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162 relations: A Passage to Infinity, Adi Shankara, Advaita Vedanta, Akanaṉūṟu, Al-Masudi, Alappuzha, Anaimalai Hills, Ancient Rome, Anjuvannam, Arabian Peninsula, Aranyaka, Aryabhata, Ay kingdom, Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa, Battle of Kandalur Salai, Black pepper, Brahman, Buddhism, Chalukya dynasty, Chanakya, Chera dynasty, Cheraman Parambu, Cheraman Perumal, Chola dynasty, Cochin Jews, Coimbatore, Common Era, Dantidurga, Dharmapuri, Dravidian folk religion, Durga, Economy of ancient Tamil country, Edicts of Ashoka, Eelam, Egypt, Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Ernakulam, Ettuthogai, Gajabahu I of Anuradhapura, Gajabahu synchronism, Gokarna, Karnataka, Govinda III, Greece, Himalayas, Historical Vedic religion, Ilango Adigal, Indian maritime history, Indo-Roman trade relations, Indo–Roman relations, Industry in ancient Tamil country, ..., Jainism, Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I, Jayantavarman, Jewish copper plate, Jews, Joseph Rabban, Kadamba dynasty, Kalabhra dynasty, Kalady, Kali, Kanchipuram, Kannagi, Kannur, Kanyakumari, Karikala, Kasaragod, Kātyāyana, Kerala, Kingdom of Cochin, Kochchenganan, Kochi, Kodungallur, Kolathunadu, Kollam, Kongu Nadu, Kottar, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Kulashekhara Alwar, Kulottunga I, Kuttanad, List of Tamil monarchs, M. G. S. Narayanan, Madurai, Mahavamsa, Mahendravarman I, Malabar region, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, Malayalam, Mar Sabor and Mar Proth, Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I, Megasthenes, Mesopotamia, Mukundamala, Mushika Kingdom, Muziris, Nair, Nalankilli, Nambudiri, Names of Sri Lanka, Nandivarman II, Narasimhavarman I, Nedum Cheralathan, Nilgiri mountains, Observatory, Odanad, Old Tamil language, Pali, Pallava dynasty, Palm wine, Pandyan dynasty, Parashurama, Patanjali, Pathitrupathu, Pāṇini, Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Periyar (river), Perum Cheral Irumporai, Perumkadungo, Phoenicia, Pillars of Ashoka, Pliny the Elder, Ptolemy, Pulakeshin I, Pulakeshin II, Purananuru, Raja Raja Chola I, Rajashekhara Varman, Rajendra Chola I, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara, Rice, Saint Thomas Christians, Salem, Tamil Nadu, Sangam literature, Senguttuvan, Shaivism, Silappatikaram, Simhavishnu, South India, Sri Lanka, Tamil language, Tamil Nadu, Tamilakam, Tharisapalli plates, Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvanchikulam Temple, Three Crowned Kings, Tirunelveli district, Tyndis, Uthiyan Cheralathan, Vaishnavism, Vanchi Muthur, Vembanad, Venad, Vinayaditya of Vatapi, Vira Ravi Ravi Varma, Vishnu, Vizhinjam, Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai, Yantra, Yona. Expand index (112 more) »
A Passage to Infinity
A Passage to Infinity: Medieval Indian Mathematics from Kerala and Its Impact is a book by George Gheverghese Joseph chronicling the social and mathematical origins of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.
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Adi Shankara
Adi Shankara (pronounced) or Shankara, was an early 8th century Indian philosopher and theologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta.
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Advaita Vedanta
Advaita Vedanta (अद्वैत वेदान्त, IAST:, literally, "not-two"), originally known as Puruṣavāda, is a school of Hindu philosophy and religious practice, and one of the classic Indian paths to spiritual realization.
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Akanaṉūṟu
Aganaanooru (அகநானூறு), a classical Tamil poetic work, is the seventh book in the anthology of Sangam literature (600 BCE - 300 CE), namely Ettuthokai.
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Al-Masudi
Al-Mas‘udi (أبو الحسن علي بن الحسين بن علي المسعودي,; –956) was an Arab historian and geographer.
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Alappuzha
Alappuzha, also known as Alleppey, is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha District of Kerala state of southern India.
