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327 relations: Abbess, Abdominal obesity, Adalard of Corbie, Adjuncts, Aframomum melegueta, Agave, Alcohol (drug), Alcohol abuse, Alcohol by volume, Alcohol dependence, Alcohol flush reaction, Alcohol intoxication, Alcohol tolerance, Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Alcoholic drink, Alcoholic liver disease, Alcoholism, Ale, Alkaline hydrolysis, Altbier, Alvíssmál, AmBev, American Society of Brewing Chemists, Amylase, Ancient Egypt, Andes, Anheuser-Busch, Anheuser-Busch InBev, Anterograde amnesia, Antibiotic, Antiquity (journal), Anton Dreher, Armenia, Artemisia absinthium, Artisan, B vitamins, Banana beer, Bar, Barley, Barley wine, Bavaria, BBC, Beer and breweries by region, Beer bottle, Beer cake, Beer cocktail, Beer festival, Beer from bread, Beer head, Beer ice cream, ..., Beer in Africa, Beer in Belgium, Beer in England, Beer in Germany, Beer in Syria, Beer in the Czech Republic, Beer jam, Beer measurement, Beer pong, Beer rating, Beer sommelier, Beer stein, Beer tap, Beer tower, Berliner Weisse, Beverage can, Bhutan, Binge drinking, Biotin, Bitburger Brewery, Blood alcohol content, Bock, Boston Beer Company, Bread, Brettanomyces, Brettanomyces bruxellensis, BrewDog, Brewery, Brewing, Brewing methods, Bright beer, Brouwerij 't Koelschip, Budweiser, Caffeic acid, Campaign for Real Ale, Carbon dioxide, Carbonation, Cardiovascular disease, Carrageenan, Cask ale, Cassava, Cauim, Celts, Cereal, Chewing, Chhaang, Chicha, Chondrus crispus, Choujiu, Chromium, Code of Hammurabi, Coke (fuel), Coma, Congener (alcohol), Coors Brewing Company, Crown Holdings, Der Spiegel, Developed country, Diabetes mellitus, Dopamine, Draught beer, Drinking culture, Drinking game, Driving under the influence, Dublin, Ebla, Ebla tablets, Epic of Gilgamesh, Ester, Ethanol, Ethanol fermentation, Euphoria, European Brewery Convention, Ferulic acid, FIFA World Cup, Filtered beer, Finings, Flavor, Foodpairing, Fractional freezing, Franconia, Fred Eckhardt, Freising, Göbekli Tepe, Gelatin, Geology, Germanic peoples, Germination, Gilgamesh, Giza pyramid complex, Gluten, Gluten-free beer, Glycemic index, Godin Tepe, Grist, Grolsch Brewery, Gruit, Guinness, Guinness World Records, Gypsum, Hair of the Dog Brewing Company, Hard water, Heineken, Heineken International, Henry Holt and Company, Hildegard of Bingen, Himalayas, History of agriculture, Homebrewing, Hops, HowStuffWorks, Huangjiu, Humulene, Humulus lupulus, Hydrometer, Hypoventilation, InBev, India pale ale, Indigenous peoples in Brazil, Industrial Revolution, Interbrew, Iran, Isinglass, Isoxanthohumol, Kappaphycus, Keg, Kvass, Kyrgyzstan, Lactobacillus, Lager, Lambic, Lautering, Leslie Dunkling, Lethargy, Light beer, Linalool, Liquor, List of barley-based drinks, List of countries by beer consumption per capita, List of drinks, Long-term effects of alcohol consumption, Magnesium, Maize, Malcolm Gluck, Malt, Malting process, Maltose, Manufacturing, Mash ingredients, Mashing, Master Brewers Association of the Americas, Mesopotamia, Metabolism, Michael Jackson (writer), Microbiological culture, Microbrewery, Microorganism, Mild ale, Miller Brewing Company, Millet, Mineral, Monastery, Mouthfeel, Multinational corporation, Music festival, Myrcene, Myrcenol, Narcotic, New Scientist, Ninkasi, Nitrogen, Oat, Old English, Old Norse, Order of Saint Benedict, Oshikundu, Oxford University Press, P-Coumaric acid, Pale ale, Pale lager, Party, Peru, Pewter, Phenethyl alcohol, Phosphorus, Phytoestrogens, Pilsner, Pilsner Urquell, Plzeň, Plzeň Region, Polyethylene terephthalate, Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, Porter (carrier), Positron emission tomography, Potassium, Pre-Pottery Neolithic, Precipitation (chemistry), Preservative, Pressure vessel, Prodelphinidin B3, Prodelphinidin B9, Prodelphinidin C2, Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Indo-European language, Pub, Pub crawl, Pub games, Pulmonary aspiration, Recreational drug use, Refrigeration, Region, Reinheitsgebot, Resin, Rice, Rye, SABMiller, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pastorianus, Sahti, Saint Nicholas, Sake, Samuel Adams (beer), Scientific American, Sedation, Selenium, Siduri, Sikkim, Sinapinic acid, Soft drink, Sorghum, South African Breweries, Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu, Spile, Sports drink, Starch, Stillage, Stout, Stroke, Stupor, Sugar, Suspended solids, Swim bladder, Syria, Syringic acid, Tankard, Tannin, Taste, Tea, Tella, Tert-Amyl alcohol, The Guardian, Thermometer, Tibet, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Trap (plumbing), Trappist beer, Tryptophol, Tyrosol, Ukraine, Upper Franconia, Uruk, Vanillic acid, Vienna, Water, Weihenstephan, Wheat, Wheat beer, Widget (beer), William IV, Duke of Bavaria, Wort, Xanthohumol, Xenophon, Yeast, Yeast flocculation, Zagros Mountains, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 8-Prenylnaringenin. Expand index (277 more) »
Abbess
In Christianity, an abbess (Latin abbatissa, feminine form of abbas, abbot) is the female superior of a community of nuns, which is often an abbey.
