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85 relations: Ammonia, Atmosphere, Atomic nucleus, Barn (unit), Becquerel, Berkeley, California, Beta decay, Bicarbonate, Boiling water reactor, Bomb pulse, Borexino, Carbon, Carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide, Carbon fixation, Carbon label, Carbon monoxide, Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Cluster decay, Coal, Cosmic ray, Cosmogenic nuclide, Curie, Dendrochronology, Earth's magnetic field, Electron, Equivalent dose, Exa-, Fossil fuel, Franz N. D. Kurie, Geiger–Müller tube, Half-life, Helicobacter pylori, Ionizing radiation, Isotope, Isotopes of boron, Isotopes of carbon, Isotopes of nitrogen, Isotopes of potassium, Isotopic labeling, Isotopic signature, Jan-Olov Liljenzin, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Liquid scintillation counting, List of nuclear weapons tests, Martin Kamen, Methane, Mixing ratio, Neutrino, ..., Neutron, Neutron cross section, Neutron temperature, Nitrogen, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nuclear weapons testing, Ocean, Oxygen-16, Oxygen-17, Petroleum, Petroleum reservoir, Photosynthesis, Potassium-40, Pressurized water reactor, Proton, Radioactive tracer, Radiocarbon dating, Radiogenic nuclide, Radiometric dating, Radionuclide, Radon, Sam Ruben, Sievert, Speleothem, Stratosphere, Stratum lucidum, Tonne, Tooth enamel, Troposphere, University of Chicago, Urea breath test, Urease, Willard Libby, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 774–775 carbon-14 spike. Expand index (35 more) »
Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Atmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body.
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Atomic nucleus
The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment.
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Barn (unit)
A barn (symbol: b) is a unit of area equal to 10−28 m2 (100 fm2).
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Becquerel
The becquerel (symbol: Bq) is the SI derived unit of radioactivity.
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Berkeley, California
Berkeley is a city on the east shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California.
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Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.
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Bicarbonate
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.
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Boiling water reactor
The boiling water reactor (BWR) is a type of light water nuclear reactor used for the generation of electrical power.
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Bomb pulse
The bomb pulse is the sudden increase of carbon-14 (14C) in the Earth's atmosphere due to the hundreds of aboveground nuclear bombs tests that started in 1945 and intensified between 1950 until 1963, when the Limited Test Ban Treaty was signed by the United States, the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom.
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Borexino
Borexino is a particle physics experiment to study low energy (sub-MeV) solar neutrinos.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carbon cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbon fixation
Carbon fixation or сarbon assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms.
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Carbon label
Carbon label is a form of isotopic labeling where a carbon-12 atom has been replaced with either a carbon-13 atom or a carbon-14 atom in a chemical compound so as to 'tag' (i.e. label) that position of the compound to assist in determining the way a chemical reaction proceeds i.e. the reaction mechanism.
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Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that is slightly less dense than air.
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Carbon-12
Carbon-12 is the more abundant of the two stable isotopes of carbon (Carbon-13 being the other), amounting to 98.93% of the element carbon; its abundance is due to the triple-alpha process by which it is created in stars.
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Carbon-13
Carbon-13 (13C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons.
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Cluster decay
Cluster decay, also named heavy particle radioactivity or heavy ion radioactivity, is a type of nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small "cluster" of neutrons and protons, more than in an alpha particle, but less than a typical binary fission fragment.
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Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.
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Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System and even from distant galaxies.
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Cosmogenic nuclide
Cosmogenic nuclides (or cosmogenic isotopes) are rare nuclides (isotopes) created when a high-energy cosmic ray interacts with the nucleus of an in situ Solar System atom, causing nucleons (protons and neutrons) to be expelled from the atom (see cosmic ray spallation).
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Curie
The curie (symbol Ci) is a non-SI unit of radioactivity originally defined in 1910.
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Dendrochronology
Dendrochronology (or tree-ring dating) is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history.
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Earth's magnetic field
Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from the Earth's interior out into space, where it meets the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Equivalent dose
Equivalent dose is a dose quantity H representing the stochastic health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
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Exa-
Exa is a decimal unit prefix in the metric system denoting 1018 or.
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Fossil fuel
A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.
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Franz N. D. Kurie
Franz Newell Devereux Kurie (February 6, 1907 in Victor, Colorado – June 12, 1972) was an American physicist who, while working at Yale in 1933, showed that the neutron was neither a dumbbell-shaped combination of proton and electron, nor an onion-shaped combination of an electron embracing the proton.
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Geiger–Müller tube
The Geiger–Müller tube or G–M tube is the sensing element of the Geiger counter instrument used for the detection of ionizing radiation.
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Half-life
Half-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half its initial value.
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Helicobacter pylori
Helicobacter pylori, previously known as Campylobacter pylori, is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium usually found in the stomach.
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Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) is radiation that carries enough energy to liberate electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby ionizing them.
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Isotope
Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.
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Isotopes of boron
Boron (5B) naturally occurs as isotopes 10B and 11B, the latter of which makes up about 80% of natural boron.
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Isotopes of carbon
Carbon (6C) has 15 known isotopes, from 8C to 22C, of which 12C and 13C are stable.
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Isotopes of nitrogen
Natural nitrogen (7N) consists of two stable isotopes, nitrogen-14, which makes up the vast majority of naturally occurring nitrogen, and nitrogen-15, which is less common.
