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137 relations: Abstract and concrete, Abstract art, Abstract interpretation, Abstract labour and concrete labour, Abstract particulars, Abstract structure, Accident (philosophy), Alfred Korzybski, Alfred Sohn-Rethel, Anatol Rapoport, Anaximander, Anthropologist, Apple, Archaeology, Architecture, Arena (Australian publishing co-operative), Aristotle, Atonality, Ball, Behavioral modernity, Being, Bill of lading, Carl Jung, Category of being, Charles Sanders Peirce, Commodity, Communication, Computer language, Computer science, Concept, Conceptual model, Conjecture, Construals, Construction, Data compression, Deductive reasoning, Diagram, Douglas Hofstadter, Economics, Elizabethan era, Emergence, Emic unit, Emotion, Empiricism, Engaged theory, Fertile Crescent, First principle, Francis Bacon, Galileo Galilei, Gödel, Escher, Bach, ..., General semantics, Gerund, Gottlob Frege, Grapheme, Happiness, Hierarchy, Homo economicus, Human brain, Hypostatic abstraction, Idea, Idealization (science philosophy), Individual, Inductive reasoning, Information, Innovation, Intuition, Inventor's paradox, Is-a, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, John F. Sowa, Karl Marx, Language, Leaky abstraction, Lexeme, Linguistics, Lyrical abstraction, Machine code, Marsupial, Mathematical maturity, Mathematics, Monotreme, Morpheme, Murray Gell-Mann, Neoclassical economics, Nicolaus Copernicus, Noun, Novum Organum, Nucleophilic abstraction, Object (philosophy), Object of the mind, Ontology, Operating system, Participle, Particular, Perception, Phenomenon, Philosophy, Phone (phonetics), Phoneme, Physics, Platonic realism, Pragmatics, Predicate (grammar), Predicate abstraction, Problem of universals, Proposition, Psychological Types, Qualia, Reality, Red, Referent, Reification (knowledge representation), Relation of Ideas, Rule of inference, Sculpture, Semantics, Sense and reference, Sensory nervous system, Sexagesimal, Shape, Sitting, Sociology, Source code, State (polity), Strategy, Susanne Langer, Symbol, Synonym, Syntax, Taxonomy (biology), Thales of Miletus, Thought, Tonality, Trope (philosophy), Type–token distinction, Without loss of generality. Expand index (87 more) »
Abstract and concrete
Abstract and concrete are classifications that denote whether a term describes an object with a physical referent or one with no physical referents.
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Abstract art
Abstract art uses a visual language of shape, form, color and line to create a composition which may exist with a degree of independence from visual references in the world.
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Abstract interpretation
In computer science, abstract interpretation is a theory of sound approximation of the semantics of computer programs, based on monotonic functions over ordered sets, especially lattices.
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Abstract labour and concrete labour
Abstract labour and concrete labour refer to a distinction made by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy.
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Abstract particulars
Abstract particulars are metaphysical entities which are both abstract objects and particulars.
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Abstract structure
An abstract structure is a formal object that is defined by a set of laws, properties and relationships in a way that is logically if not always historically independent of the structure of contingent experiences, for example, those involving physical objects.
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Accident (philosophy)
An accident, in philosophy, is an attribute that may or may not belong to a subject, without affecting its essence.
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Alfred Korzybski
Alfred Habdank Skarbek Korzybski (July 3, 1879 – March 1, 1950) was a Polish-American independent scholar who developed a field called general semantics, which he viewed as both distinct from, and more encompassing than, the field of semantics.
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Alfred Sohn-Rethel
Alfred Sohn-Rethel (4 January 1899 – 6 April 1990) was a French-born German Marxian economist and philosopher especially interested in epistemology.
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Anatol Rapoport
Anatol Rapoport (Анато́лий Бори́сович Рапопо́рт; May 22, 1911January 20, 2007) was a Russian-born American mathematical psychologist.