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Abdominal obesity
Abdominal obesity, also known as central obesity, occurs when excessive abdominal fat around the stomach and abdomen has built up to the extent that it is likely to have a negative impact on health.
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Adalard of Corbie
Saint Adalard of Corbie (Adalhardus Corbeiensis; c. 751, Huise – 1 January 827) was son of Bernard the son of Charles Martel and half-brother of Pepin; Charlemagne was his cousin.
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Adjuncts
Adjuncts are unmalted grains (such as corn, rice, rye, oats, barley, and wheat) or grain products used in brewing beer which supplement the main mash ingredient (such as malted barley).
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Aframomum melegueta
Aframomum melegueta is a species in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.
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Agave
Agave is a genus of monocots native to the hot and arid regions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States.
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Alcohol (drug)
Alcohol, also known by its chemical name ethanol, is a psychoactive substance or drug that is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor).
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Alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse is a previous psychiatric diagnosis in which there is recurring harmful use of alcohol despite its negative consequences.
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Alcohol by volume
Alcohol by volume (abbreviated as ABV, abv, or alc/vol) is a standard measure of how much alcohol (ethanol) is contained in a given volume of an alcoholic beverage (expressed as a volume percent).
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Alcohol dependence
Alcohol dependence is a previous psychiatric diagnosis in which an individual is physically or psychologically dependent upon alcohol (also known formally as ethanol).
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Alcohol flush reaction
Alcohol flush reaction is a condition in which a person develops flushes or blotches associated with erythema on the face, neck, shoulders, and in some cases, the entire body after consuming alcoholic beverages.
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Alcohol intoxication
Alcohol intoxication, also known as drunkenness or alcohol poisoning, is negative behavior and physical effects due to the recent drinking of ethanol (alcohol).
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Alcohol tolerance
Alcohol tolerance refers to the bodily responses to the functional effects of ethanol in alcoholic beverages.
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Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in alcohol use after a period of excessive use.
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Alcoholic drink
An alcoholic drink (or alcoholic beverage) is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar.
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Alcoholic liver disease
Alcoholic liver disease is a term that encompasses the liver manifestations of alcohol overconsumption, including fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis.
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Alcoholism
Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in mental or physical health problems.
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Ale
Ale is a type of beer brewed using a warm fermentation method, resulting in a sweet, full-bodied and fruity taste.
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Alkaline hydrolysis
Alkaline hydrolysis, in organic chemistry, usually refers to types of nucleophilic substitution reactions in which the attacking nucleophile is a hydroxide ion.
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Altbier
Altbier (German: old beer) is a style of beer brewed in the historical region of Westphalia and around the city of Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Alvíssmál
Alvíssmál ("Talk of Alvíss") is a poem collected in the Poetic Edda, probably dating to the 12th century, that relates a conversation between Thor and a dwarf called Alvíss ("All-Wise").
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AmBev
Ambev, formally Companhia de Bebidas das Américas (official English translation: "Americas' Beverage Company", hence the name "Ambev", formerly styled as "AmBev") is a Brazilian brewing company owned by Belgian company Anheuser-Busch InBev.
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American Society of Brewing Chemists
The ASBC is a professional organization of scientists and technical professionals in the brewing, malting, and allied industries.
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Amylase
An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars.
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Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeastern Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River - geographically Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt, in the place that is now occupied by the countries of Egypt and Sudan.
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Andes
The Andes or Andean Mountains (Cordillera de los Andes) are the longest continental mountain range in the world.
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Anheuser-Busch
Anheuser-Busch Companies, LLC is an American brewing company headquartered in St. Louis, Missouri.
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Anheuser-Busch InBev
Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV (abbreviated as AB InBev) is a Belgian-Brazilian transnational beverage and brewing company with global headquarters in Leuven, Belgium.
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Anterograde amnesia
Anterograde amnesia is a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact.
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Antibiotic
An antibiotic (from ancient Greek αντιβιοτικά, antibiotiká), also called an antibacterial, is a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections.
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Antiquity (journal)
Antiquity is an academic journal dedicated to the subject of archaeology.
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Anton Dreher
Anton Dreher (7 May 1810 in Schwechat near Vienna – 27 December 1863 in Schwechat) was an Austrian brewer, business magnate, philanthropist of Danube Swabian ancestry, the founder of the Dreher Breweries who was an important figure in the development of pale lager.
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Armenia
Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.
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Artemisia absinthium
Artemisia absinthium (absinthe, absinthium, absinthe wormwood, grand wormwood, wormwood) is a species of Artemisia native to temperate regions of Eurasia and Northern Africa and widely naturalized in Canada and the northern United States.
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Artisan
An artisan (from artisan, artigiano) is a skilled craft worker who makes or creates things by hand that may be functional or strictly decorative, for example furniture, decorative arts, sculptures, clothing, jewellery, food items, household items and tools or even mechanisms such as the handmade clockwork movement of a watchmaker.
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B vitamins
B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism.
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Banana beer
Banana beer is an alcoholic beverage made from fermentation of mashed bananas.
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Bar
A bar (also known as a saloon or a tavern or sometimes a pub or club, referring to the actual establishment, as in pub bar or savage club etc.) is a retail business establishment that serves alcoholic beverages, such as beer, wine, liquor, cocktails, and other beverages such as mineral water and soft drinks and often sell snack foods such as crisps (potato chips) or peanuts, for consumption on premises.
