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167 relations: Abdi-Ashirta, Abdi-Heba, Abdi-Riša, Abimilku, Achshaph, Acre, Israel, Adad-Nirari of Nuhašše, Adda-danu, Akhenaten, Akizzi, Akkadian language, Alashiya, Amarna, Amarna letter EA 1, Amarna letter EA 10, Amarna letter EA 100, Amarna letter EA 11, Amarna letter EA 12, Amarna letter EA 144, Amarna letter EA 149, Amarna letter EA 15, Amarna letter EA 153, Amarna letter EA 161, Amarna letter EA 19, Amarna letter EA 2, Amarna letter EA 245, Amarna letter EA 252, Amarna letter EA 256, Amarna letter EA 26, Amarna letter EA 27, Amarna letter EA 270, Amarna letter EA 271, Amarna letter EA 282, Amarna letter EA 286, Amarna letter EA 287, Amarna letter EA 289, Amarna letter EA 3, Amarna letter EA 323, Amarna letter EA 325, Amarna letter EA 35, Amarna letter EA 362, Amarna letter EA 364, Amarna letter EA 365, Amarna letter EA 366, Amarna letter EA 367, Amarna letter EA 4, Amarna letter EA 5, Amarna letter EA 6, Amarna letter EA 7, Amarna letter EA 8, ..., Amarna letter EA 9, Amarna letters–localities and their rulers, Amarna Period, Amenhotep, Amenhotep III, Ammunira, Amurru kingdom, Ancient Egypt, Arqa, Arzawa, Ashkelon, Ashur-uballit I, Assyria, Ay, Émile Gaston Chassinat, Šuppiluliuma I, Šuwardata, Ba‘alat Gebal, Babylon, Babylonia, Beirut, Berlin, Biblical studies, Biridiya, Biryawaza, Brick, British Museum, Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh, Burna-Buriash II, Byblos, Cairo, Canaan, Canaano-Akkadian language, Carchemish, Chariot, Chicago, Chronology, Clay tablet, Cuneiform script, Cyprus, Damascus, Diplomatic correspondence, Egypt, Egyptian Museum, Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, Endaruta, England, Etakkama, Flinders Petrie, Gaza City, Germany, Gezer, Habiru, Hazi Aslanov, Hebrew language, Hebrews, Hittites, Houri, Ili-Rapih, Israel Finkelstein, Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon, Jerusalem, Kadashman-Enlil I, Kadesh (Syria), Kamid al lawz, King of Battle, Labaya, Lady of the Lions, Leipzig, Lingua franca, List of artifacts in biblical archaeology, Louvre, Mesopotamia, Milkilu, Mitanni, Mutbaal, Naziba, New Chronology (Rohl), New Kingdom of Egypt, Niqmaddu II, Nuhašše, Parable, Pella, Jordan, Pharaoh, Phoenician language, Poetry, Pu-Ba'lu, Pushkin Museum, Qanawat, Qatna, Ra, Regnal year, Rib-Hadda, Semitic languages, Shechem, Shuttarna II, Sidon, Syria, Tagi (Ginti mayor), Tahmašši, Tel Hazor, Tel Lachish, Tel Megiddo, Tell el-Hesi, Text corpus, Ti'inik, Tunip, Tushratta, Tutankhamun, Tutu (Egyptian official), Tyre, Lebanon, Ugarit, University of Chicago Oriental Institute, Upper Egypt, Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, William L. Moran, Yanhamu. Expand index (117 more) »
Abdi-Ashirta
Abdi-Ashirta (14th century BC) was the ruler of Amurru who was in conflict with King Rib-Hadda of Byblos.
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Abdi-Heba
Abdi-Heba (Abdi-Kheba, Abdi-Hepat, or Abdi-Hebat) was a local chieftain of Jerusalem during the Amarna period (mid-1330s BC).
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Abdi-Riša
Abdi-Riša was a ruler-'mayor' of Enišasi, during the period of the Amarna letters correspondence (1350-1335 BC).
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Abimilku
Abimilku (also spelled Abi-Milku or Abimilki) around 1347 BC held the rank of Prince of Tyre (called "Surru" in the letters), during the period of the Amarna letters correspondence (1350-1335 BC).
