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245 relations: Adaptive radiation, Agriculture, Allele, Alpheus (genus), Amazon basin, Amphibian, Andes, Animal locomotion, Archipelago, Astrapia, Audubon's warbler, Baltimore oriole, Bicknell's thrush, Biodiversity, Biogeography, Biological dispersal, Biological specificity, Biome, Biotechnology, Bird-of-paradise, Black-headed grosbeak, Black-tailed prairie dog, Black-throated green warbler, Blue-headed vireo, Bonobo, Boreal chickadee, Bougainville monarch, Bullock's oriole, Carbohydrate, Cassin's vireo, Catharus, Center of origin, Chaeta, Character displacement, Charis (butterfly), Charles Darwin, Chestnut-backed chickadee, Chestnut-bellied monarch, Chimpanzee, Civil engineering, Climacteris, Climate, Cline (biology), Common descent, Connecticut warbler, Continental drift, Cordilleran flycatcher, Courtship display, Cryptorhynchinae, Cyclamen, ..., Darwin's finches, David Starr Jordan, DDT, Dendrocincla, Desiccation tolerance, Diadema antillarum, Diadema mexicanum, Dinosaur, Directional selection, Disjunct distribution, Divergent evolution, Drakensberg, Drosophila, Drosophila grimshawi, Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila mojavensis, Drosophila persimilis, Drosophila pseudoobscura, Drosophila simulans, Drosophila willistoni, Dugesia, Dytiscidae, Eastern meadowlark, Echinometra lucunter, Echinometra viridis, Eciton, Ecological niche, Ecological speciation, Ecology, Ecuador, Edward Bagnall Poulton, Emigration, Empidonax, Endemism, Environmental niche modelling, Ernst Mayr, Escape response, Ethanol, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, Evidence for speciation by reinforcement, Fecundity, Fisherian runaway, Fitness (biology), Fixation (population genetics), Flowering plant, Founder effect, Fox sparrow, Frillfin goby, Gene flow, Gene pool, Genetic drift, Genetic hitchhiking, Genetic recombination, Genetics, Genetics and the Origin of Species, Genome, Genotype, Geography, Geology, Glacial period, Grade (slope), Great American Interchange, Grey-cheeked thrush, H. Allen Orr, Habitat, Habitat fragmentation, Hawaiian honeycreeper, Hermit warbler, Heterogametic sex, Himalayas, Housefly, Humidity, Hybrid (biology), Hybrid speciation, Hybrid zone, Indigo bunting, Indo-Pacific, Islet, Isolation by distance, Isthmus of Panama, James Brown (ecologist), Jerry Coyne, Joel Asaph Allen, Karl Jordan, Lake Malawi, Land bridge, Laramide orogeny, Late Cretaceous, Lazuli bunting, Lek mating, Locus (genetics), MacGillivray's warbler, Macowania, Maize, Mangrove, Marsupial, Masatoshi Nei, Maylandia callainos, Melanesia, Melon fly, Mexican prairie dog, Modern synthesis (20th century), Molecular clock, Monarch flycatcher, Monophyly, Moritz Wagner, Morphology of Diptera, Mourning warbler, Mutation, Myrtle warbler, Nashville warbler, Natural selection, Neotropical realm, Neutral theory of molecular evolution, Northern flicker, Null (mathematics), On the Origin of Species, Oreothlypis, Organism, Orogeny, Pachycephala, Pacific-slope flycatcher, Panmixia, Parapatric speciation, Paroster, Passerine, Patagonia, Peripatric speciation, PH, Phenotype, Photoperiodism, Phototaxis, Phylogenetic niche conservatism, Phylogenetics, Picea mariana, Picea rubens, Plate tectonics, Pleiotropy, Plumbeous vireo, Poecile, Poison dart frog, Polyploid, Population, Primate, Pupa, Rana chensinensis, Range (biology), Rapa Iti, Red-breasted sapsucker, Red-naped sapsucker, Refugium (population biology), Reinforcement (speciation), Reproductive isolation, Reptile, Ring species, River barrier hypothesis, Robert Greenleaf Leavitt, Rodent, Rose-breasted grosbeak, Sapsucker, Setophaga, Sexual selection, Sisoridae, Sky island, Slate-colored fox sparrow, Solomon Islands, Sooty fox sparrow, South America, Speciation, Species, Species complex, Species problem, Sterility (physiology), Stochastic process, Stygofauna, Sub-Saharan Africa, Subspecies, Sympatric speciation, Sympatry, Systematics and the Origin of Species, Taiga, Taxis, Taxon, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Thick-billed fox sparrow, Tibetan Plateau, Topography, Townsend's warbler, Vireo, Virginia's warbler, Western meadowlark, White-capped monarch, Yellow-bellied sapsucker, Yellowthroat, Yilgarn Craton. Expand index (195 more) »
Adaptive radiation
In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, creates new challenges, or opens new environmental niches.