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Barley
Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally.
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Barley wine
Barley wine is a style of strong ale of between 6-11% or 8-12% alcohol by volume.
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Bavaria
Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.
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BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster.
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Beer and breweries by region
This is a list of articles and categories dealing with beer and breweries by region: the breweries and beers in various regions.
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Beer bottle
A beer bottle is a bottle designed as a container for beer.
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Beer cake
Beer cake is a cake prepared using beer as a primary ingredient, and other typical cake ingredients.
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Beer cocktail
A beer cocktail is a cocktail that is made by mixing beer with a distilled beverage or another style of beer.
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Beer festival
A beer festival is an event at which a variety of beers are available for purchase.
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Beer from bread
Although most beer is brewed using cereal grains — most commonly malted barley — as a source of starch sugars, it can also be made from bread.
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Beer head
Beer head (also head or collar), is the frothy foam on top of beer which is produced by bubbles of gas, typically carbon dioxide, rising to the surface.
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Beer ice cream
Beer ice cream is a type of ice cream prepared using beer as an ingredient.
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Beer in Africa
Beer in Africa, especially lager, is produced commercially in most African countries, and varieties of beer are also made by indigenous tribes.
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Beer in Belgium
Beer in Belgium varies from pale lager via the amber of special and lambic beer, red of Flemish red, to black of Scotch and Stout beers.
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Beer in England
Beer in England has been brewed for hundreds of years.
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Beer in Germany
Beer is a major part of German culture.
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Beer in Syria
In Syria, the production and distribution of beer was controlled by the government, and most widely sold through the army's Military Social Establishment supermarket chain and through mini markets in city centres and Christian as well as Muslim areas.
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Beer in the Czech Republic
Beer (pivo) has a long history in what is now the Czech Republic, with brewing taking place in Břevnov Monastery in 993.
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Beer jam
Beer jam, also known as beer jelly, is a jam prepared with beer as a primary ingredient.
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Beer measurement
When drinking beer, there are many factors to be considered.
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Beer pong
Beer pong, also known as Beirut, is a drinking game in which players throw a ping pong ball across a table with the intent of landing the ball in a cup of beer on the other end.
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Beer rating
Beer rating is assessing and evaluating beer using a point system.
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Beer sommelier
A beer sommelier, also called a cicerone, is a trained professional who works in the hospitality and alcoholic beverage industry specializing in the service and knowledge of beer.
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Beer stein
Beer stein, or simply stein, is an English neologism for either traditional beer mugs made out of stoneware, or specifically ornamental beer mugs that are usually sold as souvenirs or collectibles.
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Beer tap
A beer tap is a valve, specifically a tap, for controlling the release of beer.
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Beer tower
A beer tower, also known as a portable beer tap, a tabletop beer dispenser, a triton dispenser or a giraffe, is a beer dispensing device, usually found in bars, pubs and restaurants.
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Berliner Weisse
Berliner Weisse (German: Berliner Weiße) is a cloudy, sour beer of around 3% alcohol by volume.
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Beverage can
A beverage can is a metal container designed to hold a fixed portion of liquid such as carbonated soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, fruit juices, teas, herbal teas, energy drinks, etc.
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Bhutan
Bhutan, officially the Kingdom of Bhutan (Druk Gyal Khap), is a landlocked country in South Asia.
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Binge drinking
Binge drinking, or heavy episodic drinking, is a modern epithet for drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time.
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Biotin
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin, also called vitamin B7 and formerly known as vitamin H or coenzyme R. Biotin is composed of a ureido ring fused with a tetrahydrothiophene ring.
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Bitburger Brewery
Bitburger brewery (Bitburger Brauerei Th. Simon GmbH) is a large German brewery founded in 1817 by Johann Wallenborn.
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Blood alcohol content
Blood alcohol content (BAC), also called blood alcohol concentration, blood ethanol concentration, or blood alcohol level, is most commonly used as a metric of alcohol intoxication for legal or medical purposes.
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Bock
Bock is a strong lager of German origin.
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Boston Beer Company
The Boston Beer Company is a brewer founded in 1984.
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Bread
Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking.
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Brettanomyces
Brettanomyces is a non-spore forming genus of yeast in the family Saccharomycetaceae, and is often colloquially referred to as "Brett".
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Brettanomyces bruxellensis
Brettanomyces bruxellensis (the anamorph of Dekkera bruxellensis) is a yeast associated with and named after, the Senne valley near Brussels, Belgium.
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BrewDog
BrewDog is a multinational brewery and pub chain based in Ellon, Scotland.
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Brewery
A brewery or brewing company is a business that makes and sells beer.
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Brewing
Brewing is the production of beer by steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains, the most popular of which is barley) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast.
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Brewing methods
Beer is produced through steeping a sugar source (commonly malted cereal grains) in water and then fermenting with yeast.
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Bright beer
Bright beer is beer in which yeast is no longer in suspension.
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Brouwerij 't Koelschip
Brouwerij 't Koelschip (The Coolship, after a traditional piece of brewing equipment used to cool the wort after boiling), full name Ambachtelijke Bierbrouwerij en Distilleerderij 'T KOELSCHIP, is a Dutch Brewer, based in Almere, which made a 60% abv beer called Start the Future.
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Budweiser
Budweiser is an American-style pale lager produced by Anheuser-Busch, currently part of the transnational corporation Anheuser-Busch InBev.