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Anaimalai Hills
The Anamala or Anaimalai Hills, also known as the Elephant Mountains, are the range of mountains that form the southern portion of the Western Ghats and span the border of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in Southern India.
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Ancient Rome
In historiography, ancient Rome is Roman civilization from the founding of the city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD, encompassing the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and Roman Empire until the fall of the western empire.
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Anjuvannam
Anjuvannam (Anjuvannan for a person in the community) typically refers to the Jewish community/colony (corporation/guild) at Cochin (Cochin Jews), southern India.
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Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula, simplified Arabia (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, ‘Arabian island’ or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب, ‘Island of the Arabs’), is a peninsula of Western Asia situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian plate.
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Aranyaka
The Aranyakas (Sanskrit: आरण्यक) constitutes the philosophy behind ritual sacrifice of the ancient Indian sacred texts, the Vedas.
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Aryabhata
Aryabhata (IAST) or Aryabhata I (476–550 CE) was the first of the major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian mathematics and Indian astronomy.
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Ay kingdom
The Ay dynasty (later known as Venad and subsequently Travancore) ruled parts of southern India from the early Sangam age, which spanned from c. 3rd century BCE to c. 1200 CE.
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Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa
Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa (c. 840 – c. 900) was an Indian astronomer and mathematician in the court of Sthanu Ravi Kulasekhara (844—883 AD) of the Chera Perumal Kingdom of Makotai in Kerala.
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Battle of Kandalur Salai
The Kandalur War (or Kanthalur War) was a naval battle between Chola Empire and Later Chera forces at the port-town of Kandalur salai (now called Valia-ssala), near Vizhinjam in present-day Kerala state, South India around the end of the 10th century AD and was the beginning of the larger military campaigns of the Chola Empire under Raja Raja Chola I. A hero-stone belonging to the reign of the Chola emperor, Raja Raja I, unearthed in Tamil Nadu in 2009, talks about Raja Raja Chola I “beheading the Malai Alargal” - the Chera warriors of Kanthalur Salai.
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Black pepper
Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning, known as a peppercorn.
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Brahman
In Hinduism, Brahman connotes the highest Universal Principle, the Ultimate Reality in the universe.P. T. Raju (2006), Idealistic Thought of India, Routledge,, page 426 and Conclusion chapter part XII In major schools of Hindu philosophy, it is the material, efficient, formal and final cause of all that exists.For dualism school of Hinduism, see: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions, Oxford University Press,, pages 51–58, 111–115;For monist school of Hinduism, see: B. Martinez-Bedard (2006), Types of Causes in Aristotle and Sankara, Thesis – Department of Religious Studies (Advisors: Kathryn McClymond and Sandra Dwyer), Georgia State University, pages 18–35 It is the pervasive, genderless, infinite, eternal truth and bliss which does not change, yet is the cause of all changes. Brahman as a metaphysical concept is the single binding unity behind diversity in all that exists in the universe. Brahman is a Vedic Sanskrit word, and it is conceptualized in Hinduism, states Paul Deussen, as the "creative principle which lies realized in the whole world". Brahman is a key concept found in the Vedas, and it is extensively discussed in the early Upanishads.Stephen Philips (1998), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida (Editor; Edward Craig), Routledge,, pages 1–4 The Vedas conceptualize Brahman as the Cosmic Principle. In the Upanishads, it has been variously described as Sat-cit-ānanda (truth-consciousness-bliss) and as the unchanging, permanent, highest reality. Brahman is discussed in Hindu texts with the concept of Atman (Soul, Self), personal, impersonal or Para Brahman, or in various combinations of these qualities depending on the philosophical school. In dualistic schools of Hinduism such as the theistic Dvaita Vedanta, Brahman is different from Atman (soul) in each being.Michael Myers (2000), Brahman: A Comparative Theology, Routledge,, pages 124–127 In non-dual schools such as the Advaita Vedanta, Brahman is identical to the Atman, is everywhere and inside each living being, and there is connected spiritual oneness in all existence.Arvind Sharma (2007), Advaita Vedānta: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass,, pages 19–40, 53–58, 79–86.
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Buddhism
Buddhism is the world's fourth-largest religion with over 520 million followers, or over 7% of the global population, known as Buddhists.
