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240 relations: Abscess, Agen, Alfonsina Orsini, Allegory, Amboise, Amboise conspiracy, Ambroise Paré, Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne, Anthony Blunt, Antoine Caron, Antoine of Navarre, Arquebus, Artemisia II of Caria, Arthur Goldhammer, Artichoke, Astrology, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins, Ballet Comique de la Reine, Ballets de cour, Barbara Ketcham Wheaton, Basilica of St Denis, Bayonne, Black Mass, Blois, Broccoli, Calais, Calvinism, Cardinal (Catholic Church), Catherine de' Medici's court festivals, Catholic League (French), Charles de Bourbon (cardinal), Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, Charles IX of France, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VIII of France, Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, Charlotte Haldane, Château d'Amboise, Château d'Usson, Château de Blois, Château de Chenonceau, Clarice de' Medici, Clarice Orsini, Claude of France, Claude of France (1547–1575), Claude, Duke of Guise, Colloquy of Poissy, Cosimo Ruggeri, Counts and dukes of Guise, ..., Coup d'état, Dauphin of France, Dauphine of France, Day of the Barricades, Denis Diderot, Deviled egg, Diane de France, Diane de Poitiers, Duchy of Urbino, Ebony, Edict of Amboise, Edict of Beaulieu, Edict of Saint-Germain, Eleanor of Austria, Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France, Elisabeth of Valois, Elizabeth I of England, Encyclopédie, Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, Feud, Filippa Duci, Flagellation, Florence, Fontainebleau, Fork, François Clouet, France, Frances Yates, Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino, Francesco Primaticcio, Francis I of France, Francis II of France, Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Francis, Duke of Anjou, Francis, Duke of Guise, Franco-Ottoman alliance, French language, French Renaissance, French Wars of Religion, Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, Gaspard de Saulx, Gaspard II de Coligny, Georges de La Trémoille, Germain Pilon, Grand Chancellor of France, Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie, Halicarnassus, Haute cuisine, Hôtel de Soissons, Henry I, Duke of Guise, Henry II of France, Henry III of France, Henry IV of France, Holy Roman Empire, House of Bourbon, House of Habsburg, House of Medici, House of Valois, Huguenots, Inventory, Italian language, Italian War of 1551–1559, Italian Wars, Ivory, Jacques Clément, James V of Scotland, Jean Bodin, Jean Clouet, Jean Cousin the Younger, Jean de Poltrot, Jean Fernel, Jean le Rond d'Alembert, Jeanne d'Albret, Jeanne de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon, Joan of France (1556), John Dee, John Guy (historian), John III, Count of Auvergne, John Stewart, Duke of Albany, John VIII, Count of Vendôme, Jousting, Jules Michelet, Kingdom of France, La Rochelle, Le Havre, Leonardo da Vinci, Leonie Frieda, Lettuce, Limoges, List of consorts of Brittany, List of French consorts, List of rulers of Auvergne, Lorenzo de' Medici, Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise, Louis of Valois, Louis, Count of Vendôme, Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569), Louise of Lorraine, Louvre Palace, Lucrezia Tornabuoni, Lutheranism, Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne, Mannerism, Margaret of Foix, Margaret of Valois, Marseille, Mary of Guise, Mary, Queen of Scots, Masque, Mass in the Catholic Church, Massacre of Wassy, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor, Mâcon, Michel de l'Hôpital, Misogyny, Moldavia, Mourning, Mythology, Nérac, Necromancy, New World, Niccolò Machiavelli, Nicholas Throckmorton, Nostradamus, Notre-Dame de Paris, Occult, Ottoman Empire, Palace of Fontainebleau, Palazzo Medici Riccardi, Papal diplomacy, Parlement, Parmigiano-Reggiano, Parsley, Pasta, Pea, Peace of Longjumeau, Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Philip II of Spain, Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, Piero the Unfortunate, Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme, Pierre Nora, Pilgrimage, Plague (disease), Pleurisy, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Pomponne de Bellièvre, Pope Clement VII, Pope Leo X, Pope Paul III, Postpartum infections, Prince du sang, Proxy marriage, Queen regnant, Regent, Renaissance, Renaissance humanism, Republic of Florence, Rouen, Roy Strong, Royal entry, Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, Salic law, Sauce, Scapegoat, Siege of Florence (1529–30), Silvio Passerini, Spanish Armada, St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, Stephen Mennell, Succession of Henry IV of France, Surprise of Meaux, Talisman, Tapestry, The forty-five guards, Tomato, Treaty of Hampton Court (1562), Treaty of Joinville, Treaty of Nemours, Tuberculosis, Tuileries Palace, Turkey (bird), Valois Tapestries, Victoria of France, Wassy, Wawel Cathedral, Witchcraft. Expand index (190 more) »
Abscess
An abscess is a collection of pus that has built up within the tissue of the body.
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Agen
The commune of Agen is the prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
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Alfonsina Orsini
Alfonsina Orsini (1472–1520) was a Regent of Florence.
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Allegory
As a literary device, an allegory is a metaphor in which a character, place or event is used to deliver a broader message about real-world issues and occurrences.
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Amboise
Amboise is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.
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Amboise conspiracy
The Amboise conspiracy, also called Tumult of Amboise, was a failed attempt by Huguenots in 1560 to gain power over France by abducting the young king Francis II and arresting Francis, Duke of Guise and his brother, the Cardinal of Lorraine.
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Ambroise Paré
Ambroise Paré (c. 1510 – 20 December 1590) was a French barber surgeon who served in that role for kings Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III.
