Table of Contents
479 relations: Accession of Albania to the European Union, Accession of Montenegro to the European Union, Accession of Serbia to the European Union, Accursed Mountains, Achaemenid Empire, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Albania, Albanian language, Albanian lek, Albanians, Albanians in North Macedonia, Albanoid, Albin Kurti, Albrecht Penck, Aleksandar Vučić, Allies of World War I, Ana Brnabić, Anatolia, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Andrej Plenković, Ankara, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, Aromanians, Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians, Ashkenazi Jews, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, Athens, Atlantic Ocean, August Zeune, Austria-Hungary, Šar Mountains, Štip, Željka Cvijanović, Željko Komšić, Bajram Begaj, Balkan Athletics Championships, Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships, Balkan cuisine, Balkan Insight, Balkan League, Balkan Mountains, Balkan Mountains (Turkmenistan), Balkan music, Balkan Pact, Balkan Pact (1953), Balkan Region, Balkan sprachbund, Balkan Universities Network, ... Expand index (429 more) »
- Peninsulas of Europe
- Southeastern Europe
- Turkish toponyms
Accession of Albania to the European Union
Albania is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the European Union (EU).
See Balkans and Accession of Albania to the European Union
Accession of Montenegro to the European Union
Accession of Montenegro to the European Union is on the agenda for future enlargement of the EU.
See Balkans and Accession of Montenegro to the European Union
Accession of Serbia to the European Union
Serbia applied to join the European Union (EU) in 2009 and has been a candidate for membership since 2012, along with nine other states.
See Balkans and Accession of Serbia to the European Union
Accursed Mountains
The Accursed Mountains (Bjeshkët e Nëmuna; Prokletije,; both translated as "Cursed Mountains"), also known as the Albanian Alps (Alpet Shqiptare; Albanske Alpe), is a mountain range in coastal Southeast Europe adjacent to the Adriatic Sea. Balkans and Accursed Mountains are geography of Europe.
See Balkans and Accursed Mountains
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
See Balkans and Achaemenid Empire
Adriatic Sea
The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula. Balkans and Adriatic Sea are geography of Europe.
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. Balkans and Aegean Sea are geography of Europe.
Albania
Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.
Albanian language
Albanian (endonym: shqip, gjuha shqipe, or arbërisht) is an Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid branch, which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group.
See Balkans and Albanian language
Albanian lek
The lek (leku shqiptar; indefinite singular lek, definite plural lekët, indefinite plural lekë; sign: L; code: ALL) is the currency of Albania.
Albanians
The Albanians (Shqiptarët) are an ethnic group native to the Balkan Peninsula who share a common Albanian ancestry, culture, history and language.
Albanians in North Macedonia
Albanians in North Macedonia (Shqiptarët në Maqedoninë e Veriut, translit) are ethnic Albanians who constitute the second largest ethnic group in North Macedonia, forming 446,245 individuals or 24.3% of the resident population.
See Balkans and Albanians in North Macedonia
Albanoid
Albanoid or Albanic is a branch or subfamily of the Indo-European (IE) languages, of which Albanian language varieties are the only surviving representatives.
Albin Kurti
Albin Kurti (born 24 March 1975) is a Kosovar Albanian politician who has been serving as Prime Minister of Kosovo since 2021, having previously held the office from February to June 2020.
Albrecht Penck
Albrecht Penck (25 September 1858 – 7 March 1945) was a German geographer and geologist and the father of Walther Penck.
See Balkans and Albrecht Penck
Aleksandar Vučić
Aleksandar Vučić (Александар Вучић,; born 5 March 1970) Istinomer.rs is a Serbian politician serving as the president of Serbia since 2017.
See Balkans and Aleksandar Vučić
Allies of World War I
The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).
See Balkans and Allies of World War I
Ana Brnabić
Ana Brnabić (Ана Брнабић,; born 28 September 1975) is a Serbian politician serving as president of the National Assembly of Serbia since 2024.
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
See Balkans and Ancient Greece
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
Andrej Plenković
Andrej Plenković (born 8 April 1970) is a Croatian politician serving as prime minister of Croatia since October 2016.
See Balkans and Andrej Plenković
Ankara
Ankara, historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.8 million in Ankara Province, making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul, but first by the urban area (4,130 km2).
Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Archduke Franz Ferdinand Carl Ludwig Joseph Maria of Austria (18 December 1863 – 28 June 1914) was the heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary.
See Balkans and Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria
Aromanians
The Aromanians (Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are an ethnic group native to the southern Balkans who speak Aromanian, an Eastern Romance language.
Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
The Ashkali (Aškalije), otherwise known as Hashkali (Haškalije) and/or Balkan Egyptians (Balkanski Egipćani; Komuniteti i Egjiptianëve të Ballkanit; Gjupci), are Albanian-speaking Muslim ethnic cultural minorities (recognized communities), which mainly inhabit Kosovo and southern Serbia, as well as Albania, Montenegro, and North Macedonia.
See Balkans and Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians
Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews (translit,; Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim, constitute a Jewish diaspora population that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally spoke Yiddish and largely migrated towards northern and eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages due to persecution.
See Balkans and Ashkenazi Jews
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was one of the key events that led to World War I. Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip.
See Balkans and Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Athens
Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.
See Balkans and Atlantic Ocean
August Zeune
Johann August Zeune (12 May 1778 –14 November 1853) was a German academic, an authority on geography and Germanic languages, as well as the founder of the Berlin Blind School.
Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.
See Balkans and Austria-Hungary
Šar Mountains
The Šar Mountains (Šar-planina, Šar Planina; colloquially also Šara) or Sharr Mountains (Malet e Sharrit) is a mountain range extending from southern Kosovo, to northwestern North Macedonia, to northeastern Albania. Balkans and Šar Mountains are geography of Europe.
Štip
Štip (Штип) is the largest urban agglomeration in the eastern part of North Macedonia, serving as the economic, industrial, entertainment and educational focal point for the surrounding municipalities.
See Balkans and Štip
Željka Cvijanović
Željka Cvijanović (Жељка Цвијановић,; born 4 March 1967) is a Bosnian Serb politician serving as the 8th and current Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2022.
See Balkans and Željka Cvijanović
Željko Komšić
Željko Komšić (born 20 January 1964) is a Bosnian politician serving as the 6th and current Croat member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2018.
Bajram Begaj
Bajram Begaj (born 20 March 1967) is an Albanian politician and retired military officer, who is currently serving as the president of Albania since 24 July 2022.
Balkan Athletics Championships
The Balkan Athletics Championships or Balkan Games is a regional athletics competition held between nations from the Balkans and organized by Balkan Athletics.
See Balkans and Balkan Athletics Championships
Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships
The Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships, also known as the Balkan Indoor Games (Βαλκανικοί Αγώνες Κλειστού Στίβου), is an annual international regional indoor track and field competition between athletes from the Balkans.
See Balkans and Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships
Balkan cuisine
Balkan cuisine is a type of regional cuisine that combines characteristics of European cuisine with some of those from West Asia.
See Balkans and Balkan cuisine
Balkan Insight
Balkan Insight is a website of the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN) that focuses on news, analysis, commentary and investigative reporting from southeast Europe.
See Balkans and Balkan Insight
Balkan League
The League of the Balkans was a quadruple alliance formed by a series of bilateral treaties concluded in 1912 between the Eastern Orthodox kingdoms of Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, and directed against the Ottoman Empire, which at the time still controlled much of Southeastern Europe.
Balkan Mountains
The Balkan mountain range is located in the eastern part of the Balkans in Southeastern Europe. Balkans and Balkan Mountains are geography of Europe.
See Balkans and Balkan Mountains
Balkan Mountains (Turkmenistan)
Balkhan Ranges or Balkan Ranges, also Balkhans, Balkans (Balkan daglary, Balkan Mountains) are mountains by the eastern shores of the Caspian Sea in the Balkan Region of Turkmenistan.
See Balkans and Balkan Mountains (Turkmenistan)
Balkan music
Balkan music is a type of music found in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe.
Balkan Pact
The Balkan Pact, or Balkan Entente, was a treaty signed by Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia on 9 February 1934 in Athens, aimed at maintaining the geopolitical status quo in the region after the end of World War I. To present a united front against Bulgarian designs on their territories, the signatories agreed to suspend all disputed territorial claims against one another and their immediate neighbours following the aftermath of the war and a rise in various regional irredentist tensions.
Balkan Pact (1953)
The Balkan Pact (Βαλκανικό Σύμφωνο, Балкански пакт, Балкански пакт, Balkanski pakt, Balkan Paktı) of 1953, officially known as the Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation, was a treaty signed by Greece, Turkey and Yugoslavia on 28 February 1953.
See Balkans and Balkan Pact (1953)
Balkan Region
Balkan Region (Balkan welaýaty, Балкан велаяты) is the westernmost of the five regions of Turkmenistan.
Balkan sprachbund
The Balkan sprachbund or Balkan language area is an ensemble of areal features—similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology—among the languages of the Balkans.
See Balkans and Balkan sprachbund
Balkan Universities Network
The Balkan Universities Network or Balkan Universities Association (BAUNAS) is an association of universities in Southeast Europe.
See Balkans and Balkan Universities Network
Balkan Wars
The Balkan Wars were a series of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan states in 1912 and 1913.