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Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.
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Allele
An allele is a variant form of a given gene.
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Alpheus (genus)
Alpheus is a genus of snapping shrimp of the family Alpheidae.
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Amazon basin
The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries.
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Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia.
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Andes
The Andes or Andean Mountains (Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world.
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Animal locomotion
Animal locomotion, in ethology, is any of a variety of movements or methods that animals use to move from one place to another.
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Archipelago
An archipelago, sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.
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Astrapia
The astrapias are a genus, Astrapia, of birds-of-paradise.
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Audubon's warbler
The Audubon's warbler (Setophaga auduboni or Setophaga coronata auduboni) is a small New World warbler.
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Baltimore oriole
The Baltimore oriole (Icterus galbula) is a small icterid blackbird common in eastern North America as a migratory breeding bird.
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Bicknell's thrush
The Bicknell's thrush (Catharus bicknelli) is a medium-sized thrush, at and.
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Biodiversity
Biodiversity, a portmanteau of biological (life) and diversity, generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth.
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Biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.
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Biological dispersal
Biological dispersal refers to both the movement of individuals (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria, etc.) from their birth site to their breeding site ('natal dispersal'), as well as the movement from one breeding site to another ('breeding dispersal').
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Biological specificity
In biology, biological specificity is the tendency of a characteristic such as a behavior or a biochemical variation to occur in a particular species.
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Biome
A biome is a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is the broad area of science involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2).
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Bird-of-paradise
The birds-of-paradise are members of the family Paradisaeidae of the order Passeriformes.
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Black-headed grosbeak
The black-headed grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus) is a medium-sized, seed-eating bird in the same family as the northern cardinal, the Cardinalidae.
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Black-tailed prairie dog
The black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus), is a rodent of the family Sciuridae found in the Great Plains of North America from about the United States-Canada border to the United States-Mexico border.
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Black-throated green warbler
The black-throated green warbler (Setophaga virens) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.
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Blue-headed vireo
The blue-headed vireo (Vireo solitarius) is a Neotropical migrating song bird found in North and Central America.
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Bonobo
The bonobo (Pan paniscus), formerly called the pygmy chimpanzee and less often, the dwarf or gracile chimpanzee, is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus Pan; the other is Pan troglodytes, or the common chimpanzee.
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Boreal chickadee
The boreal chickadee (Poecile hudsonicus) is a small passerine bird in the tit family Paridae.
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Bougainville monarch
The Bougainville monarch (Monarcha erythrostictus) is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae.
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Bullock's oriole
The Bullock's oriole (Icterus bullockii) is a small New World blackbird.
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Carbohydrate
A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula (where m may be different from n).
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Cassin's vireo
Cassin's vireo (Vireo cassinii) is a small North American songbird, ranging from southern British Columbia in Canada through the western coastal states of the United States.
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Catharus
Catharus is a genus of birds in the thrush family Turdidae.
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Center of origin
A center of origin (or centre of diversity) is a geographical area where a group of organisms, either domesticated or wild, first developed its distinctive properties.
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Chaeta
A chaeta or cheta (see spelling differences) is a chitinous bristle or seta found on an insect, arthropod or annelid worms such as the earthworm, although the term is also frequently used to describe similar structures in other invertebrates.
