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140 relations: Absolute zero, Accuracy and precision, Age of the universe, Air Force Space Command, Allan variance, Aluminium, Ammonia, Asia-Pacific, Atom, Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space, Atomic electron transition, Atomic fountain, Atomic physics, Atomichron, Attosecond, Bandwidth (signal processing), BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, Beryllium, Boulder, Colorado, Caesium standard, Calcium, Chip-scale package, Clock, Clock drift, Coordinated Universal Time, David J. Wineland, Deep Space Atomic Clock, Degenerate matter, Earth's rotation, Electricity, Electromagnetic spectrum, Electron, Energy level, Ephemeris time, European GNSS Agency, European Space Agency, Fabry–Pérot interferometer, FAQ, Femtosecond, Fermi gas, Floyd K. Richtmyer, Frequency, Frequency comb, Frequency standard, Galileo (satellite navigation), Geodesy, Global Positioning System, GLONASS, GPS disciplined oscillator, Gravitational time dilation, ..., Hertz, Hewlett-Packard, Hydrogen line, Hydrogen maser, Hyperfine structure, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Indium, Interferometry, International Astronomical Union, International Atomic Time, International Bureau of Weights and Measures, International Committee for Weights and Measures, International System of Units, Internet, Ion, Isidor Isaac Rabi, Isotopes of caesium, Isotopes of hydrogen, Isotopes of rubidium, Isotopes of strontium, Isotopes of ytterbium, James Clerk Maxwell, JILA, John L. Hall, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, Jun Ye, Laser cooling, Leap second, Light, List of atomic clocks, Lock-in amplifier, Louis Essen, Magnesium, Magneto-optical trap, Maser, Mercury (element), Metre, Microwave, Microwave cavity, Millisecond, Nanosecond, NASA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom), National Radio Company, Network Time Protocol, NIST-F1, NIST-F2, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nuclear clock, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Paris Observatory, Phase noise, Physical Review Letters, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space, Primary standard, Pulsar clock, Quantum clock, Quantum information, Quartz clock, Radio astronomy, Radio clock, Radio receiver, Resonance, Rubidium standard, Russian Aerospace Defence Forces, Satellite navigation, Science, Science Museum, London, Second, Solar time, Speaking clock, Strontium, Telecommunication, Terahertz radiation, Theodor W. Hänsch, Thorium, Time and frequency transfer, Time signal, Time standard, Transmitter, Ultraviolet, Universal Time, University of Delaware, Volt, Watt, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Wired UK, Ytterbium. Expand index (90 more) »
Absolute zero
Absolute zero is the lower limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale, a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as 0.
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Accuracy and precision
Precision is a description of random errors, a measure of statistical variability.
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Age of the universe
In physical cosmology, the age of the universe is the time elapsed since the Big Bang.
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Air Force Space Command
Air Force Space Command (AFSPC), sometimes referred to informally as U.S. Space Command, is a major command of the United States Air Force, with its headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado.
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Allan variance
The Allan variance (AVAR), also known as two-sample variance, is a measure of frequency stability in clocks, oscillators and amplifiers, named after David W. Allan and expressed mathematically as \sigma_y^2(\tau).
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific or Asia Pacific (abbreviated as APAC, Asia-Pac, AsPac, APJ, JAPA or JAPAC) is the part of the world in or near the Western Pacific Ocean.
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Atom
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element.
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Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space
Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) is a project led by the European Space Agency which will place ultra-stable atomic clocks on the International Space Station.
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Atomic electron transition
Atomic electron transition is a change of an electron from one energy level to another within an atom or artificial atom.
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Atomic fountain
An atomic fountain is a cloud of atoms that is tossed upwards in the Earth's gravitational field by lasers.
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Atomic physics
Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus.
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Atomichron
The Atomichron was the world's first commercial atomic clock, built by the National Company, Inc of Malden, Massachusetts.
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Attosecond
An attosecond is 1×10−18 of a second (one quintillionth of a second).
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Bandwidth (signal processing)
Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies.
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BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) is a Chinese satellite navigation system.
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Beryllium
Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.
