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355 relations: Abdominal pain, Abiraterone acetate, Absorption (pharmacology), Acetamide, Acetone, Acetothiolutamide, Acid, Acid dissociation constant, Acne, Adipose tissue, Agonist, Alcohol intolerance, Alkali, Allosteric modulator, Amenorrhea, Amide, Andarine, Androgen, Androgen deficiency, Androgen receptor, Androgen-dependent condition, Anemia, Angioedema, Anilide, Aniline, Animal testing, Anorexia (symptom), Antiandrogen, Anticoagulant, Antidote, Antigonadotropin, Antimineralocorticoid, Anxiety, Apalutamide, Approved drug, Aryl, Aspirin, Astra AB, AstraZeneca, Bacteriostatic agent, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Bile, Binding protein, Binding selectivity, Bioassay, Bioavailability, Biological activity, Biological half-life, Biological target, Biosynthesis, ..., Biotransformation, Birth control, Birth defect, Blood lipids, Blood–brain barrier, Body fat percentage, Body hair, Body shape, Bone density, Breast development, Breast milk, Breast pain, Breastfeeding, Central nervous 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Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain, also known as a stomach ache, is a symptom associated with both non-serious and serious medical issues.
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Abiraterone acetate
Abiraterone acetate, sold under the brand name Zytiga among others, is an antiandrogen medication which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Absorption (pharmacology)
In pharmacology (and more specifically pharmacokinetics), absorption is the movement of a drug from the site of administration to bloodstream.
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Acetamide
Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2.
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Acetone
Acetone (systematically named propanone) is the organic compound with the formula (CH3)2CO.
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Acetothiolutamide
Acetothiolutamide is a selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) derived from the nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide that was described in 2002 and was one of the first SARMs to be discovered and developed.
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Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
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Acid dissociation constant
An acid dissociation constant, Ka, (also known as acidity constant, or acid-ionization constant) is a quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution.
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Acne
Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin.
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Adipose tissue
In biology, adipose tissue, body fat, or simply fat is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes.
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Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.
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Alcohol intolerance
Alcohol intolerance (or Acute alcohol sensitivity) is due to a genetic polymorphism of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme that metabolises ingested alcohol.
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Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qaly “ashes of the saltwort”) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element.
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Allosteric modulator
In biochemistry and pharmacology, an allosteric modulator (allo- from the Greek meaning "other") is a substance which indirectly influences (modulates) the effects of a primary ligand that directly activates or deactivates the function of a target protein.
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Amenorrhea
Amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age.
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Amide
An amide (or or), also known as an acid amide, is a compound with the functional group RnE(O)xNR′2 (R and R′ refer to H or organic groups).
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Andarine
Andarine (developmental code names GTx-007, S-4) is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) developed by GTX, Inc for treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting, osteoporosis and benign prostatic hypertrophy, using the nonsteroidal antiandrogen bicalutamide as a lead compound.
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Androgen
An androgen (from Greek andr-, the stem of the word meaning "man") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.
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Androgen deficiency
Androgen deficiency also known as hypoandrogenism and androgen deficiency syndrome, is a medical condition characterized by not enough androgenic activity in the body.
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Androgen receptor
The androgen receptor (AR), also known as NR3C4 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 4), is a type of nuclear receptor that is activated by binding any of the androgenic hormones, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in the cytoplasm and then translocating into the nucleus.
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Androgen-dependent condition
An androgen-dependent condition, disease, disorder, or syndrome, is a medical condition that is, in part or full, dependent on, or is sensitive to, the presence of androgenic activity in the body.
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Anemia
Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
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Angioedema
Angioedema is an area of swelling of the lower layer of skin and tissue just under the skin or mucous membranes.
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Anilide
Anilides (or phenylamides) are a class of chemical compounds which are acyl derivatives of aniline.
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Aniline
Aniline is an organic compound with the formula C6H5NH2.
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Animal testing
Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments that seek to control the variables that affect the behavior or biological system under study.
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Anorexia (symptom)
Anorexia (from Ancient Greek ανορεξία: 'ἀν-' "without" + 'όρεξις', spelled 'órexis' meaning "appetite") is the decreased sensation of appetite.
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Antiandrogen
Antiandrogens, also known as androgen antagonists or testosterone blockers, are a class of drugs that prevent androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from mediating their biological effects in the body.
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Anticoagulant
Anticoagulants, commonly referred to as blood thinners, are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time.
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Antidote
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning.
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Antigonadotropin
An antigonadotropin is a drug which suppresses the activity and/or downstream effects of one or both of the gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
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Antimineralocorticoid
An antimineralocorticoid, MCRA, or an aldosterone antagonist, is a diuretic drug which antagonizes the action of aldosterone at mineralocorticoid receptors.
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Anxiety
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.
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Apalutamide
Apalutamide, sold under the brand name Erleada, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) medication which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Approved drug
An approved drug is a preparation that has been validated for a therapeutic use by a ruling authority of a government.
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Aryl
In the context of organic molecules, aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl.
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Aspirin
Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medication used to treat pain, fever, or inflammation.
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Astra AB
Astra AB is a former international pharmaceutical company headquartered in Södertälje, Sweden.
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AstraZeneca
AstraZeneca plc is an Anglo–Swedish multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical company.
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Bacteriostatic agent
A bacteriostatic agent or bacteriostat, abbreviated Bstatic, is a biological or chemical agent that stops bacteria from reproducing, while not necessarily killing them otherwise.
