, Dracula, Prince of Many Faces.

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Osman Pazvantoğlu

Osman Pazvantoğlu (1758 – January 27, 1807, Vidin) was an Ottoman soldier, a governor of the Vidin district after 1794, and a rebel against Ottoman rule.

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Ottoman dynasty

The Ottoman dynasty (Osmanlı Hanedanı) was made up of the members of the imperial House of Osman (خاندان آل عثمان Ḫānedān-ı Āl-ı ʿOsmān), also known as the Ottomans (Osmanlılar).

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.

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Ottoman Turkish language

Ottoman Turkish (Osmanlı Türkçesi), or the Ottoman language (Ottoman Turkish:, lisân-ı Osmânî, also known as, Türkçe or, Türkî, "Turkish"; Osmanlıca), is the variety of the Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire.

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Pannonian Avars

The Pannonian Avars (also known as the Obri in chronicles of Rus, the Abaroi or Varchonitai at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine (Varchonites) or Pseudo-Avars in Byzantine sources) were a group of Eurasian nomads of unknown origin: "...

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Pannonian Basin

The Pannonian Basin, or Carpathian Basin, is a large basin in Central Europe.

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Paris Peace Conference, 1919

The Paris Peace Conference, also known as Versailles Peace Conference, was the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

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Pasha

Pasha or Paşa (پاشا, paşa), in older works sometimes anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries and others.

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Pavel Kiselyov

Count Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselyov or Kiseleff (Па́вел Дми́триевич Киселёв) (Moscow –, Paris) is generally regarded as the most brilliant Russian reformer during Nicholas I's generally conservative reign.

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Pârvu Cantacuzino

Pârvu III Cantacuzino, also known as Pârvul or Pîrvu Cantacuzino (? – late November 1769), was a high-ranking Wallachian statesman who served intermittently as Spatharios and Ban of Oltenia, primarily known as the leader of an anti-Ottoman rebellion.

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Pătrașcu the Good

Pătrașcu the Good (Pătrașcu cel Bun) was a Ruler of the principality of Wallachia, between 1554 and 24 December 1557, one of many rulers of Wallachia during the 16th century.

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Pechenegs

The Pechenegs or Patzinaks were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Oghuz branch of Turkic language family.

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Peter the Great

Peter the Great (ˈpʲɵtr vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj), Peter I (ˈpʲɵtr ˈpʲɛrvɨj) or Peter Alexeyevich (p; –)Dates indicated by the letters "O.S." are in the Julian calendar with the start of year adjusted to 1 January.

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Peter the Younger

Peter the Younger (Romanian: Petru cel Tânăr) (1547 – 19 August 1569) was the Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia between 25 September 1559 and 8 June 1568.

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Petru Cercel

Petru II Cercel (Peter Earring or Earring Peter) (died 1590) was a Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia from 1583 to 1585, bastard son to Pătrașcu cel Bun and alleged half-brother of Mihai Viteazul.

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Phanariotes

Phanariotes, Phanariots, or Phanariote Greeks (Φαναριώτες, Fanarioți, Fenerliler) were members of prominent Greek families in PhanarEncyclopædia Britannica,Phanariote, 2008, O.Ed.

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Pippo Spano

Filippo Buondelmonti degli Scolari (1369 – December 1426), known as Pippo Spano, was an Italian magnate, general, strategist and confidant of King Sigismund of Hungary, born in the Republic of Florence.

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Pitești

Pitești is a city in Romania, located on the Argeș River.

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Ploiești

Ploiești (older spelling: Ploești) is a city and county seat in Prahova County, Romania.

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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

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Political freedom

Political freedom (also known as political autonomy or political agency) is a central concept in history and political thought and one of the most important features of democratic societies.