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Character displacement
Character displacement is the phenomenon where differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur, but are minimized or lost where the species’ distributions do not overlap.
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Charis (butterfly)
No description.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Chestnut-backed chickadee
The chestnut-backed chickadee (Poecile rufescens, formerly Parus rufescens) is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae.
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Chestnut-bellied monarch
The Chestnut-bellied monarch (Monarcha castaneiventris), or chestnut-bellied monarch-flycatcher is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae.
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Chimpanzee
The taxonomical genus Pan (often referred to as chimpanzees or chimps) consists of two extant species: the common chimpanzee and the bonobo.
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Civil engineering
Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built environment, including works such as roads, bridges, canals, dams, airports, sewerage systems, pipelines, and railways.
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Climacteris
Climacteris is a genus of bird in the Climacteridae family.
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Climate
Climate is the statistics of weather over long periods of time.
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Cline (biology)
In biology, a cline (from the Greek “klinein”, meaning “to lean”) is a measurable gradient in a single character (or biological trait) of a species across its geographical range.
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Common descent
Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.
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Connecticut warbler
The Connecticut warbler (Oporornis agilis) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.
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Continental drift
Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to "drift" across the ocean bed.
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Cordilleran flycatcher
The Cordilleran flycatcher (Empidonax occidentalis) is a small insect-eating bird.
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Courtship display
A courtship display is a set of display behaviors in which an animal attempts to attract a mate and exhibit their desire to copulate.
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Cryptorhynchinae
The Cryptorhynchinae is a large subfamily of weevils (Curculionidae), with some 6000 species.
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Cyclamen
Cyclamen is a genus of 23 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Primulaceae.
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Darwin's finches
Darwin's finches (also known as the Galápagos finches) are a group of about fifteen species of passerine birds.
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David Starr Jordan
David Starr Jordan (January 19, 1851 – September 19, 1931) was an American ichthyologist, educator, eugenicist, and peace activist.
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DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, commonly known as DDT, is a colorless, tasteless, and almost odorless crystalline chemical compound, an organochlorine, originally developed as an insecticide, and ultimately becoming infamous for its environmental impacts.
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Dendrocincla
Dendrocincla is a genus of bird in the woodcreeper subfamily (Dendrocolaptinae).
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Desiccation tolerance
Desiccation tolerance refers to the ability of an organism to withstand or endure extreme dryness, or drought-like conditions.
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Diadema antillarum
Diadema antillarum, also known as the lime urchin, black sea urchin, Grabaskey's bane or the long-spined sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the Family Diadematidae.
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Diadema mexicanum
Diadema mexicanum is a species of long-spined sea urchin belonging to the family Diadematidae.
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Dinosaur
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.
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Directional selection
In population genetics, directional selection is a mode of natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes, causing the allele frequency to shift over time in the direction of that phenotype.
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Disjunct distribution
In biology, a taxon with a disjunct distribution is one that has two or more groups that are related but considerably separated from each other geographically.
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Divergent evolution
Divergent evolution is the accumulation of differences between groups, leading to the formation of new species.
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Drakensberg
The Drakensberg (Afrikaans: Drakensberge, Zulu: uKhahlamba, Sotho: Maluti) is the name given to the eastern portion of the Great Escarpment, which encloses the central Southern African plateau.
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Drosophila
Drosophila is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.
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Drosophila grimshawi
Drosophila grimshawi is a species of fruit fly from Hawaii, and was one of 12 fruit fly genomes sequenced for a large comparative study.
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Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of fly (the taxonomic order Diptera) in the family Drosophilidae.
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Drosophila mojavensis
Drosophila mojavensis is a cactophilic species of fruit fly from the southwestern United States and Mexico, and was one of 12 fruitfly genomes sequenced for a large comparative study.
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Drosophila persimilis
Drosophila persimilis is a species of fruit fly that is a sister species to D. pseudoobscura, and was one of 12 fruitfly genomes sequenced for a large comparative study.
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Drosophila pseudoobscura
Drosophila pseudoobscura is a species of fruit fly, used extensively in lab studies of speciation.