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Isotopes of potassium
Potassium (19K) has 24 known isotopes from 32K to 56K.
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Isotopic labeling
Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope (an atom with a detectable variation) through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell.
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Isotopic signature
An isotopic signature (also isotopic fingerprint) is a ratio of non-radiogenic 'stable isotopes', stable radiogenic isotopes, or unstable radioactive isotopes of particular elements in an investigated material.
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Jan-Olov Liljenzin
Jan-Olov Liljenzin (born 1936) is a Swedish chemist and professor emeritus in nuclear chemistry.
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Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), commonly referred to as Berkeley Lab, is a United States national laboratory located in the Berkeley Hills near Berkeley, California that conducts scientific research on behalf of the United States Department of Energy (DOE).
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Liquid scintillation counting
Liquid scintillation counting is the measurement of activity of a sample of radioactive material which uses the technique of mixing the active material with a liquid scintillator (e.g. Zinc sulfide), and counting the resultant photon emissions.
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List of nuclear weapons tests
Nuclear weapons testing according to the standard definition used in treaty language for the space/time requirement is: In conformity with treaties between the United States and the Soviet Union, a salvo is defined, for multiple explosions for peaceful purposes, as two or more separate explosions where a period of time between successive individual explosions does not exceed 5 seconds and where the burial points of all explosive devices can be connected by segments of straight lines, each of them connecting two burial points, and the total length does not exceed 40 kilometers.
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Martin Kamen
Martin David Kamen (August 27, 1913, Toronto – August 31, 2002) was a chemist briefly involved with the Manhattan project.
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Methane
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).
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Mixing ratio
In chemistry and physics, the dimensionless mixing ratio is the abundance of one component of a mixture relative to that of all other components.
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Neutrino
A neutrino (denoted by the Greek letter ν) is a fermion (an elementary particle with half-integer spin) that interacts only via the weak subatomic force and gravity.
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Neutron
| magnetic_moment.
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Neutron cross section
In nuclear and particle physics, the concept of a neutron cross section is used to express the likelihood of interaction between an incident neutron and a target nucleus.
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Neutron temperature
The neutron detection temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's kinetic energy, usually given in electron volts.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Nobel Prize in Chemistry
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry.
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Nuclear weapons testing
Nuclear weapons tests are experiments carried out to determine the effectiveness, yield, and explosive capability of nuclear weapons.
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Ocean
An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.
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Oxygen-16
Oxygen-16 (16O) is a stable isotope of oxygen, having 8 neutrons and 8 protons in its nucleus.
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Oxygen-17
Oxygen-17 is a low-abundant, natural, stable isotope of oxygen (0.0373% in seawater; approximately twice as abundant as deuterium).
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Petroleum
Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface.
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Petroleum reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).
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Potassium-40
Potassium-40 (40K) is a radioactive isotope of potassium which has a very long half-life of 1.251 years.
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Pressurized water reactor
Pressurized water reactors (PWRs) constitute the large majority of the world's nuclear power plants (notable exceptions being the United Kingdom, Japan, and Canada) and are one of three types of light water reactor (LWR), the other types being boiling water reactors (BWRs) and supercritical water reactors (SCWRs).
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Proton
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Radioactive tracer
A radioactive tracer, or radioactive label, is a chemical compound in which one or more atoms have been replaced by a radionuclide so by virtue of its radioactive decay it can be used to explore the mechanism of chemical reactions by tracing the path that the radioisotope follows from reactants to products.
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Radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon.
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Radiogenic nuclide
A radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is produced by a process of radioactive decay.
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Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating or radioactive dating is a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.
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Radionuclide
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.
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Radon
Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86.
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Sam Ruben
Samuel Ruben (born Charles Rubenstein; November 5, 1913 – September 28, 1943) was an American chemist.
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Sievert
The sievert (symbol: SvNot be confused with the sverdrup or the svedberg, two non-SI units that sometimes use the same symbol.) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI) and is a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
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Speleothem
Speleothems (Ancient Greek: "cave deposit"), commonly known as cave formations, are secondary mineral deposits formed in a cave.
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Stratosphere
The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere, and below the mesosphere.
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Stratum lucidum
The stratum lucidum (Latin for "clear layer") is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope.
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Tonne
The tonne (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;.
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Tooth enamel
Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish.
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Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, and is also where nearly all weather conditions take place.
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University of Chicago
The University of Chicago (UChicago, U of C, or Chicago) is a private, non-profit research university in Chicago, Illinois.
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Urea breath test
The urea breath test is a rapid diagnostic procedure used to identify infections by Helicobacter pylori, a spiral bacterium implicated in gastritis, gastric ulcer, and peptic ulcer disease.
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Urease
Ureases, functionally, belong to the superfamily of amidohydrolases and phosphotriesterases.
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Willard Libby
Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 – September 8, 1980) was an American physical chemist noted for his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating, a process which revolutionized archaeology and palaeontology.
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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI, acronym pronounced) is a private, nonprofit research and higher education facility dedicated to the study of all aspects of marine science and engineering and to the education of marine researchers.
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774–775 carbon-14 spike
The 774–775 Carbon-14 Spike is an observed increase of 1.2% in the concentration of carbon-14 isotope in tree rings dated to the years 774 or 775 AD, which is about 20 times as high as the normal background rate of variation.
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Redirects here:
14C, 14c, Carbon 14, Carbon14, Radiocarbon.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14