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Prince Eugene of Savoy

Prince Eugene of Savoy (French: François-Eugène de Savoie, Italian: Principe Eugenio di Savoia-Carignano, German: Prinz Eugen von Savoyen; 18 October 1663 – 21 April 1736) was a general of the Imperial Army and statesman of the Holy Roman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria and one of the most successful military commanders in modern European history, rising to the highest offices of state at the Imperial court in Vienna.

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Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (German Friedrich Josias von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld) (26 December 1737 – 26 February 1815) was a general in the Austrian service.

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Principality

A principality (or princedom) can either be a monarchical feudatory or a sovereign state, ruled or reigned over by a monarch with the title of prince or by a monarch with another title within the generic use of the term prince.

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Priscus (general)

Priscus or Priskos (Πρῖσκος; died 613) was a leading East Roman (Byzantine) general during the reigns of the Byzantine emperors Maurice (reigned 582–602), Phocas (r. 602–610) and Heraclius (r. 610–641).

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Privilege (law)

A privilege is a certain entitlement to immunity granted by the state or another authority to a restricted group, either by birth or on a conditional basis.

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Proclamation of Islaz

The Proclamation of Islaz was the program adopted on 9 June 1848 by Romanian revolutionaries.

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Pruth River Campaign

The Russo-Ottoman War of 1710–11, also known as the Pruth River Campaign after the main event of the war, erupted as a consequence of the defeat of Sweden by the Russian Empire in the Battle of Poltava and the escape of the wounded Charles XII of Sweden and his large retinue to the Ottoman-held fortress of Bender.

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Radicalism (historical)

The term "Radical" (from the Latin radix meaning root) during the late 18th-century and early 19th-century identified proponents of democratic reform, in what subsequently became the parliamentary Radical Movement.

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Radu cel Frumos

Radu III the Fair, Radu III the Handsome or Radu III the Beautiful (Radu cel Frumos), also known by his Turkish name Radu Bey (1437/1439—1475), was the younger brother of Vlad III and voivode (war-lord or a prince) of the principality of Wallachia.

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Radu Șerban

Radu Șerban (died 1620) was a Wallachian nobleman who reigned as the principality's voivode during two periods from 1602 to 1610 and during 1611.

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Radu I of Wallachia

Radu I was a Voivode of Wallachia, (c. 1377 – c. 1383).

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Radu II of Wallachia

Radu II Praznaglava (Radu II Empty Head/in Slavonic/) was a ruler of Wallachia in the 15th century, ruling for 4 terms, each time preceded by Dan II, his rival for the throne, and each time succeeded by him.

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Radu IV the Great

Radu IV the Great (Radu cel Mare) was a Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia from September 1495 to April 1508.

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Radu Mihnea

Radu Mihnea (1586–1626) was Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia between September 1601 and March 1602, and again between March and May 1611, September 1611 and August 1616, August 1620 and August 1623, and Voivode (Prince) of Moldavia in 1616–1619, 1623–1626.

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Radu Negru

Radu Negru (born 13th February 1269) (Radu Black) also known as Radu Vodă (Voivode Radu), Radu Negru, or Negru Vodă, was a legendary Voivode and ruler of Wallachia.

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Radu of Afumați

Radu of Afumați was Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia between January 1522 and April 1529 (with intermittences in the first year, because he lost the throne between April–June and August–October 1522).

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Radu Paisie

Radu VII Paisie, also known as Radu vodă Măjescul, Radu vodă Călugărul, Petru I, and Petru de la Argeș (ca. 1500 – ?), was Prince of Wallachia almost continuously from June 1535 to February 1545.

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Râmnicu Sărat

Râmnicu Sărat (also spelled Rîmnicu Sărat,, Rümnick or Rebnick; Remnik) is a city in Buzău County, Romania, in the historical region of Muntenia.

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Râmnicu Vâlcea

Râmnicu Vâlcea (also spelled Rîmnicu Vîlcea) (population: 92,573) is the capital city of Vâlcea County, Romania (in the historical province of Oltenia).

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Regent

A regent (from the Latin regens: ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated.

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Regulamentul Organic

Regulamentul Organic (Organic Regulation; Règlement Organique; r)The name also has plural versions in all languages concerned, referring to the dual nature of the document; however, the singular version is usually preferred.

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Renaissance

The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.

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Revolutions of 1848

The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, People's Spring, Springtime of the Peoples, or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848.

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Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

The rise of the Western notion of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the breakdown of the Ottoman millet concept.

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Roman Dacia

Roman Dacia (also Dacia Traiana "Trajan Dacia" or Dacia Felix "Fertile/Happy Dacia") was a province of the Roman Empire from 106 to 274–275 AD.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire (Imperium Rōmānum,; Koine and Medieval Greek: Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, tr.) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.

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Roman province

In Ancient Rome, a province (Latin: provincia, pl. provinciae) was the basic and, until the Tetrarchy (from 293 AD), the largest territorial and administrative unit of the empire's territorial possessions outside Italy.

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Romance languages

The Romance languages (also called Romanic languages or Neo-Latin languages) are the modern languages that began evolving from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries and that form a branch of the Italic languages within the Indo-European language family.

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Romani people in Romania

Romani people (Roma in Romani; Țigani in Romanian) in Romania, Gypsy, constitute one of the country's largest minorities.

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Romania

Romania (România) is a sovereign state located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe.

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Romanian Cyrillic alphabet

The Romanian Cyrillic alphabet is the Cyrillic alphabet that was used to write the Romanian language before 1860–1862, when it was officially replaced by a Latin-based Romanian alphabet.

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Romanian language

Romanian (obsolete spellings Rumanian, Roumanian; autonym: limba română, "the Romanian language", or românește, lit. "in Romanian") is an East Romance language spoken by approximately 24–26 million people as a native language, primarily in Romania and Moldova, and by another 4 million people as a second language.

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Romanian Orthodox Church

The Romanian Orthodox Church (Biserica Ortodoxă Română) is an autocephalous Orthodox Church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian Churches and ranked seventh in order of precedence.

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Romanians

The Romanians (români or—historically, but now a seldom-used regionalism—rumâni; dated exonym: Vlachs) are a Latin European ethnic group and nation native to Romania, that share a common Romanian culture, ancestry, and speak the Romanian language, the most widespread spoken Eastern Romance language which is descended from the Latin language. According to the 2011 Romanian census, just under 89% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians. In one interpretation of the census results in Moldova, the Moldovans are counted as Romanians, which would mean that the latter form part of the majority in that country as well.Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook By David Levinson, Published 1998 – Greenwood Publishing Group.At the time of the 1989 census, Moldova's total population was 4,335,400. The largest nationality in the republic, ethnic Romanians, numbered 2,795,000 persons, accounting for 64.5 percent of the population. Source:: "however it is one interpretation of census data results. The subject of Moldovan vs Romanian ethnicity touches upon the sensitive topic of", page 108 sqq. Romanians are also an ethnic minority in several nearby countries situated in Central, respectively Eastern Europe, particularly in Hungary, Czech Republic, Ukraine (including Moldovans), Serbia, and Bulgaria. Today, estimates of the number of Romanian people worldwide vary from 26 to 30 million according to various sources, evidently depending on the definition of the term 'Romanian', Romanians native to Romania and Republic of Moldova and their afferent diasporas, native speakers of Romanian, as well as other Eastern Romance-speaking groups considered by most scholars as a constituent part of the broader Romanian people, specifically Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians, and Vlachs in Serbia (including medieval Vlachs), in Croatia, in Bulgaria, or in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Romanization (cultural)

Romanization or Latinization (or Romanisation or Latinisation), in the historical and cultural meanings of both terms, indicate different historical processes, such as acculturation, integration and assimilation of newly incorporated and peripheral populations by the Roman Republic and the later Roman Empire.