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Caffeic acid
Caffeic acid is an organic compound that is classified as a hydroxycinnamic acid.
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Campaign for Real Ale
The Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) is an independent voluntary consumer organisation headquartered in St Albans, England, which promotes real ale, real cider and the traditional British pub.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbonation
Carbonation refers to reactions of carbon dioxide to give carbonates, bicarbonates, and carbonic acid.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Carrageenan
Carrageenans or carrageenins (from Irish, "little rock") are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red edible seaweeds.
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Cask ale
Cask ale or cask-conditioned beer is unfiltered and unpasteurised beer which is conditioned (including secondary fermentation) and served from a cask without additional nitrogen or carbon dioxide pressure.
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Cassava
Manihot esculenta, commonly called cassava, manioc, yuca, mandioca and Brazilian arrowroot, is a woody shrub native to South America of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae.
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Cauim
Cauim is a traditional alcoholic beverage or beer of the indigenous peoples in Brazil since pre-Columbian times.
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Celts
The Celts (see pronunciation of ''Celt'' for different usages) were an Indo-European people in Iron Age and Medieval Europe who spoke Celtic languages and had cultural similarities, although the relationship between ethnic, linguistic and cultural factors in the Celtic world remains uncertain and controversial.
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Cereal
A cereal is any edible components of the grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis) of cultivated grass, composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.
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Chewing
Chewing or mastication is the process by which food is crushed and ground by teeth.
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Chhaang
Chhaang or chang (छ्याङ) is a Nepalese and Tibetan alcoholic beverage also popular in parts of the eastern Himalayas, Newar, Sunuwar, Rai, Gurung, Magar, Sherpa, Tamang communities.
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Chicha
In South and Central America, chicha is a fermented (alcoholic) or non-fermented beverage usually derived from grains, maize, or fruit.
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Chondrus crispus
Chondrus crispus—commonly called Irish moss or carrageen moss (Irish carraigín, "little rock")—is a species of red algae which grows abundantly along the rocky parts of the Atlantic coast of Europe and North America.
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Choujiu
Choujiu is a type of Chinese fermented alcoholic beverage brewed from glutinous rice.
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Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element with symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
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Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi is a well-preserved Babylonian code of law of ancient Mesopotamia, dated back to about 1754 BC (Middle Chronology).
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Coke (fuel)
Coke is a fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, usually made from coal.
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Coma
Coma is a state of unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awaken; fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound; lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle; and does not initiate voluntary actions.
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Congener (alcohol)
In the alcoholic beverages industry, congeners are substances, other than the desired type of alcohol, ethanol, produced during fermentation.
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Coors Brewing Company
The Coors Brewing Company is a regional division of the world's third-largest brewing company, the Molson Coors Brewing Company.
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Crown Holdings
Crown Holdings Incorporated, formerly Crown Cork & Seal Company, is an American company that makes metal beverage and food cans, metal aerosol containers, metal closures and specialty packing.
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Der Spiegel
Der Spiegel (lit. "The Mirror") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.
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Developed country
A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Draught beer
Draught beer, also spelt draft, is beer served from a cask or keg rather than from a bottle or can.
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Drinking culture
Drinking culture refers to the customs and practices associated with the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
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Drinking game
Drinking games are games which involve the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
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Driving under the influence
Driving under the influence (DUI), driving while impaired/driving while intoxicated (DWI), operating while intoxicated (OWI), or drink-driving (UK) is currently the crime or offense of driving or operating a motor vehicle while impaired by alcohol or other drugs (including recreational drugs and those prescribed by physicians), to a level that renders the driver incapable of operating a motor vehicle safely.
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Dublin
Dublin is the capital of and largest city in Ireland.
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Ebla
Ebla (إبلا., modern: تل مرديخ, Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria.
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Ebla tablets
The Ebla tablets are a collection of as many as 1800 complete clay tablets, 4700 fragments and many thousand minor chips found in the palace archives of the ancient city of Ebla, Syria.
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Epic of Gilgamesh
The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia that is often regarded as the earliest surviving great work of literature.
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Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a chemical compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH (hydroxyl) group is replaced by an –O–alkyl (alkoxy) group.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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Ethanol fermentation
Ethanol fermentation, also called alcoholic fermentation, is a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
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Euphoria
Euphoria is an affective state in which a person experiences pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness.
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European Brewery Convention
The European Brewery Convention (EBC) is an organization representing the technical and scientific interests of the brewing sector in Europe.
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Ferulic acid
Ferulic acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, an organic compound.
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FIFA World Cup
The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body.
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Filtered beer
Filtered beer refers to any ale, lager, or fermented malt beverage in which the sediment left over from the brewing process has been removed.
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Finings
FiningsThe term is a mass noun rather than a plural.
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Flavor
Flavor (American English) or flavour (British English; see spelling differences) is the sensory impression of food or other substance, and is determined primarily by the chemical senses of taste and smell.
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Foodpairing
Foodpairing is a method for identifying which foods go well together from a flavor standpoint.
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Fractional freezing
Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points.
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Franconia
Franconia (Franken, also called Frankenland) is a region in Germany, characterised by its culture and language, and may be roughly associated with the areas in which the East Franconian dialect group, locally referred to as fränkisch, is spoken.
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Fred Eckhardt
Otto Fredrick "Fred" Eckhardt (May 10, 1926 – August 10, 2015) was an American brewer, homebrewing advocate, and writer.
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Freising
Freising is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the Freising district, with a total population of 45,227.
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Göbekli Tepe
Göbekli Tepe, Turkish for "Potbelly Hill", is an archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, approximately northeast of the city of Şanlıurfa.
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Gelatin
Gelatin or gelatine (from gelatus meaning "stiff", "frozen") is a translucent, colorless, brittle (when dry), flavorless food derived from collagen obtained from various animal body parts.
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Geology
Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples (also called Teutonic, Suebian, or Gothic in older literature) are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of Northern European origin.
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Germination
Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure.
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Gilgamesh
Gilgamesh was a historical king of the Sumerian city-state of Uruk, a major hero in ancient Mesopotamian mythology, and the protagonist of the Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem written in Akkadian during the late second millennium BC.
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Giza pyramid complex
The Giza pyramid complex (أهرامات الجيزة,, "pyramids of Giza") is an archaeological site on the Giza Plateau, on the outskirts of Cairo, Egypt.
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Gluten
Gluten (from Latin gluten, "glue") is a composite of storage proteins termed prolamins and glutelins and stored together with starch in the endosperm (which nourishes the embryonic plant during germination) of various cereal (grass) grains.
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Gluten-free beer
Gluten-free beer is beer made from ingredients that do not contain gluten such as millet, rice, sorghum, buckwheat or corn (maize).
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Glycemic index
The glycemic index or glycaemic index (GI) is a number associated with the carbohydrates in a particular type of food that indicates the effect of these carbohydrates on a person's blood glucose (also called blood sugar) level.
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Godin Tepe
Godin Tepe is an archaeological site in western Iran, situated in the valley of Kangavar in Kermanshah Province.
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Grist
Grist is grain that has been separated from its chaff in preparation for grinding.
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Grolsch Brewery
Grolsch Brewery (Koninklijke Grolsch N.V. - "Royal Grolsch"), known simply as Grolsch, is a Dutch brewery founded in 1615 by Willem Neerfeldt in Groenlo.
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Gruit
Gruit (alternately grut or gruyt) is an herb mixture used for bittering and flavouring beer, popular before the extensive use of hops.
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Guinness
Guinness is an Irish dry stout that originated in the brewery of Arthur Guinness (1725–1803) at St. James's Gate brewery in the capital city of Dublin, Ireland.
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Guinness World Records
Guinness World Records, known from its inception in 1955 until 2000 as The Guinness Book of Records and in previous United States editions as The Guinness Book of World Records, is a reference book published annually, listing world records both of human achievements and the extremes of the natural world.
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Gypsum
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.
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Hair of the Dog Brewing Company
Hair of the Dog Brewing Company is a brewery in Portland, Oregon, USA.
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Hard water
Hard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water").
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Heineken
Heineken Lager Beer (Heineken Pilsener), or simply Heineken is a pale lager beer with 5% alcohol by volume produced by the Dutch brewing company Heineken International.
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Heineken International
Heineken N.V. (at times self-styled as HEINEKEN) is a Dutch brewing company, founded in 1864 by Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam.
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Henry Holt and Company
Henry Holt and Company is an American book publishing company based in New York City.
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Hildegard of Bingen
Hildegard of Bingen (Hildegard von Bingen; Hildegardis Bingensis; 1098 – 17 September 1179), also known as Saint Hildegard and Sibyl of the Rhine, was a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary, and polymath.
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Himalayas
The Himalayas, or Himalaya, form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau.
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History of agriculture
The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively.
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Homebrewing
Homebrewing is the brewing of beer on a small scale for personal, non-commercial purposes.
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Hops
Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant Humulus lupulus. They are used primarily as a flavouring and stability agent in beer, to which they impart bitter, zesty, or citric flavours; though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine.
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HowStuffWorks
HowStuffWorks is an American commercial educational website founded by Marshall Brain to provide its target audience an insight into the way many things work.
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Huangjiu
Huangjiu, often translated as yellow wine, is a type of Chinese alcoholic beverage made from water, cereal grains such as rice, sorghum, millet, or wheat, and a jiuqu starter culture.
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Humulene
Humulene, also known as α-humulene or α-caryophyllene, is a naturally occurring monocyclic sesquiterpene (C15H24), containing an 11-membered ring and consisting of 3 isoprene units containing three nonconjugated C.
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Humulus lupulus
Humulus lupulus (common hop or hops) is a species of flowering plant in the Cannabaceae family, native to Europe, western Asia and North America.
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Hydrometer
Hydrometer from Practical Physics A hydrometer or areometer is an instrument used for measuring the relative density of liquids based on the concept of buoyancy.
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Hypoventilation
Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning "below") to perform needed gas exchange.
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InBev
InBev is a brewing company that resulted from the merger between Belgium-based company Interbrew and Brazilian brewer AmBev which took place in 2004.
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India pale ale
India pale ale (IPA) is a hoppy beer style within the broader category of pale ale.
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Indigenous peoples in Brazil
Indigenous peoples in Brazil (povos indígenas no Brasil), or Indigenous Brazilians (indígenas brasileiros), comprise a large number of distinct ethnic groups who have inhabited what is now the country of Brazil since prior to the European contact around 1500.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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Interbrew
Interbrew was a large Belgian brewing company which owned many internationally known beers, as well as some smaller local beers.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Isinglass
Isinglass is a substance obtained from the dried swim bladders of fish.
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Isoxanthohumol
Isoxanthohumol is a prenylflavonoid, and it is a phytoestrogen.
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Kappaphycus
Kappaphycus is a genus of red algae.
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Keg
A keg is a small barrel.
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Kvass
Kvass is a traditional Slavic and Baltic beverage commonly made from rye bread, known in many Eastern European countries and especially in Ukraine and Russia as black bread.