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate.
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Bile
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
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Binding protein
A binding protein is any protein that acts as an agent to bind two or more molecules together.
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Binding selectivity
Binding selectivity is defined with respect to the binding of ligands to a substrate forming a complex.
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Bioassay
A bioassay is an analytical method to determine concentration or potency of a substance by its effect on living cells or tissues.
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Bioavailability
In pharmacology, bioavailability (BA or F) is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs.
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Biological activity
In pharmacology, biological activity or pharmacological activity describes the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter.
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Biological half-life
The biological half-life of a biological substance is the time it takes for half to be removed by biological processes when the rate of removal is roughly exponential.
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Biological target
A biological target is anything within a living organism to which some other entity (like an endogenous ligand or a drug) is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behavior or function.
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Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.
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Biotransformation
Biotransformation is the chemical modification (or modifications) made by an organism on a chemical compound.
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Birth control
Birth control, also known as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy.
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Birth defect
A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is a condition present at birth regardless of its cause.
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Blood lipids
Blood lipids (or blood fats) are lipids in the blood, either free or bound to other molecules.
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Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Body fat percentage
The body fat percentage (BFP) of a human or other living being is the total mass of fat divided by total body mass, times 100; body fat includes essential body fat and storage body fat.
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Body hair
Body hair, or androgenic hair, is the terminal hair that develops on the human body during and after puberty.
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Body shape
Human body shape is a complex phenomenon with sophisticated detail and function.
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Bone density
Bone density, or bone mineral density (BMD), is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue.
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Breast development
Breast development, also known as mammogenesis, is a complex biological process in primates that takes place throughout a female's life.
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Breast milk
Breast milk is the milk produced by the breasts (or mammary glands) of a human female to feed a child.
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Breast pain
Breast pain is a medical symptom that is most often associated with a developing disease or condition of the breast.
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Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding, also known as nursing, is the feeding of babies and young children with milk from a woman's breast.
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Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
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Chemical castration
Chemical castration is castration via anaphrodisiac drugs, whether to reduce libido and sexual activity, to treat cancer, or otherwise.
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Chemical compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
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Chemical formula
A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs.
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Chemical patent
A chemical patent, pharmaceutical patent or drug patent is a patent for an invention in the chemical or pharmaceuticals industry.
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Chemical synthesis
Chemical synthesis is a purposeful execution of chemical reactions to obtain a product, or several products.
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Chloroform
Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl3.
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Choluria
Choluria is the presence of bile in urine.
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Circulatory system
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
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Clinical trial
Clinical trials are experiments or observations done in clinical research.
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Cmax (pharmacology)
Cmax is the maximum (or peak) serum concentration that a drug achieves in a specified compartment or test area of the body after the drug has been administrated and before the administration of a second dose.
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Coagulation
Coagulation (also known as clotting) is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.
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Combination drug
A combination drug is a fixed-dose combination (FDC) that includes two or more active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) combined in a single dosage form, which is manufactured and distributed in fixed doses.
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Combined oral contraceptive pill
The combined oral contraceptive pill (COCP), often referred to as the birth control pill or colloquially as "the pill", is a type of birth control that is designed to be taken orally by women.
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Comparison of bicalutamide with other antiandrogens
Comparison of the nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) bicalutamide with other antiandrogens reveals differences between the medications in terms of efficacy, tolerability, safety, and other parameters.
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Connective tissue
Connective tissue (CT) is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
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Constipation
Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass.
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Controlled substance
A controlled substance is generally a drug or chemical whose manufacture, possession, or use is regulated by a government, such as illicitly used drugs or prescription medications that are designated a Controlled Drug in the United Kingdom.
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Coumarin
Coumarin (2H-chromen-2-one) is a fragrant organic chemical compound in the benzopyrone chemical class, although it may also be seen as a subclass of lactones.
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Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to cortisol.
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Cutaneous condition
A cutaneous condition is any medical condition that affects the integumentary system—the organ system that encloses the body and includes skin, hair, nails, and related muscle and glands.
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Cyclic compound
A cyclic compound (ring compound) is a term for a compound in the field of chemistry in which one or more series of atoms in the compound is connected to form a ring.
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Cyclobutane
Cyclobutane is a cycloalkane and organic compound with the formula (CH2)4.
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CYP17A1
Cytochrome P450 17A1, also called steroid 17α-monooxygenase, 17α-hydroxylase, 17,20-lyase, or 17,20-desmolase, is an enzyme of the hydroxylase type that in humans is encoded by the CYP17A1 gene on chromosome 10.
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CYP27A1
CYP27A1 is a gene encoding a cytochrome P450 oxidase, and is commonly known as sterol 27-hydroxylase.
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CYP2C19
Cytochrome P450 2C19 (abbreviated CYP2C19) is an enzyme.
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CYP2C9
Cytochrome P450 2C9 (abbreviated CYP2C9) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2C9 gene.
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CYP2D6
Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP2D6 gene.
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CYP3A4
Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) is an important enzyme in the body, mainly found in the liver and in the intestine.
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CYP46A1
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP46A1 gene.
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Cyproterone acetate
Cyproterone acetate (CPA), sold alone under the brand name Androcur or with ethinylestradiol (EE) under the brand names Diane or Diane-35 among others, is an antiandrogen and progestogen which is used in the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions like acne, excessive hair growth, early puberty, and prostate cancer, as a component of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender women, and in birth control pills.