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Rucăr

Rucăr is a commune in the north-eastern part of Argeș County, Romania.

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Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor

Rudolf II (18 July 1552 – 20 January 1612) was Holy Roman Emperor (1576–1612), King of Hungary and Croatia (as Rudolf I, 1572–1608), King of Bohemia (1575–1608/1611) and Archduke of Austria (1576–1608).

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was caused by the Ottoman Empire's war with Persia and continuing raids by the Crimean Tatars.

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Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 was an armed conflict that brought Kabardia, the part of the Yedisan between the rivers Bug and Dnieper, and Crimea into the Russian sphere of influence.

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Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)

The Russo–Turkish War of 1787–1792 involved an unsuccessful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to regain lands lost to the Russian Empire in the course of the previous Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774).

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Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)

The Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire was one of the Russo-Turkish Wars.

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Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 was sparked by the Greek War of Independence.

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Sarmatians

The Sarmatians (Sarmatae, Sauromatae; Greek: Σαρμάται, Σαυρομάται) were a large Iranian confederation that existed in classical antiquity, flourishing from about the 5th century BC to the 4th century AD.

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Săliște

Săliște (Großendorf or Selischte; Szelistye) is a town in Sibiu County in the centre of Romania, 21 km west of the county capital, Sibiu, the main locality in the Mărginimea Sibiului area.

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Scarlat Callimachi (hospodar)

Scarlat Callimachi (Istanbul, 1773 – December 12, 1821, Bolu) was Grand Dragoman of the Sublime Porte 1801–1806, Prince of Moldavia between August 24, 1806 – October 26, 1806, August 4, 1807 – June 13, 1810, September 17, 1812 – June 1819 and Prince of Wallachia between February 1821 – June 1821.

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Secret society

A secret society is a club or an organization whose activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed from non-members.

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Seimeni

Seimeni (plural of Seimen) designates the group of flintlock-armed infantry mercenaries charged with guarding the gospodar (ruler) and his court in 17th and 18th century Wallachia and Moldavia.

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Seneslau

Seneslau, also Seneslav or Stănislau, was a Vlach voivode mentioned in a diploma issued by king Béla IV of Hungary (1235–1270) on 2 July 1247; the diploma granted territories to the Knights Hospitaller in the Banate of Severin and Cumania.

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Serbia

Serbia (Србија / Srbija),Pannonian Rusyn: Сербия; Szerbia; Albanian and Romanian: Serbia; Slovak and Czech: Srbsko,; Сърбия.

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Serfdom

Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism.

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Sibiu

Sibiu (antiquated Sibiiu; Hermannstadt, Transylvanian Saxon: Härmeschtat, Nagyszeben) is a city in Transylvania, Romania, with a population of 147,245.

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Sigismund Báthory

Sigismund Báthory (Báthory Zsigmond; 1573 – 27 March 1613) was Prince of Transylvania several times between 1586 and 1602, and Duke of Racibórz and Opole in Silesia in 1598.

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Sigismund III Vasa

Sigismund III Vasa (also known as Sigismund III of Poland, Zygmunt III Waza, Sigismund, Žygimantas Vaza, English exonym: Sigmund; 20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 N.S.) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, monarch of the united Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 to 1632, and King of Sweden (where he is known simply as Sigismund) from 1592 as a composite monarchy until he was deposed in 1599.

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Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor

Sigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 in Nuremberg – 9 December 1437 in Znaim, Moravia) was Prince-elector of Brandenburg from 1378 until 1388 and from 1411 until 1415, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1387, King of Germany from 1411, King of Bohemia from 1419, King of Italy from 1431, and Holy Roman Emperor for four years from 1433 until 1437, the last male member of the House of Luxembourg.

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Silistra

Silistra (Силистра Dârstor) is a port city in northeastern Bulgaria.

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Simion Movilă

Simion Movilă, a boyar of the Movileşti family, was twice Prince of Wallachia (October 1600 – 3 July 1601; August 1601 – August 1602) and Prince of Moldavia on one occasion (10 July 1606 – 24 September 1607).

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Slavery in medieval Europe

Slavery had mostly died out in western Europe about the year 1000, replaced by serfdom.

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Slavery in Romania

Slavery (robie) existed on the territory of present-day Romania from before the founding of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia in 13th–14th century, until it was abolished in stages during the 1840s and 1850s, and also until 1783, in Transylvania and Bukovina (parts of the Habsburg Monarchy).

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Slavs

Slavs are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group who speak the various Slavic languages of the larger Balto-Slavic linguistic group.

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Social class

A social class is a set of subjectively defined concepts in the social sciences and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the upper, middle and lower classes.

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Southeast Europe

Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe is a geographical region of Europe, consisting primarily of the coterminous Balkan peninsula.

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Southern Carpathians

The Southern Carpathians (also known as the Transylvanian Alps; Carpații Meridionali are a group of mountain ranges located in southern Romania. They cover the part of the Carpathian Mountains located between the Prahova River in the east and the Timiș and Cerna Rivers in the west. To the south they are bounded by the Balkan mountain range.

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Sublime Porte

The Sublime Porte, also known as the Ottoman Porte or High Porte (باب عالی Bāb-ı Ālī or Babıali, from باب, bāb "gate" and عالي, alī "high"), is a synecdochic metonym for the central government of the Ottoman Empire.

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Sucidava

Sucidava (Sykibid after Procopius,Olga Karagiorgou Σucidava after Pârvan, where Σ is pronounced "sh") is a Dacian and Daco-Roman historical site, situated in Corabia, Romania, on the north bank of the Danube.

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Sudiți

For the commune in Ialomița County, see Sudiți, Ialomița.

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Suleiman the Magnificent

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Suzerainty

Suzerainty (and) is a back-formation from the late 18th-century word suzerain, meaning upper-sovereign, derived from the French sus (meaning above) + -erain (from souverain, meaning sovereign).

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Tax

A tax (from the Latin taxo) is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon a taxpayer (an individual or other legal entity) by a governmental organization in order to fund various public expenditures.

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Tax exemption

Tax exemption is a monetary exemption which reduces taxable income.

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Tax reform

Tax reform is the process of changing the way taxes are collected or managed by the government and is usually undertaken to improve tax administration or to provide economic or social benefits.

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Târgoviște

Târgoviște (alternative spelling: Tîrgoviște) is a city in Romania, and the county seat of the Dâmbovița County.

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Târgu Jiu

Târgu Jiu is the capital of Gorj County in the Oltenia region of Romania.

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Teodosie of Wallachia

Teodosie (died 25 January 1522), was the Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia, a historical and geographical region in present-day Romania, between 1521 and 1522.

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Thessaly

Thessaly (Θεσσαλία, Thessalía; ancient Thessalian: Πετθαλία, Petthalía) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name.

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Trajan's Dacian Wars

The Dacian Wars (101–102, 105–106) were two military campaigns fought between the Roman Empire and Dacia during Emperor Trajan's rule.

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Transylvania

Transylvania is a historical region in today's central Romania.

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Transylvanian Saxons

The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbürger Sachsen; Transylvanian Saxon: Siweberjer Såksen; Sași ardeleni, sași transilvăneni; Erdélyi szászok) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen) from the mid 12th century until the late Modern Age (specifically mid 19th century).

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Treasury

A treasury is either.

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Treaty of Adrianople (1829)

The Treaty of Adrianople (also called the Treaty of Edirne) concluded the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire.

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Treaty of Belgrade

The Treaty of Belgrade, known as the Belgrade peace was the peace treaty signed on September 18, 1739 in Belgrade, Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia (today Serbia), by the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Habsburg Monarchy on the other, that ended the Austro–Turkish War (1737–39).

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Treaty of Bucharest (1812)

The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812, in Manuc's Inn in Bucharest, and ratified on 5 July 1812, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War.

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Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca

The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması (also spelled Kuchuk Kainarji) was a peace treaty signed on 21 July 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca (today Kaynardzha, Bulgaria) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire.

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Treaty of Paris (1856)

The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.

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Treaty of Passarowitz

The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Požarevac was the peace treaty signed in Požarevac (Пожаревац, Passarowitz), a town in the Ottoman Empire (modern Serbia), on 21 July 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria and the Republic of Venice on the other.

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Tribute

A tribute (/ˈtrɪbjuːt/) (from Latin tributum, contribution) is wealth, often in kind, that a party gives to another as a sign of respect or, as was often the case in historical contexts, of submission or allegiance.

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Tudor Vladimirescu

Tudor Vladimirescu (c. 1780 –) was a Romanian revolutionary hero, the leader of the Wallachian uprising of 1821 and of the Pandur militia.

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Turkic peoples

The Turkic peoples are a collection of ethno-linguistic groups of Central, Eastern, Northern and Western Asia as well as parts of Europe and North Africa.

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Turnu Măgurele

Turnu Măgurele is a city in Teleorman County, Romania (in the informal region of Wallachia).

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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Union of Transylvania with Romania

The Union of Transylvania with Romania was declared on by the assembly of the delegates of ethnic Romanians held in Alba Iulia.

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United Principalities

The United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia was the official name of the personal union which later became Romania, adopted in 1859 when Alexandru Ioan Cuza was elected as the Domnitor (Ruling Prince) of both territories, which were still vassals of the Ottoman Empire.

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University of Hertfordshire

The University of Hertfordshire is a university in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.

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Vasile Lupu

Lupu Coci, known as Vasile Lupu (1595–1661) was the Voivode of Moldavia between 1634 and 1653.

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Vlachs

Vlachs (or, or rarely), also Wallachians (and many other variants), is a historical term from the Middle Ages which designates an exonym (a name given by foreigners) used mostly for the Romanians who lived north and south of the Danube.

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Vlad cel Tânăr

Vlad V cel Tânăr (Vlad V the Younger or "Vladuț"; 1488 – 23 January 1512) was the Prince of Wallachia (1510–1512).

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Vlad II Dracul

Vlad II (Vlad al II-lea), also known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad al II-lea Dracul) or Vlad the Dragon (before 1395 – November 1447), was Voivode of Wallachia from 1436 to 1442, and again from 1443 to 1447.

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Vlad the Impaler

Vlad III, known as Vlad the Impaler (Vlad Țepeș) or Vlad Dracula (1428/311476/77), was voivode (or prince) of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death.

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Vladislav I of Wallachia

Vladislav I (Владислав I Vladhyslao I) of the Basarab dynasty, also known as Vlaicu or Vlaicu-Vodă, was Voivode of Wallachia (a part of present-day Romania) (1364 – c. 1377).

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Voivode

VoivodeAlso spelled "voievod", "woiwode", "voivod", "voyvode", "vojvoda", or "woiwod" (Old Slavic, literally "war-leader" or "warlord") is an Eastern European title that originally denoted the principal commander of a military force.

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Wales

Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain.

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Walhaz

*Walhaz is a reconstructed Proto-Germanic word meaning "foreigner", "stranger", "Roman", "Romance-speaker", or "Celtic-speaker".

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Wallachian Revolution of 1848

The Wallachian Revolution of 1848 was a Romanian liberal and nationalist uprising in the Principality of Wallachia.

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Wallachian uprising of 1821

The uprising of 1821 was a social and political rebellion in Wallachia, which was at the time a tributary state of the Ottoman Empire.

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Wallonia

Wallonia (Wallonie, Wallonie(n), Wallonië, Walonreye, Wallounien) is a region of Belgium.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallachia

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