Balkanization
Balkanization or Balkanisation is the process involving the fragmentation of an area, country, or region into multiple smaller and hostile units.
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain. Balkans and Baltic Sea are geography of Europe.
Battle of Albulena
The Battle of Albulena, also known as the Battle of Ujëbardha, was fought on 2 September 1457 between Albanian forces led by Skanderbeg and an Ottoman army under Isak bey Evrenoz and Skanderbeg's nephew, Hamza Kastrioti.
See Balkans and Battle of Albulena
Battle of Kosovo
The Battle of Kosovo took place on 15 June 1389 between an army led by the Serbian Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović and an invading army of the Ottoman Empire under the command of Sultan Murad Hüdavendigâr.
See Balkans and Battle of Kosovo
Bauxite
Bauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content.
Beech
Beech (Fagus) is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Eurasia and North America.
Belgrade
Belgrade.
Bird of prey
Birds of prey or predatory birds, also known as raptors, are hypercarnivorous bird species that actively hunt and feed on other vertebrates (mainly mammals, reptiles and other smaller birds).
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. Balkans and Black Sea are geography of Europe.
Bora (wind)
The bora is a northerly to north-easterly katabatic wind in areas near the Adriatic Sea.
Boris III of Bulgaria
Boris III (Борѝс III; Boris Treti; 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier), was the Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1918 until his death in 1943.
See Balkans and Boris III of Bulgaria
Borjana Krišto
Borjana Krišto (born 13 August 1961) is a Bosnian Croat politician serving as Chairwoman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina since January 2023.
See Balkans and Borjana Krišto
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.
See Balkans and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
The convertible mark (Bosnian:, Cyrillic:; sign: KM; code: BAM) is the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
See Balkans and Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
Bosniaks
The Bosniaks (Bošnjaci, Cyrillic: Бошњаци,; Bošnjak, Bošnjakinja) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry, culture, history and language.
Bosnian language
Bosnian (bosanski / босански), sometimes referred to as Bosniak language, is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by ethnic Bosniaks.
See Balkans and Bosnian language
Bosnian War
The Bosnian War (Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini / Рат у Босни и Херцеговини) was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The war is commonly seen as having started on 6 April 1992, following a number of earlier violent incidents.
Brașov
Brașov (Kronstadt, also Brasau; Brassó; Corona; Transylvanian Saxon: Kruhnen) is a city in Transylvania, Romania and the county seat (i.e. administrative centre) of Brașov County.
Breakup of Yugoslavia
After a period of political and economic crisis in the 1980s, the constituent republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia split apart, but the unresolved issues caused a series of inter-ethnic Yugoslav Wars.
See Balkans and Breakup of Yugoslavia
Bucharest
Bucharest (București) is the capital and largest city of Romania.
Bulgaria
Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.
Bulgarian language
Bulgarian (bŭlgarski ezik) is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeast Europe, primarily in Bulgaria.
See Balkans and Bulgarian language
Bulgarian lev
The lev (лев, plural: лева, левове / leva, levove; ISO 4217 code: BGN; numeric code: 975) is the currency of Bulgaria.
Bulgarian Orthodox Church
The Bulgarian Orthodox Church (translit), legally the Patriarchate of Bulgaria (translit), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox jurisdiction based in Bulgaria. It is the first medieval recognised patriarchate outside the Pentarchy and the oldest Slavic Orthodox church, with some 6 million members in Bulgaria and between 1.5 and 2 million members in a number of other European countries, Asia, the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand.
See Balkans and Bulgarian Orthodox Church
Bulgarians
Bulgarians (bŭlgari) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and its neighbouring region, who share a common Bulgarian ancestry, culture, history and language.
Bulgars
The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region between the 5th and 7th centuries.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
See Balkans and Byzantine Empire
Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
The Byzantine–Bulgarian wars were a series of conflicts fought between the Byzantine Empire and Bulgaria which began after the Bulgars conquered parts of the Balkan peninsula after 680 AD.
See Balkans and Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
Byzantine–Ottoman wars
The Byzantine–Ottoman wars were a series of decisive conflicts between the Byzantine Greeks and Ottoman Turks and their allies that led to the final destruction of the Byzantine Empire and the rise of the Ottoman Empire.
See Balkans and Byzantine–Ottoman wars
C. Hurst & Co.
Hurst Publishers (C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd) is an independent non-fiction publisher based in the Bloomsbury area of London.
See Balkans and C. Hurst & Co.
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Balkans and Cambridge University Press
Cape Matapan
Cape Matapan (Κάβο Ματαπάς, Maniot dialect: Ματαπά), also called Cape Tainaron or Taenarum (Ακρωτήριον Ταίναρον), or Cape Tenaro, is situated at the end of the Mani Peninsula, Greece.
Carl Ritter
Carl Ritter (August 7, 1779September 28, 1859) was a German geographer.
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Balkans and Catholic Church
Catholic Church in Albania
The Catholic Church in Albania is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
See Balkans and Catholic Church in Albania
Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina is a part of the worldwide Catholic Church under the spiritual leadership of the pope in Rome.
See Balkans and Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Catholic Church in Croatia
The Catholic Church in Croatia (Katolička crkva u Hrvatskoj) is part of the worldwide Catholic Church that is under the spiritual leadership of the Pope.
See Balkans and Catholic Church in Croatia
Catholic Church in Greece
The Catholic Church in Greece is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
See Balkans and Catholic Church in Greece
Catholic Church in Kosovo
The Catholic Church has a population in Kosovo of approximately 65,000 in a region of roughly 2 million people.
See Balkans and Catholic Church in Kosovo
Catholic Church in Montenegro
The Catholic Church in Montenegro (Kisha katolike në Mal të Zi, Katolička crkva u Crnoj Gori; Katolička Crkva u Crnoj Gori) is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
See Balkans and Catholic Church in Montenegro
Catholic Church in North Macedonia
The Catholic Church in North Macedonia is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome and is one of the major religious communities that exist on the territory of the Republic of North Macedonia.
See Balkans and Catholic Church in North Macedonia
Catholic Church in Romania
Romanian Catholics, like Catholics elsewhere, are members of the Catholic Church under the spiritual leadership of the Pope and Curia in Rome.
See Balkans and Catholic Church in Romania
Catholic Church in Serbia
The Catholic Church in Serbia (Katolička crkva u Srbiji) is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in Serbia, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
See Balkans and Catholic Church in Serbia
Catholic Church in Slovenia
The Slovenian Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in Slovenia is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome.
See Balkans and Catholic Church in Slovenia
Celts
The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe. Balkans and Central Europe are regions of Europe.
See Balkans and Central Europe
Central European Free Trade Agreement
The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is an international trade agreement between countries mostly located in Southeastern Europe.
See Balkans and Central European Free Trade Agreement
Central Powers
The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).
See Balkans and Central Powers
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
Christian mission
A Christian mission is an organized effort to carry on evangelism or other activities, such as educational or hospital work, in the name of the Christian faith.
See Balkans and Christian mission
Chromite
Chromite is a crystalline mineral composed primarily of iron(II) oxide and chromium(III) oxide compounds.
Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Balkans and Classical antiquity
Cluj-Napoca
Cluj-Napoca, or simply Cluj (Kolozsvár, Klausenburg), is a city in northwestern Romania.
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams.
See Balkans and Coal
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Communist Party of Greece
The Communist Party of Greece (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας, Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas, KKE) is a Marxist–Leninist political party in Greece.
See Balkans and Communist Party of Greece
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire.
See Balkans and Congress of Berlin
Constanța
Constanța (Custantsa; Kyustendzha, or label; Dobrujan Tatar: Köstencĭ; Kōnstántza, or label; Köstence), historically known as Tomis or Tomi (Τόμις or Τόμοι), is a port city in the Dobruja historical region of Romania.
Constantine XI Palaiologos
Constantine XI Dragases Palaiologos or Dragaš Palaeologus (Κωνσταντῖνος Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος,; 8 February 140429 May 1453) was the last Roman/Byzantine emperor, reigning from 1449 until his death in battle at the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
See Balkans and Constantine XI Palaiologos
Country code top-level domain
A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet top-level domain generally used or reserved for a country, sovereign state, or dependent territory identified with a country code.
See Balkans and Country code top-level domain
Coup d'état
A coup d'état, or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.
Croatia
Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.
Croatian language
Croatian (hrvatski) is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats.
See Balkans and Croatian language
Croatian War of Independence
The Croatian War of Independence was an armed conflict fought from 1991 to 1995 between Croat forces loyal to the Government of Croatia—which had declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)—and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and local Serb forces, with the JNA ending its combat operations in Croatia by 1992.
See Balkans and Croatian War of Independence
Croats
The Croats (Hrvati) or Horvati (in a more archaic version) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and other neighboring countries in Central and Southeastern Europe who share a common Croatian ancestry, culture, history and language.
Cyril and Methodius
Cyril (Kýrillos; born Constantine, 826–869) and Methodius (label; born Michael, 815–885) were brothers, Byzantine Christian theologians and missionaries.
See Balkans and Cyril and Methodius
Dacians
The Dacians (Daci; loc Δάοι, Δάκαι) were the ancient Indo-European inhabitants of the cultural region of Dacia, located in the area near the Carpathian Mountains and west of the Black Sea.
Danube
The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia. Balkans and Danube are geography of Europe.
De facto
De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.
De jure
In law and government, de jure describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.