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Achshaph
Achshaph was a royal city of the Canaanites, in the north of Canaan (Josh. 11:1; 12:20; 19:25).
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Acre, Israel
Acre (or, עַכּוֹ, ʻAko, most commonly spelled as Akko; عكّا, ʻAkkā) is a city in the coastal plain region of Israel's Northern District at the extremity of Haifa Bay.
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Adad-Nirari of Nuhašše
Adad-Nirari or Addu-Nirari was a king of Nuhašše in the 14th century BC.
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Adda-danu
Adda-danu was the 'mayor' of the city/city-state of Gazru-(modern Gezer, Israel) of the Amarna letters period, 1350-1335 BC.
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Akhenaten
Akhenaten (also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, Ikhnaton, and Khuenaten; meaning "Effective for Aten"), known before the fifth year of his reign as Amenhotep IV (sometimes given its Greek form, Amenophis IV, and meaning "Amun Is Satisfied"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty who ruled for 17 years and died perhaps in 1336 BC or 1334 BC.
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Akizzi
Prince Akizzi was the ruler of Qatna in the fourteenth century BC.
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Akkadian language
Akkadian (akkadû, ak-ka-du-u2; logogram: URIKI)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.
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Alashiya
Alashiya, also spelled Alasiya, was a state which existed in the Middle and Late Bronze Ages, and was situated somewhere in the Eastern Mediterranean.
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Amarna
Amarna (al-ʿamārnah) is an extensive Egyptian archaeological site that represents the remains of the capital city newly established and built by the Pharaoh Akhenaten of the late Eighteenth Dynasty, and abandoned shortly after his death (1332 BC).
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Amarna letter EA 1
Amarna Letter EA1 is the letter of the Amarna series of inscriptions designated EA1, which is inscribed with cuneiform writing showing correspondence between Kadašman-Enlil I and the pharaoh, Amenhotep III.
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Amarna letter EA 10
Amarna Letter EA10 is the letter of the Amarna series of inscriptions designated EA10, which is inscribed with cuneiform writing showing the continuation of a correspondence between Burna-Buriash II (otherwise known as Burra-Buriyaš) an ancient king of Babylon, and Akhenaten (also known as Amenophis III), an ancient pharaoh of Egypt.
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Amarna letter EA 100
EA 100, has 22 lines per side; EA 364, 14 lines.
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Amarna letter EA 11
Amarna letter EA11 is a letter of correspondence to Akhenaten of Egypt from the king of Babylon, Burna-Buriash II.
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Amarna letter EA 12
Amarna letter EA12 is a correspondence written to Egypt by a princess of Babylonia.
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Amarna letter EA 144
Amarna letter EA 144, titled: "Zimreddi of Sidon," is a square-shaped, mostly flat clay tablet letter written on both sides and the bottom edge.
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Amarna letter EA 149
EA 100, has 22 lines per side; EA 364, 14 lines.
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Amarna letter EA 15
Amarna letter EA 15, titled: "Assyria Joins the International Scene" is a shorter-length clay tablet Amarna letter from Ashur-uballit I of the "Land of Assyria", (line 3 of EA 15).
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Amarna letter EA 153
("Out-of-Focus") The fractured upper left corner shows the surface gloss of the clay tablet, and its non-gloss interior; similar high surface-gloss letters are EA 9, EA 23, EA 153, and EA 362.--> Amarna letter EA 153, titled: Ships on Hold, is a short-length clay tablet letter from Abimilku of the island (at Amarna letters time) of city-state Tyre.
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Amarna letter EA 161
Amarna letter EA 161, titled: An Absence Explained, is a tall clay tablet letter of 8 paragraphs, with single paragraphing lines.
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Amarna letter EA 19
Amarna letter EA 19, is a tall clay tablet letter of 13 paragraphs, in relatively pristine condition, with some minor flaws on the clay, but a complete enough story, that some included words can complete the story of the letter.
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Amarna letter EA 2
Amarna Letter EA2 is the letter of the Amarna series of inscriptions designated EA2, which is inscribed with cuneiform writing showing the continuation of a correspondence between Kadašman-Enlil I and Amenḥotep III, from EA1.