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Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are proteins of the superfamily containing heme as a cofactor and, therefore, are hemoproteins.
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Darolutamide
Darolutamide (developmental code names ODM-201, BAY-1841788) is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) – specifically, a selective antagonist of the androgen receptor (AR) – which is under development by Orion and Bayer HealthCare for the treatment of advanced, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).
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Dehydration
In physiology, dehydration is a deficit of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes.
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Depression (mood)
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-being.
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Derivative (chemistry)
In chemistry, a derivative is a compound that is derived from a similar compound by a chemical reaction.
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Developed country
A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
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Developing country
A developing country (or a low and middle income country (LMIC), less developed country, less economically developed country (LEDC), underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.
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Dextrorotation and levorotation
Dextrorotation and levorotation (also spelled as laevorotation)The first word component dextro- comes from Latin word for dexter "right (as opposed to left)".
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.
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Dihydrotestosterone
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (5α-DHT), also known as androstanolone or stanolone, is an endogenous androgen sex steroid and hormone.
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Dimethylacetamide
Dimethylacetamide (DMAc or DMA) is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)N(CH3)2.
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Discovery and development of antiandrogens
This article is about the discovery and development of antiandrogens, or androgen receptor (AR) antagonists.
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Distribution (pharmacology)
Distribution in pharmacology is a branch of pharmacokinetics which describes the reversible transfer of a drug from one location to another within the body.
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Drug allergy
A drug allergy is an allergy to a drug, most commonly a medication, and is a form of adverse drug reaction.
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Drug distribution
Drug distribution is the process by means of which people get access to medication.
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Drug interaction
A drug interaction is a situation in which a substance (usually another drug) affects the activity of a drug when both are administered together.
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Drug possession
Drug possession is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in one's possession, either for personal use, distribution, sale or otherwise.
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Dutasteride
Dutasteride, sold under the brand name Avodart among others, is a medication used primarily to treat enlarged prostate in men.
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Dysuria
In medicine, specifically urology, dysuria refers to painful urination.
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Electric current
An electric current is a flow of electric charge.
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Elevated transaminases
In medicine, the presence of elevated transaminases, commonly the transaminases alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), may be an indicator of liver damage.
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Elimination (pharmacology)
In pharmacology the elimination or excretion of a drug is understood to be any one of a number of processes by which a drug is eliminated (that is, cleared and excreted) from an organism either in an unaltered form (unbound molecules) or modified as a metabolite.
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Enantiomer
In chemistry, an enantiomer, also known as an optical isomer (and archaically termed antipode or optical antipode), is one of two stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other that are non-superposable (not identical), much as one's left and right hands are the same except for being reversed along one axis (the hands cannot be made to appear identical simply by reorientation).
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Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell.
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Enobosarm
Enobosarm, also known as ostarine, is an investigational selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM) developed by GTX, Inc for the treatment of conditions such as muscle wasting and osteoporosis, formerly under development by Merck & Company.
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Enzalutamide
Enzalutamide, sold under the brand name Xtandi, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) medication which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Enzyme inducer
An enzyme inducer is a type of drug that increases the metabolic activity of an enzyme either by binding to the enzyme and activating it, or by increasing the expression of the gene coding for the enzyme.
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Enzyme inhibitor
4QI9) An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.
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Epileptic seizure
An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
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Erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (ED), also known as impotence, is a type of sexual dysfunction characterized by the inability to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual activity.
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Estradiol
Estradiol (E2), also spelled oestradiol, is an estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone.
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Estrogen
Estrogen, or oestrogen, is the primary female sex hormone.
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Estrogen (medication)
An estrogen is a type of medication which is used most commonly in hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy.
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Estrogen receptor
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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Ether
Ethers are a class of organic compounds that contain an ether group—an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups.
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Everolimus
No description.
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Excretion
Excretion is the process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism.
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Familial male-limited precocious puberty
Familial male-limited precocious puberty, often abbreviated as FMPP, also known as familial sexual precocity or gonadotropin-independent testotoxicosis, is a form of gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty in which boys experience early onset and progression of puberty.
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Fatigue
Fatigue is a subjective feeling of tiredness that has a gradual onset.
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Feces
Feces (or faeces) are the solid or semisolid remains of the food that could not be digested in the small intestine.
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Feminization (biology)
In biology and medicine, feminization is the development in an organism of physical characteristics that are usually unique to the female of the species.
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Ferret
The ferret (Mustela putorius furo) is the domesticated form of the European polecat, a mammal belonging to the same genus as the weasel, Mustela of the family Mustelidae.
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Fertility
Fertility is the natural capability to produce offspring.
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Fetus
A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms.
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Finasteride
Finasteride, sold under the brand names Proscar and Propecia among others, is a medication used mainly to treat an enlarged prostate or scalp hair loss in men.
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Fluorine
Fluorine is a chemical element with symbol F and atomic number 9.
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Flutamide
Flutamide, sold under the brand name Eulexin among others, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which is used primarily to treat prostate cancer.
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Food
Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for an organism.
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Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
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Frequent urination
Frequent urination, or urinary frequency is the need to urinate more often than usual.
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GABAA receptor
The GABAA receptor (GABAAR) is an ionotropic receptor and ligand-gated ion channel.