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Drosophila simulans
Drosophila simulans is a species of fly closely related to D. melanogaster, belonging to the same ''melanogaster'' species subgroup.
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Drosophila willistoni
Drosophila willistoni is a species of fruit fly.
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Dugesia
Dugesia (pronounced, d(y)üˈjēzh(ē)ə) is a genus of dugesiid triclads that contains some common representatives of the class Turbellaria.
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Dytiscidae
The Dytiscidae – based on the Greek dytikos (δυτικός), "able to dive" – are the predaceous diving beetles, a family of water beetles.
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Eastern meadowlark
The eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) is a medium-sized icterid bird, very similar in appearance to the western meadowlark.
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Echinometra lucunter
Echinometra lucunter, the rock boring urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Echinometridae.
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Echinometra viridis
Echinometra viridis, the reef urchin, is a species of sea urchin in the family Echinometridae.
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Eciton
Eciton is a New World army ant genus that contains the most familiar species of army ants.
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Ecological niche
In ecology, a niche (CanE, or) is the fit of a species living under specific environmental conditions.
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Ecological speciation
Ecological speciation is the process by which ecologically based divergent selection between different environments leads to the creation of reproductive barriers between populations.
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Ecology
Ecology (from οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the branch of biology which studies the interactions among organisms and their environment.
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Ecuador
Ecuador (Ikwadur), officially the Republic of Ecuador (República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Ikwadur Ripuwlika), is a representative democratic republic in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.
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Edward Bagnall Poulton
Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton, FRS HFRSE (27 January 1856 – 20 November 1943) was a British evolutionary biologist who was a lifelong advocate of natural selection through a period in which many scientists such as Reginald Punnett doubted its importance.
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Emigration
Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere.
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Empidonax
The genus Empidonax is a group of small insect-eating passerine birds in the tyrant flycatcher family, the Tyrannidae.
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Endemism
Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.
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Environmental niche modelling
Environmental niche modelling, alternatively known as species distribution modelling, (ecological) niche modelling, predictive habitat distribution modelling, and climate envelope modelling refers to the process of using computer algorithms to predict the distribution of species in geographic space on the basis of a mathematical representation of their known distribution in environmental space (.
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Ernst Mayr
Ernst Walter Mayr (5 July 1904 – 3 February 2005) was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists.
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Escape response
In animal behaviour, escape response, escape reaction, or escape behaviour is a rapid series of movements performed by an animal in response to possible predation.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), also known by several other names, is a chemical originating in multiseasonal plants with dormancy stages as a lipidopreservative which helps to develop the stem, currently used for both industrial and medical purposes.
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Evidence for speciation by reinforcement
Reinforcement is a process within speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation between two populations of species by reducing the production of hybrids.
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Fecundity
In human demography and population biology, fecundity is the potential for reproduction of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set, or asexual propagules.
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Fisherian runaway
Fisherian runaway or runaway selection is a sexual selection mechanism proposed by the mathematical biologist Ronald Fisher in the early 20th century, to account for the evolution of exaggerated male ornamentation by persistent, directional female choice.
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Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is the quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection within evolutionary biology.
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Fixation (population genetics)
In population genetics, fixation is the change in a gene pool from a situation where there exists at least two variants of a particular gene (allele) in a given population to a situation where only one of the alleles remains.
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Flowering plant
The flowering plants, also known as angiosperms, Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta, are the most diverse group of land plants, with 416 families, approximately 13,164 known genera and c. 295,383 known species.
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Founder effect
In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.
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Fox sparrow
The fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) is a large American sparrow.
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Frillfin goby
The frillfin goby (Bathygobius soporator) is a species of marine fish in the genus Bathygobius.
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Gene flow
In population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration or allele flow) is the transfer of genetic variation from one population to another.
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Gene pool
The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species.
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Genetic drift
Genetic drift (also known as allelic drift or the Sewall Wright effect) is the change in the frequency of an existing gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms.
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Genetic hitchhiking
Genetic hitchhiking, also called genetic draft or the hitchhiking effect, is when an allele changes frequency not because it itself is under natural selection, but because it is near another gene that is undergoing a selective sweep and that is on the same DNA chain.
