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Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières

Index Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières

The Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières (BRGM) (literally: Geological and mining research bureau) is the French government geological survey (administratively, a "public administration with industrial and commercial purpose") (EPIC) which aim is the management of resources, and surface and sub-surface risks. [1]

173 relations: Africa, Agence nationale de la recherche, Android (operating system), Antimony, Aquifer, ArcGIS, ArcGIS Server, Électricité de France, Banded iron formation, Barium, Beryllium, Billy-Montigny, Business cluster, Canada, Carbon sequestration, Carbonatite, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, Cerium, Chairman, Charbonnages de France, Chief executive officer, Claude Allègre, Claude Mandil, Climate change, Coal, Coalbed methane, Coltan, Competitive intelligence, Consolidated Zinc, Continuing education, Copper, Corporate identity, Corps des mines, Couleuvre, Cultural heritage, Dax, Landes, Délégation interministérielle à l'aménagement du territoire et à l'attractivité régionale, Diamond, Diapir, Director (business), Earth's magnetic field, Ecosophy, Enhanced geothermal system, Environmental ethics, Environmental monitoring, Environmental remediation, Eramet, Ethical code, European Union, European Union trade mark, ..., Executive director, Fault (geology), Firedamp, Forecasting, France, French Cameroons, French Equatorial Africa, French Guiana, French West Africa, Freyming-Merlebach, Gabon, Gallium, Gardanne, Geographic information system, Geologic map, Georges Cuvier, Geothermal gradient, Geothermal heating, Germanium, Ghana, Global Earth Observation System of Systems, Global warming, Gold, Government of France, Graphite, Guinea, Haute-Corse, Hubert Curien, Hydrogeology, Indonesia, Institut de recherche pour le développement, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture, IOS, Iron, Issue tracking system, Ivory Coast, Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy, Jean-Étienne Guettard, Jean-Baptiste Élie de Beaumont, Journal officiel de la République française, Katanga Province, Land-use planning, Légifrance, Le Chalard, Lead, Les Brouzils, Lignite, Lithium, Loire-Atlantique, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mayotte, Metropolitan France, Ministry of Energy, Industry and Mineral Resources, Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, Molybdenum, Morocco, Napoleon III, National Institute of Industrial Property (France), Natural resource, Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service, Neves-Corvo mine, Niobium, Niobium pentoxide, Ocean exploration, Oil well, Orléans, Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy, Overseas collectivity, Overseas department, Overseas France, Palygorskite, Pan-Africanism, Paris, Peru, Phosphorus pentoxide, Placer deposit, Planar projection, Porphyry (geology), Portugal, Profile (engineering), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Radiometry, Rare-earth element, Raw material, Réunion, Recycling, Regional council (France), Regolith, Renault, Rhenium, Rio Tinto Group, Rutile, Saudi Arabia, Savoie, Scientific method, Selenium, Silver, Skarn, Société de l'industrie minérale, Soil science, Sudan, Supergene (geology), Surface finish, Tantalum, Tellurium, Tin, Titanium, Titanium dioxide, TRACE, Tungsten, Tungsten trioxide, Tunisia, Upper Rhine Plain, Waste management, Yanacocha, Yemen, Zaire, Zinc, Zirconium, 3D modeling. Expand index (123 more) »

Africa

Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).

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Agence nationale de la recherche

The Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, fr: National Agency for Research) is a French institution tasked with funding scientific research.

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Android (operating system)

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.

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Antimony

Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from stibium) and atomic number 51.

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Aquifer

An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt).

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ArcGIS

ArcGIS is a geographic information system (GIS) for working with maps and geographic information.

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ArcGIS Server

ArcGIS Server is the core server geographic information system (GIS) software made by Esri.

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Électricité de France

Électricité de France S.A. (EDF; Electricity of France) is a French electric utility company, largely owned by the French state.

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Banded iron formation

Banded iron formations (also known as banded ironstone formations or BIFs) are distinctive units of sedimentary rock that are almost always of Precambrian age.

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Barium

Barium is a chemical element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56.

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Beryllium

Beryllium is a chemical element with symbol Be and atomic number 4.

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Billy-Montigny

Billy-Montigny is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.

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Business cluster

A business cluster is a geographic concentration of interconnected businesses, suppliers, and associated institutions in a particular field.

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Canada

Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.

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Carbon sequestration

Carbon sequestration is the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide or other forms of carbon to mitigate or defer global warming.