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Amarna letter EA 245
Amarna letter EA 245, titled: "Assignment of Guilt," is a medium length clay tablet Amarna letter from Biridiya the governor-'mayor' of Magidda.
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Amarna letter EA 252
Amarna letter EA 252, titled: Sparing One's Enemies, is a square, mostly flat clay tablet letter written on both sides, and the bottom edge.
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Amarna letter EA 256
Amarna letter EA 256, titled: Oaths and Denials, is a square, mostly flat clay tablet letter written on both sides; it is also written on the bottom, top (.
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Amarna letter EA 26
(very high-resolution expandable photo)--> Amarna letter EA 26, titled: "To the Queen Mother: Some Missing Gold Statues" is a shorter-length clay tablet Amarna letter from Tushratta of Mittani.
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Amarna letter EA 27
Amarna letter EA 27 is a letter addressed to Amenhotep IV and concerns "The Missing Gold Statues Again".
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Amarna letter EA 270
Amarna letter EA 270, titled: "Extortion," is an ovate-shaped, medium-sized, tall letter, approximately 3 in wide x 4 in tall, from Milkilu the mayor/ruler of Gazru (Gezer), of the mid 14th century BC Amarna letters.
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Amarna letter EA 271
Amarna letter EA 271, titled: "The Power of the 'Apiru," is an ovate-shaped, medium-sized, tall letter, approximately 3 in wide x 4 in tall, from Milkilu the mayor/ruler of Gazru (Gezer), of the mid 14th century BC Amarna letters.
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Amarna letter EA 282
Amarna letter EA 282, is a relatively short ovate clay tablet Amarna letter, located in the British Museum, no.
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Amarna letter EA 286
Amarna letter EA 286, titled: "A Throne Granted, Not Inherited,"Moran, William L. 1987, 1992.
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Amarna letter EA 287
Amarna letter EA 287, titled: "A Very Serious Crime," is a tall, finely-inscribed clay tablet letter, approximately 8 in tall, from Abdi-Heba the mayor/ruler of Jerusalem, of the mid 14th century BC Amarna letters.
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Amarna letter EA 289
Amarna letter EA 289, titled: "A Reckoning Demanded," is a moderately tall, finely-inscribed clay tablet letter, approximately 6.5 in tall, from Abdi-Heba the mayor/ruler of Jerusalem, of the mid 14th century BC Amarna letters.
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Amarna letter EA 3
Amarna Letter EA3 is a letter of correspondence between Nimu'wareya, this being the ruler of Egypt, Amenḥotep III, and Kadašman-Enlil, the king of Babylon.
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Amarna letter EA 323
Amarna letter EA 323, titled: A Royal Order for Glass, is a smaller, square, mostly flat clay tablet letter written on both sides, but only half of the reverse; it is also written on the bottom, and is a letter from 'governor' Yidya, and is a short letter like many of his other Amarna letters, numbered EA 320 to EA 326.
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Amarna letter EA 325
Amarna letter EA 325, titled: "Preparations Completed (2)," is a shorter-length clay tablet Amarna letter from Yidya the governor-'mayor' of Ašqaluna-(Ashkelon).
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Amarna letter EA 35
Amarna letter EA 35, titled: The Hand of Nergal, is a moderate length clay tablet letter from the king of Alashiya (modern Cyprus) to the king (pharaoh) of Egypt (photo, high resolution). The letter has multiple short paragraphs, with scribed, single-lines showing the paragraphing.
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Amarna letter EA 362
Amarna letter EA 362, titled: "A Commissioner Murdered," is a finely-inscribed clay tablet letter from Rib-Haddi, the mayor/'man' of the city of Byblos, (Gubla of the letters).
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Amarna letter EA 364
Amarna letter EA 364, titled: Justified War, is a tall narrow clay tablet letter of correspondence.
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Amarna letter EA 365
Amarna letter EA 365, titled: Furnishing Corvée Workers, is a square, mostly flat clay tablet, but thick enough (pillow-shaped), to contain text that continues toward the right margin, the right side of the obverse side, and also to the right side of the reverse side of the tablet.
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Amarna letter EA 366
Amarna letter EA 366 is from the king of Gath to the king of Egypt.