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Genetic recombination
Genetic recombination (aka genetic reshuffling) is the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.
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Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.
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Genetics and the Origin of Species
Genetics and the Origin of Species is a 1937 book by the Ukrainian-American evolutionary biologist Theodosius Dobzhansky.
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Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is the genetic material of an organism.
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Genotype
The genotype is the part of the genetic makeup of a cell, and therefore of an organism or individual, which determines one of its characteristics (phenotype).
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Geography
Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth.
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Geology
Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
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Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances.
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Grade (slope)
The grade (also called slope, incline, gradient, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal.
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Great American Interchange
The Great American Interchange was an important late Cenozoic paleozoogeographic event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America via Central America to South America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents.
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Grey-cheeked thrush
The grey-cheeked thrush (Catharus minimus) is a medium-sized thrush.
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H. Allen Orr
H.
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Habitat
In ecology, a habitat is the type of natural environment in which a particular species of organism lives.
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Habitat fragmentation
Habitat fragmentation describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism's preferred environment (habitat), causing population fragmentation and ecosystem decay.
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Hawaiian honeycreeper
Hawaiian honeycreepers are small, passerine birds endemic to Hawaiokinai.
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Hermit warbler
The hermit warbler (Setophaga occidentalis) is a small perching bird.
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Heterogametic sex
Heterogametic sex (digametic sex) refers to the sex of a species in which the sex chromosomes are not the same.
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Himalayas
The Himalayas, or Himalaya, form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau.
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Housefly
The housefly (Musca domestica) is a fly of the suborder Cyclorrhapha.
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Humidity
Humidity is the amount of water vapor present in the air.
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Hybrid (biology)
In biology, a hybrid, or crossbreed, is the result of combining the qualities of two organisms of different breeds, varieties, species or genera through sexual reproduction.
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Hybrid speciation
Hybrid speciation is a form of speciation where hybridization between two different species leads to a new species, reproductively isolated from the parent species.
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Hybrid zone
A hybrid zone exists where the ranges of two interbreeding species or diverged intraspecific lineages meet and cross-fertilize.
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Indigo bunting
The indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) is a small seed-eating bird in the cardinal family, Cardinalidae.
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Indo-Pacific
The Indo-Pacific, sometimes known as the Indo-West Pacific, is a biogeographic region of Earth's seas, comprising the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean, the western and central Pacific Ocean, and the seas connecting the two in the general area of Indonesia.
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Islet
An islet is a very small island.
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Isolation by distance
Isolation by distance (IBD) (note: the acronym IBD is also used for another important concept in population genetics, Identity by descent) is a term used to refer to the accrual of local genetic variation under geographically limited dispersal The IBD model is useful for determining the distribution of gene frequencies over a geographic region.
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Isthmus of Panama
The Isthmus of Panama (Istmo de Panamá), also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien (Istmo de Darién), is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America.
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James Brown (ecologist)
James Hemphill Brown (born 1942) is an American biologist and academic.
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Jerry Coyne
Jerry Allen Coyne (born December 30, 1949) is an American biologist, known for his work on speciation and his commentary on intelligent design.
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Joel Asaph Allen
Joel Asaph Allen (July 19, 1838 – August 29, 1921) was an American zoologist, mammalogist and ornithologist.
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Karl Jordan
Heinrich Ernst Karl Jordan (7 December 1861 – 12 January 1959) was a German entomologist.
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Lake Malawi
Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.
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Land bridge
A land bridge, in biogeography, is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonise new lands.
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Laramide orogeny
The Laramide orogeny was a period of mountain building in western North America, which started in the Late Cretaceous, 70 to 80 million years ago, and ended 35 to 55 million years ago.
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Late Cretaceous
The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous period is divided in the geologic timescale.
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Lazuli bunting
The lazuli bunting (Passerina amoena) is a North American songbird named for the gemstone lapis lazuli.
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Lek mating
A lek, from the Swedish word for "play", is an aggregation of male animals gathered to engage in competitive displays, lekking, to entice visiting females which are surveying prospective partners for copulation.