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Chalukya dynasty
The Chalukya dynasty was an Indian royal dynasty that ruled large parts of southern and central India between the 6th and the 12th centuries.
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Chanakya
Chanakya (IAST:,; fl. c. 4th century BCE) was an Indian teacher, philosopher, economist, jurist and royal advisor.
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Chera dynasty
The Cheras were the ruling dynasty of the present-day state of Kerala and to a lesser extent, parts of Tamil Nadu in South India.
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Cheraman Parambu
Cheraman Parambu is regarded as the royal seat of the Cheraman Perumals, the kings of the Chera dynasty.
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Cheraman Perumal
Cheraman Perumal (literally "the Great One of the Chera People", Ashoka Prakrit: Ketalaputo, Sanskrit: Kerala Putra) is the royal title used by the Cheras of Karuvur (2nd century BC – 3rd century AD), India.
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Chola dynasty
The Chola dynasty was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India.
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Cochin Jews
Cochin Jews, also called Malabar Jews, are the oldest group of Jews in India, with possible roots claimed to date to the time of King Solomon.
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Coimbatore
Coimbatore (Tamil: கோயம்புத்தூர்), also known as Kovai, is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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Common Era
Common Era or Current Era (CE) is one of the notation systems for the world's most widely used calendar era – an alternative to the Dionysian AD and BC system.
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Dantidurga
Dantidurga (735–756 CE), also known as Dantivarman or Dantidurga II was the founder of the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta.
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Dharmapuri
Dharmapuri is a City in Kongunadu region in the Western part of Tamil Nadu in South India.The town is located at 126km from Bangalore,200km from Coimbatore,260km from Mysore,300km from Chennai.
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Dravidian folk religion
The early Dravidian religion constituted a non-Vedic form of Hinduism in that they were either historically or are at present Āgamic.
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Durga
Durga, also identified as Adi Parashakti, Devī, Shakti, Bhavani, Parvati, Amba and by numerous other names, is a principal and popular form of Hindu goddess.
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Economy of ancient Tamil country
The economy of the ancient Tamil country (Sangam era: 200 BCE – 200 CE) describes the ancient economy of a region in southern India that mostly covers the present-day states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
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Edicts of Ashoka
The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka as well as boulders and cave walls made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire during his reign from 269 BCE to 232 BCE.
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Eelam
Eelam (ஈழம், īḻam, also spelled Eezham, Ilam or Izham in English) is the native Tamil name for the South Asian island state of Sri Lanka.
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Egypt
Egypt (مِصر, مَصر, Khēmi), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula.
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Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai
Elamkulam Pillai (8 November 1904 – 4 March 1973) was a historian and scholar from Kerala, India, who through his works enriched the field of historical research of Kerala.
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Ernakulam
Ernakulam refers to the eastern, mainland portion of the city of Kochi in central Kerala, India.
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Ettuthogai
Ettuthogai (எட்டுத்தொகை)– 'The Eight Anthologies' - is a Classical Tamil poetic work which forms part of the Pathinenmaelkanakku anthology series of the Sangam Literature.
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Gajabahu I of Anuradhapura
Gajabahu I (lit. 'Elephant-Arm'), also known as Gajabahuka Gamani (c. 114 – 136 CE) was a Sinhalese king of Rajarata in Sri Lanka.
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Gajabahu synchronism
Gajabahu synchronism is the chronological device used by historians to help date early Tamil history.
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Gokarna, Karnataka
Gokarna is a small temple town on the western coast of India in the Kumta taluk of Uttara Kannada district of the state of Karnataka.
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Govinda III
Govinda III (793–814 CE) was a famous Rashtrakuta ruler who succeeded his illustrious father Dhruva Dharavarsha.
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Greece
No description.
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Himalayas
The Himalayas, or Himalaya, form a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau.
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Historical Vedic religion
The historical Vedic religion (also known as Vedism, Brahmanism, Vedic Brahmanism, and ancient Hinduism) was the religion of the Indo-Aryans of northern India during the Vedic period.
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Ilango Adigal
Ilango Adigal was a Chera prince from the 2nd century CE, who is the author of Silappatikaram, one of the five great epics of Tamil literature.
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Indian maritime history
Indian maritime history begins during the 3rd millennium BCE when inhabitants of the Indus Valley initiated maritime trading contact with Mesopotamia.
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Indo-Roman trade relations
Indo-Roman trade relations (see also the spice trade and incense road) was trade between the Indian subcontinent and the Roman Empire in Europe and the Mediterranean.
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Indo–Roman relations
Indo-Roman relations began during the reign of Augustus (23 September 63 BCE – 19 August 14 CE), the first emperor of the Roman Empire.
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Industry in ancient Tamil country
During the Sangam age, industrial activity was considered ancillary to agriculture and was mostly domestic, not factory-based.
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Jainism
Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma, is an ancient Indian religion.
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Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I
Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I, also known as Sadayavarman Sundara Pandyan, was king and of the Pandyan dynasty, ruling regions of Tamilakkam (present day South India between 1250–1268.Sethuraman, p124 He is remembered for his patronage of the arts and Dravidian architecture, along with refurbishment and decoration of many Kovils in the Tamil continent. He oversaw a massive economic growth of the Pandyan kingdom. On the eve of his death in 1268, the second Pandyan empire's power and territorial extent had risen to its zenith.
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Jayantavarman
Jayantavarman (r. c. 645-670 CE) was an Indian king from the Pandyan dynasty.
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Jewish copper plate
The Jewish copper plate is a copper-plate charter issued by the Chera king of Cranganore, Bhaskara Ravi Varma (named as Parkaran Iravivanmar), granting land to a Jewish trader, Joseph Rabban of Cochin.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Joseph Rabban
Joseph Rabban (early Malayalam: Issuppu Irappan) was a prominent Jewish merchant chief on the Malabar Coast, India in 11th century CE.
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Kadamba dynasty
The Kadambas (Kannada: ಕದಂಬರು) (345–525 CE) were an ancient royal family of Karnataka, India, that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present-day Uttara Kannada district.
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Kalabhra dynasty
The Kalabhra dynasty (களப்பிரர் Kalappirar) ruled over the entire ancient Tamil country between the 3rd and the 7th century in an era of South Indian history called the Kalabhra interregnum.
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Kalady
Kalady or Kaladi is a census town located in Angamaly east of the Periyar river, in the Ernakulam district of Kerala, India, not far from Cochin International Airport.
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Kali
(काली), also known as (कालिका), is a Hindu goddess.
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Kanchipuram
Kanchipuram also known as Kānchi is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu in Tondaimandalam region, from Chennaithe capital of Tamil Nadu.
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Kannagi
Kannagi is a legendary Tamil woman who forms the central character of the Tamil epic Silapathikaram (100-300 AD).
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Kannur
Kannur, also known by its anglicised name Cannanore, is a city and a Municipal Corporation in Kannur district, state of Kerala, India.
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Kanyakumari
Kanyakumari is a City in Kanyakumari district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.
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Karikala
Karikala was a Chola king who ruled in southern India during the Sangam period.
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Kasaragod
Kasaragod is a municipal town and the district headquarters of Kasaragod district of Kerala state in India.
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Kātyāyana
Kātyāyana (कात्यायन) (c. 300 BC) was a Sanskrit grammarian, mathematician and Vedic priest who lived in ancient India.
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Kerala
Kerala is a state in South India on the Malabar Coast.
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Kingdom of Cochin
Kingdom of Cochin (also known as Perumpadappu Swaroopam, Mada-rajyam, or Kuru Swaroopam; Kocci or Perumpaṭappu) was a late medieval Hindu kingdom and later princely state on the Malabar Coast, South India.
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Kochchenganan
Kochchenganan (Kōccengaṇān) or Śengaṇān (also spelt Senganan) was one of the Tamil kings of the Early Cholas mentioned in Sangam literature.
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Kochi
Kochi, also known as Cochin, is a major port city on the south-west coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea.
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Kodungallur
Kodungallur (anglicised name: Cranganore), is a municipality in the South Western border of Thrissur district of Kerala, India.
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Kolathunadu
Kolattunādu (Kola Swarupam, as Kingdom of Cannanore in foreign accounts, Chirakkal (Chericul) in later times) was one of the three most powerful feudal kingdoms on the Malabar Coast during the arrival Portuguese Armadas to India, the others being Zamorin's Calicut and Quilon.
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Kollam
Kollam or Quilon (Coulão), formerly Desinganadu, is an old seaport and city on the Laccadive Sea coast of the Indian state of Kerala.
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Kongu Nadu
Kongu Nadu is a region and aspirant state of India comprising the western part of the Tamil Nadu.
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Kottar
Kottar (கோட்டாறு) is a locality and a thriving bazaar area of Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu state, in the southernmost part of Peninsular India; though a part of Nagercoil today, it is the original town around which the city of Nagercoil grew.
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Kottayam
Kottayam is a municipal town in the Indian state of Kerala.
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Kozhikode
Kozhikode, or Calicut, is a city in Kerala, India on the Malabar Coast.
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Kulashekhara Alwar
Kulasekhara Alvar (born Sthanuravi, royal epithet Kulasekhara), seventh of the twelve Alvars, was the second known ruler of the Cera Perumal kingdom of Cranganore (c. 800—1124 AD). Modern historians assume that he ruled Kerala between 844 — 883 AD from Makotai, modern Cranganore.
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Kulottunga I
Kulottunga Chola (also spelt Kulothunga) was an 11th century monarch of the Chola Empire.
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Kuttanad
Kuttanad is a region covering the Alappuzha and Kottayam Districts, in the state of Kerala, India, well known for its vast paddy fields and geographical peculiarities.
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List of Tamil monarchs
This is a list of Tamil-speaking monarchs, who ruled in Tamilakam and Sri Lanka.
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M. G. S. Narayanan
M.
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Madurai
Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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Mahavamsa
The Mahavamsa ("Great Chronicle", Pali Mahāvaṃsa) (5th century CE) is an epic poem written in the Pali language.
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Mahendravarman I
Mahendravarma I (600–630 CE) was a Pallava king who ruled the Northern regions of what forms present-day Tamil Nadu in India in the early 7th century.
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Malabar region
Malabar region refers to the historic and geographic area of southwest India covering the state of Kerala's present day Kasaragod, Kannur, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Malappuram and Palakkad Districts.
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Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church
The Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, also known as the Indian Orthodox Church, is an autocephalous Oriental Orthodox church centered in the Indian state of Kerala.
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Malayalam
Malayalam is a Dravidian language spoken across the Indian state of Kerala by the Malayali people and it is one of 22 scheduled languages of India.
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Mar Sabor and Mar Proth
Mar Sabor and Mar Proth came along with Maruvan Sapir Iso were two Bishops who built and presided over a number of churches in the Kingdom of Travancore operating in accordance with Saint Thomas Christians.
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Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I
Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I (முதலாம் மாறவர்மன் குலசேகர பாண்டியன்) was a Pandyan king, who ruled regions of South India between 1268–1308 CE, though Sen states he ruled until 1310.
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Megasthenes
Megasthenes (Μεγασθένης, c. 350 – c. 290 BC) was an ancient Greek historian, diplomat and Indian ethnographer and explorer in the Hellenistic period.
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region in West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Northern Saudi Arabia, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.
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Mukundamala
Mukundamala is a poem in Sanskrit written by Kulashekhara Alvar, one of the last kings of the Chera dynasty in Kerala, and the 9th Alvar (one of 12 mendicant saints venerated by south Indian Srivaishnavism) c.1100CE.
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Mushika Kingdom
The Mushika Kingdom (Mushaka Rajya, also called Ezhimalai Rajya, Puzhinadu, Kolathunadu, Chirakkal Rajya among the more common names) was an ancient kingdom of the Tamil Sangam period in present-day Kerala, India, ruled by a royal dynasty of the same name.
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Muziris
Muziris (Muchiri, Muyirikode, Makotai, Mahodayapuram) was an ancient seaport and urban center on the Malabar Coast (modern-day Indian state of Kerala) that dates from at least the 1st century BC, if not before it.
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Nair
The Nair, also known as Nayar, are a group of Indian castes, described by anthropologist Kathleen Gough as "not a unitary group but a named category of castes".
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Nalankilli
Nalankilli was one of the Tamil king of Early Cholas of the Chola Dynasty mentioned in Sangam Literature.
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Nambudiri
The Nambudiri, also transliterated Nambūdiri, Namboodiri, Namboothiri, and Nampūtiri, are a Malayali Brahmin caste, native to Kerala.
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Names of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Lankā; Tamil: இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island in the northern Indian Ocean which has been known under various names over time.
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Nandivarman II
Nandivarman II (Pallavamalla) was a Pallava ruler who ruled in South India.
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Narasimhavarman I
Narasimhavarman I (ுதலாம் நரசிம்மவர்மன்.) was a Tamil king of the Pallava dynasty who ruled South India from 630–668 AD.
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Nedum Cheralathan
Nedum Cheralathan (Nedunjeral Athan) was a Chera king of the Sangam period in ancient South India, contemporary to the Chola ruler Perunarkilli.
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Nilgiri mountains
The Nilgiri Mountains (Tamil: நீலகிரி;Neelagiri, literally blue hills) form part of the Western Ghats in western Tamil Nadu of Southern India.
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Observatory
An observatory is a location used for observing terrestrial or celestial events.
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Odanad
Odanad (ഓടനാട്, ōṭānāṭŭ, also known as Onattukara, Onad, Kayamkulam, Kallikoilon and Chirava Svaroopam) was a feudal state in late medieval Kerala.
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Old Tamil language
Old Tamil is the period of the Tamil language spanning the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD.
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Pali
Pali, or Magadhan, is a Middle Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian subcontinent.
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Pallava dynasty
The Pallava dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a portion of southern India.
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Palm wine
Palm wine is an alcoholic beverage created from the sap of various species of palm tree such as the palmyra, date palms, and coconut palms.
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Pandyan dynasty
The Pandyan dynasty was an ancient Tamil dynasty, one of the three Tamil dynasties, the other two being the Chola and the Chera.
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Parashurama
Parashurama (Sanskrit: परशुराम, IAST: Paraśurāma, lit. Rama with an axe) is the sixth avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism.
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Patanjali
(पतञ्जलि) is a proper Indian name.
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Pathitrupathu
Pathitrupathu (பதிற்றுப் பத்து; Patiṟṟuppattu) is a classical Tamil poetic work.
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Pāṇini
(पाणिनि, Frits Staal (1965),, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Apr., 1965), pp. 99-116) is an ancient Sanskrit philologist, grammarian, and a revered scholar in Hinduism.
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Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea or Periplus of the Red Sea (Περίπλους τῆς Ἐρυθράς Θαλάσσης, Periplus Maris Erythraei) is a Greco-Roman periplus, written in Greek, describing navigation and trading opportunities from Roman Egyptian ports like Berenice along the coast of the Red Sea, and others along Northeast Africa and the Sindh and South western India.
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Periyar (river)
Periyar (meaning: big river) is the longest river and the river with the largest discharge potential in the Indian state of Kerala.
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Perum Cheral Irumporai
Perum Cheral Irumporai (Tagadur Erinta) was a Chera prince during the Sangam period (between the 1st and the 3rd century CE) in southern India.
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Perumkadungo
Perum Kadungo ("Palai Paitiya"also"Perum Cheral Irumporai – Aricil Kilar") was Chera ruler based at the city of Vanchi.
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia (or; from the Φοινίκη, meaning "purple country") was a thalassocratic ancient Semitic civilization that originated in the Eastern Mediterranean and in the west of the Fertile Crescent.
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Pillars of Ashoka
The pillars of Ashoka are a series of columns dispersed throughout the Indian subcontinent, erected or at least inscribed with edicts by the Mauryan king Ashoka during his reign from c. 268 to 232 BC.
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Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder (born Gaius Plinius Secundus, AD 23–79) was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, a naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and friend of emperor Vespasian.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; Claudius Ptolemaeus) was a Greco-Roman mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet of a single epigram in the Greek Anthology.
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Pulakeshin I
Pulakeshin (IAST: Pulakeśin, r. c. 540-567) was the first sovereign ruler of the Chalukya dynasty of Vatapi (modern Badami).
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Pulakeshin II
Pulakeshin II (610–642 CE), also spelt Pulakesi II and Pulikeshi II, was the most famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty.