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Boulder, Colorado
Boulder is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Boulder County, and the 11th most populous municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado.
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Caesium standard
The caesium standard is a primary frequency standard in which electronic transitions between the two hyperfine ground states of caesium-133 atoms are used to control the output frequency.
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Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
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Chip-scale package
A chip scale package or chip-scale package (CSP) is a type of integrated circuit package.
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Clock
A clock is an instrument to measure, keep, and indicate time.
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Clock drift
Clock drift refers to several related phenomena where a clock does not run at exactly the same rate as a reference clock.
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Coordinated Universal Time
No description.
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David J. Wineland
David Jeffrey Wineland (born February 24, 1944) is an American Nobel-laureate physicist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) physics laboratory.
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Deep Space Atomic Clock
The Deep Space Atomic Clock (DSAC) is a miniaturized, ultra-precise mercury-ion atomic clock for precise radio navigation in deep space.
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Degenerate matter
Degenerate matter is a highly dense state of matter in which particles must occupy high states of kinetic energy in order to satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle.
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Earth's rotation
Earth's rotation is the rotation of Planet Earth around its own axis.
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Electricity
Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of electric charge.
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Electromagnetic spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of frequencies (the spectrum) of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Energy level
A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy.
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Ephemeris time
The term ephemeris time (often abbreviated ET) can in principle refer to time in connection with any astronomical ephemeris.
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European GNSS Agency
The European Global Navigation Satellite Systems Agency (European GNSS Agency; GSA; formerly European GNSS Supervisory Authority) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that aims to ensure that essential public interests are properly defended and represented in connection with satellite navigation programmes of the union: Galileo and European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS).
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European Space Agency
The European Space Agency (ESA; Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.
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Fabry–Pérot interferometer
In optics, a Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI) or etalon is typically made of a transparent plate with two reflecting surfaces, or two parallel highly reflecting mirrors.
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FAQ
Frequently asked questions (FAQ) or Questions and Answers (Q&A), are listed questions and answers, all supposed to be commonly asked in some context, and pertaining to a particular topic.
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Femtosecond
A femtosecond is the SI unit of time equal to 10−15 or 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 of a second; that is, one quadrillionth, or one millionth of one billionth, of a second.
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Fermi gas
A Fermi gas is a phase of matter which is an ensemble of a large number of non-interacting fermions.
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Floyd K. Richtmyer
Floyd Karker Richtmyer (October 12, 1881 – November 7, 1939) was a physicist and educator in the United States.
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Frequency
Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.
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Frequency comb
An optical frequency comb is a laser source whose spectrum consists of a series of discrete, equally spaced frequency lines.
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Frequency standard
A frequency standard is a stable oscillator used for frequency calibration or reference.
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Galileo (satellite navigation)
Galileo is the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that is being created by the European Union (EU) through the European Space Agency (ESA), headquartered in Prague in the Czech Republic, with two ground operations centres, Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich in Germany and Fucino in Italy.
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Geodesy
Geodesy, also known as geodetics, is the earth science of accurately measuring and understanding three of Earth's fundamental properties: its geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravitational field.
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Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force.
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GLONASS
GLONASS (ГЛОНАСС,; Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система; transliteration), or "Global Navigation Satellite System", is a space-based satellite navigation system operating in the radionavigation-satellite service.
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GPS disciplined oscillator
A GPS clock, or GPS disciplined oscillator (GPSDO), is a combination of a GPS receiver and a high-quality, stable oscillator such as a quartz or rubidium oscillator whose output is controlled to agree with the signals broadcast by GPS and GNSS satellites.
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Gravitational time dilation
Gravitational time dilation is a form of time dilation, an actual difference of elapsed time between two events as measured by observers situated at varying distances from a gravitating mass.
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Hertz
The hertz (symbol: Hz) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second.
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Hewlett-Packard
The Hewlett-Packard Company (commonly referred to as HP) or shortened to Hewlett-Packard was an American multinational information technology company headquartered in Palo Alto, California.
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Hydrogen line
The hydrogen line, 21-centimeter line or H I line refers to the electromagnetic radiation spectral line that is created by a change in the energy state of neutral hydrogen atoms.