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Locus (genetics)
A locus (plural loci) in genetics is a fixed position on a chromosome, like the position of a gene or a marker (genetic marker).
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MacGillivray's warbler
The MacGillivray's warbler (Geothlypis tolmiei) is a species of New World warbler.
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Macowania
Macowania is a genus of African flowering plants in the pussy's-toes tribe within the sunflower family.
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Maize
Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
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Mangrove
A mangrove is a shrub or small tree that grows in coastal saline or brackish water.
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Marsupial
Marsupials are any members of the mammalian infraclass Marsupialia.
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Masatoshi Nei
is a population geneticist currently affiliated with the Department of Biology at Temple University as a Carnell Professor.
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Maylandia callainos
Maylandia callainos (sometimes referred to as cobalt zebra, cobalt blue mbuna or cobalt blue African cichlid) is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi where they only occurred naturally in Nkhata Bay though it has now been introduced to other locations.
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Melanesia
Melanesia is a subregion of Oceania extending from New Guinea island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean to the Arafura Sea, and eastward to Fiji.
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Melon fly
The melon fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) is a fruit fly of the family Tephritidae.
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Mexican prairie dog
The Mexican prairie dog (Cynomys mexicanus) is a diurnal burrowing rodent native to Mexico.
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Modern synthesis (20th century)
The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis reconciling Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity in a joint mathematical framework.
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Molecular clock
The molecular clock is a technique that uses the mutation rate of biomolecules to deduce the time in prehistory when two or more life forms diverged.
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Monarch flycatcher
The monarchs (family Monarchidae) comprise a family of over 100 passerine birds which includes shrikebills, paradise flycatchers, and magpie-larks.
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Monophyly
In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
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Moritz Wagner
Moritz Wagner (Bayreuth, 3 October 1813 – Munich, 31 May 1887) was a German explorer, collector, geographer and natural historian.
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Morphology of Diptera
The Diptera is a very large and diverse order of mostly small to medium-sized insects.
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Mourning warbler
The mourning warbler (Geothlypis philadelphia) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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Myrtle warbler
The myrtle warbler (Setophaga coronata coronata) is a small New World warbler.
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Nashville warbler
The Nashville warbler (Oreothlypis ruficapilla) is a small songbird in the New World warbler family, found in North and Central America.
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Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
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Neotropical realm
The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting the Earth's land surface.
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Neutral theory of molecular evolution
The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that at the molecular level most evolutionary changes and most of the variation within and between species is not caused by natural selection but by genetic drift of mutant alleles that are neutral.
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Northern flicker
The northern flicker (Colaptes auratus) is a medium-sized bird of the woodpecker family.
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Null (mathematics)
In mathematics, the word null (from null meaning "zero", which is from nullus meaning "none") means of or related to having zero members in a set or a value of zero.
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On the Origin of Species
On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.
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Oreothlypis
Oreothlypis is a genus of New World warbler.
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Organism
In biology, an organism (from Greek: ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any individual entity that exhibits the properties of life.
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Orogeny
An orogeny is an event that leads to a large structural deformation of the Earth's lithosphere (crust and uppermost mantle) due to the interaction between plate tectonics.
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Pachycephala
Pachycephala is a genus of birds native to Oceania and Southeast Asia.
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Pacific-slope flycatcher
The Pacific-slope flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis) is a small insectivorous bird of the family Tyrannidae.
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Panmixia
Panmixia (or panmixis) means random mating.
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Parapatric speciation
In parapatric speciation, two subpopulations of a species evolve reproductive isolation from one another while continuing to exchange genes.
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Paroster
Paroster is a genus of beetles in the family Dytiscidae, containing the following species.
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Passerine
A passerine is any bird of the order Passeriformes, which includes more than half of all bird species.
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Patagonia
Patagonia is a sparsely populated region located at the southern end of South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.
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Peripatric speciation
Peripatric speciation is a mode of speciation in which a new species is formed from an isolated peripheral population.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Phenotype
A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior (such as a bird's nest).
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Photoperiodism
Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night.