Denis Bećirović
Denis Bećirović (born 28 November 1975) is a Bosnian politician, professor and historian serving as the 8th and current Bosniak member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina since 2022.
See Balkans and Denis Bećirović
Dimitar Kovačevski
Dimitar Kovačevski (Димитар Ковачевски,; born 24 July 1974) is a Macedonian politician and economist who served as prime minister of North Macedonia from January 2022 to January 2024.
See Balkans and Dimitar Kovačevski
Dinaric Alps
The Dinaric Alps, also Dinarides, are a mountain range in Southern and Southcentral Europe, separating the continental Balkan Peninsula from the Adriatic Sea. Balkans and Dinaric Alps are geography of Europe.
Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik (Ragusa; see notes on naming) is a city in southern Dalmatia, Croatia, by the Adriatic Sea.
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.
See Balkans and Early Middle Ages
East Thrace
East Thrace or eastern Thrace (Doğu Trakya or simply Trakya; Anatolikí Thráki; Iztochna Trakiya), also known as Turkish Thrace or European Turkey, is the part of Turkey that is geographically a part of Southeast Europe. Balkans and east Thrace are geography of Europe.
Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).
Eastern Christianity
Eastern Christianity comprises Christian traditions and church families that originally developed during classical and late antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean region or locations further east, south or north.
See Balkans and Eastern Christianity
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. Balkans and Eastern Europe are regions of Europe.
See Balkans and Eastern Europe
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.
See Balkans and Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.
See Balkans and Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy in Albania
Eastern Orthodoxy arrived in the areas of Illyrii proprie dicti or Principality of Arbanon during the period of Byzantine Empire.
See Balkans and Eastern Orthodoxy in Albania
Eastern Orthodoxy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Eastern Orthodox Church is the most widespread Christian denomination in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the second most widespread religious group in the country, following Islam and followed in turn by Roman Catholicism.
See Balkans and Eastern Orthodoxy in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Eastern Orthodoxy in Croatia
Eastern Orthodoxy in Croatia refers to adherents, religious communities, institutions and organizations of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Croatia.
See Balkans and Eastern Orthodoxy in Croatia
Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (translit,; Patriarchatus Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus; Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi, İstanbul Ekümenik Patrikhanesi, "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate, Ecumenical Patriarchate") is one of the fifteen to seventeen autocephalous churches (or "jurisdictions") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church.
See Balkans and Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople
Edi Rama
Edi Rama (born Edvin Rama on 4 July 1964) is an Albanian politician, painter, writer, former university lecturer, publicist and former basketball player, who has been serving as the 33rd and incumbent Prime Minister of Albania since 2013 and chairman of the Socialist Party of Albania since 2005.
Edirne
Edirne, historically known as Adrianople (Adrianoúpolis), is a city in Turkey, in the northwestern part of the province of Edirne in Eastern Thrace.
Edna W. Underwood
Edna Worthley Underwood (January 1873 – June 14, 1961) was an American author, poet, and translator.
See Balkans and Edna W. Underwood
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Balkans and Encyclopædia Britannica
Endemism
Endemism is the state of a species only being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.
Enlargement of NATO
NATO is a military alliance of thirty-two European and North American countries that constitutes a system of collective defense.
See Balkans and Enlargement of NATO
Enlargement of the eurozone
The enlargement of the eurozone is an ongoing process within the European Union (EU).
See Balkans and Enlargement of the eurozone
Ethnicity
An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.
Euro
The euro (symbol: €; currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the member states of the European Union.
See Balkans and Euro
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
European Investment Bank
The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the European Union's investment bank and is owned by the 27 member states.
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European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
See Balkans and European Union
European Union Customs Union
The European Union Customs Union (EUCU), formally known as the Community Customs Union, is a customs union which consists of all the member states of the European Union (EU), Monaco, and the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
See Balkans and European Union Customs Union
Eurostat
Eurostat ('European Statistical Office'; DG ESTAT) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
Eurozone
The euro area, commonly called the eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies.
Evergreen
In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional throughout the year.
Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II
Under the reign of Philip II (359–336 BC), the ancient kingdom of Macedonia, initially at the periphery of classical Greek affairs, came to dominate Ancient Greece in the span of just 25 years, largely thanks to the character and policies of its king.
See Balkans and Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II
Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.
See Balkans and Fertile Crescent
Filippo Buonaccorsi
Filippo Buonaccorsi, called Callimachus, Callimico, Bonacurarius, Caeculus, Geminianensis (Latin: Philippus Callimachus Experiens, Bonacursius;, 2 May 1437 – 1 November 1496) was an Italian humanist, writer and diplomat active in Poland.
See Balkans and Filippo Buonaccorsi
Fir
Firs are evergreen coniferous trees belonging to the genus Abies in the family Pinaceae.
See Balkans and Fir
First Balkan War
The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire.
See Balkans and First Balkan War
First Bulgarian Empire
The First Bulgarian Empire (blŭgarĭsko tsěsarǐstvije; Първо българско царство) was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 680–681 after part of the Bulgars, led by Asparuh, moved south to the northeastern Balkans.
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Francis Dvornik
Francis Dvornik (14 August 1893, Chomýž – 4 November 1975, Chomýž), in Czech František Dvorník, was a Catholic priest and academic.
See Balkans and Francis Dvornik
Gagauz language
Gagauz (gagauz dili or gagauzça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Gagauz people of Moldova, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey and it is an official language of the Autonomous Region of Gagauzia in Moldova.
See Balkans and Gagauz language
Georgi Sava Rakovski
Georgi Stoykov Rakovski (Георги Стойков Раковски) (1821 – 9 October 1867), known also Georgi Sava Rakovski (Георги Сава Раковски), born Sabi Stoykov Popovich (Съби Стойков Попович), was a 19th-century Bulgarian revolutionary, freemason, writer and an important figure of the Bulgarian National Revival and resistance against Ottoman rule.
See Balkans and Georgi Sava Rakovski
Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.
See Balkans and Germanic peoples
Gini coefficient
In economics, the Gini coefficient, also known as the Gini index or Gini ratio, is a measure of statistical dispersion intended to represent the income inequality, the wealth inequality, or the consumption inequality within a nation or a social group.
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Gorani people
The Gorani or Goranci, are a Slavic Muslim ethnic group inhabiting the Gora region—the triangle between Kosovo, Albania, and North Macedonia.
Gotse Delchev
Georgi Nikolov Delchev (Bulgarian: Георги Николов Делчев; Macedonian: Ѓорѓи Николов Делчев; 4 February 1872 – 4 May 1903), known as Gotse Delchev or Goce Delčev (Гоце Делчев),Originally spelled in older Bulgarian orthography as Гоце Дѣлчевъ.
Greco-Italian War
The Greco-Italian War (Ellinoïtalikós Pólemos), also called the Italo-Greek War, Italian campaign in Greece, Italian invasion of Greece, and the War of '40 in Greece, took place between Italy and Greece from 28 October 1940 to 23 April 1941.
See Balkans and Greco-Italian War
Greco-Persian Wars
The Greco-Persian Wars (also often called the Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC.
See Balkans and Greco-Persian Wars
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
Greek Civil War
The Greek Civil War (translit) took place from 1946 to 1949.
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Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Balkans and Greek language
Greek Orthodox Church
Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía) is a term that can refer to any one of three classes of Christian churches, each associated in some way with Greek Christianity, Levantine Arabic-speaking Christians or more broadly the rite used in the Eastern Roman Empire.
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Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians including recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces.
See Balkans and Guerrilla warfare
Habitat
In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.
Haemus
In Greek mythology, King Haemus (Haîmos) of Thrace, was the son of Boreas, the north wind.
Haemus Mons
In earlier times, the Balkan Mountains were known as the Haemus Mons. It is believed that the name is derived from a Thracian word *saimon, 'mountain ridge', which is unattested but conjectured as the original Thracian form of Greek Emos.
Halil İnalcık
Halil İnalcık (7 September 1916 – 25 July 2016) was a Turkish historian.
Hellenic languages
Hellenic is the branch of the Indo-European language family whose principal member is Greek.
See Balkans and Hellenic languages
Hermann Wagner (geographer)
Hermann Wagner (23 June 1840 – 18 June 1929) was a German geographer and cartographer who was a native of Erlangen.
See Balkans and Hermann Wagner (geographer)
History of the Balkans
The Balkans and parts of this area may also be placed in Southeastern, Southern, Eastern Europe and Central Europe.
See Balkans and History of the Balkans
History of the Jews in Bulgaria
The history of the Jews in Bulgaria goes back almost 2,000 years.
See Balkans and History of the Jews in Bulgaria
Hristo Botev
Hristo Botev (Христо Ботев), born Hristo Botyov Petkov (Христо Ботьов Петков; –), was a Bulgarian revolutionary and poet.
Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
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Human Development Report
The Human Development Report (HDR) is an annual Human Development Index report published by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).
See Balkans and Human Development Report
Humid continental climate
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers, and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) and snowy winters.
See Balkans and Humid continental climate
Humid subtropical climate
A humid subtropical climate is a temperate climate type characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters.
See Balkans and Humid subtropical climate
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, MTA) is the most important and prestigious learned society of Hungary.
See Balkans and Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Hungarian language
Hungarian is a Uralic language of the proposed Ugric branch spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries.