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Hydrogen maser
A hydrogen maser, also known as hydrogen frequency standard, is a specific type of maser that uses the intrinsic properties of the hydrogen atom to serve as a precision frequency reference.
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Hyperfine structure
In atomic physics, hyperfine structure refers to small shifts and splittings in the energy levels of atoms, molecules and ions, due to interaction between the state of the nucleus and the state of the electron clouds.
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IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics
The IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Photonics Society.
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Indium
Indium is a chemical element with symbol In and atomic number 49.
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Interferometry
Interferometry is a family of techniques in which waves, usually electromagnetic waves, are superimposed causing the phenomenon of interference in order to extract information.
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International Astronomical Union
The International Astronomical Union (IAU; Union astronomique internationale, UAI) is an international association of professional astronomers, at the PhD level and beyond, active in professional research and education in astronomy.
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International Atomic Time
International Atomic Time (TAI, from the French name temps atomique international) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth's geoid.
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International Bureau of Weights and Measures
The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau international des poids et mesures) is an intergovernmental organization established by the Metre Convention, through which Member States act together on matters related to measurement science and measurement standards.
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International Committee for Weights and Measures
The International Committee for Weights and Measures (abbreviated CIPM from the French Comité international des poids et mesures) consists of eighteen persons, each of a different nationality, from Member States of the Metre Convention (Convention du Mètre) appointed by the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) whose principal task is to promote worldwide uniformity in units of measurement by taking direct action or by submitting proposals to the CGPM.
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International System of Units
The International System of Units (SI, abbreviated from the French Système international (d'unités)) is the modern form of the metric system, and is the most widely used system of measurement.
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Internet
The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices worldwide.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Isidor Isaac Rabi
Isidor Isaac Rabi (born Israel Isaac Rabi, 29 July 1898 – 11 January 1988) was an American physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance, which is used in magnetic resonance imaging.
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Isotopes of caesium
Caesium (55Cs; or cesium) has 40 known isotopes, making it, along with barium and mercury, the element with the most isotopes.
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Isotopes of hydrogen
Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes denoted 1H, 2H, and 3H.
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Isotopes of rubidium
Rubidium (37Rb) has 32 isotopes, with naturally occurring rubidium being composed of just two isotopes; 85Rb (72.2%) and the radioactive 87Rb (27.8%).
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Isotopes of strontium
The alkaline earth metal strontium (38Sr) has four stable, naturally occurring isotopes: 84Sr (0.56%), 86Sr (9.86%), 87Sr (7.0%) and 88Sr (82.58%).
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Isotopes of ytterbium
Naturally occurring Ytterbium (70Yb) is composed of 7 stable isotopes, 168Yb, 170Yb, 171Yb, 172Yb, 173Yb, 174Yb, and 176Yb, with 174Yb being the most abundant (31.83% natural abundance).
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James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell (13 June 1831 – 5 November 1879) was a Scottish scientist in the field of mathematical physics.
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JILA
JILA, formerly known as the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics, is a physical science research institute in the United States.
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John L. Hall
John Lewis "Jan" Hall (born August 21, 1934) is an American physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics.
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Journal of the Physical Society of Japan
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan (JPSJ) is a monthly, peer reviewed, scientific journal published by the Physical Society of Japan (JPS).
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Jun Ye
Jun Ye (born 1967) is a Chinese-American physicist at JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and the University of Colorado at Boulder, working primarily in the field of atomic, molecular and optical physics.
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Laser cooling
Laser cooling refers to a number of techniques in which atomic and molecular samples are cooled down to near absolute zero.
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Leap second
A leap second is a one-second adjustment that is occasionally applied to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in order to keep its time of day close to the mean solar time as realized by UT1.
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Light
Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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List of atomic clocks
This is a list of some experimental laboratory atomic clocks worldwide.
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Lock-in amplifier
A lock-in amplifier is a type of amplifier that can extract a signal with a known carrier wave from an extremely noisy environment.