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Phototaxis
Phototaxis is a kind of taxis, or locomotory movement, that occurs when a whole organism moves towards or away from stimulus of light.
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Phylogenetic niche conservatism
The term phylogenetic niche conservatism has seen increasing use in recent years in the scientific literature, though the exact definition has been a matter of some contention.
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Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics (Greek: φυλή, φῦλον – phylé, phylon.
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Picea mariana
Picea mariana, the black spruce, is a North American species of spruce tree in the pine family.
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Picea rubens
Picea rubens, commonly known as red spruce, is a species of spruce native to eastern North America, ranging from eastern Quebec and Nova Scotia, west to the Adirondack Mountains and south through New England along the Appalachians to western North Carolina.
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Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus, from the τεκτονικός "pertaining to building") is a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth's lithosphere, since tectonic processes began on Earth between 3 and 3.5 billion years ago.
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Pleiotropy
Pleiotropy (from Greek πλείων pleion, "more", and τρόπος tropos, "way") occurs when one gene influences two or more seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits.
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Plumbeous vireo
The plumbeous vireo (Vireo plumbeus) is a small North American songbird, ranging from far southeastern Montana and western South Dakota south to the Pacific coast of Mexico, including the extreme southern regions of Baja California Sur.
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Poecile
Poecile is a genus of birds in the tit family Paridae.
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Poison dart frog
Poison dart frog (also known as dart-poison frog, poison frog or formerly known as poison arrow frog) is the common name of a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae which are native to tropical Central and South America.
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Polyploid
Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.
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Population
In biology, a population is all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.
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Primate
A primate is a mammal of the order Primates (Latin: "prime, first rank").
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Pupa
A pupa (pūpa, "doll"; plural: pūpae) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages.
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Rana chensinensis
The Asiatic grass frog or Chinese brown frog (Rana chensinensis) is a species of frog in the Ranidae family, found in China and Mongolia.
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Range (biology)
In biology, the range of a species is the geographical area within which that species can be found.
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Rapa Iti
Rapa, sometimes called Rapa Iti (Little Rapa, to distinguish it from "Rapa Nui" (Big Rapa), a name for Easter Island), is the largest and only inhabited island of the Bass Islands in French Polynesia.
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Red-breasted sapsucker
The red-breasted sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber) is a medium-sized woodpecker of the forests of the west coast of North America.
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Red-naped sapsucker
The red-naped sapsucker (Sphyrapicus nuchalis) is a medium-sized North American woodpecker.
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Refugium (population biology)
In biology, a refugium (plural: refugia) is a location which supports an isolated or relict population of a once more widespread species.
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Reinforcement (speciation)
Reinforcement (sometimes called secondary contact) is a process of speciation where natural selection increases the reproductive isolation between two populations of species.
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Reproductive isolation
The mechanisms of reproductive isolation are a collection of evolutionary mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes critical for speciation.
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Reptile
Reptiles are tetrapod animals in the class Reptilia, comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, amphisbaenians, lizards, tuatara, and their extinct relatives.
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Ring species
In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which can interbreed with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each "linked" population.
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River barrier hypothesis
The river barrier hypothesis is a hypothesis seeking to partially explain the high species diversity in the Amazon Basin, first presented by Alfred Russel Wallace in his 1852 paper On Monkeys of the Amazon.
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Robert Greenleaf Leavitt
Dr.
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Rodent
Rodents (from Latin rodere, "to gnaw") are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.
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Rose-breasted grosbeak
The rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus) is a large, seed-eating grosbeak in the cardinal family (Cardinalidae).
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Sapsucker
The sapsuckers are four species of North American woodpeckers in the genus Sphyrapicus.
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Setophaga
Setophaga is a genus of birds of the New World warbler family Parulidae.
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Sexual selection
Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection where members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with (intersexual selection), and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex (intrasexual selection).
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Sisoridae
Sisoridae is a family of catfishes.
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Sky island
Sky islands are isolated mountains surrounded by radically different lowland environments.
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Slate-colored fox sparrow
The slate-colored fox sparrow (Passerella (iliaca) schistacea) group comprises the Rocky Mountain taxa in the genus Passerella.