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Amarna letter EA 367
Moran, William L. 1987, 1992.
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Amarna letter EA 4
Amarna Letter EA4 is a continuation of correspondence between Kadašman-Enlil I and Amenhotep III.
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Amarna letter EA 5
Amarna Letter EA5 is a correspondence between Kadašman-Enlil I and Amenhotep III.
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Amarna letter EA 6
Amarna Letter EA6 is a correspondence from Burra-Buriyaš to Nimmuwarea the king of Egypt.
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Amarna letter EA 7
Amarna Letter EA7 is a letter of correspondence between Napḫurureya, king of Egypt, and Burra-Buriyaš the king of Karaduniyaš, and is part of a series of correspondences from Babylonia to Egypt, which run from EA2 to EA4 and EA6 to EA14.
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Amarna letter EA 8
Amarna Letter EA8 is a continuation of correspondence between Napḫurureya, king of Egypt, and Burra-Buriyaš the king of Karaduniyaš.
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Amarna letter EA 9
Amarna letter EA 9, is a tall, compact 38 line (capable of 55 lines) clay tablet letter of 3 paragraphs, in pristine condition, with few flaws on the clay.
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Amarna letters–localities and their rulers
This is a list of the "Amarna letters" –Text corpus, categorized by: Amarna letters–localities and their rulers.
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Amarna Period
The Amarna Period was an era of Egyptian history during the later half of the Eighteenth Dynasty when the royal residence of the pharaoh and his queen was shifted to Akhetaten ('Horizon of the Aten') in what is now Amarna.
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Amenhotep
Amenhotep (Ỉmn-ḥtp; “Amun is pleased”) was an ancient Egyptian name.
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Amenhotep III
Amenhotep III (Hellenized as Amenophis III; Egyptian Amāna-Ḥātpa; meaning Amun is Satisfied), also known as Amenhotep the Magnificent, was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
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Ammunira
Ammunira was a king of Beirut in the mid-fourteenth century BCE.
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Amurru kingdom
Amurru was an Amorite kingdom established c. 2000 BC, in a region spanning present-day western and north-western Syria and northern Lebanon The first documented leader of Amurru was Abdi-Ashirta, under whose leadership Amurru was part of the Egyptian empire.
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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River - geographically Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, in the place that is now occupied by the countries of Egypt and Sudan.
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Arqa
Arqa (عرقا.) (Phoenician: Irqata; ערקת, 'Arqat in the Bible) is a Sunni village near Miniara in Akkar Governorate, Lebanon, 22 km northeast of Tripoli, near the coast.
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Arzawa
Arzawa in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC (roughly from late 15th century BC until the beginning of the 12th century BC) was the name of a region and a political entity (a "kingdom" or a federation of local powers) in Western Anatolia.
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Ashkelon
Ashkelon (also spelled Ashqelon and Ascalon; help; عَسْقَلَان) is a coastal city in the Southern District of Israel on the Mediterranean coast, south of Tel Aviv, and north of the border with the Gaza Strip.
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Ashur-uballit I
Ashur-uballit I (Aššur-uballiṭ I), who reigned between 1365 and 1330 BC, was the first king of the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC).
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Assyria
Assyria, also called the Assyrian Empire, was a major Semitic speaking Mesopotamian kingdom and empire of the ancient Near East and the Levant.
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Ay
Ay was the penultimate Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt's 18th dynasty.
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Émile Gaston Chassinat
Émile Gaston Chassinat (May 5, 1868 - May 26, 1948) was a French Egyptologist.
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Šuppiluliuma I
Suppiluliuma I or Suppiluliumas I was king of the Hittites (r. c. 1344–1322 BC (short chronology)).
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Šuwardata
Šuwardata, also Šuardatu, (Shuwardata) is understood by most scholars to be the king of the Canaanite city of Gath (Tell es-Safi), although some have suggested that he was the 'mayor' of Qiltu, (Keilah?, or Qi'iltu) during the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.
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Ba‘alat Gebal
Ba‘alat Gebal, 'Lady of Byblos', was the goddess of the city of Byblos, Phoenicia in ancient times.
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Babylon
Babylon (KA2.DIĜIR.RAKI Bābili(m); Aramaic: בבל, Babel; بَابِل, Bābil; בָּבֶל, Bavel; ܒܒܠ, Bāwēl) was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia from the 18th to 6th centuries BC.
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Babylonia
Babylonia was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq).
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Beirut
Beirut (بيروت, Beyrouth) is the capital and largest city of Lebanon.
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Berlin
Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its 16 constituent states.
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Biblical studies
Biblical studies is the academic application of a set of diverse disciplines to the study of the Bible (the Tanakh and the New Testament).
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Biridiya
Biridiya was the ruler of Megiddo in the 14th century BC.
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Biryawaza
Biryawaza was a powerful ruler in the area of Egyptian controlled Syria in the middle fourteenth century BC.
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Brick
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction.
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British Museum
The British Museum, located in the Bloomsbury area of London, United Kingdom, is a public institution dedicated to human history, art and culture.
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Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh
The building known as the Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh (also known as the Records Office) is located in the 'Central City' area of the Ancient Egyptian city of Amarna, Akhetaten, the short-lived capital of Akhenaten.
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Burna-Buriash II
Burna-Buriaš II, rendered in cuneiform as Bur-na- or Bur-ra-Bu-ri-ia-aš in royal inscriptions and letters, and meaning servant or protégé of the Lord of the lands in the Kassite language, where Buriaš is a Kassite storm god possibly corresponding to the Greek Boreas, was a king in the Kassite dynasty of Babylon, in a kingdom contemporarily called Karduniaš, ruling ca.
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Byblos
Byblos, in Arabic Jbail (جبيل Lebanese Arabic pronunciation:; Phoenician: 𐤂𐤁𐤋 Gebal), is a Middle Eastern city on Levant coast in the Mount Lebanon Governorate, Lebanon.
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Cairo
Cairo (القاهرة) is the capital of Egypt.
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Canaan
Canaan (Northwest Semitic:; Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 Kenā‘an; Hebrew) was a Semitic-speaking region in the Ancient Near East during the late 2nd millennium BC.
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Canaano-Akkadian language
Canaano-Akkadian is an ancient Semitic language which was the written language of the Amarna letters from Canaan.
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Carchemish
Carchemish, also spelled Karkemish (Hittite: Karkamiš; Turkish: Karkamış; Greek: Εὔρωπος; Latin: Europus), was an important ancient capital in the northern part of the region of Syria.
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Chariot
A chariot is a type of carriage driven by a charioteer using primarily horses to provide rapid motive power.
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Chicago
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third most populous city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.
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Chronology
Chronology (from Latin chronologia, from Ancient Greek χρόνος, chrónos, "time"; and -λογία, -logia) is the science of arranging events in their order of occurrence in time.
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Clay tablet
In the Ancient Near East, clay tablets (Akkadian ṭuppu(m) 𒁾) were used as a writing medium, especially for writing in cuneiform, throughout the Bronze Age and well into the Iron Age.
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Cuneiform script
Cuneiform script, one of the earliest systems of writing, was invented by the Sumerians.
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Cyprus
Cyprus (Κύπρος; Kıbrıs), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία; Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean.
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Damascus
Damascus (دمشق, Syrian) is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic; it is also the country's largest city, following the decline in population of Aleppo due to the battle for the city.
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Diplomatic correspondence
Diplomatic correspondence is correspondence between one state and another, usually – though not exclusively – of a formal character.
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Egypt
Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
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Egyptian Museum
The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, known commonly as the Egyptian Museum or Museum of Cairo, in Cairo, Egypt, is home to an extensive collection of ancient Egyptian antiquities.
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Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
The Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XVIII, alternatively 18th Dynasty or Dynasty 18) is classified as the first Dynasty of the Ancient Egyptian New Kingdom period, lasting from 1549/1550 BC to 1292 BC.
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Endaruta
Endaruta was the ruler of Achshaph-(Akšapa of the letters), in the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Etakkama
Etakkama, as a common name, but also, Aitukama, Atak(k)ama, Etak(k)ama, and Itak(k)ama is the name for the 'mayor' (king) of Qidšu, (Kadesh) of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.
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Flinders Petrie
Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie, FRS, FBA (3 June 1853 – 28 July 1942), commonly known as Flinders Petrie, was an English Egyptologist and a pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology and preservation of artifacts.