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Generic drug
A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug that is equivalent to a brand-name product in dosage, strength, route of administration, quality, performance, and intended use, but does not carry the brand name.
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Glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.
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Glucuronidation
Glucuronidation is often involved in drug metabolism of substances such as drugs, pollutants, bilirubin, androgens, estrogens, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, fatty acid derivatives, retinoids, and bile acids.
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Glucuronide
A glucuronide, also known as glucuronoside, is any substance produced by linking glucuronic acid to another substance via a glycosidic bond.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) also known as gonadoliberin, and by various other names in its endogenous form and as gonadorelin in its pharmaceutical form, is a releasing hormone responsible for the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior pituitary.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a type of medication which affects gonadotropins and sex hormones.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH analogue or analog), also known as a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist (LHRH agonist) or LHRH analogue is a synthetic peptide drug modeled after the human hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
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Goserelin
Goserelin, or goserelin acetate, sold under the brand name Zoladex (by AstraZeneca) among others, is a medication which is used to suppress production of the sex hormones (testosterone and estrogen), particularly in the treatment of breast and prostate cancer.
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GPRC6A
G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPRC6A gene.
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Gynecomastia
Gynecomastia is an endocrine system disorder in which a noncancerous increase in the size of male breast tissue occurs.
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Gynoid fat distribution
Gynoid fat refers to the body fat that forms around the hips, breasts and thighs.
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Hair disease
Hair diseases are disorders primarily associated with the follicles of the hair.
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Health system
A health system, also sometimes referred to as health care system or as healthcare system, is the organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations.
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Hepatitis
Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.
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Hepatotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage.
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Hirsutism
Hirsutism is excessive body hair in men and women on parts of the body where hair is normally absent or minimal, such as on the chin or chest in particular, or the face or body in general.
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Hives
Hives, also known as urticaria, is a kind of skin rash with red, raised, itchy bumps.
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Hot flash
Hot flashes (American English) or hot flushes (British English) are a form of flushing due to reduced levels of estradiol.
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Human body temperature
Normal human body temperature, also known as normothermia or euthermia, is the typical temperature range found in humans.
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Human penis size
The most accurate measurement of the size of a human penis can be derived from several readings at different times since there is natural minor variability in size depending upon arousal level, time of day, room temperature, frequency of sexual activity, and reliability of measurement.
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Human serum albumin
Human serum albumin is the serum albumin found in human blood.
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Hydantoin
Hydantoin, or glycolylurea, is a heterocyclic organic compound with the formula CH2C(O)NHC(O)NH.
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Hydroxylation
Hydroxylation is a chemical process that introduces a hydroxyl group (-OH) into an organic compound.
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Hyperandrogenism
Hyperandrogenism, also known as androgen excess, is a medical condition characterized by excessive levels of androgens (male sex hormones such as testosterone) in the female body and the associated effects of the elevated androgen levels.
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Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia, also spelled hyperkalaemia, is an elevated level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum.
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Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity.
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Hypersexuality
Hypersexuality is a clinical diagnosis used by mental healthcare professionals to describe extremely frequent or suddenly increased libido.
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Hypoestrogenism
Hypoestrogenism, or estrogen deficiency, refers to a lower than normal level of estrogen, the primary sex hormone in women.
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Hypotension
Hypotension is low blood pressure, especially in the arteries of the systemic circulation.
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Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis) refers to the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonadal glands as if these individual endocrine glands were a single entity.
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus(from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.
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Imidazolidine
Imidazolidine is a heterocyclic compound (CH2)2(NH)2CH2.
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Imperial Chemical Industries
Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) was a British chemical company and was, for much of its history, the largest manufacturer in Britain.
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Implant (medicine)
An implant is a medical device manufactured to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged biological structure, or enhance an existing biological structure.
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In vitro
In vitro (meaning: in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
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In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
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Inflammation
Inflammation (from inflammatio) is part of the complex biological response of body tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants, and is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.
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Influenza-like illness
Influenza-like illness (ILI), also known as acute respiratory infection (ARI) and flu-like syndrome/symptoms, is a medical diagnosis of possible influenza or other illness causing a set of common symptoms.
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Injection (medicine)
Injection (often referred to as a "shot" in US English, or a "jab" in UK English) is the act of putting a liquid, especially a drug, into a person's body using a needle (usually a hypodermic needle) and a syringe.
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Insomnia
Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.
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Intersex
Intersex people are born with any of several variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, or genitals that, according to the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies".
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Interstitial lung disease
Interstitial lung disease (ILD), or diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), is a group of lung diseases affecting the interstitium (the tissue and space around the air sacs of the lungs).
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Irregular menstruation
Irregular menstruation is a menstrual disorder whose manifestations include irregular cycle lengths as well as metrorrhagia (vaginal bleeding between expected periods).
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Irreversible antagonist
An irreversible antagonist is a type of antagonist that binds permanently to a receptor, either by forming a covalent bond to the active site, or alternatively just by binding so tightly that the rate of dissociation is effectively zero at relevant time scales.
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Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Ischemic cardiomyopathy is a type of cardiomyopathy caused by a narrowing of the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Itch
Itch (also known as pruritus) is a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch.
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IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry
In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
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Japanese people
are a nation and an ethnic group that is native to Japan and makes up 98.5% of the total population of that country.
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Jaundice
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and whites of the eyes due to high bilirubin levels.