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Purananuru
The Purananuru (Tamill: புறநானூறு) is a Tamil poetic work in the Eṭṭuthokai, one of the eighteen melkanakku noolgal.
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Raja Raja Chola I
Raja Raja Cholan I (or Rajaraja Cholan I) born as Arul Mozhi Varman known as Raja Raja Cholan was a Chola Emperor from present day South India who ruled over the Chola kingdom of Ancient Tamilnadu (parts of southern India), parts of northern India, two third's of Sri Lankan territory (Eezham), Maldives and parts of East Asia, between 985 and 1014 CE.
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Rajashekhara Varman
Rama Rajasekhara (reign c. 800—844 AD), better known as Ceraman Perumal Nayanar, is the first known ruler of the Ceras of Cranganore (c. 800—1124 CE).
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Rajendra Chola I
Rajendra Chola I or Rajendra I was a Chola emperor of India who succeeded his father Rajaraja Chola I to the throne in 1014 CE.
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Rashtrakuta dynasty
Rashtrakuta (IAST) was a royal dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent between the sixth and 10th centuries.
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Ravivarman Kulaśēkhara
Ravivarman (c. 1266/7 – 1316/7), styled Maharaja Ravivarman, Kulasekhara Perumal, was the ruler of Venatu, with capital at port Kolambam (Quilon), southern India between 1299 – 1316/7.
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Rice
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice).
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Saint Thomas Christians
The Saint Thomas Christians, also called Syrian Christians of India, Nasrani or Malankara Nasrani or Nasrani Mappila, Nasraya and in more ancient times Essani (Essene) are an ethnoreligious community of Malayali Syriac Christians from Kerala, India, who trace their origins to the evangelistic activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century.
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Salem, Tamil Nadu
Salem is a city in Salem district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
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Sangam literature
The Sangam literature (Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், Sanga ilakkiyam) is the ancient Tamil literature of the period in the history of ancient southern India (known as the Thamizhagam or the Tamilagam) spanning from c. 300 BCE to 300 CE.
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Senguttuvan
Senguttuvan was a ruler of the Chera Kingdom in the Sangam Period.
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Shaivism
Shaivism (Śaivam) (Devanagari: शैव संप्रदाय) (Bengali: শৈব) (Tamil: சைவம்) (Telugu: శైవ సాంప్రదాయం) (Kannada:ಶೈವ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯ) is one of the major traditions within Hinduism that reveres Shiva as the Supreme Being.
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Silappatikaram
Silappadikaram (republished as The Tale of an Anklet) is one of The Five Great Epics of Tamil Literature according to later Tamil literary tradition.
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Simhavishnu
Simhavishnu, also known as Avanisimha, son of Simhavarman III and one of the Pallava kings of India, was responsible for the revival of the Pallavan dynasty.
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South India
South India is the area encompassing the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana as well as the union territories of Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Puducherry, occupying 19% of India's area.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකා; Tamil: இலங்கை Ilaṅkai), officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia, located in the Indian Ocean to the southwest of the Bay of Bengal and to the southeast of the Arabian Sea.
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Tamil language
Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language predominantly spoken by the Tamil people of India and Sri Lanka, and by the Tamil diaspora, Sri Lankan Moors, Burghers, Douglas, and Chindians.
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Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (• tamiḻ nāḍu ? literally 'The Land of Tamils' or 'Tamil Country') is one of the 29 states of India.
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Tamilakam
Tamilakam refers to the geographical region inhabited by the ancient Tamil people.
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Tharisapalli plates
The Tharisappalli Copper Plates (849 AD) are a copper-plate grant issued by the King of Venadu (Quilon), Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, to the Saint Thomas Christians on the Malabar Coast in the 5th regnal year of the Chera ruler Sthanu Ravi Varma.
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Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram, also known as Trivandrum, is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Kerala.
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Thiruvanchikulam Temple
Mahadeva Temple or Thiruvanchikkulam Temple or ThiruvanJai Kalam Temple is a Hindu temple situated in Kodungallur in Thrissur district in the South Indian state of Kerala in India.