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Carbonatite

Carbonatite is a type of intrusive or extrusive igneous rock defined by mineralogic composition consisting of greater than 50% carbonate minerals.

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Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement

CIRAD (French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development) is a public research institution (EPIC) founded in 1984 and specializing in agricultural research applied to warm regions.

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Cerium

Cerium is a chemical element with symbol Ce and atomic number 58.

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Chairman

The chairman (also chairperson, chairwoman or chair) is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly.

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Charbonnages de France

Charbonnages de France was a French enterprise created in 1946, as a result of the nationalization of the private mining companies.

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Chief executive officer

Chief executive officer (CEO) is the position of the most senior corporate officer, executive, administrator, or other leader in charge of managing an organization especially an independent legal entity such as a company or nonprofit institution.

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Claude Allègre

Claude (Jean) Allègre (born 31 March 1937, Paris) is a French politician and scientist.

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Claude Mandil

Claude Mandil (born 1942 in Lyon, France) is a French businessman.

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Climate change

Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period of time (i.e., decades to millions of years).

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Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.

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Coalbed methane

Coalbed methane (CBM or coal-bed methane), coalbed gas, coal seam gas (CSG), or coal-mine methane (CMM) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal beds.

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Coltan

Coltan (short for columbite–tantalites and known industrially as tantalite) is a dull black metallic ore, from which the elements niobium and tantalum are extracted.

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Competitive intelligence

Competitive intelligence (CI) is the action of defining, gathering, analyzing, and distributing intelligence about products, customers, competitors, and any aspect of the environment needed to support executives and managers in strategic decision making for an organization.

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Consolidated Zinc

Consolidated Zinc was an Australian mining company from 1905 to 1962.

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Continuing education

Continuing education (similar to further education in the United Kingdom and Ireland) is an all-encompassing term within a broad list of post-secondary learning activities and programs.

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Copper

Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.

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Corporate identity

A corporate identity or corporate image is the manner which a corporation, firm or business presents themselves to the public (such as customers and investors as well as employees).

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Corps des mines

The Corps des mines is the foremost of the technical Grand Corps of the French State (grands corps de l'Etat).

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Couleuvre

Couleuvre is a commune in the department of Allier in Auvergne in central France.

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Cultural heritage

Cultural heritage is the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are inherited from past generations, maintained in the present and preserved for the benefit of future generations.

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Dax, Landes

Dax (Dacs in Occitan) is a commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France, sub-prefecture of the Landes department.

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Délégation interministérielle à l'aménagement du territoire et à l'attractivité régionale

The délégation interministérielle à l'aménagement du territoire et à l'attractivité régionale (English: Interministerial Delegation of Land Planning and Regional Attractiveness) or DATAR was a French administration working for the Minister of Territorial Development.

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Diamond

Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.

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Diapir

A diapir (French, from Greek diapeirein, to pierce through) is a type of geologic intrusion in which a more mobile and ductily deformable material is forced into brittle overlying rocks.

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Director (business)

A director is a person from a group of managers who leads or supervises a particular area of a company.

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Earth's magnetic field

Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth's interior out into space, where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun.

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Ecosophy

Ecosophy or ecophilosophy (a portmanteau of ecological philosophy) is a philosophy of ecological harmony or equilibrium.

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Enhanced geothermal system

An enhanced geothermal system (EGS) generates geothermal electricity without the need for natural convective hydrothermal resources.

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Environmental ethics

Environmental ethics is the part of environmental philosophy which considers extending the traditional boundaries of ethics from solely including humans to including the non-human world.

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Environmental monitoring

Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterise and monitor the quality of the environment.

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Environmental remediation

Environmental remediation deals with the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water.

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Eramet

Eramet is a French multinational mining and metallurgy company, listed on the Euronext Paris exchange under the symbol ERA.

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Ethical code

Ethical codes are adopted by organizations to assist members in understanding the difference between 'right' and 'wrong' and in applying that understanding to their decisions.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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European Union trade mark

A European Union trade mark or EU trade mark (abbreviated EUTM; named Community Trade Mark (CTM) until 23 March 2016) is a trade mark which is pending registration or has been registered in the European Union as a whole (rather than on a national level within the EU).

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Executive director

An executive director is a chief executive officer (CEO) or managing director of an organization, company, or corporation.