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Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne
Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne (1496–1524) was sovereign Countess of Auvergne from 1501 until 1524, and Duchess of Albany by marriage to John Stewart, Duke of Albany.
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Anthony Blunt
Anthony Frederick Blunt (26 September 1907 – 26 March 1983), known as Sir Anthony Blunt, KCVO, from 1956 to 1979, was a leading British art historian who in 1964, after being offered immunity from prosecution, confessed to having been a Soviet spy.
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Antoine Caron
Antoine Caron (1521–1599) was a French master glassmaker, illustrator, Northern Mannerist painter and a product of the School of Fontainebleau.
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Antoine of Navarre
Antoine (in English, Anthony; 22 April 1518 – 17 November 1562) was the King of Navarre through his marriage (jure uxoris) to Queen Jeanne III, from 1555 until his death.
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Arquebus
The arquebus, derived from the German Hakenbüchse, was a form of long gun that appeared in Europe during the 15th century.
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Artemisia II of Caria
Artemisia II of Caria (Greek: Ἀρτεμισία; died 350 BCE) was a naval strategist, commander and the sister, the wife, and the successor of Mausolus, ruler of Caria, the Persian satrap; Mausolus enjoyed the status of king or dynast of the Hecatomnid dynasty.
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Arthur Goldhammer
Arthur Goldhammer (born November 17, 1946) is an American academic and translator.
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Artichoke
The globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus)Rottenberg, A., and D. Zohary, 1996: "The wild ancestry of the cultivated artichoke." Genet.
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Astrology
Astrology is the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial objects as a means for divining information about human affairs and terrestrial events.
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Astronomy & Astrophysics
Astronomy & Astrophysics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering theoretical, observational, and instrumental astronomy and astrophysics.
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Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins
The Église Saint-Ferréol les Augustins is a Roman Catholic church in Marseille.
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Ballet Comique de la Reine
The Ballet Comique de la Reine (at the time spelled Balet comique de la Royne) was an elaborate court spectacle performed on October 15, 1581, during the reign of Henry III of France, in the large hall of the Hôtel de Bourbon, adjacent to the Louvre Palace in Paris.
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Ballets de cour
Ballet de cour (court ballet) is the name given to ballets performed in the 16th and 17th centuries at courts.
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Barbara Ketcham Wheaton
Barbara Ketcham Wheaton, born in Philadelphia in 1931, is a writer, a noted food historian, and since 1990 the honorary curator of the culinary collection at the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe College, one of the largest U. S. collections of books and manuscripts relating to cooking and the social history of food.
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Basilica of St Denis
The Basilica of Saint Denis (Basilique royale de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is a large medieval abbey church in the city of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris.
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Bayonne
Bayonne (Gascon: Baiona; Baiona; Bayona) is a city and commune and one of the two sub-prefectures of the department of Pyrénées-Atlantiques, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of south-western France.
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Black Mass
A Black Mass is a ritual characterized by the inversion of the Traditional Latin Mass celebrated by the Roman Catholic Church.
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Blois
Blois is a city and the capital of Loir-et-Cher department in central France, situated on the banks of the lower river Loire between Orléans and Tours.
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Broccoli
Broccoli is an edible green plant in the cabbage family whose large flowering head is eaten as a vegetable.
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Calais
Calais (Calés; Kales) is a city and major ferry port in northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture.
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Calvinism
Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.
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Cardinal (Catholic Church)
A cardinal (Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, literally Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, considered a Prince of the Church, and usually an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Catherine de' Medici's court festivals
Catherine de' Medici's court festivals were a series of lavish and spectacular entertainments, sometimes called magnificences, laid on by Catherine de' Medici, the queen consort of France from 1547 to 1559 and queen mother from 1559 until her death in 1589.
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Catholic League (French)
The Catholic League of France (Ligue catholique), sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern) Catholics as the Holy League (La Sainte Ligue), was a major participant in the French Wars of Religion.
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Charles de Bourbon (cardinal)
Charles de Bourbon (22 September 1523 – 9 May 1590) was a French cardinal.
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Charles III, Duke of Lorraine
Charles III (18 February 1543 – 14 May 1608), known as the Great, was Duke of Lorraine from 1545 until his death.
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Charles IX of France
Charles IX (27 June 1550 – 30 May 1574) was a French monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1560 until his death from tuberculosis.
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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (Carlos; Karl; Carlo; Karel; Carolus; 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of both the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and the Spanish Empire (as Charles I of Spain) from 1516, as well as of the lands of the former Duchy of Burgundy from 1506.
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Charles VIII of France
Charles VIII, called the Affable, l'Affable (30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498), was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498.
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Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine
Charles de Lorraine (17 February 1524 – 26 December 1574), Duke of Chevreuse, was a French Cardinal, a member of the powerful House of Guise.
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Charlotte Haldane
Charlotte Haldane (née Franken, first married name Burghes; 27 April 1894 – 16 March 1969) was a British feminist author.
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Château d'Amboise
The royal Château at Amboise is a château located in Amboise, in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley in France.
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Château d'Usson
The Château d'Usson is one of the so-called Cathar castles in what is now southwestern France.
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Château de Blois
The Royal Château de Blois (French: "Château Royal de Blois") is located in the Loir-et-Cher département in the Loire Valley, in France, in the center of the city of Blois.
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Château de Chenonceau
The Château de Chenonceau is a French château spanning the River Cher, near the small village of Chenonceaux in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley in France.
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Clarice de' Medici
Clarice de' Medici (1493–1528) was the daughter of Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici and Alfonsina Orsini.