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Three Crowned Kings
The Three Crowned rulers, or the Three Glorified by Heaven, or World of the Three, primarily known as Moovendhar, refers to the triumvirate of Chola, Chera and Pandya who dominated the politics of the ancient Tamil country, Tamilakam, from their three countries or Nadu of Chola Nadu, Pandya Nadu (present day Madurai and Tirunelveli) and Chera Nadu (present day Kerala) in southern India.
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Tirunelveli district
Tirunelveli District is a district of Tamil Nadu state in southern India.
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Tyndis
Tyndis (Tondis Tundis or Thundi) was an ancient Indian seaport and harbor-town mentioned in the ancient Greek writings, such as the Periplus Maris Erythraei.
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Uthiyan Cheralathan
Uthiyan Cheralatan (Perum Chorru Udiyan Cheralathan, Athan I), or Udiyanjeral (AD c. 130) is the first recorded Chera ruler of the Sangam period in ancient South India.
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Vaishnavism
Vaishnavism (Vaishnava dharma) is one of the major traditions within Hinduism along with Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism.
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Vanchi Muthur
Vanchi (Vañci) or Vanchi Muthur was the capital city of Chera dynasty, who ruled Kerala and Kongu Nadu.
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Vembanad
Vembanad (Vembanad Kayal or Vembanad Kol) is the longest lake in India, and the largest lake in the state of Kerala.
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Venad
Venad (Malayalam: Vēnāṭu) or the Kingdom of Quilon was one of the three prominent late medieval Hindu feudal kingdoms on the Malabar Coast, South India, along with the Kingdom of Calicut and Kolathunadu.
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Vinayaditya of Vatapi
Vinayaditya (680–696 CE) followed his father, Vikramaditya I on to the Chalukya throne.
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Vira Ravi Ravi Varma
Vira Ravi Ravi Varma was Raja of Venad, also known as the Kingdom of Quilon, between 1484 and 1503.
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Vishnu
Vishnu (Sanskrit: विष्णु, IAST) is one of the principal deities of Hinduism, and the Supreme Being in its Vaishnavism tradition.
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Vizhinjam
Vizhinjam (IPA) is a natural port located close to international shipping routes in Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area of Trivandrum city in the India in state of Kerala.
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Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai
Yanaikatcei Mandaran Cheral Irumporai (Tamil/தமிழ்: யானைக்கண்சேய் மாந்தரன் சேரல் இரும்பொறை) was a king of the Chera Kingdom in Tamilakam, during the Sangam period.
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Yantra
Yantra (यन्त्र) (Sanskrit) (literally "machine, contraption") is a mystical diagram, mainly from the Tantric traditions of the Indian religions.
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Yona
The word Yona in Pali and the Prakrits, and the analogue "Yavana" in Sanskrit, are words used in Ancient India to designate Greek speakers.
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Adi Chera, Adi Chera Kingdom, Cera dynasty, Charmae, Chera, Chera (clan), Chera Dynasties, Chera Dynasty, Chera Dynasy, Chera Empire, Chera Kingdom, Chera Nadu, Chera Perumals of Makkotai, Chera Samrajyam, Chera empire, Chera kingdom, Cheral, Cheralatan, Cheraman Perumal Bhaskara Ravi Varma, Cheran (dynasty), Cheran (kingdom), Cheras, Cheras of Mahodayapuram, Early Chera Kingdom, Early Cheras, Keralaputra, Keralaputras, Keralavarma (Kulasekhara kings), Keralavarma (Kulasekhara), Kulasekhara, Kulasekhara Dynasty, Kulasekhara Dynasty (Second Cheras), Kulasekhara Samrajyam, Kulasekhara dynasty, Kulasekhara dynasty (Second Cheras), Kulasekhara kingdom, Kulasekhara kings (Keralavarma), Kulasekhara rajavamsam, Kulashekhara Dynasty, Kulashekhara Empire, Kulashekhara Samrajyam, Kuttuvan, Later Chera Dynasty, Later Chera Empire, Later Chera Kingdom, Later Chera dynasty, Later Chera kingdom, Later Cheras, Mahodayapattanam, Mahodayapuram, Mahodayapuram Cheras, Makotai, Medieval Chera Dynasty, Medieval Cheras, Perumals, Second Chera Dynasty, Second Chera KIngdom, Second Chera Kingdom, Second Chera empire, Vazhapalli plates, சேரர.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chera_dynasty