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Fault (geology)

In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock, across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movement.

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Firedamp

Firedamp is flammable gas found in coal mines.

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Forecasting

Forecasting is the process of making predictions of the future based on past and present data and most commonly by analysis of trends.

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France

France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.

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French Cameroons

French Cameroons (Cameroun), or Cameroun, was a League of Nations Mandate territory in Central Africa.

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French Equatorial Africa

French Equatorial Africa (Afrique équatoriale française), or the AEF, was the federation of French colonial possessions in Equatorial Africa, extending northwards from the Congo River into the Sahel, and comprising what are today the countries of Chad, the Central African Republic, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon.

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French Guiana

French Guiana (pronounced or, Guyane), officially called Guiana (Guyane), is an overseas department and region of France, on the north Atlantic coast of South America in the Guyanas.

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French West Africa

French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, AOF) was a federation of eight French colonial territories in Africa: Mauritania, Senegal, French Sudan (now Mali), French Guinea, Ivory Coast, Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso), Dahomey (now Benin) and Niger.

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Freyming-Merlebach

Freyming-Merlebach (Freimingen-Merlenbach) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.

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Gabon

Gabon, officially the Gabonese Republic (République gabonaise), is a sovereign state on the west coast of Central Africa.

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Gallium

Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31.

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Gardanne

Gardanne is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in southern France.

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Geographic information system

A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data.

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Geologic map

A geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map made to show geological features.

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Georges Cuvier

Jean Léopold Nicolas Frédéric, Baron Cuvier (23 August 1769 – 13 May 1832), known as Georges Cuvier, was a French naturalist and zoologist, sometimes referred to as the "founding father of paleontology".

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Geothermal gradient

Geothermal gradient is the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing depth in the Earth's interior.

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Geothermal heating

Geothermal heating is the direct use of geothermal energy for heating some applications.

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Germanium

Germanium is a chemical element with symbol Ge and atomic number 32.

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Ghana

Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa.

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Global Earth Observation System of Systems

The Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) is being built by the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) on the basis of a 10-Year Implementation Plan running from 2005 to 2015.

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Global warming

Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.

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Gold

Gold is a chemical element with symbol Au (from aurum) and atomic number 79, making it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally.

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Government of France

The Government of the French Republic (Gouvernement de la République française) exercises executive power in France.

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Graphite

Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and a form of coal.

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Guinea

Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea (République de Guinée), is a country on the western coast of Africa.

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Haute-Corse

Haute-Corse (Corsica suprana) (Upper Corsica) is a department of France consisting of the northern part of the island of Corsica.

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Hubert Curien

Hubert Curien (30 October 1924 – 6 February 2005) was a French physicist and a key figure in European science politics, as the President of CERN Council (1994–1996), the first chairman of the European Space Agency (ESA) (1981–1984), and second President of the Academia Europæa and a President of Fondation de France.

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Hydrogeology

Hydrogeology (hydro- meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).

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Indonesia

Indonesia (or; Indonesian), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Republik Indonesia), is a transcontinental unitary sovereign state located mainly in Southeast Asia, with some territories in Oceania.

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Institut de recherche pour le développement

The French Research Institute for Development (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, IRD) is a French science and technology establishment under the joint supervision of the French Ministries of Higher Education and Research and Foreign Affairs.

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Institut national de la recherche agronomique

The Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA, pronounced; English: National Institute of Agricultural Research) is a French public research institute dedicated to agricultural science.

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Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture

The Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), formerly known as Cemagref, is a public research institute in France focusing on land management issues, such as water resources and agricultural technology.

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IOS

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.

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Issue tracking system

An issue tracking system (also ITS, trouble ticket system, support ticket, request management or incident ticket system) is a computer software package that manages and maintains lists of issues, as needed by an organization.

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Ivory Coast

Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially as the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a sovereign state located in West Africa.

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Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy

Jean Baptiste Julien d'Omalius d'Halloy (February 17, 1783 in Liège – January 15, 1875 in Brussels) was a Belgian geologist.

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Jean-Étienne Guettard

Jean-Étienne Guettard (22 September 1715 – 7 January 1786), French naturalist and mineralogist, was born at Étampes, near Paris.

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Jean-Baptiste Élie de Beaumont

Jean-Baptiste Armand Louis Léonce Élie de Beaumont (25 September 1798 – 21 September 1874) was a French geologist.