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Kyrgyzstan
The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyz Respublikasy; r; Қирғиз Республикаси.), or simply Kyrgyzstan, and also known as Kirghizia (Kyrgyzstan; r), is a sovereign state in Central Asia.
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Lactobacillus
Lactobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic or microaerophilic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria.
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Lager
Lager is a type of beer conditioned at low temperatures.
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Lambic
Lambic is a type of beer brewed in the Pajottenland region of Belgium southwest of Brussels and in Brussels itself at the Cantillon Brewery.
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Lautering
Lautering is a process in brewing beer in which the mash is separated into the clear liquid wort and the residual grain.
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Leslie Dunkling
Leslie Dunkling (born 1935 in West London) is an author known for his authoritative work on names books, ranging from names people choose for their children to names of pubs.
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Lethargy
Lethargy is a state of tiredness, weariness, fatigue, or lack of energy.
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Light beer
Light beer (invented in 1967 by American biochemist Joseph Owades) is a beer (usually a Pilsner) that is reduced in alcohol content or in calories compared to regular beers.
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Linalool
No description.
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Liquor
Liquor (also hard liquor, hard alcohol, or spirits) is an alcoholic drink produced by distillation of grains, fruit, or vegetables that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation.
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List of barley-based drinks
This is a list of barley-based drinks.
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List of countries by beer consumption per capita
This is a list of countries ordered by annual per capita consumption of beer.
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List of drinks
Drinks are liquids that can be consumed.
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Long-term effects of alcohol consumption
The long-term effects of alcohol (also known formally as ethanol) consumption range from cardioprotective health benefits for low to moderate alcohol consumption in industrialized societies with higher rates of cardiovascular diseaseAssociation of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Maize
Maize (Zea mays subsp. mays, from maíz after Taíno mahiz), also known as corn, is a cereal grain first domesticated by indigenous peoples in southern Mexico about 10,000 years ago.
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Malcolm Gluck
Malcolm Gluck is a British author, broadcaster and wine columnist.
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Malt
Malt is germinated cereal grains that have been dried in a process known as "malting".
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Malting process
The malting process converts raw grain into malt.
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Maltose
Maltose, also known as maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond. In the isomer isomaltose, the two glucose molecules are joined with an α(1→6) bond. Maltose is the two-unit member of the amylose homologous series, the key structural motif of starch. When beta-amylase breaks down starch, it removes two glucose units at a time, producing maltose. An example of this reaction is found in germinating seeds, which is why it was named after malt. Unlike sucrose, it is a reducing sugar.
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Manufacturing
Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.
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Mash ingredients
Mash ingredients, mash bill, mashbill, or grain bill are the materials that brewers use to produce the wort that they then ferment into alcohol.
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Mashing
In brewing and distilling, mashing is the process of combining a mix of grain (typically malted barley with supplementary grains such as corn, sorghum, rye, or wheat), known as the "grain bill", and water, known as "liquor", and heating this mixture.
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Master Brewers Association of the Americas
The Master Brewers Association of the Americas (MBAA) was founded in 1887.
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Michael Jackson (writer)
Michael James Jackson (27 March 1942 – 30 August 2007) was an English writer and journalist.
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Microbiological culture
A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions.
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Microbrewery
A microbrewery or craft brewery is a brewery that produces small amounts of beer (or sometimes root beer), typically much smaller than large-scale corporate breweries, and is independently owned.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Mild ale
The term "mild" originally meant young beer or ale, as opposed to "stale" aged beer or ale with its resulting "tang".
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Miller Brewing Company
The Miller Brewing Company is an American beer brewing company headquartered in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, that was owned until October 11, 2016 by the MillerCoors division of the SABMiller–Molson Coors joint venture.
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Millet
Millets (/ˈmɪlɪts/) are a group of highly variable small-seeded grasses, widely grown around the world as cereal crops or grains for fodder and human food.
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Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.
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Monastery
A monastery is a building or complex of buildings comprising the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics, monks or nuns, whether living in communities or alone (hermits).
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Mouthfeel
Mouthfeel refers to the physical sensations in the mouth caused by food or drink, as distinct from taste.
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Multinational corporation
A multinational corporation (MNC) or worldwide enterprise is a corporate organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country.
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Music festival
A music festival is a community event oriented towards live performances of singing and instrument playing that is often presented with a theme such as musical genre (e.g., blues, folk, jazz, classical music), nationality, or locality of musicians, or holiday.
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Myrcene
Myrcene, or β-myrcene, is an olefinic natural organic hydrocarbon.
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Myrcenol
Myrcenol is an organic compound, specifically a terpenoid.
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Narcotic
The term narcotic (from ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") originally referred medically to any psychoactive compound with sleep-inducing properties.
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New Scientist
New Scientist, first published on 22 November 1956, is a weekly, English-language magazine that covers all aspects of science and technology.
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Ninkasi
Ninkasi is the ancient Sumerian tutelary goddess of beer.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Oat
The oat (Avena sativa), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals).
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Old English
Old English (Ænglisc, Anglisc, Englisc), or Anglo-Saxon, is the earliest historical form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.
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Old Norse
Old Norse was a North Germanic language that was spoken by inhabitants of Scandinavia and inhabitants of their overseas settlements from about the 9th to the 13th century.
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Order of Saint Benedict
The Order of Saint Benedict (OSB; Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti), also known as the Black Monksin reference to the colour of its members' habitsis a Catholic religious order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict.
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Oshikundu
Oshikundu or Ontaku is a traditional Namibian drink made from fermented millet (mahangu).
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press.