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Louis Essen
Louis Essen FRS O.B.E. (6 September 1908 – 24 August 1997) was an English physicist whose most notable achievements were in the precise measurement of time and the determination of the speed of light.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Magneto-optical trap
A magneto-optical trap (abbreviated MOT) is an apparatus that uses laser cooling with magneto-optical trapping in order to produce samples of cold, trapped, neutral atoms at temperatures as low as several microkelvins, two or three times the recoil limit (see Doppler cooling limit).
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Maser
A maser (an acronym for "microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation") is a device that produces coherent electromagnetic waves through amplification by stimulated emission.
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Mercury (element)
Mercury is a chemical element with symbol Hg and atomic number 80.
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Metre
The metre (British spelling and BIPM spelling) or meter (American spelling) (from the French unit mètre, from the Greek noun μέτρον, "measure") is the base unit of length in some metric systems, including the International System of Units (SI).
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Microwave
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between and.
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Microwave cavity
A microwave cavity or radio frequency (RF) cavity is a special type of resonator, consisting of a closed (or largely closed) metal structure that confines electromagnetic fields in the microwave region of the spectrum.
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Millisecond
A millisecond (from milli- and second; symbol: ms) is a thousandth (0.001 or 10−3 or 1/1000) of a second.
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Nanosecond
A nanosecond (ns) is an SI unit of time equal to one thousand-millionth of a second (or one billionth of a second), that is, 1/1,000,000,000 of a second, or 10 seconds.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
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National Institute of Standards and Technology
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is one of the oldest physical science laboratories in the United States.
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National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is the national measurement standards laboratory for the United Kingdom, based at Bushy Park in Teddington, London, England.
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National Radio Company
The National Radio Company, headquartered in Malden, Massachusetts, United States was an American manufacturer of radio equipment from 1914 to 1991.
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Network Time Protocol
Network Time Protocol (NTP) is a networking protocol for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks.
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NIST-F1
NIST-F1 is a cesium fountain clock, a type of atomic clock, in the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, and serves as the United States' primary time and frequency standard.
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NIST-F2
NIST-F2 is a caesium fountain atomic clock that, along with NIST-F1, serves as the United States' primary time and frequency standard.
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Nobel Prize in Physics
The Nobel Prize in Physics (Nobelpriset i fysik) is a yearly award given by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for those who conferred the most outstanding contributions for mankind in the field of physics.
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Nuclear clock
A nuclear clock is a notional clock that would use the frequency of a nuclear transition as its reference frequency, in the same manner as an atomic clock uses the frequency of an electronic transition in an atom's shell.
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Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a magnetic field absorb and re-emit electromagnetic radiation.
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Paris Observatory
The Paris Observatory (Observatoire de Paris or Observatoire de Paris-Meudon), a research institution of PSL Research University, is the foremost astronomical observatory of France, and one of the largest astronomical centres in the world.
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Phase noise
In signal processing, phase noise is the frequency domain representation of rapid, short-term, random fluctuations in the phase of a waveform, caused by time domain instabilities ("jitter").
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Physical Review Letters
Physical Review Letters (PRL), established in 1958, is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal that is published 52 times per year by the American Physical Society.
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Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt
The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) is the national metrology institute of the Federal Republic of Germany, with scientific and technical service tasks.
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Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space
The Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space or PARCS was an atomic-clock mission scheduled to fly on the International Space Station (ISS) in 2008, but cancelled to make way for the Vision for Space Exploration.
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Primary standard
A primary standard in metrology is a standard that is sufficiently accurate such that it is not calibrated by or subordinate to other standards.
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Pulsar clock
A pulsar clock is a clock which depends on counting radio pulses emitted by pulsars.
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Quantum clock
A quantum clock is a type of atomic clock with laser cooled single ions confined together in an electromagnetic ion trap.
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Quantum information
In physics and computer science, quantum information is information that is held in the state of a quantum system.
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Quartz clock
A quartz clock is a clock that uses an electronic oscillator that is regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time.
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Radio astronomy
Radio astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies.
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Radio clock
A radio clock or radio-controlled clock (RCC) is a clock that is automatically synchronized by a time code transmitted by a radio transmitter connected to a time standard such as an atomic clock.
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Radio receiver
In radio communications, a radio receiver (receiver or simply radio) is an electronic device that receives radio waves and converts the information carried by them to a usable form.
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Resonance
In physics, resonance is a phenomenon in which a vibrating system or external force drives another system to oscillate with greater amplitude at specific frequencies.
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Rubidium standard
A rubidium standard or rubidium atomic clock is a frequency standard in which a specified hyperfine transition of electrons in rubidium-87 atoms is used to control the output frequency.
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Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
The Aerospace Defence Forces Branch, short: ASDFB (Voyska vozdushno-kosmicheskoy oborony (VVKO) was a branch of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation responsible for aerospace defence, and the operation of Russian military satellites and the Plesetsk Cosmodrome. It was established on the 1 December 2011 and replaced the Russian Space Forces. The ASDFB was first commanded by former Space Forces commander Colonel General Oleg Ostapenko, who was promoted to Deputy Minister of Defence in November 2012. On 24 December 2012, Aleksandr Golovko was appointed the new commander. Although it is officially translated as aerospace in English, it covers both attacks from the air and from (outer) space, and some Russian writers translate it as "air and space" instead. On the 1 August 2015, the Russian Air Force and the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces were merged to form the Russian Aerospace Forces. The Russian Aerospace Defence Forces duties for space defense are now with the Russian Space Forces under the umbrella of the new Russian Aerospace Forces. The RADF today only provides air defense responsibilities.
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Satellite navigation
A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning.
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Science
R. P. Feynman, The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol.1, Chaps.1,2,&3.
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Science Museum, London
The Science Museum is a major museum on Exhibition Road in South Kensington, London.
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Second
The second is the SI base unit of time, commonly understood and historically defined as 1/86,400 of a day – this factor derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes and finally to 60 seconds each.
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Solar time
Solar time is a calculation of the passage of time based on the position of the Sun in the sky.
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Speaking clock
A speaking clock or talking clock is a live or recorded human voice service, usually accessed by telephone, that gives the correct time.
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Strontium
Strontium is the chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38.
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Telecommunication
Telecommunication is the transmission of signs, signals, messages, words, writings, images and sounds or information of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems.
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Terahertz radiation
Terahertz radiation – also known as submillimeter radiation, terahertz waves, tremendously high frequency (THF), T-rays, T-waves, T-light, T-lux or THz – consists of electromagnetic waves within the ITU-designated band of frequencies from 0.3 to 3 terahertz (THz; 1012 Hz).
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Theodor W. Hänsch
Theodor Wolfgang Hänsch (born 30 October 1941) is a German physicist.
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Thorium
Thorium is a weakly radioactive metallic chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90.
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Time and frequency transfer
Time and frequency transfer describes mechanisms for comparing measurements of time and frequency from one location to another.
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Time signal
A time signal is a visible, audible, mechanical, or electronic signal used as a reference to determine the time of day.
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Time standard
A time standard is a specification for measuring time: either the rate at which time passes; or points in time; or both.
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Transmitter
In electronics and telecommunications, a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which produces radio waves with an antenna.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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Universal Time
Universal Time (UT) is a time standard based on Earth's rotation.
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University of Delaware
The University of Delaware (colloquially UD, UDel, or U of D) is a public research university located in Newark, Delaware.
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Volt
The volt (symbol: V) is the derived unit for electric potential, electric potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force.
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Watt
The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power.
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William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 1824 – 17 December 1907) was a Scots-Irish mathematical physicist and engineer who was born in Belfast in 1824.
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Wired UK
Wired UK is a full-colour monthly magazine that reports primarily on the effects of science and technology.
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Ytterbium
Ytterbium is a chemical element with symbol Yb and atomic number 70.
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Redirects here:
Atom clock, Atom clocks, Atomic Clock, Atomic Second, Atomic clocks, Atomic oscillator, Atomic second, Caesium clock, Cesium clocks, Cesium fountain clock, Nuclear Clock, Optical clock, Optical lattice atomic clock, Optical lattice clock.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock