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Journal officiel de la République française

The Journal officiel de la République française (JORF or JO) is the government gazette of the French Republic.

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Katanga Province

Katanga was one of the eleven provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1966 and 2015, when it was split into the Tanganyika, Haut-Lomami, Lualaba and Haut-Katanga provinces.

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Land-use planning

In urban planning, land-use planning seeks to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus preventing land-use conflicts.

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Légifrance

Légifrance is the official website of the French government for the publication of legislation, regulations, and legal information.

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Le Chalard

Le Chalard is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.

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Lead

Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

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Les Brouzils

Les Brouzils is a commune in the Vendée department in the Pays de la Loire region in western France.

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Lignite

Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat.

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Lithium

Lithium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3.

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Loire-Atlantique

Loire-Atlantique (formerly Loire-Inférieure) is a department on the west coast of France named after the Loire River and the Atlantic Ocean.

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Malawi

Malawi (or; or maláwi), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland.

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Mali

Mali, officially the Republic of Mali (République du Mali), is a landlocked country in West Africa, a region geologically identified with the West African Craton.

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Mauritania

Mauritania (موريتانيا; Gànnaar; Soninke: Murutaane; Pulaar: Moritani; Mauritanie), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a country in the Maghreb region of Northwestern Africa.

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Mayotte

Mayotte (Mayotte,; Shimaore: Maore,; Mahori) is an insular department and region of France officially named the Department of Mayotte (French: Département de Mayotte).

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Metropolitan France

Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole), also known as European France or Mainland France, is the part of France in Europe.

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Ministry of Energy, Industry and Mineral Resources

The Ministry of Energy, Industry and Mineral Resources is one of the governmental bodies of Saudi Arabia and part of the cabinet.

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Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation

The Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation, MESRI) is a ministry (government department) of France overseeing university-level education and research.

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Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42.

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Morocco

Morocco (officially known as the Kingdom of Morocco, is a unitary sovereign state located in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is one of the native homelands of the indigenous Berber people. Geographically, Morocco is characterised by a rugged mountainous interior, large tracts of desert and a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Morocco has a population of over 33.8 million and an area of. Its capital is Rabat, and the largest city is Casablanca. Other major cities include Marrakesh, Tangier, Salé, Fes, Meknes and Oujda. A historically prominent regional power, Morocco has a history of independence not shared by its neighbours. Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD, the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties, reaching its zenith under the Almoravid dynasty and Almohad dynasty, spanning parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa. The Marinid and Saadi dynasties continued the struggle against foreign domination, and Morocco remained the only North African country to avoid Ottoman occupation. The Alaouite dynasty, the current ruling dynasty, seized power in 1631. In 1912, Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates, with an international zone in Tangier, and regained its independence in 1956. Moroccan culture is a blend of Berber, Arab, West African and European influences. Morocco claims the non-self-governing territory of Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, as its Southern Provinces. After Spain agreed to decolonise the territory to Morocco and Mauritania in 1975, a guerrilla war arose with local forces. Mauritania relinquished its claim in 1979, and the war lasted until a cease-fire in 1991. Morocco currently occupies two thirds of the territory, and peace processes have thus far failed to break the political deadlock. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament. The King of Morocco holds vast executive and legislative powers, especially over the military, foreign policy and religious affairs. Executive power is exercised by the government, while legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament, the Assembly of Representatives and the Assembly of Councillors. The king can issue decrees called dahirs, which have the force of law. He can also dissolve the parliament after consulting the Prime Minister and the president of the constitutional court. Morocco's predominant religion is Islam, and the official languages are Arabic and Berber, with Berber being the native language of Morocco before the Arab conquest in the 600s AD. The Moroccan dialect of Arabic, referred to as Darija, and French are also widely spoken. Morocco is a member of the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean and the African Union. It has the fifth largest economy of Africa.

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Napoleon III

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Charles-Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the President of France from 1848 to 1852 and as Napoleon III the Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870.

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National Institute of Industrial Property (France)

The National Industrial Property Institute (INPI, standing for Institut national de la propriété industrielle in French) is the national intellectual property office of France, in charge of patents, trademarks and industrial design rights.

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Natural resource

Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind.

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Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service

The Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (Service hydrographique et océanographique de la Marine or SHOM) is a French public establishment of an administrative nature (établissement public à caractère administratif) administered by the Ministry of Defence.