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Kidney failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys no longer work.
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Lactation
Lactation describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.
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Lactiferous duct
Lactiferous ducts are those ducts that converge and form a branched system connecting the nipple to the lobules of the mammary gland.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Legal drug trade
Legal drug trade, as with other goods object of commerce, in opposition to smuggling or ''illegal'' drug trade, most psychotropic substances' commerce is under control and taxation by world governments, regardless of the relative perceived danger of the goods that are the object of legislation.
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Libido
Libido, colloquially known as sex drive, is a person's overall sexual drive or desire for sexual activity.
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Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
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Lipophilicity
Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly"), refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Liver disease
Liver disease (also called hepatic disease) is a type of damage to or disease of the liver.
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Liver failure
Liver failure or hepatic insufficiency is the inability of the liver to perform its normal synthetic and metabolic function as part of normal physiology.
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Liver function tests
Liver function tests (LFTs or LFs) are groups of blood tests that give information about the state of a patient's liver.
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Luteinizing hormone
Luteinizing hormone (LH, also known as lutropin and sometimes lutrophin) is a hormone produced by gonadotropic cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
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Mammary alveolus
A mammary alveolus (plural: alveoli, from Latin alveolus, "little cavity") is a small cavity or sac found in the mammary gland.
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Mammoplasia
Mammoplasia is the normal or spontaneous enlargement of human breasts.
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Medical imaging
Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology).
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Medical uses of bicalutamide
The medical uses of bicalutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA), include the treatment of androgen-dependent conditions and hormone therapy to block the effects of androgens.
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Membrane androgen receptor
Membrane androgen receptors (mARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which bind and are activated by testosterone and/or other androgens.
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Menopause
Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children.
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Meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid
meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA) is a peroxycarboxylic acid used widely as an oxidant in organic synthesis.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Metabolite
A metabolite is the intermediate end product of metabolism.
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Metastasis
Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; it is typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor.
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Metastatic breast cancer
Metastatic breast cancer, also referred to as metastases, advanced breast cancer, secondary tumours, secondaries or stage 4 breast cancer, is a stage of breast cancer where the disease has spread to distant sites beyond the axillary lymph nodes.
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Methanol
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH).
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Methyl group
A methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms — CH3.
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Molecular mass
Relative Molecular mass or molecular weight is the mass of a molecule.
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Molecular modification
Molecular modification is chemical alteration of a known and previously characterized lead compound for the purpose of enhancing its usefulness as a drug.
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Mortality rate
Mortality rate, or death rate, is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time.
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Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Nausea
Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.
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Negative feedback
Negative feedback (or balancing feedback) occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances.
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Neoplasm
Neoplasia is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
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Neuropsychiatry
Neuropsychiatry is a branch of medicine that deals with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system.
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Neurosteroid
Neurosteroids, also known as neuroactive steroids, are endogenous or exogenous steroids that rapidly alter neuronal excitability through interaction with ligand-gated ion channels and other cell surface receptors.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Aotearoa) is a sovereign island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
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Nilutamide
Nilutamide, sold under the brand names Nilandron and Anandron, is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which is used in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Nonsteroidal
Nonsteroidal is a term which is used to describe a compound that is not a steroid.
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Nonsteroidal antiandrogen
A nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) is an antiandrogen with a nonsteroidal chemical structure.
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Nuclear receptor
In the field of molecular biology, nuclear receptors are a class of proteins found within cells that are responsible for sensing steroid and thyroid hormones and certain other molecules.
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Off-label use
Off-label use is the use of pharmaceutical drugs for an unapproved indication or in an unapproved age group, dosage, or route of administration.
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Off-target activity
Off-target activity is biological activity of a drug that is different from and not at that of its intended biological target.
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Oral administration
| name.
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Oral contraceptive pill
Oral contraceptives, abbreviated OCPs, also known as birth control pills, are medications taken by mouth for the purpose of birth control.
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Orchiectomy
Orchiectomy (also named orchidectomy, and sometimes shortened as orchi) is a surgical procedure in which one or both testicles are removed.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease where increased bone weakness increases the risk of a broken bone.
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Ovarian cancer
Ovarian cancer is a cancer that forms in or on an ovary.
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Ovulation
Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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P-glycoprotein
P-glycoprotein 1 (permeability glycoprotein, abbreviated as P-gp or Pgp) also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) or cluster of differentiation 243 (CD243) is an important protein of the cell membrane that pumps many foreign substances out of cells.
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Paraphilia
Paraphilia (previously known as sexual perversion and sexual deviation) is the experience of intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, situations, fantasies, behaviors, or individuals.
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Patent
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state or intergovernmental organization to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention.
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Pattern hair loss
Pattern hair loss, known as male-pattern hair loss (MPHL) when it affects males and female-pattern hair loss (FPHL) when it affects females, is hair loss that primarily affects the top and front of the scalp.
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Peripherally selective drug
Peripherally selective drugs have their primary mechanism of action outside of the central nervous system (CNS), usually because they are excluded from the CNS by the blood-brain barrier.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Pharmaceutical formulation
Pharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different chemical substances, including the active drug, are combined to produce a final medicinal product.
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Pharmaceutical manufacturing
Drug manufacturing is the process of industrial-scale synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs by pharmaceutical companies.
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Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics (from Ancient Greek pharmakon "drug" and kinetikos "moving, putting in motion"; see chemical kinetics), sometimes abbreviated as PK, is a branch of pharmacology dedicated to determining the fate of substances administered to a living organism.
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Pharyngitis
Pharyngitis is inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx.
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Pharynx
The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the throat that is behind the mouth and nasal cavity and above the esophagus and the larynx, or the tubes going down to the stomach and the lungs.
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Phenyl group
In organic chemistry, the phenyl group or phenyl ring is a cyclic group of atoms with the formula C6H5.
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Phenytoin
Phenytoin (PHT), sold under the brand name Dilantin among others, is an anti-seizure medication.
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Photosensitivity
Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving photons, especially visible light.
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Pituitary gland
An explanation of the development of the pituitary gland (Hypophysis cerebri) & the congenital anomalies. In vertebrate anatomy, the pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an endocrine gland about the size of a pea and weighing in humans.
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Plasma protein binding
Plasma protein binding refers to the degree to which medications attach to proteins within the blood.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a set of symptoms due to elevated androgens (male hormones) in females.
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Portuguese language
Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language originating from the regions of Galicia and northern Portugal in the 9th century.
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Pre-clinical development
In drug development, preclinical development, also named preclinical studies and nonclinical studies, is a stage of research that begins before clinical trials (testing in humans) can begin, and during which important feasibility, iterative testing and drug safety data are collected.
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Precocious puberty
In medicine, precocious puberty is puberty occurring at an unusually early age.
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Prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication or prescription medicine) is a pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a medical prescription to be dispensed.
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Priapism
Priapism is a condition in which a penis remains erect for hours in the absence of stimulation or after stimulation has ended.
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Progestogen
Progestogens, also sometimes spelled progestagens or gestagens, are a class of steroid hormones that bind to and activate the progesterone receptor (PR).
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Prohibition of drugs
The prohibition of drugs through sumptuary legislation or religious law is a common means of attempting to prevent the recreational use of certain harmful drugs and other intoxicating substances.
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Prolactin
Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin, is a protein that is best known for its role in enabling mammals, usually females, to produce milk.
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Propanamide
Propanamide has the chemical formula CH3CH2C.
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Prostate
The prostate (from Ancient Greek προστάτης, prostates, literally "one who stands before", "protector", "guardian") is a compound tubuloalveolar exocrine gland of the male reproductive system in most mammals.
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Prostate cancer
Prostate cancer is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.
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Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary fibrosis (literally "scarring of the lungs") is a respiratory disease in which scars are formed in the lung tissues, leading to serious breathing problems.
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Pulmonary toxicity
Pulmonary toxicity is the medical name for side effects on the lungs.
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Pyridine
Pyridine is a basic heterocyclic organic compound with the chemical formula C5H5N.
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Racemic mixture
In chemistry, a racemic mixture, or racemate, is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule.
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Radioactive tracer
A radioactive tracer, or radioactive label, is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radionuclide so by virtue of its radioactive decay it can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the radioisotope follows from reactants to products.
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Rash
A rash is a change of the human skin which affects its color, appearance, or texture.
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Reactivity (chemistry)
In chemistry, reactivity is the impetus for which a chemical substance undergoes a chemical reaction, either by itself or with other materials, with an overall release of energy.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Receptor antagonist
A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or dampens a biological response by binding to and blocking a receptor rather than activating it like an agonist.
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Regulation of therapeutic goods
The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction.
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Respiratory disease
Respiratory disease is a medical term that encompasses pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange possible in higher organisms, and includes conditions of the upper respiratory tract, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, pleura and pleural cavity, and the nerves and muscles of breathing.
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Route of administration
A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.
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Schering-Plough
Schering-Plough Corporation was a United States-based pharmaceutical company.
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Scientific literature
Scientific literature comprises scholarly publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences, and within an academic field, often abbreviated as the literature.
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Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Seborrhoeic dermatitis, also known as seborrhoea, is a long-term skin disorder.
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Secretion
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, e.g. secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.
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Selective androgen receptor modulator
Selective androgen receptor modulators or SARMs are a novel class of androgen receptor ligands.
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Semen
Semen, also known as seminal fluid, is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa.
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Seviteronel
Seviteronel (developmental codes VT-464 and, formerly, INO-464) is an experimental cancer medication which is under development by Viamet Pharmaceuticals and Innocrin Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer.
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Sex hormone-binding globulin
Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) or sex steroid-binding globulin (SSBG) is a glycoprotein that binds to the two sex hormones: androgen and estrogen.
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Sex steroid
Sex steroids, also known as gonadocorticoids and gonadal steroids, are steroid hormones that interact with vertebrate androgen or estrogen receptors.
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Sexual dysfunction
Sexual dysfunction (or sexual malfunction or sexual disorder) is difficulty experienced by an individual or a couple during any stage of a normal sexual activity, including physical pleasure, desire, preference, arousal or orgasm.
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Sexual intercourse
Sexual intercourse (or coitus or copulation) is principally the insertion and thrusting of the penis, usually when erect, into the vagina for sexual pleasure, reproduction, or both.
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Shortness of breath
Shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea, is the feeling that one cannot breathe well enough.
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Side chain
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a side chain is a chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called "main chain" or backbone.
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Side effect
In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.
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Slavic languages
The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) are the Indo-European languages spoken by the Slavic peoples.
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Solubility
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.
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Solvent
A solvent (from the Latin solvō, "loosen, untie, solve") is a substance that dissolves a solute (a chemically distinct liquid, solid or gas), resulting in a solution.
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Sore throat
Sore throat, also known as throat pain, is pain or irritation of the throat.
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid spermatozoa develop from germ cells in the seminiferous tubules of the testis.
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Spironolactone
Spironolactone, sold under the brand name Aldactone among others, is a medication that is primarily used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease.
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Steroid
A steroid is a biologically active organic compound with four rings arranged in a specific molecular configuration.
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Steroid hormone receptor
Steroid hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells.
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Steroidal antiandrogen
A steroidal antiandrogen (SAA) is an antiandrogen with a steroidal chemical structure.
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Structural analog
A structural analog, also known as a chemical analog or simply an analog, is a compound having a structure similar to that of another compound, but differing from it in respect to a certain component.
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Subcutaneous tissue
The subcutaneous tissue, also called the hypodermis, hypoderm, subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates.
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Suicide
Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.
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Sulfonyl
A sulfonyl group can refer either to a functional group found primarily in sulfones or to a substituent obtained from a sulfonic acid by the removal of the hydroxyl group similarly to acyl groups.
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Systematic name
A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection.
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Testicle
The testicle or testis is the male reproductive gland in all animals, including humans.
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Testosterone
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid.
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Tetrahydrofuran
Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is an organic compound with the formula (CH2)4O.
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Theophylline
Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a methylxanthine drug used in therapy for respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma under a variety of brand names.
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Thio-
The prefix thio-, when applied to a chemical, such as an ion, means that an oxygen atom in the compound has been replaced by a sulfur atom.
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Thioether
A thioether is a functional group in organosulfur chemistry with the connectivity C–S–C as shown on right.
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Thrombin
Thrombin (fibrinogenase, thrombase, thrombofort, topical, thrombin-C, tropostasin, activated blood-coagulation factor II, blood-coagulation factor IIa, factor IIa, E thrombin, beta-thrombin, gamma-thrombin) is a serine protease, an enzyme that, in humans, is encoded by the F2 gene.
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Thrombosis
Thrombosis (from Ancient Greek θρόμβωσις thrómbōsis "clotting”) is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.
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Toluidine
There are three isomers of toluidine, which are organic compounds.
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Topical medication
A topical medication is a medication that is applied to a particular place on or in the body.
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Topilutamide
Topilutamide, known more commonly as fluridil and sold under the brand name Eucapil, is a topical nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) related to flutamide and bicalutamide which is marketed by Interpharma Praha and used in certain European countries for the treatment of androgenic alopecia (pattern hair loss or baldness).
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Trademark distinctiveness
Trademark distinctiveness is an important concept in the law governing trademarks and service marks.
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Trans woman
A trans woman (sometimes trans-woman or transwoman) is a woman who was assigned male at birth.
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Transcortin
Transcortin, also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) or serpin A6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SERPINA6 gene.
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Transgender hormone therapy (male-to-female)
Transgender hormone therapy of the male-to-female (MTF) type, also known as feminizing hormone therapy, is a form of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and sex reassignment therapy which is used to change the secondary sexual characteristics of transgender people from masculine (or androgynous) to feminine.
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Trifluoromethyl
Trifluoromethyl is a functional group that has the formula -CF3.
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UGT1A9
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the UGT1A9 gene.
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Ultrastructure
Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope.
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services.
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United States dollar
The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.
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Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many animals.
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Urine flow rate
Urine flow rate or urinary flow rate is the volumetric flow rate of urine during urination.
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Urodynamic testing
Urodynamic testing or urodynamics is a study that assesses how the bladder and urethra are performing their job of storing and releasing urine.
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Virilization
Virilization or masculinization is the biological development of sex differences, changes that make a male body different from a female body.
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Vision disorder
A vision disorder is an impairment of the sense of vision.
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Warfarin
Warfarin, sold under the brand name Coumadin among others, is a medication that is used as an anticoagulant (blood thinner).
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Water retention (medicine)
The term water retention (also known as fluid retention) or hydrops, hydropsy, edema, signifies an abnormal accumulation of clear, watery fluid in the tissues or cavities of the body.
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Weakness
Weakness or asthenia is a symptom of a number of different conditions.
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White people
White people is a racial classification specifier, used mostly for people of European descent; depending on context, nationality, and point of view, the term has at times been expanded to encompass certain persons of North African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian descent, persons who are often considered non-white in other contexts.
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WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system.
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Xeroderma
Xeroderma or xerodermia (also known as xerosis cutis), derived from the Greek words for "dry skin", is a condition involving the integumentary system, which in most cases can safely be treated with emollients or moisturizers.
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Zeneca
Zeneca (officially Zeneca Group PLC) was a British multinational pharmaceutical company headquartered in London, United Kingdom.
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ZIP9
Zinc transporter ZIP9 also known as Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9) and solute carrier family 39 member 9 (SLC39A9) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC39A9 gene.
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3α-Androstanediol
3α-Androstanediol (often abbreviated as 3α-diol), also known as 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol, is an endogenous inhibitory androstane neurosteroid and weak androgen, and a major metabolite of dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
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3β-Androstanediol
3β-Androstanediol, also known as 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol, and often shortened to 3β-diol, is an endogenous steroid hormone.
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4-Cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline
4-Cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline, also known as 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile, is a cyanated and trifluoromethylated derivative of aniline.
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5α-Reductase
5α-reductases, also known as 3-oxo-5α-steroid 4-dehydrogenases, are enzymes involved in steroid metabolism.
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5α-Reductase inhibitor
5α-Reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs), also known as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) blockers, are a class of medications with antiandrogenic effects which are used primarily in the treatment of enlarged prostate and scalp hair loss.
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5N-Bicalutamide
5N-Bicalutamide, or 5-azabicalutamide, is a highly potent nonsteroidal antiandrogen (NSAA) which was discovered in 2016.
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Redirects here:
(R)-Bicalutamide, (R)-bicalutamide, (RS)-Bicalutamide, (RS)-bicalutamide, (S)-Bicalutamide, (S)-bicalutamide, 113299-38-0, 113299-40-4, 151262-58-7, 90357-06-5, ATC code L02BB03, ATCvet code QL02BB03, Apo Bicalutamide, Apo bicalutamide, Apo-Bicalutamide, Apo-bicalutamide, ApoBicalutamide, Apobicalutamide, BICALUTAMIDE, BRN 5364666, BRN-5364666, BRN5364666, Bica Q, Bica-Q, Bicacel, Bicadex, Bicalaccord, Bicalox, Bicalu, Bicalustad, Bicalut, Bicaluta, Bicalutamid, Bicalutamid Accord, Bicalutamid Actavis, Bicalutamid Bluefish, Bicalutamid Kabi, Bicalutamid Ratiopharm, Bicalutamid STADA, Bicalutamid Stada, Bicalutamid Teva, Bicalutamid ratiopharm, Bicalutamid-Accord, Bicalutamid-Actavis, Bicalutamid-Bluefish, Bicalutamid-Kabi, Bicalutamid-Ratiopharm, Bicalutamid-STADA, Bicalutamid-Stada, Bicalutamid-Teva, Bicalutamid-ratiopharm, Bicalutamida, Bicalutamida Accord, Bicalutamida Actavis, Bicalutamida Bluefish, Bicalutamida Kern Pharma, Bicalutamida Sandoz, Bicalutamida Teva, Bicalutamida-Actavis, Bicalutamida-Bluefish, Bicalutamida-Kern Pharma, Bicalutamida-Sandoz, Bicalutamida-Teva, Bicalutamide Accord, Bicalutamide Accord Healthcare, Bicalutamide Actavis, Bicalutamide Apotex, Bicalutamide Bluefish, Bicalutamide EG, Bicalutamide Fair-Med, Bicalutamide GA, Bicalutamide Grindeks, Bicalutamide Hikma, Bicalutamide Kabi, Bicalutamide Medac, Bicalutamide Mylan, Bicalutamide Pharmacenter, Bicalutamide Ranbaxy, Bicalutamide Ratiopharm, Bicalutamide Sandoz, Bicalutamide Sun, Bicalutamide Teva, Bicalutamide Zentiva, Bicalutamide ratiopharm, Bicalutamide-Accord, Bicalutamide-Accord Healthcare, Bicalutamide-Actavis, Bicalutamide-Apotex, Bicalutamide-Bluefish, Bicalutamide-EG, Bicalutamide-Fair-Med, Bicalutamide-GA, Bicalutamide-Grindeks, Bicalutamide-Hikma, Bicalutamide-Kabi, Bicalutamide-Medac, Bicalutamide-Mylan, Bicalutamide-Pharmacenter, Bicalutamide-Ranbaxy, Bicalutamide-Ratiopharm, Bicalutamide-Sandoz, Bicalutamide-Sun, Bicalutamide-Teva, Bicalutamide-Zentiva, Bicalutamide-ratiopharm, Bicalutamidi, Bicalutamidum, Bicamide, Bicastad, Bicatlon, Bicusan, Bikalen, Bikalis, Bikalutamid, Bikalutamid JGL, Bikalutamid Pliva, Bikalutamid-JGL, Bikalutamid-Pliva, Bikalutamida, Bikalutamide, Bikalutamidi, Bikalutamidum, Bilumide, Binabic, Binarex, Bypro, C18H14F4N2O4S, Caloxa, Calumid, Calutide, Calutol, Casadex, Casdrogen, Casode, Casodex, Cosudex, ICI 176,334, ICI 176,334-1, ICI 176334, ICI 176334-1, ICI-176,334, ICI-176,334-1, ICI-176334, ICI-176334-1, ICI176,334, ICI176,334-1, ICI176334, ICI176334-1, Kalumid, Kalutide, Kasadex, Kasedex, Kasodex, Ormandyl, PMS Bicalutamide, PMS-Bicalutamide, R-Bicalutamide, R-bicalutamide, RAN Bicalutamide, RAN-Bicalutamide, RS-Bicalutamide, RS-bicalutamide, Ran Bicalutamide, Ran-Bicalutamide, S-Bicalutamide, S-bicalutamide, Sandoz Bicalutamide, Sandoz-Bicalutamide, Spec Bicalutamide, Spec-Bicalutamide, Yonistib, ZD 176,334, ZD 176334, ZD-176,334, ZD-176334, ZD176,334, ZD176334, ZolaCos, ZolaCos CP, Zolacos, Zolacos CP, Zoladex-Cosudex CP, Zoladex-Cosudex Combination Pack, Zoladex–Cosudex CP, Zoladex–Cosudex Combination Pack.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicalutamide