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Anaximander
Anaximander (Ἀναξίμανδρος Anaximandros; was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who lived in Miletus,"Anaximander" in Chambers's Encyclopædia.
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Anthropologist
An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology.
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Apple
An apple is a sweet, edible fruit produced by an apple tree (Malus pumila).
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Archaeology
Archaeology, or archeology, is the study of humanactivity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
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Architecture
Architecture is both the process and the product of planning, designing, and constructing buildings or any other structures.
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Arena (Australian publishing co-operative)
Arena is an independent Australian radical and critical publishing group.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs,; 384–322 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher and scientist born in the city of Stagira, Chalkidiki, in the north of Classical Greece.
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Atonality
Atonality in its broadest sense is music that lacks a tonal center, or key.
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Ball
A ball is a round object (usually spherical but sometimes ovoid) with various uses.
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Behavioral modernity
Behavioral modernity is a suite of behavioral and cognitive traits that distinguishes current Homo sapiens from other anatomically modern humans, hominins, and primates.
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Being
Being is the general concept encompassing objective and subjective features of reality and existence.
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Bill of lading
A bill of lading (sometimes abbreviated as B/L or BoL) is a document issued by a carrier (or their agent) to acknowledge receipt of cargo for shipment.
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Carl Jung
Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology.
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Category of being
In ontology, the different kinds or ways of being are called categories of being; or simply categories.
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Charles Sanders Peirce
Charles Sanders Peirce ("purse"; 10 September 1839 – 19 April 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".
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Commodity
In economics, a commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.
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Communication
Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share") is the act of conveying intended meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules.
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Computer language
A computer language is a method of communication with a computer.
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Computer science
Computer science deals with the theoretical foundations of information and computation, together with practical techniques for the implementation and application of these foundations.
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Concept
Concepts are mental representations, abstract objects or abilities that make up the fundamental building blocks of thoughts and beliefs.
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Conceptual model
A conceptual model is a representation of a system, made of the composition of concepts which are used to help people know, understand, or simulate a subject the model represents.
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Conjecture
In mathematics, a conjecture is a conclusion or proposition based on incomplete information, for which no proof has been found.
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Construals
In social psychology, construals are how individuals perceive, comprehend, and interpret the world around them, particularly the behavior or action of others towards themselves.
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Construction
Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.
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Data compression
In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.
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Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion.
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Diagram
A diagram is a symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique.
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Douglas Hofstadter
Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born February 15, 1945) is an American professor of cognitive science whose research focuses on the sense of self in relation to the external world, consciousness, analogy-making, artistic creation, literary translation, and discovery in mathematics and physics.
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Economics
Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
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Elizabethan era
The Elizabethan era is the epoch in the Tudor period of the history of England during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603).
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Emergence
In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence occurs when "the whole is greater than the sum of the parts," meaning the whole has properties its parts do not have.
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Emic unit
In linguistics and related fields, an emic unit is a type of abstract object.
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Emotion
Emotion is any conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of pleasure or displeasure.
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Empiricism
In philosophy, empiricism is a theory that states that knowledge comes only or primarily from sensory experience.
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Engaged theory
Engaged theory is a methodological framework for understanding social complexity.
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Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent (also known as the "cradle of civilization") is a crescent-shaped region where agriculture and early human civilizations like the Sumer and Ancient Egypt flourished due to inundations from the surrounding Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris rivers.
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First principle
A first principle is a basic, foundational, self-evident proposition or assumption that cannot be deduced from any other proposition or assumption.
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Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, (22 January 15619 April 1626) was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author.
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Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.
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Gödel, Escher, Bach
Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, also known as GEB, is a 1979 book by Douglas Hofstadter.
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General semantics
General semantics is a self improvement and therapy program begun in the 1920s that seeks to regulate human mental habits and behaviors.
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Gerund
A gerund (abbreviated) is any of various nonfinite verb forms in various languages, most often, but not exclusively, one that functions as a noun.
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Gottlob Frege
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician.
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Grapheme
In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest unit of a writing system of any given language.
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Happiness
In psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined by positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.
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Hierarchy
A hierarchy (from the Greek hierarchia, "rule of a high priest", from hierarkhes, "leader of sacred rites") is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) in which the items are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally.
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Homo economicus
The term homo economicus, or economic man, is a caricature of economic theory framed as a "mythical species" or word play on homo sapiens, and used in pedagogy.
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Human brain
The human brain is the central organ of the human nervous system, and with the spinal cord makes up the central nervous system.
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Hypostatic abstraction
Hypostatic abstraction in mathematical logic, also known as hypostasis or subjectal abstraction, is a formal operation that transforms a predicate into a relation; for example "Honey is sweet" is transformed into "Honey has sweetness".
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Idea
In philosophy, ideas are usually taken as mental representational images of some object.
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Idealization (science philosophy)
Idealization is the process by which scientific models assume facts about the phenomenon being modeled that are strictly false but make models easier to understand or solve.
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Individual
An individual is that which exists as a distinct entity.
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Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning (as opposed to ''deductive'' reasoning or ''abductive'' reasoning) is a method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion.
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Information
Information is any entity or form that provides the answer to a question of some kind or resolves uncertainty.
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Innovation
Innovation can be defined simply as a "new idea, device or method".
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Intuition
Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge without proof, evidence, or conscious reasoning, or without understanding how the knowledge was acquired.
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Inventor's paradox
The inventor's paradox is a phenomenon that occurs in seeking a solution to a given problem.
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Is-a
In knowledge representation, object-oriented programming and design (see object-oriented program architecture), is-a (is_a or is a) is a subsumption relationship between abstractions (e.g. types, classes), wherein one class A is a subclass of another class B (and so B is a superclass of A).
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Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a key figure in the scientific revolution.
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Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.
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John F. Sowa
John Florian Sowa (born 1940) is an American computer scientist, an expert in artificial intelligence and computer design, and the inventor of conceptual graphs.
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Karl Marx
Karl MarxThe name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error.
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Language
Language is a system that consists of the development, acquisition, maintenance and use of complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so; and a language is any specific example of such a system.
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Leaky abstraction
In software development, a leaky abstraction is an abstraction that exposes details and limitations of its underlying implementation to its users that should ideally be hidden away.
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Lexeme
A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning that exists regardless of the number of inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain.
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Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, and involves an analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in context.
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Lyrical abstraction
Lyrical abstraction is either of two related but distinct trends in Post-war Modernist painting: European Abstraction Lyrique born in Paris, the French art critic Jean José Marchand being credited with coining its name in 1947, considered as a component of (Tachisme) when the name of this movement was coined in 1951 by Pierre Guéguen and Charles Estienne the author of L'Art à Paris 1945–1966, and American Lyrical Abstraction a movement described by Larry Aldrich (the founder of the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, Ridgefield Connecticut) in 1969.
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Machine code
Machine code is a computer program written in machine language instructions that can be executed directly by a computer's central processing unit (CPU).
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Marsupial
Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia.
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Mathematical maturity
Mathematical maturity is an informal term used by mathematicians to refer to a mixture of mathematical experience and insight that cannot be directly taught.
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Mathematics
Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma, "knowledge, study, learning") is the study of such topics as quantity, structure, space, and change.
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Monotreme
Monotremes are one of the three main groups of living mammals, along with placentals (Eutheria) and marsupials (Metatheria).
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Morpheme
A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language.
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Murray Gell-Mann
Murray Gell-Mann (born September 15, 1929) is an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles.
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Neoclassical economics
Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics focusing on the determination of goods, outputs, and income distributions in markets through supply and demand.
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Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikołaj Kopernik; Nikolaus Kopernikus; Niklas Koppernigk; 19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe, likely independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier.
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Noun
A noun (from Latin nōmen, literally meaning "name") is a word that functions as the name of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
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Novum Organum
The Novum Organum, fully Novum Organum Scientiarum ('new instrument of science'), is a philosophical work by Francis Bacon, written in Latin and published in 1620.
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Nucleophilic abstraction
Nucleophilic abstraction is a type of an organometallic reaction which can be defined as a nucleophilic attack on a ligand which causes part or all of the original ligand to be removed from the metal along with the nucleophile.
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Object (philosophy)
An object is a technical term in modern philosophy often used in contrast to the term subject.
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Object of the mind
An object of the mind is an object that exists in the imagination, but which, in the real world, can only be represented or modeled.
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Ontology
Ontology (introduced in 1606) is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.
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Operating system
An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
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Participle
A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
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Particular
In metaphysics, particulars are defined as concrete, spatiotemporal entities as opposed to abstract entities, such as properties or numbers.
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Perception
Perception (from the Latin perceptio) is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information, or the environment.
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Phenomenon
A phenomenon (Greek: φαινόμενον, phainómenon, from the verb phainein, to show, shine, appear, to be manifest or manifest itself, plural phenomena) is any thing which manifests itself.
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Philosophy
Philosophy (from Greek φιλοσοφία, philosophia, literally "love of wisdom") is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
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Phone (phonetics)
In phonetics and linguistics, a phone is any distinct speech sound or gesture, regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to the meanings of words.
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Phoneme
A phoneme is one of the units of sound (or gesture in the case of sign languages, see chereme) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language.
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Physics
Physics (from knowledge of nature, from φύσις phýsis "nature") is the natural science that studies matterAt the start of The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Richard Feynman offers the atomic hypothesis as the single most prolific scientific concept: "If, in some cataclysm, all scientific knowledge were to be destroyed one sentence what statement would contain the most information in the fewest words? I believe it is that all things are made up of atoms – little particles that move around in perpetual motion, attracting each other when they are a little distance apart, but repelling upon being squeezed into one another..." and its motion and behavior through space and time and that studies the related entities of energy and force."Physical science is that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events." Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, and its main goal is to understand how the universe behaves."Physics is one of the most fundamental of the sciences. Scientists of all disciplines use the ideas of physics, including chemists who study the structure of molecules, paleontologists who try to reconstruct how dinosaurs walked, and climatologists who study how human activities affect the atmosphere and oceans. Physics is also the foundation of all engineering and technology. No engineer could design a flat-screen TV, an interplanetary spacecraft, or even a better mousetrap without first understanding the basic laws of physics. (...) You will come to see physics as a towering achievement of the human intellect in its quest to understand our world and ourselves."Physics is an experimental science. Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and try to find patterns that relate these phenomena.""Physics is the study of your world and the world and universe around you." Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines and, through its inclusion of astronomy, perhaps the oldest. Over the last two millennia, physics, chemistry, biology, and certain branches of mathematics were a part of natural philosophy, but during the scientific revolution in the 17th century, these natural sciences emerged as unique research endeavors in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics are not rigidly defined. New ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms studied by other sciences and suggest new avenues of research in academic disciplines such as mathematics and philosophy. Advances in physics often enable advances in new technologies. For example, advances in the understanding of electromagnetism and nuclear physics led directly to the development of new products that have dramatically transformed modern-day society, such as television, computers, domestic appliances, and nuclear weapons; advances in thermodynamics led to the development of industrialization; and advances in mechanics inspired the development of calculus.
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Platonic realism
Platonic realism is a philosophical term usually used to refer to the idea of realism regarding the existence of universals or abstract objects after the Greek philosopher Plato (c. 427–c. 347 BC), a student of Socrates.
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Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics and semiotics that studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.
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Predicate (grammar)
There are two competing notions of the predicate in theories of grammar.
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Predicate abstraction
In logic, predicate abstraction is the result of creating a predicate from a sentence.