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Neves-Corvo mine

Neves-Corvo mine is a zinc-copper mine in Castro Verde Municipality, Portugal.

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Niobium

Niobium, formerly known as columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41.

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Niobium pentoxide

Niobium pentoxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Nb2O5.

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Ocean exploration

Ocean exploration is a part of oceanography describing the exploration of ocean surfaces.

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Oil well

An oil well is a boring in the Earth that is designed to bring petroleum oil hydrocarbons to the surface.

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Orléans

Orléans is a prefecture and commune in north-central France, about 111 kilometres (69 miles) southwest of Paris.

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Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy

Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy (5 September 1792 – 20 March 1857) was a French geologist and mineralogist.

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Overseas collectivity

The French overseas collectivities (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM), like the French regions, are first-order administrative divisions of France.

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Overseas department

An overseas department (département d’outre-mer or DOM) is a department of France that is outside metropolitan France.

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Overseas France

Overseas France (France d'outre-mer) consists of all the French-administerd territories outside the European continent.

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Palygorskite

Palygorskite or attapulgite is a magnesium aluminium phyllosilicate with formula (Mg,Al)2Si4O10(OH)·4(H2O) that occurs in a type of clay soil common to the Southeastern United States.

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Pan-Africanism

Pan-Africanism is a worldwide intellectual movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all people of African descent.

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Paris

Paris is the capital and most populous city of France, with an area of and a population of 2,206,488.

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Peru

Peru (Perú; Piruw Republika; Piruw Suyu), officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America.

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Phosphorus pentoxide

Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5).

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Placer deposit

In geology, a placer deposit or placer is an accumulation of valuable minerals formed by gravity separation from a specific source rock during sedimentary processes.

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Planar projection

Planar projections are the subset of 3D graphical projections constructed by linearly mapping points in three-dimensional space to points on a two-dimensional projection plane.

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Porphyry (geology)

Porphyry is a textural term for an igneous rock consisting of large-grained crystals such as feldspar or quartz dispersed in a fine-grained silicate rich, generally aphanitic matrix or groundmass.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.

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Profile (engineering)

In standardization, a profile is a subset internal to a specification.

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Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (Provença-Aups-Còsta d'Azur; Provenza-Alpi-Costa Azzurra; PACA) is one of the 18 administrative regions of France.

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Radiometry

Radiometry is a set of techniques for measuring electromagnetic radiation, including visible light.

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Rare-earth element

A rare-earth element (REE) or rare-earth metal (REM), as defined by IUPAC, is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium and yttrium.

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Raw material

A raw material, also known as a feedstock or most correctly unprocessed material, is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished products, energy, or intermediate materials which are feedstock for future finished products.

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Réunion

Réunion (La Réunion,; previously Île Bourbon) is an island and region of France in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar and southwest of Mauritius.

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Recycling

Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into new materials and objects.

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Regional council (France)

A regional council (conseil régional) is the elected assembly of a region of France.

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Regolith

Regolith is a layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock.

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Renault

Groupe Renault is a French multinational automobile manufacturer established in 1899.

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Rhenium

Rhenium is a chemical element with symbol Re and atomic number 75.

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Rio Tinto Group

Rio Tinto Group is an Australian-British multinational and one of the world's largest metals and mining corporations.

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Rutile

Rutile is a mineral composed primarily of titanium dioxide (TiO2).

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a sovereign Arab state in Western Asia constituting the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Savoie

Savoie (Arpitan: Savouè, Italian: Savoia, English: Savoy) is a French department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of the French Alps.

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Scientific method

Scientific method is an empirical method of knowledge acquisition, which has characterized the development of natural science since at least the 17th century, involving careful observation, which includes rigorous skepticism about what one observes, given that cognitive assumptions about how the world works influence how one interprets a percept; formulating hypotheses, via induction, based on such observations; experimental testing and measurement of deductions drawn from the hypotheses; and refinement (or elimination) of the hypotheses based on the experimental findings.

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Selenium

Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.

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Silver

Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.

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Skarn

Skarns or tactites are hard, coarse-grained metamorphic rocks that form by a process called Metasomatism.

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Société de l'industrie minérale

The Société de l'industrie minérale (SIM: Mineral Industry Society) is a French association of mineral processing companies and people involved in these industries.

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Soil science

Soil science is the study of soil as a natural resource on the surface of the Earth including soil formation, classification and mapping; physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils; and these properties in relation to the use and management of soils.

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Sudan

The Sudan or Sudan (السودان as-Sūdān) also known as North Sudan since South Sudan's independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan (جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa.

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Supergene (geology)

In ore deposit geology, supergene processes or enrichment are those that occur relatively near the surface as opposed to deep hypogene processes.

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Surface finish

Surface finish, also known as surface texture or surface topography, is the nature of a surface as defined by the three characteristics of lay, surface roughness, and waviness.

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Tantalum

Tantalum is a chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73.

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Tellurium

Tellurium is a chemical element with symbol Te and atomic number 52.

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Tin

Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.

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Titanium

Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.

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Titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula.

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TRACE

Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) was a NASA heliophysics and solar observatory designed to investigate the connections between fine-scale magnetic fields and the associated plasma structures on the Sun by providing high resolution images and observation of the solar photosphere, the transition region, and the corona.

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Tungsten

Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.

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Tungsten trioxide

Tungsten(VI) oxide, also known as tungsten trioxide or tungstic anhydride, WO3, is a chemical compound containing oxygen and the transition metal tungsten.

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Tunisia

Tunisia (تونس; Berber: Tunes, ⵜⵓⵏⴻⵙ; Tunisie), officially the Republic of Tunisia, (الجمهورية التونسية) is a sovereign state in Northwest Africa, covering. Its northernmost point, Cape Angela, is the northernmost point on the African continent. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia's population was estimated to be just under 11.93 million in 2016. Tunisia's name is derived from its capital city, Tunis, which is located on its northeast coast. Geographically, Tunisia contains the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains, and the northern reaches of the Sahara desert. Much of the rest of the country's land is fertile soil. Its of coastline include the African conjunction of the western and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Basin and, by means of the Sicilian Strait and Sardinian Channel, feature the African mainland's second and third nearest points to Europe after Gibraltar. Tunisia is a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic. It is considered to be the only full democracy in the Arab World. It has a high human development index. It has an association agreement with the European Union; is a member of La Francophonie, the Union for the Mediterranean, the Arab Maghreb Union, the Arab League, the OIC, the Greater Arab Free Trade Area, the Community of Sahel-Saharan States, the African Union, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 77; and has obtained the status of major non-NATO ally of the United States. In addition, Tunisia is also a member state of the United Nations and a state party to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Close relations with Europe in particular with France and with Italy have been forged through economic cooperation, privatisation and industrial modernization. In ancient times, Tunisia was primarily inhabited by Berbers. Phoenician immigration began in the 12th century BC; these immigrants founded Carthage. A major mercantile power and a military rival of the Roman Republic, Carthage was defeated by the Romans in 146 BC. The Romans, who would occupy Tunisia for most of the next eight hundred years, introduced Christianity and left architectural legacies like the El Djem amphitheater. After several attempts starting in 647, the Muslims conquered the whole of Tunisia by 697, followed by the Ottoman Empire between 1534 and 1574. The Ottomans held sway for over three hundred years. The French colonization of Tunisia occurred in 1881. Tunisia gained independence with Habib Bourguiba and declared the Tunisian Republic in 1957. In 2011, the Tunisian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, followed by parliamentary elections. The country voted for parliament again on 26 October 2014, and for President on 23 November 2014.

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Upper Rhine Plain

The Upper Rhine Plain, Rhine Rift Valley or Upper Rhine Graben (German: Oberrheinische Tiefebene, Oberrheinisches Tiefland or Oberrheingraben, French: Vallée du Rhin) is a major rift, about and on average, between Basel in the south and the cities of Frankfurt/Wiesbaden in the north.

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Waste management

Waste management or waste disposal are all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its inception to its final disposal.

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Yanacocha

Yanacocha (Cajamarca Quechua: yana.

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Yemen

Yemen (al-Yaman), officially known as the Republic of Yemen (al-Jumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah), is an Arab sovereign state in Western Asia at the southern end of the Arabian Peninsula.

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Zaire

Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire (République du Zaïre), was the name for the Democratic Republic of the Congo that existed between 1971 and 1997 in Central Africa.

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Zinc

Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.

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Zirconium

Zirconium is a chemical element with symbol Zr and atomic number 40.

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3D modeling

In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling (or three-dimensional modeling) is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any surface of an object (either inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_de_Recherches_Géologiques_et_Minières

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