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Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is a sovereign country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania lying to the east of Papua New Guinea and northwest of Vanuatu and covering a land area of.
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Sooty fox sparrow
The sooty fox sparrow (Passerella (iliaca) unalaschcensis) contains the darkest-colored taxa in the genus Passerella.
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South America
South America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Speciation
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.
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Species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank, as well as a unit of biodiversity, but it has proven difficult to find a satisfactory definition.
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Species complex
In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related species that are very similar in appearance to the point that the boundaries between them are often unclear.
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Species problem
The species problem is the set of questions that arises when biologists attempt to define what a species is.
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Sterility (physiology)
Sterility is the physiological inability to effect sexual reproduction in a living thing, members of whose kind have been produced sexually.
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Stochastic process
--> In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a collection of random variables.
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Stygofauna
Stygofauna are any fauna that live in groundwater systems or aquifers, such as caves, fissures and vugs.
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Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara.
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Subspecies
In biological classification, the term subspecies refers to a unity of populations of a species living in a subdivision of the species’s global range and varies from other populations of the same species by morphological characteristics.
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Sympatric speciation
Sympatric speciation is the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region.
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Sympatry
In biology, two species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus frequently encounter one another.
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Systematics and the Origin of Species
Systematics and the Origin of Species from the Viewpoint of a Zoologist is a book written by zoologist and evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr, first published in 1942 by Columbia University Press.
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Taiga
Taiga (p; from Turkic), also known as boreal forest or snow forest, is a biome characterized by coniferous forests consisting mostly of pines, spruces and larches.
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Taxis
A taxis (plural taxes) is the movement of an organism in response to a stimulus such as light or the presence of food.
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Taxon
In biology, a taxon (plural taxa; back-formation from taxonomy) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
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Theodosius Dobzhansky
Theodosius Grygorovych Dobzhansky (Теодо́сій Григо́рович Добжа́нський; Феодо́сий Григо́рьевич Добржа́нский; January 25, 1900 – December 18, 1975) was a prominent Ukrainian-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist, and a central figure in the field of evolutionary biology for his work in shaping the modern synthesis.
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Thick-billed fox sparrow
The thick-billed fox sparrow (Passerella (iliaca) megarhyncha) group comprises the peculiarly large-billed Sierra Nevadan taxa in the genus Passerella.
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Tibetan Plateau
The Tibetan Plateau, also known in China as the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau or the Qing–Zang Plateau or Himalayan Plateau, is a vast elevated plateau in Central Asia and East Asia, covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai in western China, as well as part of Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
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Topography
Topography is the study of the shape and features of the surface of the Earth and other observable astronomical objects including planets, moons, and asteroids.
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Townsend's warbler
Townsend's warbler (Setophaga townsendi) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.
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Vireo
The vireos make up a family, Vireonidae, of small to medium-sized passerine birds found in the New World (Canada to Argentina,including the West Indies) and Southeast Asia, "Vireo" is a Latin word referring to a green migratory bird, perhaps the female golden oriole, possibly the European greenfinch.
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Virginia's warbler
Virginia's warbler (Oreothlypis virginiae) is a species of New World warbler.
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Western meadowlark
The western meadowlark (Sturnella neglecta) is a medium-sized icterid bird, about in length.
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White-capped monarch
The white-capped monarch (Monarcha richardsii), or Richards' monarch, is a species of bird in the family Monarchidae.
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Yellow-bellied sapsucker
The yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius) is a medium-sized woodpecker that breeds in Canada and the north-northeastern United States.
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Yellowthroat
The yellowthroats are New World warblers in the genus Geothlypis.
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Yilgarn Craton
The Yilgarn Craton is a large craton that constitutes the bulk of the Western Australian land mass.
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Allopatric, Allopatric Speciation, Allopatric group, Allopatric population, Allopatry, Allospecies, Biogeographic barrier, Geographic isolation, Geographic speciation, Geographical isolation, Microallopatric, Vicariad, Vicariance, Vicariance theory, Vicariant, Vicariant event, Vicariant specation, Vicariant speciation.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allopatric_speciation