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P-Coumaric acid
p-Coumaric acid is a hydroxycinnamic acid, an organic compound that is a hydroxy derivative of cinnamic acid.
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Pale ale
Pale ale is an ale made with predominantly pale malt.
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Pale lager
Pale lager is a very pale-to-golden-colored lager beer with a well attenuated body and a varying degree of noble hop bitterness.
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Party
A party is a gathering of people who have been invited by a host for the purposes of socializing, conversation, recreation, or as part of a festival or other commemoration of a special occasion.
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Peru
Peru (Perú; Piruw Republika; Piruw Suyu), officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.
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Pewter
Pewter is a malleable metal alloy.
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Phenethyl alcohol
Phenethyl alcohol, or 2-phenylethanol, is the organic compound that consists of a phenethyl group (C6H5CH2CH2) group attached to OH.
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Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.
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Phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived xenoestrogens (see estrogen) not generated within the endocrine system, but consumed by eating phytoestrogenic plants.
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Pilsner
Pilsner (also pilsener or simply pils) is a type of pale lager.
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Pilsner Urquell
Pilsner Urquell (Plzeňský prazdroj), is a Czech lager brewed by the Pilsner Urquell Brewery, that is based in Plzeň, Czech Republic.
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Plzeň
Plzeň, also called Pilsen in English and German, is a city in western Bohemia in the Czech Republic.
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Plzeň Region
Plzeň Region (Plzeňský kraj; Pilsner Region) is an administrative unit (kraj) in the western part of Bohemia in the Czech Republic.
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Polyethylene terephthalate
Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes written poly(ethylene terephthalate)), commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P, is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foods, thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre for engineering resins.
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Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (polyvinyl polypyrrolidone, PVPP, crospovidone, crospolividone or E1202) is a highly cross-linked modification of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
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Porter (carrier)
A porter, also called a bearer, is a person who carries objects or cargoes for others.
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Positron emission tomography
Positron-emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine functional imaging technique that is used to observe metabolic processes in the body as an aid to the diagnosis of disease.
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Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.
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Pre-Pottery Neolithic
The Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN, around 8500-5500 BCE) represents the early Neolithic in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian region of the Fertile Crescent.
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Precipitation (chemistry)
Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution.
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Preservative
A preservative is a substance or a chemical that is added to products such as food, beverages, pharmaceutical drugs, paints, biological samples, cosmetics, wood, and many other products to prevent decomposition by microbial growth or by undesirable chemical changes.
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Pressure vessel
A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially different from the ambient pressure.
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Prodelphinidin B3
Prodelphinidin B3 is a prodelphinidin dimer found in food products such as barley and beer, in fruits and pod vegetables.
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Prodelphinidin B9
Prodelphinidin B9 is a prodelphinidin dimer found in beer.
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Prodelphinidin C2
Prodelphinidin C2 is a prodelphinidin trimer found in malt.
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Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; German: Urgermanisch; also called Common Germanic, German: Gemeingermanisch) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the linguistic reconstruction of the hypothetical common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, the most widely spoken language family in the world.
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Pub
A pub, or public house, is an establishment licensed to sell alcoholic drinks, which traditionally include beer (such as ale) and cider.
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Pub crawl
A pub crawl (sometimes called a bar tour, bar crawl or bar-hopping) is the act of drinking in multiple pubs or bars in a single night (or sometimes all day), normally travelling by foot or public transport to each destination and occasionally by cycle.
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Pub games
Pub games are games played in or outside pubs and bars, particularly traditional games that are or were played in English pubs.
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Pulmonary aspiration
Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material (such as pharyngeal secretions, food or drink, or stomach contents) from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract into the larynx (voice box) and lower respiratory tract (the portions of the respiratory system from the trachea—i.e., windpipe—to the lungs).
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Recreational drug use
Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered state of consciousness for pleasure, by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user.
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Refrigeration
Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a low-temperature reservoir and transferring it to a high-temperature reservoir.
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Region
In geography, regions are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and the environment (environmental geography).
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Reinheitsgebot
The Reinheitsgebot (literally "purity order"), sometimes called the "German Beer Purity Law" in English, is a series of regulations limiting the ingredients in beer in Germany and the states of the former Holy Roman Empire.
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Resin
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a "solid or highly viscous substance" of plant or synthetic origin that is typically convertible into polymers.
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Rice
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice).
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Rye
Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop.
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SABMiller
SABMiller plc was a multinational brewing and beverage company headquartered in Woking, England on the outskirts of London until 10 October 2016 when it was acquired by Anheuser-Busch InBev.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast.
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Saccharomyces pastorianus
Saccharomyces pastorianus is a yeast used industrially for the production of lager beer, and was named in honour of Louis Pasteur by the German Max Reess in 1870.
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Sahti
Sahti is a Finnish beer made from malted and unmalted grains including barley, rye and oats.
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Saint Nicholas
Saint Nicholas (Ἅγιος Νικόλαος,, Sanctus Nicolaus; 15 March 270 – 6 December 343), also called Nikolaos of Myra or Nicholas of Bari, was Bishop of Myra, in Asia Minor (modern-day Demre, Turkey), and is a historic Christian saint.
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Sake
, also spelled saké, also referred to as a Japanese rice wine, is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran.
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Samuel Adams (beer)
Samuel Adams is the flagship brand of the Boston Beer Company.
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Scientific American
Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.
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Sedation
Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of sedative drugs, generally to facilitate a medical procedure or diagnostic procedure.
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Selenium
Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.
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Siduri
Siduri is a character in the Epic of Gilgamesh.