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Problem of universals
In metaphysics, the problem of universals refers to the question of whether properties exist, and if so, what they are.
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Proposition
The term proposition has a broad use in contemporary analytic philosophy.
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Psychological Types
Psychological Types is Volume 6 in the Princeton / Bollingen edition of The Collected Works of C. G. Jung.
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Qualia
In philosophy and certain models of psychology, qualia (or; singular form: quale) are defined to be individual instances of subjective, conscious experience.
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Reality
Reality is all of physical existence, as opposed to that which is merely imaginary.
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Red
Red is the color at the end of the visible spectrum of light, next to orange and opposite violet.
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Referent
A referent is a person or thing to which a name – a linguistic expression or other symbol – refers.
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Reification (knowledge representation)
Reification in knowledge representation is the process of turning a predicate into an object.
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Relation of Ideas
In philosophy, a relation is a type of fact that is true or false of two things.
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Rule of inference
In logic, a rule of inference, inference rule or transformation rule is a logical form consisting of a function which takes premises, analyzes their syntax, and returns a conclusion (or conclusions).
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Sculpture
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.
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Semantics
Semantics (from σημαντικός sēmantikós, "significant") is the linguistic and philosophical study of meaning, in language, programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.
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Sense and reference
In the philosophy of language, the distinction between sense and reference was an innovation of the German philosopher and mathematician Gottlob Frege in 1892 (in his paper "On Sense and Reference"; German: "Über Sinn und Bedeutung"), reflecting the two ways he believed a singular term may have meaning.
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Sensory nervous system
The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information.
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Sexagesimal
Sexagesimal (base 60) is a numeral system with sixty as its base.
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Shape
A shape is the form of an object or its external boundary, outline, or external surface, as opposed to other properties such as color, texture or material composition.
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Sitting
Sitting is a basic human resting position.
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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Source code
In computing, source code is any collection of code, possibly with comments, written using a human-readable programming language, usually as plain text.
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State (polity)
A state is a compulsory political organization with a centralized government that maintains a monopoly of the legitimate use of force within a certain geographical territory.
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Strategy
Strategy (from Greek στρατηγία stratēgia, "art of troop leader; office of general, command, generalship") is a high-level plan to achieve one or more goals under conditions of uncertainty.
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Susanne Langer
Susanne Katherina Langer (née Knauth; December 20, 1895 – July 17, 1985) was an American philosopher, writer, and educator and was well known for her theories on the influences of art on the mind.
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Symbol
A symbol is a mark, sign or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship.
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Synonym
A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language.
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Syntax
In linguistics, syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a given language, usually including word order.
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Taxonomy (biology)
Taxonomy is the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.
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Thales of Miletus
Thales of Miletus (Θαλῆς (ὁ Μιλήσιος), Thalēs; 624 – c. 546 BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer from Miletus in Asia Minor (present-day Milet in Turkey).
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Thought
Thought encompasses a “goal oriented flow of ideas and associations that leads to reality-oriented conclusion.” Although thinking is an activity of an existential value for humans, there is no consensus as to how it is defined or understood.
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Tonality
Tonality is the arrangement of pitches and/or chords of a musical work in a hierarchy of perceived relations, stabilities, attractions and directionality.
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Trope (philosophy)
The term "trope" is both a term which denotes figurative and metaphorical language and one which has been used in various technical senses.
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Type–token distinction
The type–token distinction is used in disciplines such as logic, linguistics, metalogic, typography, and computer programming to clarify what words mean.
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Without loss of generality
Without loss of generality (often abbreviated to WOLOG, WLOG or w.l.o.g.; less commonly stated as without any loss of generality or with no loss of generality) is a frequently used expression in mathematics.
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Redirects here:
Abstract away, Abstract concepts, Abstract process, Abstract reasoning, Abstract thinking, Abstract thought, Abstracted, Abstraction (philosophy), Abstractional, Abstractions, Metaphorical existence.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction