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Gaza City
Gaza (The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998),, p. 761 "Gaza Strip /'gɑːzə/ a strip of territory in Palestine, on the SE Mediterranean coast including the town of Gaza...". غزة,; Ancient Ġāzā), also referred to as Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip, with a population of 515,556, making it the largest city in the State of Palestine.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Gezer
Gezer, or Tel Gezer (גֶּזֶר)(also Tell el-Jezer) is an archaeological site in the foothills of the Judaean Mountains at the border of the Shfela region roughly midway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv.
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Habiru
Habiru (sometimes written as Hapiru, and more accurately as 'Apiru, meaning "dusty, dirty") is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile Crescent for people variously described as rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, bowmen, servants, slaves, and laborers.
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Hazi Aslanov
Hazi Aslanov (Hazi Ahad oglu Aslanov, Həzi Aslanov, Ази Асланов; commonly described as Azi Aslanov and A. A. Aslanov,;Aleksander A. Maslov, David M. Glantz, Fallen Soviet Generals: Soviet General Officers Killed in Battle, 1941-1945, Routledge, 1998,, January 22, 1910 – January 24, 1945) was an Azerbaijani major-general of the Soviet armoured troops during World War II.
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Hebrew language
No description.
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Hebrews
Hebrews (Hebrew: עברים or עבריים, Tiberian ʿIḇrîm, ʿIḇriyyîm; Modern Hebrew ʿIvrim, ʿIvriyyim; ISO 259-3 ʕibrim, ʕibriyim) is a term appearing 34 times within 32 verses of the Hebrew Bible.
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Hittites
The Hittites were an Ancient Anatolian people who played an important role in establishing an empire centered on Hattusa in north-central Anatolia around 1600 BC.
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Houri
The houris (from حُـورِی,; plural of or;حورية is also transliterated as or; pronunciation:. حُـورِيَّـة) are beings in Islamic mythology, described in English translations as "full-breasted companions of equal age ",Qur'an.
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Ili-Rapih
Ili-Rapih was the follow-on mayor in Gubla-(modern Byblos), and the brother of Rib-Hadda, the former mayor of Gubla, (who was the prolific author of letters to pharaoh); Ili-Rapih is in the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence, and wrote 2 follow-on letters to the Pharaoh after the death of Rib-Haddi.
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Israel Finkelstein
Israel Finkelstein (ישראל פינקלשטיין, born March 29, 1949) is an Israeli archaeologist and academic.
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Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon
Jørgen Alexander Knudtzon (9 September 1854 – 7 January 1917) was a Norwegian linguist and historian.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
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Kadashman-Enlil I
Kadašman-Enlil I, typically rendered mka-dáš-man-dEN.LÍL in contemporary inscriptions (with the archaic masculine determinative preceding his name), was a Kassite King of Babylon from ca.
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Kadesh (Syria)
Kadesh (also Qadesh) was an ancient city of the Levant, located on or near the headwaters or a ford of the Orontes River.
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Kamid al lawz
Kamid al lawz (or Kamid el-Loz) is located in West Bekaa, Lebanon.
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King of Battle
The King of Battle, or šar tamḫāri, is an ancient Mesopotamian epic tale of Sargon of Akkad and his campaign against the city of Purušḫanda in the Anatolian highlands and its king, Nur-DaggalWhere the Hittite version, lNu-úr-da-aḫ-ḫi, mistakes the GAN in lZALAG-dda-gan for ḪÉ.
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Labaya
Labaya (also transliterated as Labayu or Lib'ayu) was a 14th-century BCE ruler or warlord in the central hill country of southern Canaan.
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Lady of the Lions
NIN-UR.MAH.MEŠ, named the "Lady" of the Lions, was the author of two letters to the pharaoh, the King of Ancient Egypt, in the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.
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Leipzig
Leipzig is the most populous city in the federal state of Saxony, Germany.
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Lingua franca
A lingua franca, also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vernacular language, or link language is a language or dialect systematically used to make communication possible between people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both native languages.
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List of artifacts in biblical archaeology
The following is a list of artifacts, objects created or modified by human culture, that are significant to the historicity of the Bible.
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Louvre
The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is the world's largest art museum and a historic monument in Paris, France.
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.
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Milkilu
Milkilu, and more properly Milk-ilu, or Milku-ilu, with an alternate version of Ili-Milku-(letter 286, by Abdi-Heba of Jerusalem), was the mayor/ruler of Gazru-(Gezer) of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.
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Mitanni
Mitanni (Hittite cuneiform; Mittani), also called Hanigalbat (Hanigalbat, Khanigalbat cuneiform) in Assyrian or Naharin in Egyptian texts, was a Hurrian-speaking state in northern Syria and southeast Anatolia from c. 1500 to 1300 BC.
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Mutbaal
Mutbaal (Akk. "man of Baal") was a Canaanite king of the Amarna Period.
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Naziba
Naziba, was a small 'city', or 'city-state' south of Dimašqu-(Damascus), in the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.
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New Chronology (Rohl)
New Chronology is an alternative chronology of the ancient Near East developed by English Egyptologist David Rohl and other researchers beginning with A Test of Time: The Bible - from Myth to History in 1995.
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New Kingdom of Egypt
The New Kingdom, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties of Egypt.
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Niqmaddu II
Niqmaddu II was the second ruler and king of Ugarit, an Ancient Syrian citystate in northwestern Syria, reigning c. 1350–1315 BC (or possibly c. 1380–1346 BC) and succeeding his less known father, Ammittamru I. He took his name from the earlier Amorite ruler Niqmaddu, meaning "Addu has vindicated" to strengthen the supposed origins of his Ugaritic dynasty in the Amorites.
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Nuhašše
Nuhašše, also Nuhašša, was a region in northwestern Syria that flourished in the 2nd millennium BC.
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Parable
A parable is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse that illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles.
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Pella, Jordan
Pella (Ancient Greek: Πέλλα, also known in Arabic as Tabaqat Fahl, طبقة فحل) is found in northwestern Jordan, 27.4 km (17 miles) south of the Sea of Galilee.
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Pharaoh
Pharaoh (ⲡⲣ̅ⲣⲟ Prro) is the common title of the monarchs of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty (c. 3150 BCE) until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Empire in 30 BCE, although the actual term "Pharaoh" was not used contemporaneously for a ruler until circa 1200 BCE.
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Phoenician language
Phoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal (Mediterranean) region then called "Canaan" in Phoenician, Hebrew, Old Arabic, and Aramaic, "Phoenicia" in Greek and Latin, and "Pūt" in the Egyptian language.
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Poetry
Poetry (the term derives from a variant of the Greek term, poiesis, "making") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
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Pu-Ba'lu
Pu-Ba'lu, (another spelling, also Pu-Bahla) was ruler/mayor of Yursa, (a city/city-state in Canaan(?)), of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.
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Pushkin Museum
The Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts (Музей изобразительных искусств им., also known as ГМИИ) is the largest museum of European art in Moscow, located in Volkhonka street, just opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour.
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Qanawat
Qanawat (قنوات), is a village in Syria, located 7 km north-east of al-Suwayda.
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Qatna
Qatna (modern: تل المشرفة, Tell al-Mishrifeh) is an ancient city located in Homs Governorate, Syria.
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Ra
Ra (rꜥ or rˤ; also transliterated rˤw; cuneiform: ri-a or ri-ia) or Re (ⲣⲏ, Rē) is the ancient Egyptian sun god.
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Regnal year
A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin regnum meaning kingdom, rule.
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Rib-Hadda
Rib-Hadda (also rendered Rib-Addi, Rib-Addu, Rib-Adda) was king of Byblos during the mid fourteenth century BCE.
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Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family originating in the Middle East.
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Shechem
Shechem, also spelled Sichem (שְׁכָם / Standard Šəḵem Tiberian Šeḵem, "shoulder"), was a Canaanite city mentioned in the Amarna letters, and is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as an Israelite city of the tribe of Manasseh and the first capital of the Kingdom of Israel.
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Shuttarna II
Shuttarna II (or Šuttarna) was a king of the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni in the early 14th century BC.
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Sidon
Sidon (صيدا, صيدون,; French: Saida; Phoenician: 𐤑𐤃𐤍, Ṣīdūn; Biblical Hebrew:, Ṣīḏōn; Σιδών), translated to 'fishery' or 'fishing-town', is the third-largest city in Lebanon.
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Syria
Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Tagi (Ginti mayor)
Tagi was the ruler/mayor of ancient Ginti–(Gintikirmil), of the 14th century BC Amarna letters.
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Tahmašši
Tahmašši, or Takhmašši, and also known by his hypocoristicon or pet name: Tahmaya, or Atahmaya was an Egyptian official to pharaoh in the 1350 BC Amarna letters correspondence.
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Tel Hazor
Tel Hazor (תל חצור), also Hatzor and Tell el-Qedah (تل القضاه), is an archaeological tell at the site of ancient Hazor, located in Israel, Upper Galilee, north of the Sea of Galilee, in the southern Hula Valley overlooking Lake Merom.
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Tel Lachish
Tel Lachish (תל לכיש; Λαχις; Tel Lachis), is the site of an ancient Near East city, now an archaeological site and an Israeli national park.
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Tel Megiddo
Tel Megiddo (מגידו; مجیدو, Tell al-Mutesellim, "The Tell of the Governor") is an ancient city whose remains form a tell (archaeological mound), situated in northern Israel near Kibbutz Megiddo, about 30 km south-east of Haifa.
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Tell el-Hesi
Tell el-Hesi (תל חסי) is a 25-acre archaeological site in Israel.
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Text corpus
In linguistics, a corpus (plural corpora) or text corpus is a large and structured set of texts (nowadays usually electronically stored and processed).
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Ti'inik
Ti'inik (تعّنك; תיעניכ), also transliterated Ta'anakh, Ti’innik or Taanach, is a Palestinian village in the West Bank, located 13 km Northwest of the city of Jenin in the northern West Bank.
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Tunip
Tunip was a city-state in western Syria in 1350–1335 BC, the period of the Amarna letters.
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Tushratta
Tushratta (Sanskrit Tvesa-ratha, "his chariot charges") was a king of Mitanni at the end of the reign of Amenhotep III and throughout the reign of Akhenaten—approximately the late 14th century BC.
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Tutankhamun
Tutankhamun (alternatively spelled with Tutenkh-, -amen, -amon) was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (ruled c. 1332–1323 BC in the conventional chronology), during the period of Egyptian history known as the New Kingdom or sometimes the New Empire Period.
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Tutu (Egyptian official)
Tutu, the Egyptian official, was one of pharaoh's officials during the Amarna letters period: 1350-1335 BC.
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Tyre, Lebanon
Tyre (صور, Ṣūr; Phoenician:, Ṣūr; צוֹר, Ṣōr; Tiberian Hebrew, Ṣōr; Akkadian:, Ṣurru; Greek: Τύρος, Týros; Sur; Tyrus, Տիր, Tir), sometimes romanized as Sour, is a district capital in the South Governorate of Lebanon.
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Ugarit
Ugarit (𐎜𐎂𐎗𐎚, ʼUgart; أُوغَارِيت Ūġārīt, alternatively أُوجَارِيت Ūǧārīt) was an ancient port city in northern Syria.
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University of Chicago Oriental Institute
The Oriental Institute (OI), established in 1919, is the University of Chicago's interdisciplinary research center for ancient Near Eastern ("Orient") studies, and archaeology museum.
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Upper Egypt
Upper Egypt (صعيد مصر, shortened to الصعيد) is the strip of land on both sides of the Nile that extends between Nubia and downriver (northwards) to Lower Egypt.
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Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin
The Vorderasiatisches Museum (Near East Museum) is an archaeological museum in Berlin.
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William L. Moran
William Lambert Moran (August 11, 1921 – December 19, 2000) was an American Assyriologist.
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Yanhamu
Yanhamu, also Yenhamu, and Enhamu, was an Egyptian commissioner of the 1350-1335 BC Amarna letters correspondence.
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Amarna Letters, Amarna correspondence, Amarna letter, Amarna letters-phrases and quotations, Amarna letters–phrases and quotations, Amarna tablets, El-Amarna letters, Tell el-Amarna Tablets, Tell el-Amarna Tablets, The.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters