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Sikkim
Sikkim is a state in Northeast India.
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Sinapinic acid
Sinapinic acid, or sinapic acid (Sinapine - Origin: L. Sinapi, sinapis, mustard, Gr., cf. F. Sinapine.), is a small naturally occurring hydroxycinnamic acid.
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Soft drink
A soft drink (see terminology for other names) typically contains carbonated water (although some lemonades are not carbonated), a sweetener, and a natural or artificial flavoring.
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Sorghum
Sorghum is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae.
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South African Breweries
South African Breweries (officially The South African Breweries Limited, informally SAB) is a major brewery headquartered in Johannesburg, South Africa and was a wholly owned subsidiary of SABMiller until its interests were sold to Anheuser-Busch InBev on 10 October 2016.
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Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu
Spaten-Franziskaner-Bräu GmbH is a brewery in Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
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Spile
A spile is a small wooden or metal peg used to control the flow of air into, and carbon dioxide out of, a cask of ale.
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Sports drink
Sports drinks are beverages whose stated purpose is to help athletes replace water, electrolytes, and energy before and after training or competition, though their efficiency for that purpose has been questioned, particularly after exercise.
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Starch
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.
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Stillage
A stillage is like a pallet or skid but with a cage or sides or some form of support specifically tailored to the material it is intended to carry.
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Stout
Stout is a dark beer that includes roasted malt or roasted barley, hops, water and yeast.
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Stroke
A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
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Stupor
Stupor (from Latin stupere, "be stunned or amazed") is the lack of critical mental function and a level of consciousness wherein a sufferer is almost entirely unresponsive and only responds to base stimuli such as pain.
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Sugar
Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.
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Suspended solids
Suspended solids refers to small solid particles which remain in suspension in water as a colloid or due to the motion of the water.
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Swim bladder
The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of many bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish) to control their buoyancy, and thus to stay at their current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming.
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Syria
Syria (سوريا), officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic (الجمهورية العربية السورية), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
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Syringic acid
Syringic acid is a naturally occurring O-methylated trihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of chemical compound.
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Tankard
A tankard is a form of drinkware consisting of a large, roughly cylindrical, drinking cup with a single handle.
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Tannin
Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
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Taste
Taste, gustatory perception, or gustation is one of the five traditional senses that belongs to the gustatory system.
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Tea
Tea is an aromatic beverage commonly prepared by pouring hot or boiling water over cured leaves of the Camellia sinensis, an evergreen shrub (bush) native to Asia.
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Tella
Tella or talla (farsoo, suwa, translit) is a traditional beer from Ethiopia and Eritrea.
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Tert-Amyl alcohol
tert-Amyl alcohol (TAA), systematic name: 2-methylbutan-2-ol (2M2B), is a branched pentanol.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
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Thermometer
A thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient.
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Tibet
Tibet is a historical region covering much of the Tibetan Plateau in Central Asia.
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Torulaspora delbrueckii
Torulaspora delbrueckii is a ubiquitous yeast species with both wild and anthropic habitats.
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Trap (plumbing)
In plumbing, a trap is a device which has a shape that uses a bending path to capture water to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings, while allowing waste to pass through.
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Trappist beer
Trappist beer is a beer brewed by Trappist breweries.
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Tryptophol
Tryptophol is an aromatic alcohol that induces sleep in humans.
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Tyrosol
Tyrosol is a phenylethanoid, a derivative of phenethyl alcohol.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.
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Upper Franconia
Upper Franconia (Oberfranken) is a Regierungsbezirk (administrative region) of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany.
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Uruk
Uruk (Cuneiform: URUUNUG; Sumerian: Unug; Akkadian: Uruk; وركاء,; Aramaic/Hebrew:; Orḥoē, Ὀρέχ Oreḥ, Ὠρύγεια Ōrugeia) was an ancient city of Sumer (and later of Babylonia), situated east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the dried-up, ancient channel of the Euphrates, some 30 km east of modern Samawah, Al-Muthannā, Iraq.
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Vanillic acid
Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent.
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Vienna
Vienna (Wien) is the federal capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Weihenstephan
Weihenstephan is a part of Freising north of Munich, Germany.
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Wheat
Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food.
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Wheat beer
Wheat beer is a beer, usually top-fermented, which is brewed with a large proportion of wheat relative to the amount of malted barley.
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Widget (beer)
A widget is a device placed in a container of beer to manage the characteristics of the beer's head.
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William IV, Duke of Bavaria
William IV (Wilhelm IV; 13 November 1493 – 7 March 1550) was Duke of Bavaria from 1508 to 1550, until 1545 together with his younger brother Louis X, Duke of Bavaria.
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Wort
Wort is the liquid extracted from the mashing process during the brewing of beer or whisky.
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Xanthohumol
Xanthohumol is a natural product found in the female inflorescences of Humulus lupulus, also known as hops.
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Xenophon
Xenophon of Athens (Ξενοφῶν,, Xenophōn; – 354 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher, historian, soldier, mercenary, and student of Socrates.
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Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
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Yeast flocculation
Yeast flocculation typically refers to the clumping together (flocculation) of brewing yeast once the sugar in a wort has been fermented into beer.
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Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains (کوههای زاگرس; چیاکانی زاگرۆس) form the largest mountain range in Iran, Iraq and southeastern Turkey.
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4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid is a chemical compound found in olive oil and beer.
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8-Prenylnaringenin
8-Prenylnaringenin (8-PN), also known as flavaprenin, (S)-8-dimethylallylnaringenin, hopein, or sophoraflavanone B, is a prenylflavonoid phytoestrogen.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer
