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Weathering

Index Weathering

Weathering is the breaking down of rocks, soil, and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, water, and biological organisms. [1]

126 relations: Abrasion (geology), Acid, Acid rain, Acid strength, Aeolian processes, Alcove (architecture), Alkali, Alluvium, Alpine climate, Aluminium, Aluminosilicate, Anhydrite, Arid, Atmosphere of Earth, Azerbaijan, Bicarbonate, Biorhexistasy, Calcium bicarbonate, Calcium carbonate, Calcium chloride, Capillary action, Carbon dioxide, Carbonate, Carbonation, Carbonic acid, Case hardening of rocks, Chalcopyrite, Chalk, Chelation, Clastic rock, Clay, Coastal geography, Copper(II) hydroxide, Crystal, Dartmoor, Decomposition, Desert, Diurnal temperature variation, Eluvium, Encyclopedia of Earth, Environmental chamber, Erosion, Evaporite, Exfoliating granite, Exfoliation joint, Factors of polymer weathering, Fatigue (material), Feldspar, Forsterite, Frost heaving, ..., Frost weathering, Goethite, Goldich dissolution series, Gozo, Granite, Gypsum, Haloclasty, Hematite, Honeycomb weathering, Hydrolysis, Ice, Ice age, Ice lens, In situ, Iron, Iron oxide, Kaolinite, Lichen, Limestone, Limestone pavement, Limonite, Magnesium sulfate, Malta, Meteorite weathering, Mica, Mineral, Mineral hydration, Moss, Mycorrhiza, Nelson Thornes, Olivine, Organic acid, Orthoclase, Oxygen, Parent material, Pedogenesis, Periglaciation, Permian, PH, Podzol, Pyrite, Qobustan, Baku, Redox, Reverse weathering, Rock (geology), Rust, Salinity, Sandstone, Scree, Seawall, Sedona, Arizona, Siderophore, Silicate, Sodium carbonate, Sodium sulfate, Soil, Soil fertility, Soil production function, Solvation, Space weathering, Spheroidal weathering, Statue, Stoichiometry, Stress (mechanics), Sulfate, Sulfur dioxide, Sulfuric acid, Tafoni, Temperature gradient, Thermal expansion, Thermal shock, Tor (rock formation), Water, Weather testing of polymers, Weathering steel, Wildfire. Expand index (76 more) »

Abrasion (geology)

Abrasion is a process of erosion which occurs when material being transported wears away at a surface over time.

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Acid

An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).

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Acid rain

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).

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Acid strength

The strength of an acid refers to its ability or tendency to lose a proton (H+).

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Aeolian processes

Aeolian processes, also spelled eolian or æolian, pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the Earth (or other planets).

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Alcove (architecture)

In architecture, an alcove is a recessed area open from a larger room but enclosed by walls, pillars, or other architectural elements.

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Alkali

In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qaly “ashes of the saltwort”) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element.

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Alluvium

Alluvium (from the Latin alluvius, from alluere, "to wash against") is loose, unconsolidated (not cemented together into a solid rock) soil or sediments, which has been eroded, reshaped by water in some form, and redeposited in a non-marine setting.

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Alpine climate

Alpine climate is the average weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line.

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Aluminium

Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.

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Aluminosilicate

Aluminosilicate minerals are minerals composed of aluminium, silicon, and oxygen, plus countercations.

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Anhydrite

Anhydrite is a mineral—anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4.

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Arid

A region is arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life.

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Atmosphere of Earth

The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, commonly known as air, that surrounds the planet Earth and is retained by Earth's gravity.

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Azerbaijan

No description.

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Bicarbonate

In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.

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Biorhexistasy

The Theory of Biorhexistasy describes climatic conditions necessary for periods of soil formation (pedogenesis) separated by periods of soil erosion.

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Calcium bicarbonate

Calcium bicarbonate, also called calcium hydrogen carbonate, has a chemical formula Ca(HCO3)2.

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Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3.

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Calcium chloride

Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound, a salt with the chemical formula CaCl2.

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Capillary action

Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, capillary effect, or wicking) is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity.

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Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

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Carbonate

In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of.

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Carbonation

Carbonation refers to reactions of carbon dioxide to give carbonates, bicarbonates, and carbonic acid.

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Carbonic acid

Carbonic acid is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2CO3 (equivalently OC(OH)2).

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Case hardening of rocks

Case hardening is a weathering phenomenon of rock surface induration.

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Chalcopyrite

Chalcopyrite is a copper iron sulfide mineral that crystallizes in the tetragonal system.

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Chalk

Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite.

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Chelation

Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions.

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Clastic rock

Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing minerals and rock.

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Clay

Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3, MgO etc.) and organic matter.

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Coastal geography

Coastal geography is the study of the constantly changing region between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, geology and oceanography) and the human geography (sociology and history) of the coast.

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Copper(II) hydroxide

Copper(II) hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2.

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Crystal

A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.

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Dartmoor

Dartmoor is a moor in southern Devon, England.

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Decomposition

Decomposition is the process by which organic substances are broken down into simpler organic matter.

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Desert

A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living conditions are hostile for plant and animal life.

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Diurnal temperature variation

In meteorology, diurnal temperature variation is the variation between a high temperature and a low temperature that occurs during the same day.

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Eluvium

In geology, eluvium or eluvial deposits are those geological deposits and soils that are derived by in situ weathering or weathering plus gravitational movement or accumulation.

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Encyclopedia of Earth

The Encyclopedia of Earth (abbreviated EoE) is an electronic reference about the Earth, its natural environments, and their interaction with society.

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Environmental chamber

An environmental chamber, also called a climatic chamber or climate chamber, is an enclosure used to test the effects of specified environmental conditions on biological items, industrial products, materials, and electronic devices and components.

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Erosion

In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transport it to another location (not to be confused with weathering which involves no movement).

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Evaporite

Evaporite is the term for a water-soluble mineral sediment that results from concentration and crystallization by evaporation from an aqueous solution.

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Exfoliating granite

Exfoliating granite is granite that is exfoliating.

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Exfoliation joint

Exfoliation joints or sheet joints are surface-parallel fracture systems in rock, and often leading to erosion of concentric slabs.

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Factors of polymer weathering

The aging of natural and artificial polymeric materials is a natural phenomenon in metals, glass, minerals and other inorganic materials.

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Fatigue (material)

In materials science, fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads.

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Feldspar

Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8) are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up about 41% of the Earth's continental crust by weight.

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Forsterite

Forsterite (Mg2SiO4; commonly abbreviated as Fo) is the magnesium-rich end-member of the olivine solid solution series.

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Frost heaving

Frost heaving (or a frost heave) is an upwards swelling of soil during freezing conditions caused by an increasing presence of ice as it grows towards the surface, upwards from the depth in the soil where freezing temperatures have penetrated into the soil (the freezing front or freezing boundary).

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Frost weathering

Frost weathering is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice.

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Goethite

Goethite (FeO(OH)) is an iron bearing hydroxide mineral of the diaspore group.

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Goldich dissolution series

The Goldich dissolution series is a way of predicting the relative stability or weathering rate of various minerals on the Earth's surface.

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Gozo

Gozo (Għawdex,, formerly Gaulos) is an island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Granite

Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.

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Gypsum

Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.

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Haloclasty

Haloclasty is a type of physical weathering caused by the growth of salt crystals.

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Hematite

Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is the mineral form of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), one of several iron oxides.

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Honeycomb weathering

Honeycomb weathering, also known as fretting, cavernous weathering, alveoli/alveolar weathering, stone lattice, stone lace or miniature tafoni weathering (Mustoe, 1982) is a form of salt weathering common on coastal and semi-arid granites, sandstones and limestones (Mustoe 1982).

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Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a term used for both an electro-chemical process and a biological one.

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Ice

Ice is water frozen into a solid state.

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Ice age

An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

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Ice lens

Ice lenses are bodies of ice formed when moisture, diffused within soil or rock, accumulates in a localized zone.

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In situ

In situ (often not italicized in English) is a Latin phrase that translates literally to "on site" or "in position".

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Iron oxide

Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen.

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Kaolinite

Kaolinite is a clay mineral, part of the group of industrial minerals, with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4.

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Lichen

A lichen is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship.

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Limestone

Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.

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Limestone pavement

A limestone pavement is a natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone that resembles an artificial pavement.

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Limonite

Limonite is an iron ore consisting of a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides in varying composition.

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Magnesium sulfate

Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO4(H2O)x where 0≤x≤7.

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Malta

Malta, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European island country consisting of an archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Meteorite weathering

Meteorite weathering is the terrestrial alteration of a meteorite.

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Mica

The mica group of sheet silicate (phyllosilicate) minerals includes several closely related materials having nearly perfect basal cleavage.

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Mineral

A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.

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Mineral hydration

Mineral hydration is an inorganic chemical reaction where water is added to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, usually called a hydrate.

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Moss

Mosses are small flowerless plants that typically grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations.

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Mycorrhiza

A mycorrhiza (from Greek μύκης mýkēs, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"; pl. mycorrhizae, mycorrhiza or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and the roots of a vascular host plant.

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Nelson Thornes

Nelson Thornes was a publishing firm located in Cheltenham, Great Britain.

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Olivine

The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg2+, Fe2+)2SiO4.

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Organic acid

An organic acid is an organic compound with acidic properties.

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Orthoclase

Orthoclase, or orthoclase feldspar (endmember formula KAlSi3O8), is an important tectosilicate mineral which forms igneous rock.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Parent material

Parent material is the underlying geological material (generally bedrock or a superficial or drift deposit) in which soil horizons form.

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Pedogenesis

Pedogenesis (from the Greek pedo-, or pedon, meaning 'soil, earth,' and genesis, meaning 'origin, birth') (also termed soil development, soil evolution, soil formation, and soil genesis) is the process of soil formation as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history.

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Periglaciation

Periglaciation (adjective: "periglacial," also referring to places at the edges of glacial areas) describes geomorphic processes that result from seasonal thawing of snow in areas of permafrost, the runoff from which refreezes in ice wedges and other structures.

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Permian

The Permian is a geologic period and system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic period 251.902 Mya.

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PH

In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.

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Podzol

In soil science, Podzols (known as Spodosols in China and the United States of America and Podosols in Australia) are the typical soils of coniferous, or boreal forests.

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Pyrite

The mineral pyrite, or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS2 (iron(II) disulfide).

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Qobustan, Baku

Qobustan (also, Duvannaya, Duvanny, Duvannyy, Duyannaya, and Gobustan) is a settlement and municipality in Baku, Azerbaijan.

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Redox

Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.

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Reverse weathering

Reverse weathering generally refers to the formation of a clay neoformation that utilizes cations and alkalinity in a process unrelated to the weathering of silicates.

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Rock (geology)

Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.

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Rust

Rust is an iron oxide, a usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture.

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Salinity

Salinity is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water (see also soil salinity).

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Sandstone

Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments.

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Scree

Scree is a collection of broken rock fragments at the base of crags, mountain cliffs, volcanoes or valley shoulders that has accumulated through periodic rockfall from adjacent cliff faces.

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Seawall

A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defence constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast.

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Sedona, Arizona

Sedona is a city that straddles the county line between Coconino and Yavapai counties in the northern Verde Valley region of the U.S. state of Arizona.

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Siderophore

Siderophores (Greek: "iron carrier") are small, high-affinity iron-chelating compounds secreted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi and serving to transport iron across cell membranes.

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Silicate

In chemistry, a silicate is any member of a family of anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula, where 0 ≤ x Silicate anions are often large polymeric molecules with an extense variety of structures, including chains and rings (as in polymeric metasilicate), double chains (as in, and sheets (as in. In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to mean silicate minerals, ionic solids with silicate anions; as well as rock types that consist predominantly of such minerals. In that context, the term also includes the non-ionic compound silicon dioxide (silica, quartz), which would correspond to x.

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Sodium carbonate

Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals, and in the monohydrate form as crystal carbonate) is the water-soluble sodium salt of carbonic acid.

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Sodium sulfate

Sodium sulfate, also known as sulfate of soda, is the inorganic compound with formula Na2SO4 as well as several related hydrates.

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Soil

Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life.

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Soil fertility

Soil fertility refers to the ability of a soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality.

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Soil production function

Soil production function refers to the rate of bedrock weathering into soil as a function of soil thickness.

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Solvation

Solvation describes the interaction of solvent with dissolved molecules.

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Space weathering

Space weathering is the type of weathering that occurs to any object exposed to the harsh environment of outer space.

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Spheroidal weathering

Spheroidal weathering is a form of chemical weathering that affects jointed bedrock and results in the formation of concentric or spherical layers of highly decayed rock within weathered bedrock that is known as saprolite. When saprolite is exposed by physical erosion, these concentric layers peel (spall) off as concentric shells much like the layers of a peeled onion.

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Statue

A statue is a sculpture, representing one or more people or animals (including abstract concepts allegorically represented as people or animals), free-standing (as opposed to a relief) and normally full-length (as opposed to a bust) and at least close to life-size, or larger.

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Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

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Stress (mechanics)

In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material.

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Sulfate

The sulfate or sulphate (see spelling differences) ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.

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Sulfur dioxide

Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula.

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Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a mineral acid with molecular formula H2SO4.

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Tafoni

Tafoni (singular: tafone) are small cave-like features found in granular rock such as sandstone, granite, and sandy-limestone with rounded entrances and smooth concave walls, often connected, adjacent, and/or networked.

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Temperature gradient

A temperature gradient is a physical quantity that describes in which direction and at what rate the temperature changes the most rapidly around a particular location.

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Thermal expansion

Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.

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Thermal shock

Thermal shock occurs when a thermal gradient causes different parts of an object to expand by different amounts.

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Tor (rock formation)

A tor, which is also known by geomorphologists as either a castle koppie or kopje, is a large, free-standing rock outcrop that rises abruptly from the surrounding smooth and gentle slopes of a rounded hill summit or ridge crest.

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Water

Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.

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Weather testing of polymers

Weather testing of polymers is the controlled polymer degradation and polymer coating degradation under lab or natural conditions.

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Weathering steel

Weathering steel, often referred to by the genericized trademark COR-TEN steel and sometimes written without the hyphen as corten steel, is a group of steel alloys which were developed to eliminate the need for painting, and form a stable rust-like appearance after several years exposure to weather.

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Wildfire

A wildfire or wildland fire is a fire in an area of combustible vegetation that occurs in the countryside or rural area.

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Redirects here:

Biological weathering, Building weathering, Chemical weathering, Deep weathering, Differential erosion, Differential weathering, Factors effecting weathering, Freeze-Thaw Cycle, Freeze-thaw action, Freeze-thaw cycle, Frost wedging, Frost-wedging, Mechanical weathering, Mineral weathering, Physical weathering, Salt weathering, Salt wedging, Severe weathering, Solution weathering, Weather resistance, Weather-resistant, Weathered rocks, Weathering of buildings, Weathering processes.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering

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