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Clarice Orsini
Clarice Orsini (1450–1488) was the daughter of Jacopo Orsini, and his wife and cousin Maddalena Orsini.
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Claude of France
Claude of France (13 October 1499 – 20 July 1524) was a queen consort of France by marriage to Francis I. She was also ruling Duchess of Brittany from 1514.
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Claude of France (1547–1575)
Claude of France (12 November 1547, Fontainebleau – 21 February 1575, Nancy) was a French Princess as the second daughter of King Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici, and Duchess consort of Lorraine by marriage to Charles III, Duke of Lorraine.
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Claude, Duke of Guise
Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise (20 October 1496, Château de Condé-sur-Moselle, – 12 April 1550, Château de Joinville) was a French aristocrat and general.
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Colloquy of Poissy
The Colloquy at Poissy was a religious conference which took place in Poissy, France, in 1561.
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Cosimo Ruggeri
Cosimo Ruggeri in France called Côme Ruggieri (died 28 March 1615), was an Italian astrologer, favorite and influential adviser of the queen regent of France, Catherine de Medici.
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Counts and dukes of Guise
Count of Guise and Duke of Guise were titles in the French nobility.
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Coup d'état
A coup d'état, also known simply as a coup, a putsch, golpe de estado, or an overthrow, is a type of revolution, where the illegal and overt seizure of a state by the military or other elites within the state apparatus occurs.
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Dauphin of France
The Dauphin of France (Dauphin de France)—strictly The Dauphin of Viennois (Dauphin de Viennois)—was the dynastic title given to the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350 to 1791 and 1824 to 1830.
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Dauphine of France
The Dauphine of France was the wife of the Dauphin of France (the heir apparent to the French throne).
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Day of the Barricades
In the French Wars of Religion, the Day of the Barricades (in Journée des barricades), 12 May 1588, was an outwardly spontaneous public uprising in staunchly Catholic Paris against the moderate, hesitant, temporizing policies of Henry III.
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Denis Diderot
Denis Diderot (5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.
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Deviled egg
Deviled eggs (US) or devilled eggs (UK), also known as stuffed eggs, Russian eggs, or dressed eggs, are hard-boiled eggs that have been shelled, cut in half, and filled with a paste made from the egg yolks mixed with other ingredients such as mayonnaise and mustard.
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Diane de France
Diane de France, suo jure Duchess of Angoulême (25 July 1538 – 11 January 1619) was the natural (illegitimate) daughter of Henry II, King of France, and his Piedmontese mistress Filippa Duci.
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Diane de Poitiers
Diane de Poitiers (3 September 1499 – 25 April 1566) was a French noblewoman and a prominent courtier at the courts of king Francis I and his son, King Henry II of France.
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Duchy of Urbino
The Duchy of Urbino was a sovereign state in central-northern Italy.
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Ebony
Ebony is a dense black hardwood, most commonly yielded by several different species in the genus Diospyros, which also contains the persimmons.
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Edict of Amboise
The Edict of Amboise also known as the Edict of Pacification, was signed at the Château of Amboise on 19 March 1563 by Catherine de' Medici, acting as regent for her son Charles IX of France.
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Edict of Beaulieu
The Edict of Beaulieu (also known at the time as the Peace of Monsieur) was promulgated from Beaulieu-lès-Loches on 6 May 1576 by Henry III of France, who was pressured by Alençon's support of the Protestant army besieging Paris that spring.
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Edict of Saint-Germain
The Edict of Saint-Germain, also known as the Edict of January, was a decree of tolerance promulgated by the regent of France, Catherine de' Medici, in January 1562.
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Eleanor of Austria
Eleanor of Austria (15 November 1498 – 25 February 1558), also called Eleanor of Castile, was born an Archduchess of Austria and Infanta of Castile from the House of Habsburg, and subsequently became Queen consort of Portugal (1518–1521) and of France (1530–1547).
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Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France
Elisabeth of Austria (5 July 1554 – 22 January 1592) was Queen of France from 1570 to 1574 as the wife of King Charles IX.
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Elisabeth of Valois
Elisabeth of Valois (Isabel de Valois; Élisabeth de France) (2 April 1545 – 3 October 1568) was a Spanish queen consort as the third spouse of Philip II of Spain.
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Elizabeth I of England
Elizabeth I (7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603.
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Encyclopédie
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (English: Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts), better known as Encyclopédie, was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations.
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Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba
Fernando Álvarez de Toledo y Pimentel, 3rd Duke of Alba, GE, KOGF, GR (29 October 150711 December 1582), known as the Grand Duke of Alba in Spain and the Iron Duke in the Netherlands, was a Spanish noble, general, and diplomat.
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Feud
A feud, referred to in more extreme cases as a blood feud, vendetta, faida, beef, clan war, gang war, or private war, is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans.
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Filippa Duci
Filippa Duci (French - Philippa Desducs; 1520, Moncalieri, Piedmont - before October 1586, near Tours), dame de Couy, was a French (originally Italian) courtier.
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Flagellation
Flagellation (Latin flagellum, "whip"), flogging, whipping or lashing is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, lashes, rods, switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok, etc.
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Florence
Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.
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Fontainebleau
Fontainebleau is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France.
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Fork
A fork, in cutlery or kitchenware, is a tool consisting of a handle with several narrow tines on one end.
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François Clouet
François Clouet (c. 1510 – 22 December 1572), son of Jean Clouet, was a French Renaissance miniaturist and painter, particularly known for his detailed portraits of the French ruling family.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Frances Yates
Dame Frances Amelia Yates, (28 November 1899 – 29 September 1981) was an English historian who focused on the study of the Renaissance.
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Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino
Francesco Maria I della Rovere (22 March 1490 – 20 October 1538) was an Italian condottiero, who was Duke of Urbino from 1508 to 1516 and 1521 to 1538 when he retook the throne from Lorenzo II de' Medici.
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Francesco Primaticcio
Francesco Primaticcio (April 30, 1504 – 1570) was an Italian Mannerist painter, architect and sculptor who spent most of his career in France.
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Francis I of France
Francis I (François Ier) (12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was the first King of France from the Angoulême branch of the House of Valois, reigning from 1515 until his death.
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Francis II of France
Francis II (François II) (19 January 1544 – 5 December 1560) was a King of France of the House of Valois-Angoulême from 1559 to 1560.
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Francis III, Duke of Brittany
Francis III of Brittany (Frañsez; François; 28 February 1518, in Amboise – 10 August 1536) was Duke of Brittany and Dauphin of Viennois as the first son and heir of King Francis I of France and Duchess Claude of Brittany.
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Francis, Duke of Anjou
Francis, Duke of Anjou and Alençon (Hercule François; 18 March 1555 – 10 June 1584) was the youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici.
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Francis, Duke of Guise
Francis de Lorraine II, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Duke of Aumale (François de Lorraine, duc de Guise; 17 February 1519 – 24 February 1563), was a French soldier and politician.
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Franco-Ottoman alliance
The Franco-Ottoman alliance, also Franco-Turkish alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between the king of France Francis I and the Turkish sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent.
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French language
French (le français or la langue française) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
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French Renaissance
The French Renaissance was the cultural and artistic movement in France between the 15th and early 17th centuries.
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French Wars of Religion
The French Wars of Religion refers to a prolonged period of war and popular unrest between Roman Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed/Calvinist Protestants) in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598.
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Gabriel, comte de Montgomery
Gabriel, comte de Montgomery, seigneur de Lorges (5 May 1530 – 26 June 1574), a French nobleman, was a captain of the Scots Guards of King Henry II of France.
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Gaspard de Saulx
Gaspard de Saulx, sieur de Tavannes (1509–1575) was a French Roman Catholic military leader during the Italian Wars and the French Wars of Religion.
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Gaspard II de Coligny
Gaspard de Coligny, Seigneur de Châtillon (16 February 1519 – 24 August 1572) was a French nobleman and admiral, best remembered as a disciplined Huguenot leader in the French Wars of Religion and a close friend and advisor to King Charles IX of France.
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Georges de La Trémoille
Georges de la Trémoille (c.1382 –6 May 1446) was Count de Guînes from 1398 to 1446 and Grand Chamberlain of France to King Charles VII of France.
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Germain Pilon
Germain Pilon (c. 1525 – 3 February 1590)Connat & Colombier 1951; Thirion 1996.
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Grand Chancellor of France
In France, under the Ancien Régime, the officer of state responsible for the judiciary was the Grand Chancellor of France (Grand Chancelier de France).
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Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie
Guillaume de Grandchamp de Grantrie was French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1566 to 1571.
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Halicarnassus
Halicarnassus (Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός, Halikarnāssós or Ἀλικαρνασσός, Alikarnāssós, Halikarnas) was an ancient Greek city which stood on the site of modern Bodrum in Turkey.
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Haute cuisine
Haute cuisine (French: literally "high cooking") or grande cuisine refers to the cuisine of "high-level" establishments, gourmet restaurants and luxury hotels.
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Hôtel de Soissons
The Hôtel de Soissons was a hôtel particulier (grand house) built in Paris, France, between 1574 and 1584 for Catherine de' Medici (1519–89) by the architect Jean Bullant (1515–78).
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Henry I, Duke of Guise
Henry I, Prince of Joinville, Duke of Guise, Count of Eu (31 December 1550 – 23 December 1588), sometimes called Le Balafré (Scarface), was the eldest son of Francis, Duke of Guise, and Anna d'Este.
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Henry II of France
Henry II (Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was a monarch of the House of Valois who ruled as King of France from 31 March 1547 until his death in 1559.
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Henry III of France
Henry III (19 September 1551 – 2 August 1589; born Alexandre Édouard de France, Henryk Walezy, Henrikas Valua) was King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1573 to 1575 and King of France from 1574 until his death.
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Henry IV of France
Henry IV (Henri IV, read as Henri-Quatre; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.
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Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.
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House of Bourbon
The House of Bourbon is a European royal house of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.
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House of Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (traditionally spelled Hapsburg in English), also called House of Austria was one of the most influential and distinguished royal houses of Europe.
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House of Medici
The House of Medici was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century.
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House of Valois
The House of Valois was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty.
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Huguenots
Huguenots (Les huguenots) are an ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition.
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Inventory
Inventory (American English) or stock (British English) is the goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate goal of resale (or repair).
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Italian language
Italian (or lingua italiana) is a Romance language.
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Italian War of 1551–1559
The Italian War of 1551 (1551–1559), sometimes known as the Habsburg–Valois War and the Last Italian War, began when Henry II of France, who had succeeded Francis I to the throne, declared war against Holy Roman Emperor Charles V with the intent of recapturing Italy and ensuring French, rather than Habsburg, domination of European affairs.
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Italian Wars
The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy and sometimes as the Habsburg–Valois Wars or the Renaissance Wars, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States, the Republic of Venice, most of the major states of Western Europe (France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, England, and Scotland) as well as the Ottoman Empire.
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Ivory
Ivory is a hard, white material from the tusks (traditionally elephants') and teeth of animals, that can be used in art or manufacturing.
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Jacques Clément
Jacques Clément (1567 – 1 August 1589) was a French conspirator and the killer of king Henry III.
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James V of Scotland
James V (10 April 1512 – 14 December 1542) was King of Scotland from 9 September 1513 until his death, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss.
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Jean Bodin
Jean Bodin (1530–1596) was a French jurist and political philosopher, member of the Parlement of Paris and professor of law in Toulouse.
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Jean Clouet
Jean (or Janet) Clouet (1480–1541) was a miniaturist and painter who worked in France during the High Renaissance.
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Jean Cousin the Younger
Jean Cousin the Younger ("le jeune", sometimes given as Jehan in the old style instead of Jean) (ca. 1522–1595) was born in Sens, France around 1522, the son of the famous painter and sculptor Jean Cousin the Elder ca.
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Jean de Poltrot
Jean de Poltrot (c. 1537 – 1563), sieur de Méré or Mérey, was a nobleman of Angoumois, who murdered Francis, Duke of Guise.
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Jean Fernel
Jean François Fernel (in Latin, Fernelius) (1497 – 26 April 1558) was a French physician who introduced the term "physiology" to describe the study of the body's function.
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Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert (16 November 1717 – 29 October 1783) was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist.
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Jeanne d'Albret
Jeanne d'Albret (Basque: Joana Albretekoa; Occitan: Joana de Labrit; 16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572), also known as Jeanne III, was the queen regnant of Navarre from 1555 to 1572.
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Jeanne de Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon
Jeanne de Bourbon (1465 – 22 January 1511) was a daughter of John II, Count of Vendôme and Isabelle de Beauvau.
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Joan of France (1556)
Joan of France (Jeanne de France; born and died 24 June 1556) was the twin sister of Victoria of France and the last child born to King Henry II of France and his wife, Catherine de' Medici.
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John Dee
John Dee (13 July 1527 – 1608 or 1609) was an English mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, occult philosopher, and advisor to Queen Elizabeth I. He devoted much of his life to the study of alchemy, divination, and Hermetic philosophy.
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John Guy (historian)
John Alexander Guy (born 16 January 1949) is a British historian and biographer.
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John III, Count of Auvergne
John III of Auvergne (1467 – 28 March 1501), Count of Auvergne, was the son of Bertrand VI of Auvergne and Louise de la Trémoille (1432 – 10 April 1474), Dame de Boussac, the daughter of Georges de la Trémoille.
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John Stewart, Duke of Albany
John Stewart, Duke of Albany (1481 or 14842 July 1536 in Mirfleur, France) was Regent of the Kingdom of Scotland, Duke of Albany in peerage of Scotland and Count of Auvergne and Lauraguais in France.
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John VIII, Count of Vendôme
John VIII de Bourbon (1425 - 6 January 1477) was Count of Vendôme from 1466 until his death.
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Jousting
Jousting is a martial game or hastilude between two horsemen wielding lances with blunted tips, often as part of a tournament.
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Jules Michelet
Jules Michelet (21 August 1798 – 9 February 1874) was a French historian.
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Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France (Royaume de France) was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Western Europe.
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La Rochelle
La Rochelle is a city in western France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean.
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Le Havre
Le Havre, historically called Newhaven in English, is an urban French commune and city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northwestern France.
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Leonardo da Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (15 April 14522 May 1519), more commonly Leonardo da Vinci or simply Leonardo, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance, whose areas of interest included invention, painting, sculpting, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, writing, history, and cartography.
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Leonie Frieda
Leonie Frieda (born 1956) is the daughter of Swedish aristocrats, a former model, translator, and writer, working and living in the United Kingdom.
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Lettuce
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an annual plant of the daisy family, Asteraceae.
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Limoges
Limoges (Occitan: Lemòtges or Limòtges) is a city and commune, the capital of the Haute-Vienne department and was the administrative capital of the former Limousin region in west-central France.
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List of consorts of Brittany
A royal consort is the spouse of a ruling monarch.
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List of French consorts
This is a list of the women who have been queens consort or empresses consort of the French monarchy.
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List of rulers of Auvergne
This is a list of the various rulers of Auvergne.
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Lorenzo de' Medici
Lorenzo de' Medici (1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492) was an Italian statesman, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy.
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Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici, (12 September 1492 – 4 May 1519) was the ruler of Florence from 1516 until his death in 1519.
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Louis II, Cardinal of Guise
Louis II, Cardinal of Guise (6 July 1555, Dampierre – 24 December 1588, Château de Blois), was the third son of Francis, Duke of Guise, and Anna d'Este.
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Louis of Valois
Louis of France (3 February 154924 October 1550), also known as Louis III, Duke of Orléans was the second son and fourth child of Henry II (31 March 151910 July 1559), King of France and his wife, Catherine de' Medici, daughter of Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino and his wife Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne.
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Louis, Count of Vendôme
Louis de Bourbon (Louis I, Count of Vendôme) (1376 – December 21, 1446, Tours), younger son of John I, Count of La Marche and Catherine de Vendôme, was Count of Vendôme from 1393, and Count of Castres from 1425 until his death.
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Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)
Louis de Bourbon or Louis I, Prince of Condé (7 May 1530 – 13 March 1569) was a prominent Huguenot leader and general, the founder of the House of Condé, a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.
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Louise of Lorraine
Louise of Lorraine (French: Louise de Lorraine) (30 April 1553 – 29 January 1601) was a Queen consort of France from 1575 until 1589 by marriage to Henry III of France.
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Louvre Palace
The Louvre Palace (Palais du Louvre) is a former royal palace located on the Right Bank of the Seine in Paris, between the Tuileries Gardens and the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois.
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Lucrezia Tornabuoni
Lucrezia Tornabuoni (22 June 1427 – 25 March 1482) was a writer and influential political adviser.
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Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483–1546), a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.
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Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne
Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne (1498 – 28 April 1519) was a younger daughter of Jean III de La Tour (1467– 28 March 1501), Count of Auvergne and Lauraguais, and Jeanne de Bourbon-Vendôme (1465–1511).
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Mannerism
Mannerism, also known as Late Renaissance, is a style in European art that emerged in the later years of the Italian High Renaissance around 1520 and lasted until about the end of the 16th century in Italy, when the Baroque style began to replace it.
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Margaret of Foix
Margaret of Foix (French: Marguerite de Foix; c. 1449 – 15 May 1486) was Duchess of Brittany from 1474 to 1486 by marriage to Francis II, Duke of Brittany.
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Margaret of Valois
Margaret of Valois (Marguerite, 14 May 1553 – 27 March 1615), commonly Margot, was a French princess of the Valois dynasty who became queen consort of Navarre and later also of France.
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Marseille
Marseille (Provençal: Marselha), is the second-largest city of France and the largest city of the Provence historical region.
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Mary of Guise
Mary of Guise (Marie; 22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560), also called Mary of Lorraine, ruled Scotland as regent from 1554 until her death.
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Mary, Queen of Scots
Mary, Queen of Scots (8 December 1542 – 8 February 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I, reigned over Scotland from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567.
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Masque
The masque was a form of festive courtly entertainment that flourished in 16th- and early 17th-century Europe, though it was developed earlier in Italy, in forms including the intermedio (a public version of the masque was the pageant).
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Mass in the Catholic Church
The Mass or Eucharistic Celebration is the central liturgical ritual in the Catholic Church where the Eucharist (Communion) is consecrated.
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Massacre of Wassy
The Massacre of Wassy, also known as the Massacre of Vassy, is the name given to the murder of Huguenot worshipers and citizens in an armed action by troops of Francis, Duke of Guise, in Wassy, France on 1 March 1562.
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Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus or Tomb of Mausolus (Μαυσωλεῖον τῆς Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ; Halikarnas Mozolesi) was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and his sister-wife Artemisia II of Caria. The structure was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene. The Mausoleum was approximately in height, and the four sides were adorned with sculptural reliefs, each created by one of four Greek sculptors—Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas of Paros and Timotheus. The finished structure of the mausoleum was considered to be such an aesthetic triumph that Antipater of Sidon identified it as one of his Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It was destroyed by successive earthquakes from the 12th to the 15th century, the last surviving of the six destroyed wonders. The word mausoleum has now come to be used generically for an above-ground tomb.
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Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans (also known as King of the Germans) from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death, though he was never crowned by the Pope, as the journey to Rome was always too risky.
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Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximilian II (31 July 1527 – 12 October 1576), a member of the Austrian House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1564 until his death.
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Mâcon
Mâcon, historically anglicized as Mascon, is a small city in east-central France.
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Michel de l'Hôpital
Michel de l'Hôpital (or l'Hospital) (1507 – 13 March 1573) was a French statesman.
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Misogyny
Misogyny is the hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women or girls.
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Moldavia
Moldavia (Moldova, or Țara Moldovei (in Romanian Latin alphabet), Цара Мѡлдовєй (in old Romanian Cyrillic alphabet) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River. An initially independent and later autonomous state, it existed from the 14th century to 1859, when it united with Wallachia (Țara Românească) as the basis of the modern Romanian state; at various times, Moldavia included the regions of Bessarabia (with the Budjak), all of Bukovina and Hertza. The region of Pokuttya was also part of it for a period of time. The western half of Moldavia is now part of Romania, the eastern side belongs to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern and southeastern parts are territories of Ukraine.
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Mourning
Mourning is, in the simplest sense, grief over someone's death.
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Mythology
Mythology refers variously to the collected myths of a group of people or to the study of such myths.
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Nérac
Nérac (Nerac) is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.
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Necromancy
Necromancy is a practice of magic involving communication with the deceased – either by summoning their spirit as an apparition or raising them bodily – for the purpose of divination, imparting the means to foretell future events or discover hidden knowledge, to bring someone back from the dead, or to use the deceased as a weapon, as the term may sometimes be used in a more general sense to refer to black magic or witchcraft.
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New World
The New World is one of the names used for the majority of Earth's Western Hemisphere, specifically the Americas (including nearby islands such as those of the Caribbean and Bermuda).
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Niccolò Machiavelli
Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (3 May 1469 – 21 June 1527) was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer of the Renaissance period.
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Nicholas Throckmorton
Sir Nicholas Throckmorton (or Throgmorton) (circa 1515/1516 – 12 February 1571) was an English diplomat and politician, who was an ambassador to France and played a key role in the relationship between Elizabeth I and Mary, Queen of Scots.
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Nostradamus
Michel de Nostredame (depending on the source, 14 or 21 December 1503 – 2 July 1566), usually Latinised as Nostradamus was a French physician and reputed seer, who is best known for his book Les Propheties, a collection of 942 poetic quatrains allegedly predicting future events. The book was first published in 1555 and has rarely been out of print since his death. Nostradamus's family was originally Jewish, but had converted to Catholicism before he was born. He studied at the University of Avignon, but was forced to leave after just over a year when the university closed due to an outbreak of the plague. He worked as an apothecary for several years before entering the University of Montpellier, hoping to earn a doctorate, but was almost immediately expelled after his work as an apothecary (a manual trade forbidden by university statutes) was discovered. He first married in 1531, but his wife and two children were killed in 1534 during another plague outbreak. He fought alongside doctors against the plague before remarrying to Anne Ponsarde, who bore him six children. He wrote an almanac for 1550 and, as a result of its success, continued writing them for future years as he began working as an astrologer for various wealthy patrons. Catherine de' Medici became one of his foremost supporters. His Les Propheties, published in 1555, relied heavily on historical and literary precedent and initially received mixed reception. He suffered from severe gout towards the end of his life, which eventually developed in edema. He died on 2 July 1566. Many popular authors have retold apocryphal legends about his life. In the years since the publication of his Les Propheties, Nostradamus has attracted a large number of supporters, who, along with much of the popular press, credit him with having accurately predicted many major world events. Most academic sources reject the notion that Nostradamus had any genuine supernatural prophetic abilities and maintain that the associations made between world events and Nostradamus's quatrains are the result of misinterpretations or mistranslations (sometimes deliberate). These academics argue that Nostradamus's predictions are characteristically vague, meaning they could be applied to virtually anything, and are useless for determining whether their author had any real prophetic powers. They also point out that English translations of his quatrains are almost always of extremely poor quality, based on later manuscripts, produced by authors with little knowledge of sixteenth-century French, and often deliberately mistranslated to make the prophecies fit whatever events the translator believed they were supposed to have predicted.
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Notre-Dame de Paris
Notre-Dame de Paris (meaning "Our Lady of Paris"), also known as Notre-Dame Cathedral or simply Notre-Dame, is a medieval Catholic cathedral on the Île de la Cité in the fourth arrondissement of Paris, France.
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Occult
The term occult (from the Latin word occultus "clandestine, hidden, secret") is "knowledge of the hidden".
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Palace of Fontainebleau
The Palace of Fontainebleau or Château de Fontainebleau, located southeast of the center of Paris, in the commune of Fontainebleau, is one of the largest French royal châteaux.
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Palazzo Medici Riccardi
The Palazzo Medici, also called the Palazzo Medici Riccardi after the later family that acquired and expanded it, is a Renaissance palace located in Florence, Italy.
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Papal diplomacy
Nuncio (officially known as an Apostolic nuncio and also known as a papal nuncio) is the title for an ecclesiastical diplomat, being an envoy or permanent diplomatic representative of the Holy See to a state or international organization.
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Parlement
A parlement, in the Ancien Régime of France, was a provincial appellate court.
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Parmigiano-Reggiano
Parmigiano-Reggiano is an Italian hard, granular cheese.
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Parsley
Parsley or garden parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to the central Mediterranean region (southern Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain, Malta, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), naturalized elsewhere in Europe, and widely cultivated as an herb, a spice, and a vegetable.
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Pasta
Pasta is a staple food of traditional Italian cuisine, with the first reference dating to 1154 in Sicily.
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Pea
The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit Pisum sativum.
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Peace of Longjumeau
The Peace of Longjumeau (also known as the Treaty of Longjumeau or the Edict of Longjumeau) was signed on 23 March 1568 by Charles IX of France and Catherine de' Medici.
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Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was a treaty signed on 5 August 1570 at the royal Château of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, ending the third of the French Wars of Religion.
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Philip II of Spain
Philip II (Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), called "the Prudent" (el Prudente), was King of Spain (1556–98), King of Portugal (1581–98, as Philip I, Filipe I), King of Naples and Sicily (both from 1554), and jure uxoris King of England and Ireland (during his marriage to Queen Mary I from 1554–58).
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Piero di Cosimo de' Medici
Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (the Gouty), (Italian: Piero "il Gottoso") (1416 – 2 December 1469) was the de facto ruler of Florence from 1464 to 1469, during the Italian Renaissance.
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Piero the Unfortunate
Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici (15 February 1472 – 28 December 1503), called Piero the Unfortunate, was the gran maestro of Florence from 1492 until his exile in 1494.
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Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme
Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme (– 15 July 1614), also known as the abbé de Brantôme, was a French historian, soldier, and biographer.
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Pierre Nora
Pierre Nora (born 17 November 1931 in Paris) is a French historian elected to the Académie française on 7 June 2001.
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Pilgrimage
A pilgrimage is a journey or search of moral or spiritual significance.
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Plague (disease)
Plague is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
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Pleurisy
Pleurisy, also known as pleuritis, is inflammation of the membranes that surround the lungs and line the chest cavity (pleurae).
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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.
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Pomponne de Bellièvre
Pomponne de Bellièvre (1529 – 7 or 9 September 1607) was a French statesman, chancellor of France (1599–1605).
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Pope Clement VII
Pope Clement VII (26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534.
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Pope Leo X
Pope Leo X (11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521), born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was Pope from 9 March 1513 to his death in 1521.
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Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III (Paulus III; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope from 13 October 1534 to his death in 1549.
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Postpartum infections
Postpartum infections, also known as childbed fever and puerperal fever, are any bacterial infections of the female reproductive tract following childbirth or miscarriage.
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Prince du sang
A prince du sang (Prince of the Blood) is a person legitimately descended in dynastic line from any of a realm's hereditary monarchs.
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Proxy marriage
A proxy wedding or proxy marriage is a wedding in which one or both of the individuals being united are not physically present, usually being represented instead by other persons.
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Queen regnant
A queen regnant (plural: queens regnant) is a female monarch, equivalent in rank to a king, who reigns in her own right, in contrast to a queen consort, who is the wife of a reigning king, or a queen regent, who is the guardian of a child monarch and reigns temporarily in the child's stead.
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Regent
A regent (from the Latin regens: ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state because the monarch is a minor, is absent or is incapacitated.
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Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period in European history, covering the span between the 14th and 17th centuries.
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Renaissance humanism
Renaissance humanism is the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries.
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Republic of Florence
The Republic of Florence, also known as the Florentine Republic (Repubblica Fiorentina), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany.
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Rouen
Rouen (Frankish: Rodomo; Rotomagus, Rothomagus) is a city on the River Seine in the north of France.
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Roy Strong
Sir Roy Colin Strong, (born 23 August 1935) is an English art historian, museum curator, writer, broadcaster and landscape designer.
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Royal entry
The Royal Entry, also known by various names, including Triumphal Entry, Joyous Entry, consisted of the ceremonies and festivities accompanying a formal entry by a ruler or his representative into a city in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period in Europe.
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Saint-Maur-des-Fossés
Saint-Maur-des-Fossés is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France.
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Salic law
The Salic law (or; Lex salica), or the was the ancient Salian Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis.
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Sauce
In cooking a sauce is a liquid, cream, or semi-solid food served on or used in preparing other foods.
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Scapegoat
In the Bible, a scapegoat is an animal which is ritually burdened with the sins of others then driven away.
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Siege of Florence (1529–30)
The Siege of Florence took place from 24 October 1529 to 10 August 1530, at the end of the War of the League of Cognac.
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Silvio Passerini
Silvio Passerini (1469 – 20 April 1529) was an Italian cardinal.
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Spanish Armada
The Spanish Armada (Grande y Felicísima Armada, literally "Great and Most Fortunate Navy") was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships that sailed from A Coruña in late May 1588, under the command of the Duke of Medina Sidonia, with the purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England.
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St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
The St.
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Stephen Mennell
Stephen Mennell (born 1944 in Yorkshire, England) is Professor Emeritus of Sociology at University College Dublin.
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Succession of Henry IV of France
Henry IV of France's succession to the throne in 1589 was followed by a four-year war of succession to establish his legitimacy.
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Surprise of Meaux
The surprise of Meaux (La surprise de Meaux) was a conspiracy organised in 1567 by Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé to capture Charles IX and the rest of the French royal family.
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Talisman
A talisman is an object that someone believes holds magical properties that bring good luck to the possessor or protect the possessor from evil or harm.
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Tapestry
Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven on a vertical loom.
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The forty-five guards
The Forty-five guards were recruited by the Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, Duke of Épernon to provide Henry III of France with trusted protection in the midst of the War of the Three Henrys.
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Tomato
The tomato (see pronunciation) is the edible, often red, fruit/berry of the plant Solanum lycopersicum, commonly known as a tomato plant.
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Treaty of Hampton Court (1562)
The Treaty of Hampton Court (also known as the Treaty of Richmond) was signed on 22 September 1562 between Queen Elizabeth and Huguenot leader Louis I de Bourbon, prince de Condé.
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Treaty of Joinville
The Treaty of Joinville was signed in secret on 31 December 1584 by the Catholic League, led by France's first family of Catholic nobles, the House of Guise, and Habsburg Spain.
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Treaty of Nemours
Articles of the Treaty of Nemours (or Treaty of Saint-Maur) were agreed upon in writing and signed in Nemours on 7 July 1585 between the Queen Mother, Catherine de' Medici, acting for the King, and representatives of the House of Guise, including the Duke of Lorraine.
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Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
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Tuileries Palace
The Tuileries Palace (Palais des Tuileries) was a royal and imperial palace in Paris which stood on the right bank of the River Seine.
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Turkey (bird)
The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, which is native to the Americas.
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Valois Tapestries
The Valois Tapestries are a series of eight tapestries depicting festivities or "magnificences"Strong, Roy, Splendor at Court, pp.
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Victoria of France
Victoria of France (Victoire de France; 24 June 1556 – 17 August 1556) and her twin sister Joan were the last children born to King Henry II of France and his wife, Catherine de' Medici.
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Wassy
Wassy, formerly known as Wassy-sur-Blaise, is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.
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Wawel Cathedral
The Royal Archcathedral Basilica of Saints Stanislaus and Wenceslaus on the Wawel Hill (królewska bazylika archikatedralna śś.), also known as the Wawel Cathedral (katedra wawelska), is a Roman Catholic church located on Wawel Hill in Kraków, Poland.
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Witchcraft
Witchcraft or witchery broadly means the practice of and belief in magical skills and abilities exercised by solitary practitioners and groups.
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Redirects here:
Caterina de Medici, Caterina de' Medici, Caterina di Lorenzo de' Medici, Caterine de'Medici, Catharine de Medici, Catharine de' Medici, Catharine di' Medici, Catherine De Medici, Catherine De Medicis, Catherine De' Medici, Catherine De'Medici, Catherine De'Medicis, Catherine de Medici, Catherine de Medicis, Catherine de Médici, Catherine de Médicis, Catherine de'Medici, Catherine deMedicis, Catherine de’ Medici, Catherine of Medici, Joan of Volois, Katarina de Medici, Katherine de Medicis, Medici, Catherine de'.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de'_Medici