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Hungarians
Hungarians, also known as Magyars (magyarok), are a Central European nation and an ethnic group native to Hungary and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former Kingdom of Hungary) who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language.
Hydropower
Hydropower (from Ancient Greek -, "water"), also known as water power, is the use of falling or fast-running water to produce electricity or to power machines.
Iași
Iași (also known by other alternative names), also referred to mostly historically as Jassy, is the third largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County.
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Illyrians
The Illyrians (Ἰλλυριοί, Illyrioi; Illyrii) were a group of Indo-European-speaking people who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times.
Imagining the Balkans
Imagining the Balkans is a book by the Bulgarian academic Maria Todorova.
See Balkans and Imagining the Balkans
Independent State of Croatia
The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH) was a World War II-era puppet state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
See Balkans and Independent State of Croatia
Individual Partnership Action Plan
Individual Partnership Action Plans (IPAP) are plans developed between NATO and different countries which outline the objectives and the communication framework for dialogue and cooperation between both parties.
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Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
See Balkans and Indo-European languages
Indo-European migrations
The Indo-European migrations are hypothesized migrations of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) speakers, and subsequent migrations of people speaking derived Indo-European languages, which took place approx.
See Balkans and Indo-European migrations
International Court of Justice
The International Court of Justice (ICJ; Cour internationale de justice, CIJ), or colloquially the World Court, is the only international court that adjudicates general disputes between nations, and gives advisory opinions on international legal issues.
See Balkans and International Court of Justice
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) was a body of the United Nations that was established to prosecute the war crimes that had been committed during the Yugoslav Wars and to try their perpetrators.
See Balkans and International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
International E-road network
The international E-road network is a numbering system for roads in Europe developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE).
See Balkans and International E-road network
International humanitarian law
International humanitarian law (IHL), also referred to as the laws of armed conflict, is the law that regulates the conduct of war (jus in bello).
See Balkans and International humanitarian law
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
See Balkans and International Monetary Fund
Ionian Sea
The Ionian Sea (Iónio Pélagos,; Mar Ionio or Mar Jonio,; Deti Jon) is an elongated bay of the Mediterranean Sea. Balkans and Ionian Sea are geography of Europe.
Irreligion in Turkey
Irreligion in Turkey refers to the extent of the lack, rejection of, or indifference towards religion in the Republic of Turkey.
See Balkans and Irreligion in Turkey
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
Islam in Albania
Islam arrived in Albania mainly during the Ottoman period when the majority of Albanians over time converted to Islam under Ottoman rule, but Islam was introduced to Albanians back in the 8th century during trades.
See Balkans and Islam in Albania
Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Islam is the most widespread religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
See Balkans and Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Islam in Bulgaria
Islam in Bulgaria is a minority religion and the second largest religion in the country after Christianity.
See Balkans and Islam in Bulgaria
Islam in Croatia
Croatia is a predominantly Christian country, with Islam being a minority faith.
See Balkans and Islam in Croatia
Islam in Greece
Islam in Greece is represented by two distinct communities; Muslims that have lived in Greece since the times of the Ottoman Empire (primarily in East Macedonia and Thrace) and Muslim immigrants that began arriving in the last quarter of the 20th century, mainly in Athens and Thessaloniki.
See Balkans and Islam in Greece
Islam in Kosovo
Islam in Kosovo has a long-standing tradition dating back to the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans.
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Islam in Montenegro
Islam in Montenegro refers to adherents, communities and religious institutions of Islam in Montenegro.
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Islam in North Macedonia
Muslims in North Macedonia represent just under one-third of the nation's total population according to the 2021 census, making Islam the second most widely professed religion in the country.
See Balkans and Islam in North Macedonia
Islam in Serbia
Serbia is a Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority faith representing around 4.2% of the total population (excluding the disputed region of Kosovo, in which Islam is the predominant faith) as per the 2022 census.
See Balkans and Islam in Serbia
Islam in Slovenia
The Muslims in Slovenia are ethnically mostly Bosniaks and ethnic Muslims.
See Balkans and Islam in Slovenia
Islam in Turkey
Islam is the most practiced religion in Turkey.
See Balkans and Islam in Turkey
Isolationism
Isolationism is a term used to refer to a political philosophy advocating a foreign policy that opposes involvement in the political affairs, and especially the wars, of other countries.
Istanbul
Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, straddling the Bosporus Strait, the boundary between Europe and Asia.
Istro-Romanians
The Istro-Romanians (rumeri or rumâri) are a Romance ethnic group native to or associated with the Istrian Peninsula.
See Balkans and Istro-Romanians
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
Jakov Milatović
Jakov Milatović (Serbian and Јаков Милатовић,; born 7 December 1986) is a Montenegrin politician and economist who is the incumbent president of Montenegro, serving since May 2023. He previously served as the minister of economic development in the cabinet of Zdravko Krivokapić from 2020 to 2022, and as an economist at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in London and Podgorica.
See Balkans and Jakov Milatović
Jews
The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.
See Balkans and Jews
Jireček Line
The Jireček Line is a conceptual boundary through the ancient Balkans that divides the influence of the Latin (in the north) and Greek (in the south) languages in the Roman Empire from antiquity until the 4th century.
Johann Georg von Hahn
Johann Georg von Hahn (11 July 1811 – 23 September 1869) was a German diplomat, philologist and specialist in Albanian history, language and culture, who spent the majority of his career working within the bounds of the Austrian Empire.
See Balkans and Johann Georg von Hahn
John Bacon Sawrey Morritt
John Bacon Sawrey Morritt (1772? – 1843) was an English traveller, politician and classical scholar.
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John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.
John V. A. Fine Jr. (born September 9, 1939) is an American historian and author.
See Balkans and John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.
Josip Broz Tito
Josip Broz (Јосип Броз,; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito (Тито), was a Yugoslav communist revolutionary and politician who served in various positions of national leadership from 1943 until his death in 1980.
See Balkans and Josip Broz Tito
Jovan Cvijić
Jovan Cvijić (Јован Цвијић,; 1865 – 16 January 1927) was a Serbian geographer and ethnologist, president of the Serbian Royal Academy of Sciences and rector of the University of Belgrade.
Judaeo-Spanish
Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym djudeoespanyol, Hebrew script), also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish.
See Balkans and Judaeo-Spanish
Julian Alps
The Julian Alps (Julijske Alpe, Alpi Giulie,,, Julische Alpen) are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps that stretch from northeastern Italy to Slovenia, where they rise to 2,864 m at Mount Triglav, the highest peak in Slovenia.
Karađorđe
Đorđe Petrović (Ђорђе Петровић; –), known by the sobriquet Karađorđe (lit), was a Serbian revolutionary who led the struggle for his country's independence from the Ottoman Empire during the First Serbian Uprising.
Karst
Karst is a topography formed from the dissolution of soluble carbonate rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum.
Katerina Sakellaropoulou
Katerina Sakellaropoulou (Κατερίνα Σακελλαροπούλου; born 30 May 1956) is a Greek judge who has been the president of Greece since 13 March 2020.
See Balkans and Katerina Sakellaropoulou
Kırklareli
Kırklareli is a city in the European part of Turkey.
Kingdom of Bulgaria
The Tsardom of Bulgaria (translit), also referred to as the Third Bulgarian Tsardom (translit), sometimes translated in English as the "Kingdom of Bulgaria", or simply Bulgaria, was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe, which was established on 5 October (O.S. 22 September) 1908, when the Bulgarian state was raised from a principality to a tsardom.
See Balkans and Kingdom of Bulgaria
Kingdom of Greece
The Kingdom of Greece (Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος) was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic.
See Balkans and Kingdom of Greece
Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.
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Kingdom of Montenegro
The Kingdom of Montenegro (Kraljevina Crna Gora) was a monarchy in southeastern Europe, present-day Montenegro, during the tumultuous period of time on the Balkan Peninsula leading up to and during World War I. Officially it was a constitutional monarchy, but absolutist in practice.
See Balkans and Kingdom of Montenegro
Kingdom of Romania
The Kingdom of Romania (Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed from 13 March (O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian royal family), until 1947 with the abdication of King Michael I and the Romanian parliament's proclamation of the Romanian People's Republic.
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Kingdom of Serbia
The Kingdom of Serbia (Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882.
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Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941.
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Klaus Iohannis
Klaus Werner Iohannis (also spelled Johannis; born 13 June 1959), sometimes referred to by his initials KWI in the Romanian press, is a Romanian politician, physicist, and former physics teacher who has been serving as president of Romania since 2014.
See Balkans and Klaus Iohannis
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović
Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović (born 29 April 1968) is a Croatian politician and diplomat who served as President of Croatia from 2015 to 2020.
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Korab
Korab is a mountain range in eastern Albania and western North Macedonia, running along the border between the two countries.
Kupa
The Kupa or Kolpa (or; from Colapis in Roman times; Kulpa) river, a right tributary of the Sava, forms a natural border between north-west Croatia and southeast Slovenia.
See Balkans and Kupa
Kurdish language
Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest and northeast Iran, and Syria.
See Balkans and Kurdish language
Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Kyriakos Mitsotakis (Κυριάκος Μητσοτάκης,; born 4 March 1968) is a Greek politician currently serving as the prime minister of Greece since July 2019, except for a month between May and June 2023.
See Balkans and Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Languages of the Balkans
This is a list of languages spoken in regions ruled by Balkan countries.
See Balkans and Languages of the Balkans
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Lazar of Serbia
Lazar Hrebeljanović (Лазар Хребељановић; – 15 June 1389) was a medieval Serbian ruler who created the largest and most powerful state on the territory of the disintegrated Serbian Empire.
See Balkans and Lazar of Serbia
Lead
Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
See Balkans and Lead
Lignite
Lignite (derived from Latin lignum meaning 'wood'), often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat.
List of countries by Human Development Index
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) compiles the Human Development Index (HDI) of 193 nations in the annual Human Development Report.
See Balkans and List of countries by Human Development Index
List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
This is a list of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), as published by the UNDP in its 2024 Human Development Report.
See Balkans and List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
List of country calling codes
Country calling codes, country dial-in codes, international subscriber dialing (ISD) codes, or most commonly, telephone country codes are telephone number prefixes for reaching telephone subscribers in foreign countries or areas via international telecommunication networks.
See Balkans and List of country calling codes
Ljubljana
Ljubljana (also known by other historical names) is the capital and largest city of Slovenia, located along a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, north of the country's largest marsh, inhabited since prehistoric times.
London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.
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Macedonia (Greece)
Macedonia (Makedonía) is a geographic and former administrative region of Greece, in the southern Balkans.
See Balkans and Macedonia (Greece)
Macedonia (region)
Macedonia is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. Balkans and Macedonia (region) are geography of Europe and southeastern Europe.
See Balkans and Macedonia (region)
Macedonia naming dispute
The use of the country name "Macedonia" was disputed between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) between 1991 and 2019.
See Balkans and Macedonia naming dispute
Macedonian denar
The denar (денар; paucal: denari / денари; abbreviation: den / ден; ISO code: MKD) is the currency of North Macedonia.
See Balkans and Macedonian denar
Macedonian front
The Macedonian front, also known as the Salonica front (after Thessaloniki), was a military theatre of World War I formed as a result of an attempt by the Allied Powers to aid Serbia, in the autumn of 1915, against the combined attack of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria.
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Macedonian language
Macedonian (македонски јазик) is an Eastern South Slavic language.
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Macedonian Orthodox Church
The Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid (MOC-AO; Македонска православна црква – Охридска архиепископија), or simply the Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC) or the Archdiocese of Ohrid (AO), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in North Macedonia.
See Balkans and Macedonian Orthodox Church
Macedonians (ethnic group)
Macedonians (Makedonci) are a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group native to the region of Macedonia in Southeast Europe.
See Balkans and Macedonians (ethnic group)
Magnesite
Magnesite is a mineral with the chemical formula (magnesium carbonate).
Manganese
Manganese is a chemical element; it has symbol Mn and atomic number 25.
Marcel Ciolacu
Ion-Marcel Ciolacu (born 28 November 1967) is a Romanian politician who currently serves as the Prime Minister of Romania.
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Marion Newbigin
Marion Isabel Newbigin (1869 – 20 July 1934) was a Scottish geographer, biologist and academic author.
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Market economy
A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.
See Balkans and Market economy
Massif
A massif is a principal mountain mass, such as a compact portion of a mountain range, containing one or more summits (e.g. France's Massif Central).
Matica hrvatska
Matica hrvatska (Matrix Croatica) is the oldest independent, non-profit and non-governmental Croatian national institution.
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Mediterranean climate
A Mediterranean climate, also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen as Cs, is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes (normally 30 to 44 north and south latitude).
See Balkans and Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border. Balkans and Mediterranean Sea are geography of Europe.
See Balkans and Mediterranean Sea
Megleno-Romanians
The Megleno-Romanians, also known as Meglenites (Miglinits), Moglenite Vlachs or simply Vlachs (Vlaș), are an Eastern Romance ethnic group, originally inhabiting seven villages in the Moglena region spanning the Pella and Kilkis regional units of Central Macedonia, Greece, and one village, Huma, across the border in North Macedonia.
See Balkans and Megleno-Romanians
Member state of the European Union
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are party to the EU's founding treaties, and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership.
See Balkans and Member state of the European Union
Member states of NATO
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is an international military alliance consisting of 32 member states from Europe and North America.
See Balkans and Member states of NATO
Metamorphoses
The Metamorphoses (Metamorphōsēs, from μεταμορφώσεις: "Transformations") is a Latin narrative poem from 8 CE by the Roman poet Ovid.
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
Miloš Obilić
Miloš Obilić (Милош Обилић) was a legendary Serbian knight who is reputed to have been in the service of Prince Lazar during the Ottoman invasion of Serbia in the late 14th century.
Milojko Spajić
Milojko "Mickey" Spajić (Serbian and; born 24 September 1987) is a Montenegrin politician and financial engineer serving as Prime Minister of Montenegro since October 2023.
See Balkans and Milojko Spajić
Minoan civilization
The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age culture which was centered on the island of Crete.
See Balkans and Minoan civilization
Modern Library Chronicles
The Modern Library Chronicles are a series of short books published by the American publisher, Modern Library.
See Balkans and Modern Library Chronicles
Montenegrin language
Montenegrin (crnogorski, црногорски) is a normative variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Montenegrins and is the official language of Montenegro.
See Balkans and Montenegrin language
Montenegrins
Montenegrins (Black Mountain, or, Montenegrini) are a South Slavic ethnic group that share a common ancestry, culture, history, and language, identified with the country of Montenegro.
Montenegro
Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.
Mount Olympus
Mount Olympus (Ólympos) is an extensive massif near the Thermaic Gulf of the Aegean Sea, located on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia, between the regional units of Larissa and Pieria, about southwest from Thessaloniki.
Musala
Musala (Мусала); from Arabic through Ottoman Turkish: from Musalla, "near God" or "place for prayer" is the highest peak in the Rila Mountains, as well as in Bulgaria and the entire Balkan Peninsula, standing at. Balkans and Musala are geography of Europe.
Nataša Pirc Musar
Nataša Pirc Musar (born May 9, 1968) is a Slovenian attorney and author, serving as President of Slovenia since 2022.
See Balkans and Nataša Pirc Musar
National and University Library in Zagreb
National and University Library in Zagreb (NSK) (NSK; formerly Nacionalna i sveučilišna biblioteka u Zagrebu, NSB) is the national library of Croatia and central library of the University of Zagreb.
See Balkans and National and University Library in Zagreb
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
See Balkans and NATO
NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) carried out an aerial bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.
See Balkans and NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a series of actions undertaken by NATO whose stated aim was to establish long-term peace during and after the Bosnian War.
See Balkans and NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.
Neolithic
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.
Niš
Niš (Ниш,; names in other languages), less often spelled in English as Nish, is the third largest city in Serbia and the administrative center of the Nišava District.
See Balkans and Niš
Nikola IV Zrinski
Nikola IV Zrinski or Miklós IV Zrínyi (Zrínyi Miklós,; 1507/1508 – 7 September 1566), also commonly known as Nikola Šubić Zrinski, was a Croatian nobleman and general, Ban of Croatia from 1542 until 1556, royal master of the treasury from 1557 until 1566, and a descendant of the Croatian noble families Zrinski and Kurjaković.
See Balkans and Nikola IV Zrinski
Nikola Karev
Nikola Yanakiev Karev (Никола Янакиев Карев; Nikola Janakiev Karev; November 23, 1877 – April 27, 1905) was a Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary.
Nikolai Denkov
Nikolai Denkov Denkov (Николай Денков Денков, born 3 September 1962) is a Bulgarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria from 2023 to 2024.
See Balkans and Nikolai Denkov
Non-Aligned Movement
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
See Balkans and Non-Aligned Movement
North Macedonia
North Macedonia, officially the Republic of North Macedonia, is a landlocked country in Southeast Europe.
See Balkans and North Macedonia
Northern Dobruja
Northern Dobruja (Dobrogea de Nord or simply Dobrogea; Северна Добруджа, Severna Dobrudzha) is the part of Dobruja within the borders of Romania.
See Balkans and Northern Dobruja
Novi Sad
Novi Sad (Нови Сад,; see below for other names) is the second largest city in Serbia after the capital Belgrade and the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina.
Oak
An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family.
See Balkans and Oak
Oceanic climate
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate or maritime climate, is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb, typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool to warm summers and cool to mild winters (for their latitude), with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature.
See Balkans and Oceanic climate
Odesa
Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.
Oghuric languages
The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric languages (also known as Bulgar, Bulgharic, Bolgar, Pre-Proto-Bulgaric or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic language family.
See Balkans and Oghuric languages
Olive
The olive, botanical name Olea europaea, meaning 'European olive', is a species of small tree or shrub in the family Oleaceae, found traditionally in the Mediterranean Basin.
Open economy
An open economy is a type of economy where not only the domestic factors but also entities in other countries engage in trade of products (goods and services).
Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
See Balkans and Operation Barbarossa
Operation Deliberate Force
Operation Deliberate Force was a sustained air campaign conducted by NATO, in concert with the UNPROFOR ground operations, to undermine the military capability of the Army of Republika Srpska, which had threatened and attacked UN-designated "safe areas" in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War with the Srebrenica genocide and Markale massacres, precipitating the intervention.
See Balkans and Operation Deliberate Force
Operation Storm
Operation Storm (Операција Олуја) was the last major battle of the Croatian War of Independence and a major factor in the outcome of the Bosnian War.
See Balkans and Operation Storm
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
See Balkans and Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turkish (Lisân-ı Osmânî,; Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE).
See Balkans and Ottoman Turkish
Ottoman Turks
The Ottoman Turks (Osmanlı Türkleri) were a Turkic ethnic group.
Ottoman wars in Europe
A series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states took place from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century.
See Balkans and Ottoman wars in Europe
Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević
The overthrow of Slobodan Milošević began in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia after the general election on 24 September 2000 and culminated in the downfall of Slobodan Milošević's government on 5 October 2000.
See Balkans and Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević
Ovid
Publius Ovidius Naso (20 March 43 BC – AD 17/18), known in English as Ovid, was a Roman poet who lived during the reign of Augustus.
See Balkans and Ovid
Paeonians
Paeonians were an ancient Indo-European people that dwelt in Paeonia.
Paganism
Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.
Paleo-Balkan languages
The Paleo-Balkan languages are a geographical grouping of various Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Balkans and surrounding areas in ancient times.
See Balkans and Paleo-Balkan languages
Paleolithic
The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic, also called the Old Stone Age, is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone tools, and which represents almost the entire period of human prehistoric technology.
Palgrave Macmillan
Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.
See Balkans and Palgrave Macmillan
Pannonia
Pannonia was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia.
Parliamentary republic
A parliamentary republic is a republic that operates under a parliamentary system of government where the executive branch (the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the legislature (the parliament).
See Balkans and Parliamentary republic
Partnership for Peace
The Partnership for Peace (PfP; Partenariat pour la paix) is a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) program aimed at creating trust and cooperation between the member states of NATO and other states mostly in Europe, including post-Soviet states; 18 states are members.
See Balkans and Partnership for Peace
Pécs
Pécs (Pečuh; Fünfkirchen,; also known by alternative names) is the fifth largest city in Hungary, on the slopes of the Mecsek mountains in the country's southwest, close to the border with Croatia.
See Balkans and Pécs
Peninsula
A peninsula is a landform that extends from a mainland and is surrounded by water on most sides.
People's Socialist Republic of Albania
The People's Socialist Republic of Albania (Republika Popullore Socialiste e Shqipërisë), officially the People's Republic of Albania from 1946 until 1976, and from 1991 to 1992 as the Republic of Albania, was the one-party communist state in Albania from 1946 to 1991.
See Balkans and People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.
Philip II of Macedon
Philip II of Macedon (Φίλιππος; 382 BC – October 336 BC) was the king (basileus) of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC.
See Balkans and Philip II of Macedon
Pindus
The Pindus (also Pindos or Pindhos; Píndos; Pindet; Pindu) is a mountain range located in Northern Greece and Southern Albania.
Pine
A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae.
See Balkans and Pine
Pirin
The Pirin Mountains (Пирин) are a mountain range in southwestern Bulgaria, with the highest peak, Vihren, at an altitude of.
Plain
In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless.
Planned economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.
See Balkans and Planned economy
Plovdiv
Plovdiv (Пловдив) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria, 93 miles southeast of the capital Sofia.
Podgorica
Podgorica (Подгорица) is the capital and largest city of Montenegro.
Polje
A polje, also called karst polje or karst field, is a large flat plain found in karstic geological regions of the world, with areas usually in the range of 5–400 km2 (2–154 sq mi).
Pope Innocent VIII
Pope Innocent VIII (Innocentius VIII; Innocenzo VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1484 to his death, in July 1492.
See Balkans and Pope Innocent VIII
Population decline
Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human population size.
See Balkans and Population decline
Population of the Byzantine Empire
The population of the Byzantine Empire encompassed all ethnic and tribal groups living there - Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Assyrians, Byzantine Greeks, Bulgarians, Goths, Latini, Slavs, Thracians, Tzans, Vlachs and other groups.
See Balkans and Population of the Byzantine Empire
Potential enlargement of the European Union
There are currently nine states recognized as candidates for membership of the European Union: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine.
See Balkans and Potential enlargement of the European Union
President of Croatia
The president of Croatia, officially the president of the Republic of Croatia (Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske), is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and chief representative of the Republic of Croatia both within the country and abroad.
See Balkans and President of Croatia
Prespa Agreement
The Prespa Agreement, also known as the Treaty of Prespa, the Prespes deal or the Prespa accord, is an agreement reached in 2018 between Greece and the then-Republic of Macedonia, under the auspices of the United Nations, resolving a long-standing dispute between the two countries.
See Balkans and Prespa Agreement
Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
The Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (Mitropolstvo Crnogorsko) was a Serbian Orthodox ecclesiastical principality that existed from 1516 until 1852.
See Balkans and Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
Pristina
Pristina, Prishtina or Priština is the capital and largest city of Kosovo.
Protestantism in Serbia
Protestants are the 4th largest religious group in Serbia, after Eastern Orthodox Christians, Roman Catholics and Muslims.
See Balkans and Protestantism in Serbia
Proto-writing
Proto-writing consists of visible marks communicating limited information.
Province of Trieste
The province of Trieste (provincia di Trieste) is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy.
See Balkans and Province of Trieste
Purchasing power parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies.
See Balkans and Purchasing power parity
Random House
Random House is an imprint and publishing group of Penguin Random House.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician who is the 12th and current president of Turkey since 2014.
See Balkans and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Republic of Ragusa
The Republic of Ragusa (Republica de Ragusa; Respublica Ragusina; Repubblica di Ragusa; Dubrovačka Republika; Repùblega de Raguxa) was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) that carried that name from 1358 until 1808.
See Balkans and Republic of Ragusa
Rhodope Mountains
The Rhodopes (Родопи, Rodopi; Ροδόπη, Rodopi; Rodoplar) are a mountain range in Southeastern Europe, and the largest by area in Bulgaria, with over 83% of its area in the southern part of the country and the remainder in Greece. Balkans and Rhodope Mountains are geography of Europe.
See Balkans and Rhodope Mountains
Rila
Rila (Рила) is the highest mountain range of Bulgaria, the Balkan Peninsula, and Southeast Europe.
See Balkans and Rila
Robert Golob
Robert Golob (born 23 January 1967) is a Slovenian businessman and politician, serving as Prime Minister of Slovenia and leader of the Freedom Movement since 2022.
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
Romance languages
The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.
See Balkans and Romance languages
Romani language
Romani (also Romany, Romanes, Roma; rromani ćhib) is an Indo-Aryan macrolanguage of the Romani communities.
See Balkans and Romani language
Romani people
The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.
Romania
Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.
Romanian language
Romanian (obsolete spelling: Roumanian; limba română, or românește) is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova.
See Balkans and Romanian language
Romanian leu
The Romanian leu (plural lei; ISO code: RON; numeric code: 946) is the currency of Romania.
Romanian Orthodox Church
The Romanian Orthodox Church (ROC; Biserica Ortodoxă Română, BOR), or Patriarchate of Romania, is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in full communion with other Eastern Orthodox Christian churches, and one of the nine patriarchates in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
See Balkans and Romanian Orthodox Church
Romanians
Romanians (români,; dated exonym Vlachs) are a Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Sharing a common culture and ancestry, they speak the Romanian language and live primarily in Romania and Moldova. The 2021 Romanian census found that 89.3% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians.
Rostock
Rostock (Polabian: Roztoc), officially the Hanseatic and University City of Rostock (Hanse- und Universitätsstadt Rostock), is the largest city in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and lies in the Mecklenburgian part of the state, close to the border with Pomerania.
Rumelia
Rumelia (Rum İli,; Rumeli; Ρωμυλία) was the name of a historical region in Southeastern Europe that was administered by the Ottoman Empire, roughly corresponding to the Balkans. Balkans and Rumelia are Turkish toponyms.
Rumen Radev
Rumen Georgiev Radev (Румен Георгиев Радев; born 18 June 1963) is a Bulgarian politician and former major general who has been the president of Bulgaria since 22 January 2017.
Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
The Russo-Turkish War (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Russko-turetskaya voyna, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
See Balkans and Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Sarajevo
Sarajevo is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits.
Sava
The Sava is a river in Central and Southeast Europe, a right-bank and the longest tributary of the Danube.
See Balkans and Sava
Schengen Area
The Schengen Area is an area encompassing European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders.
Sea of Marmara
The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, is a small inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey. Balkans and sea of Marmara are geography of Europe.
See Balkans and Sea of Marmara
Second Balkan War
The Second Balkan War was a conflict that broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 (O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913.
See Balkans and Second Balkan War
Second Bulgarian Empire
The Second Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed between 1185 and 1396.
See Balkans and Second Bulgarian Empire
Second Hellenic Republic
The Second Hellenic Republic is a modern historiographical term used to refer to the Greek state during a period of republican governance between 1924 and 1935.
See Balkans and Second Hellenic Republic
Semi-presidential republic
A semi-presidential republic, or dual executive republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state.
See Balkans and Semi-presidential republic
Sephardic Jews
Sephardic Jews (Djudíos Sefardíes), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).
See Balkans and Sephardic Jews
Serbia
Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.
Serbian dinar
The dinar (динар,; paucal: dinara / динара; abbreviation: DIN (Latin) and дин (Cyrillic); code: RSD) is the currency of Serbia.
Serbian Empire
The Serbian Empire (Српско царство / Srpsko carstvo) was a medieval Serbian state that emerged from the Kingdom of Serbia.
See Balkans and Serbian Empire
Serbian language
Serbian (српски / srpski) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs.
See Balkans and Serbian language
Serbian nationalism
Serbian nationalism asserts that Serbs are a nation and promotes the cultural and political unity of Serbs.
See Balkans and Serbian nationalism
Serbian Orthodox Church
The Serbian Orthodox Church (Srpska pravoslavna crkva) is one of the autocephalous (ecclesiastically independent) Eastern Orthodox Christian churches.
See Balkans and Serbian Orthodox Church
Serbs
The Serbs (Srbi) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Southeastern Europe who share a common Serbian ancestry, culture, history, and language.
Shrub
A shrub or bush is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant.
Siege of Krujë (1450)
The first siege of Krujë occurred in 1450 when an Ottoman army led by Sultan Murad II and his crown prince Mehmed II tried to besiege the Albanian town of Krujë.
See Balkans and Siege of Krujë (1450)
Silver
Silver is a chemical element; it has symbol Ag (derived from Proto-Indo-European ''*h₂erǵ'')) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.
Skanderbeg
Gjergj Kastrioti (17 January 1468), commonly known as Skanderbeg, was an Albanian feudal lord and military commander who led a rebellion against the Ottoman Empire in what is today Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, Kosovo, Montenegro, and Serbia.
Skopje
Skopje (Скопје; Shkup, Shkupi) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia.
Slavic languages
The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.
See Balkans and Slavic languages
Slavoj Žižek
Slavoj Žižek (born 21 March 1949) is a Slovenian philosopher, cultural theorist and public intellectual.
Slavs
The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.
Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević (20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was a Yugoslav and Serbian politician who was the President of Serbia between 1989–1997 and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 until his оverthrow in 2000.
See Balkans and Slobodan Milošević
Slovene language
Slovene or Slovenian (slovenščina) is a South Slavic language of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.
See Balkans and Slovene language
Slovenes
The Slovenes, also known as Slovenians (Slovenci), are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Slovenia, and adjacent regions in Italy, Austria and Hungary.
Slovenia
Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.
Small and medium-sized enterprises
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are businesses whose personnel and revenue numbers fall below certain limits.
See Balkans and Small and medium-sized enterprises
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (commonly abbreviated as SFRY or SFR Yugoslavia), commonly referred to as Socialist Yugoslavia or simply Yugoslavia, was a country in Central and Southeast Europe.
See Balkans and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Socialist Republic of Macedonia
The Socialist Republic of Macedonia (Socijalistička Republika Makedonija), or SR Macedonia, commonly referred to as Socialist Macedonia, Yugoslav Macedonia or simply Macedonia, was one of the six constituent republics of the post-World War II Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and a nation state of the Macedonians.
See Balkans and Socialist Republic of Macedonia
Sofia
Sofia (Sofiya) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.
South Slavs
South Slavs are Slavic people who speak South Slavic languages and inhabit a contiguous region of Southeast Europe comprising the eastern Alps and the Balkan Peninsula.
Southeast Europe
Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos. Balkans and Southeast Europe are regions of Europe and southeastern Europe.
See Balkans and Southeast Europe
Southeast European Times
Southeast European Times was a United States European Command-sponsored news website dedicated to coverage of Southeast Europe that ended publication in March 2015.
See Balkans and Southeast European Times
Southern Europe
Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe. Balkans and southern Europe are regions of Europe.
See Balkans and Southern Europe
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
Split, Croatia
Split (Spalato:; see other names), is the second-largest city of Croatia after the capital Zagreb, the largest city in Dalmatia and the largest city on the Croatian coast.
See Balkans and Split, Croatia
Spruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea, a genus of about 40 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth.
Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe
The Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe was an institution aimed at strengthening peace, democracy, human rights and economy in the countries of South Eastern Europe from 1999 to 2008.
See Balkans and Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe
Starčevo culture
The Starčevo culture is an archaeological culture of Southeastern Europe, dating to the Neolithic period between c. 6200 and 4500 BCE.
See Balkans and Starčevo culture
State ownership
State ownership, also called public ownership or government ownership, is the ownership of an industry, asset, property, or enterprise by the national government of a country or state, or a public body representing a community, as opposed to an individual or private party.
See Balkans and State ownership
Stefan Dušan
Stefan Uroš IV Dušan (Стефан Урош IV Душан), also known as Dušan the Mighty (– 20 December 1355), was the King of Serbia from 8 September 1331 and Emperor of the Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians and Albanians from 16 April 1346 until his death in 1355.
Stevo Pendarovski
Stevo Pendarovski (Стево Пендаровски,; born 3 April 1963) is a Macedonian politician who served as the 5th President of North Macedonia from 2019 to 2024.
See Balkans and Stevo Pendarovski
Sumer
Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.
Szczecin
Szczecin (Stettin; Stettin; Sedinum or Stetinum) is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland.
Tekirdağ
Tekirdağ is a city in Turkey.
Ten-Day War
The Ten-Day War (desetdnevna vojna), or the Slovenian War of Independence (slovenska osamosvojitvena vojna), was a brief armed conflict that followed Slovenia's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991.
The American Historical Review
The American Historical Review is a quarterly academic history journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association, for which it is its official publication.
See Balkans and The American Historical Review
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.
Thede Kahl
Thede Kahl (born 30 March 1971 in Hamburg) is a German ethnographer and ethnolinguist.
Theobald Fischer
Theobald Fischer (31 October 1846 Kirchsteitz – 17 September 1910) was a German geographer.
See Balkans and Theobald Fischer
Theodoros Kolokotronis
Theodoros Kolokotronis (Θεόδωρος Κολοκοτρώνης; 3 April 1770 – 4 February 1843) was a Greek general and the pre-eminent leader of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) against the Ottoman Empire.
See Balkans and Theodoros Kolokotronis
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), also known as Thessalonica, Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece, with slightly over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.
Thrace
Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.
Thracian language
The Thracian language is an extinct and poorly attested language, spoken in ancient times in Southeast Europe by the Thracians.
See Balkans and Thracian language
Thracians
The Thracians (translit; Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Southeast Europe in ancient history.
Timișoara
Timișoara (Temeswar, also Temeschwar or Temeschburg; Temesvár; Temišvar; see other names) is the capital city of Timiș County, Banat, and the main economic, social and cultural centre in Western Romania.
Tin
Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn and atomic number 50.
See Balkans and Tin
Tirana
Tirana (Tirona) is the capital and largest city of Albania.
Tree line
The tree line is the edge of a habitat at which trees are capable of growing and beyond which they are not.
Trieste
Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy.
Tripartite Pact
The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano, and Saburō Kurusu (in that order) and in the presence of Adolf Hitler.
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Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine is an American foreign policy that pledges American "support for democracies against authoritarian threats." The doctrine originated with the primary goal of countering the growth of the Soviet bloc during the Cold War.
See Balkans and Truman Doctrine
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.
See Balkans and Turkic languages
Turkish language
Turkish (Türkçe, Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers.
See Balkans and Turkish language
Turkish lira
The lira (Türk lirası; sign: ₺; ISO 4217 code: TRY; abbreviation: TL) is the official currency of Turkey and Northern Cyprus, as well as one of the two currencies used in northern Syria under the country's interim government.
Turkish people
Turkish people or Turks (Türkler) are the largest Turkic people who speak various dialects of the Turkish language and form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.
See Balkans and Turkish people
Turkish straits
The Turkish Straits (Türk Boğazları) are two internationally significant waterways in northwestern Turkey.
See Balkans and Turkish straits
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
Typhon
Typhon (Τυφῶν|Typhôn), also Typhoeus (label), Typhaon (label) or Typhos (label), was a monstrous serpentine giant and one of the deadliest creatures in Greek mythology.
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
See Balkans and United Nations Development Programme
University of California Press
The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
See Balkans and University of California Press
UTC+01:00
UTC+01:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +01:00.
UTC+02:00
UTC+02:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +02:00.
UTC+03:00
UTC+03:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +03:00.
Vardar Macedonia
Vardar Macedonia (Macedonian and Вардарска Македонија, Vardarska Makedonija) was the name given to the territory of the Kingdom of Serbia (1912–1918) and Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941) roughly corresponding to today's North Macedonia.
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Varna, Bulgaria
Varna (Варна) is the third-largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and in the Northern Bulgaria region.
See Balkans and Varna, Bulgaria
Vasil Levski
Vasil Levski (Васил Левски, spelled in old Bulgarian orthography as Василъ Львскій), born Vasil Ivanov Kunchev (Васил Иванов Кунчев; 18 July 1837 – 18 February 1873), was a Bulgarian revolutionary who is, today, a national hero of Bulgaria.
Večernji list
(also known as) is a Croatian daily newspaper published in Zagreb.
Vihren
Vihren is the highest peak of Bulgaria's Pirin Mountains.
Vijenac
Vijenac (English: The Wreath) is a biweekly magazine for literature, art and science, established in December 1993 and published by Matica hrvatska, the central national cultural institution in Croatia.
Vinča culture
The Vinča culture (ʋîːntʃa), also known as Turdaș culture, Turdaș–Vinča culture or Vinča-Turdaș culture, is a Neolithic archaeological culture of Southeast Europe, dated to the period 5400–4500 BC.
Vinča symbols
The Vinča symbols are a set of undeciphered symbols found on artifacts from the Neolithic Vinča culture and other "Old European" cultures of Central and Southeast Europe.
Vjosa Osmani
Vjosa Osmani-Sadriu (born 17 May 1982) is a Kosovar Albanian jurist and politician who is the current president of Kosovo since 2021.
Vlachs
Vlach, also Wallachian (and many other variants), is a term and exonym used from the Middle Ages until the Modern Era to designate speakers of Eastern Romance languages living in Southeast Europe—south of the Danube (the Balkan peninsula) and north of the Danube.
Vulture
A vulture is a bird of prey that scavenges on carrion.
Warsaw Pact
The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War.
West Asia
West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.
Western Christianity
Western Christianity is one of two subdivisions of Christianity (Eastern Christianity being the other).
See Balkans and Western Christianity
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
World Bank high-income economy
A high-income economy is defined by the World Bank as a country with a gross national income per capita of US$14,005 or more in 2023, calculated using the Atlas method.
See Balkans and World Bank high-income economy
World War I
World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Young Bosnia
Young Bosnia (Mlada Bosna) refers to a loosely organised grouping of separatist and revolutionary cells active in the early 20th century, that sought to end the Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Yugoslav People's Army
The Yugoslav People's Army (JNA/ЈНА; Macedonian, Montenegrin and Jugoslovenska narodna armija; Croatian and Jugoslavenska narodna armija; Jugoslovanska ljudska armada, JLA), also called the Yugoslav National Army, was the military of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and its antecedents from 1945 to 1992.
See Balkans and Yugoslav People's Army
Yugoslav Wars
The Yugoslav Wars were a series of separate but relatedNaimark (2003), p. xvii.
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (Југославија; Jugoslavija; Југославија) was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 to 1992.
Zagreb
Zagreb is the capital and largest city of Croatia.
Zeus
Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.
See Balkans and Zeus
Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
See Balkans and Zinc
Zoran Milanović
Zoran Milanović (born 30 October 1966) is a Croatian politician serving as the president of Croatia since 2020.
See Balkans and Zoran Milanović
2001 insurgency in Macedonia
| combatant2.
See Balkans and 2001 insurgency in Macedonia
2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence, which proclaimed the Republic of Kosovo to be a state independent from Serbia, was adopted at a meeting held on 17 February 2008 by 109 out of the 120 members of the Assembly of Kosovo, including the Prime Minister of Kosovo, Hashim Thaçi, and by the President of Kosovo, Fatmir Sejdiu (who was not a member of the Assembly).
See Balkans and 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
See also
Peninsulas of Europe
- Balkans
- Courland Peninsula
- Crimea
- Fennoscandia
- Gallipoli Peninsula
- Iberian Peninsula
- Istria
- Italian Peninsula
- Jutland
- Kola Peninsula
- Little Sark
- Scandinavian Peninsula
Southeastern Europe
- Balkans
- Berlin Process
- Brdo-Brijuni Process
- Central and Eastern Europe
- Kosovo (region)
- Macedonia (region)
- South Eastern European Dialogue on Internet Governance
- South-East European Cooperation Process
- Southeast Europe
Turkish toponyms
- Çatak (disambiguation)
- Çavuşlu
- Çevlik
- Ömerli
- Akdam
- Aladağ
- Alibeyli
- Balkans
- Beğendik
- Bozan (disambiguation)
- Elbeyli (disambiguation)
- Ereğli
- Evciler (disambiguation)
- Hasanağa
- Karaahmetli
- Kazancı
- Ludogorie
- Rumelia
- Sarıyar (disambiguation)
- Yenişehir
- İmrahor
References
Also known as Balcans, Balkan, Balkan Peninsula, Balkan Penninsula, Balkan Pennisula, Balkan States, Balkan cities over 200,000 people, Balkan countries, Balkan people, Balkan peoples, Balkanic, Balkanic Europe, Balkanoid, Balkans Peninsula, Balkins, Central Balkans, Demographics of the Balkans, Demography of the Balkans, East Balkan, Ethnic groups in the Balkans, Haemus Peninsula, Historical regions of the Balkan Peninsula, Historical regions of the Balkans, List of Balkan countries, List of historical regions of the Balkan Peninsula, Natural resources of the Balkans, Peninsula of Haemus, Politcs of the Balkans, Religion in the Balkans, South Balkan area, The Balkans, Western Balkan, Western Balkan region, Western Balkans.
, Balkan Wars, Balkanization, Baltic Sea, Battle of Albulena, Battle of Kosovo, Bauxite, Beech, Belgrade, Bird of prey, Black Sea, Bora (wind), Boris III of Bulgaria, Borjana Krišto, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark, Bosniaks, Bosnian language, Bosnian War, Brașov, Breakup of Yugoslavia, Bucharest, Bulgaria, Bulgarian language, Bulgarian lev, Bulgarian Orthodox Church, Bulgarians, Bulgars, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine–Bulgarian wars, Byzantine–Ottoman wars, C. Hurst & Co., Cambridge University Press, Cape Matapan, Carl Ritter, Catholic Church, Catholic Church in Albania, Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Catholic Church in Croatia, Catholic Church in Greece, Catholic Church in Kosovo, Catholic Church in Montenegro, Catholic Church in North Macedonia, Catholic Church in Romania, Catholic Church in Serbia, Catholic Church in Slovenia, Celts, Central Asia, Central Europe, Central European Free Trade Agreement, Central Powers, China, Christian mission, Chromite, Chromium, Classical antiquity, Cluj-Napoca, Coal, Cold War, Communist Party of Greece, Congress of Berlin, Constanța, Constantine XI Palaiologos, Country code top-level domain, Coup d'état, Croatia, Croatian language, Croatian War of Independence, Croats, Cyril and Methodius, Dacians, Danube, De facto, De jure, Denis Bećirović, Dimitar Kovačevski, Dinaric Alps, Dubrovnik, Early Middle Ages, East Thrace, Eastern Bloc, Eastern Christianity, Eastern Europe, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodoxy in Albania, Eastern Orthodoxy in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eastern Orthodoxy in Croatia, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Edi Rama, Edirne, Edna W. 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Grabar-Kitarović, Korab, Kupa, Kurdish language, Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Languages of the Balkans, Latin, Lazar of Serbia, Lead, Lignite, List of countries by Human Development Index, List of countries by inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, List of country calling codes, Ljubljana, London, Macedonia (ancient kingdom), Macedonia (Greece), Macedonia (region), Macedonia naming dispute, Macedonian denar, Macedonian front, Macedonian language, Macedonian Orthodox Church, Macedonians (ethnic group), Magnesite, Manganese, Marcel Ciolacu, Marion Newbigin, Market economy, Massif, Matica hrvatska, Mediterranean climate, Mediterranean Sea, Megleno-Romanians, Member state of the European Union, Member states of NATO, Metamorphoses, Middle Ages, Middle East, Miloš Obilić, Milojko Spajić, Minoan civilization, Modern Library Chronicles, Montenegrin language, Montenegrins, Montenegro, Mount Olympus, Musala, Nataša Pirc Musar, National and University Library in Zagreb, NATO, NATO bombing of 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of Trieste, Purchasing power parity, Random House, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Republic of Ragusa, Rhodope Mountains, Rila, Robert Golob, Roman Empire, Romance languages, Romani language, Romani people, Romania, Romanian language, Romanian leu, Romanian Orthodox Church, Romanians, Rostock, Rumelia, Rumen Radev, Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Sarajevo, Sava, Schengen Area, Sea of Marmara, Second Balkan War, Second Bulgarian Empire, Second Hellenic Republic, Semi-presidential republic, Sephardic Jews, Serbia, Serbian dinar, Serbian Empire, Serbian language, Serbian nationalism, Serbian Orthodox Church, Serbs, Shrub, Siege of Krujë (1450), Silver, Skanderbeg, Skopje, Slavic languages, Slavoj Žižek, Slavs, Slobodan Milošević, Slovene language, Slovenes, Slovenia, Small and medium-sized enterprises, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Socialist Republic of Macedonia, Sofia, South Slavs, Southeast Europe, Southeast European Times, Southern Europe, Soviet Union, Split, Croatia, Spruce, Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe, Starčevo culture, State ownership, Stefan Dušan, Stevo Pendarovski, Sumer, Szczecin, Tekirdağ, Ten-Day War, The American Historical Review, The Holocaust, Thede Kahl, Theobald Fischer, Theodoros Kolokotronis, Thessaloniki, Thrace, Thracian language, Thracians, Timișoara, Tin, Tirana, Tree line, Trieste, Tripartite Pact, Truman Doctrine, Turkey, Turkic languages, Turkish language, Turkish lira, Turkish people, Turkish straits, Turkmenistan, Typhon, United Nations Development Programme, University of California Press, UTC+01:00, UTC+02:00, UTC+03:00, Vardar Macedonia, Varna, Bulgaria, Vasil Levski, Večernji list, Vihren, Vijenac, Vinča culture, Vinča symbols, Vjosa Osmani, Vlachs, Vulture, Warsaw Pact, West Asia, Western Christianity, World Bank, World Bank high-income economy, World War I, World War II, Young Bosnia, Yugoslav People's Army, Yugoslav Wars, Yugoslavia, Zagreb, Zeus, Zinc, Zoran Milanović, 2001 insurgency in Macedonia, 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence.