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231 relations: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust, Aerospace, Africa, Allergy, Alum, Aluminium, Aluminothermic reaction, Amphoterism, Ancient Greek, Anisotropy, Anodizing, Antiferromagnetism, Atomic mass, Atomic number, Baltimore, Beryozovskoye deposit, Beta decay, Bis(benzene)chromium, Blast furnace, Blood sugar level, Bloomberg L.P., Brick, Bronze, Bursa, Cadmium pigments, Calcium carbonate, Car, Carbon, Carcinogen, Casting (metalworking), Catalysis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chemical element, Chemical industry, China, Chromate and dichromate, Chromate conversion coating, Chromated copper arsenate, Chrome alum, Chrome plating, Chrome yellow, Chromic acid, Chromite, Chromium deficiency, Chromium hexacarbonyl, Chromium hexafluoride, Chromium pentafluoride, Chromium trioxide, Chromium(II) acetate, Chromium(II) chloride, ..., Chromium(III) chloride, Chromium(III) hydroxide, Chromium(III) nicotinate, Chromium(III) oxide, Chromium(III) picolinate, Chromium(III) sulfate, Chromium(IV) chloride, Chromium(IV) fluoride, Chromium(IV) oxide, Chromium(VI) oxide peroxide, Chromyl chloride, Coercivity, Collagen, Color, Compact Cassette, Contact dermatitis, Coordination sphere, Copper chromite, Corrosion, Corundum, Crocoite, Crossbow, Cultivar, Cyclopentadienyl, Deutsche Post, Diamond, Dietary Reference Intake, DNA, Dye, Electric arc furnace, Electron capture, Electroplating, Embrittlement, Emerald, Environmental remediation, Environmental Working Group, Erosion, European Food Safety Authority, Ferrochrome, Foundry, Gas turbine, Gemstone, Genotoxicity, Glycated hemoglobin, Groundwater, Group 6 element, Half-life, Hardness, Hemolysis, Hexafluoride, Hexavalent chromium, High-speed steel, Hydrochloric acid, Hydrogen embrittlement, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydrogenation, Hydroxyl radical, Immediately dangerous to life or health, Inconel, India, Infrared, Insulin, Ion, Iron, Isotope, Isotope geochemistry, Jet engine, Johann Gottlob Lehmann (scientist), Kazakhstan, Kidney, Kiln, Kimberlite, Laser, Law of mass action, Leaching (metallurgy), Lead, Lead(II) chromate, Leather, Lipid, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance, Lustre (mineralogy), Magnetic tape, Magnetism, Manganese, Meta-analysis, Metabolism, Metal, Mordant, Mouth, Mutagen, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Native metal, Natural abundance, Nickel, Nitric acid, Norman, Oklahoma, Nuclear isomer, Nucleosynthesis, Nutrient, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Octahedral molecular geometry, Ore, Organic acid anhydride, Oxidation state, Oxidizing acid, Oxyanion, Paint, Palladium, Paramagnetism, Parenteral nutrition, Passivation (chemistry), Periodic Videos, Permissible exposure limit, Peter Simon Pallas, PH, Phillips catalyst, Phosphate, Picometre, Pigment, Polyethylene, Polyvinyl butyral, Potassium chromate, Potassium dichromate, Potassium tetraperoxochromate(V), Pourbaix diagram, Preterm birth, Primer (paint), Prussian blue, Qin dynasty, Quintuple bond, Radioactive decay, Radiogenic nuclide, Radionuclide, Randomized controlled trial, Reagent, Recommended exposure limit, Redox, Reducing agent, Reference Daily Intake, Refractory, Roasting (metallurgy), Ruby, Russia, Rust, Sapphire, Science (journal), Selenium, Silicon, Silicothermic reaction, Sodium carbonate, Sodium chromate, Sodium dichromate, Solar System, Spin states (d electrons), Spinel, Stainless steel, Stimulated emission, Sugar, Sulfate, Sulfuric acid, Superalloy, Systematic review, Tanning (leather), Tarnish, Termite, Terracotta Army, Toxicity, Transition metal, Turkey, Udachnaya pipe, Unified atomic mass unit, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Ural Mountains, Valence (chemistry), Water-gas shift reaction, Wood preservation, X-ray crystallography, Xi'an, Yahoo! News, Yellow. Expand index (181 more) »
Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm.
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Aerospace
Aerospace is the human effort in science, engineering and business to fly in the atmosphere of Earth (aeronautics) and surrounding space (astronautics).
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
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Alum
An alum is a type of chemical compound, usually a hydrated double sulfate salt of aluminium with the general formula, where X is a monovalent cation such as potassium or ammonium.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Aluminothermic reaction
Aluminothermic reactions are exothermic chemical reactions using aluminium as the reducing agent at high temperature.
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Amphoterism
In chemistry, an amphoteric compound is a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid as well as a base.
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Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language includes the forms of Greek used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD.
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Anisotropy
Anisotropy, is the property of being directionally dependent, which implies different properties in different directions, as opposed to isotropy.
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Anodizing
Anodizing (spelled anodising in British English) is an electrolytic passivation process used to increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer on the surface of metal parts.
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Antiferromagnetism
In materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules, usually related to the spins of electrons, align in a regular pattern with neighboring spins (on different sublattices) pointing in opposite directions.
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Atomic mass
The atomic mass (ma) is the mass of an atom.
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Atomic number
The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
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Baltimore
Baltimore is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland, and the 30th-most populous city in the United States.
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Beryozovskoye deposit
Beryozovskoye deposit, Berezovskoe gold deposit, Berezovsky deposit, Berezovsk Mines, and some other names (Берёзовское месторождение) is the first known primary deposit of gold in Russia.
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Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.
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Bis(benzene)chromium
Bis(benzene)chromium is the organometallic compound with the formula Cr(η6-C6H6)2.
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Blast furnace
A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper.
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Blood sugar level
The blood sugar level, blood sugar concentration, or blood glucose level is the amount of glucose present in the blood of humans and other animals.
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Bloomberg L.P.
Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.
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Brick
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction.
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Bronze
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminium, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.
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Bursa
Bursa is a large city in Turkey, located in northwestern Anatolia, within the Marmara Region.
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Cadmium pigments
Cadmium pigments are a class of pigments that have cadmium as one of the chemical components.
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Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3.
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Car
A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer.
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Casting (metalworking)
In metalworking and jewellery making, casting is a process in which a liquid metal is somehow delivered into a mold (it is usually delivered by a crucible) that contains a hollow shape (i.e., a 3-dimensional negative image) of the intended shape.
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Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.
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Chemical element
A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).
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Chemical industry
The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.
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Chromate and dichromate
Chromate salts contain the chromate anion,.
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Chromate conversion coating
Chromate conversion coating is a type of conversion coating used to passivate steel, aluminium, zinc, cadmium, copper, silver, magnesium, and tin alloys.
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Chromated copper arsenate
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a wood preservative that has been used for timber treatment since the mid-1930s.
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Chrome alum
Chrome alum or Chromium(III) potassium sulfate is the potassium double sulfate of chromium.
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Chrome plating
Chrome plating (less commonly chromium plating), often referred to simply as chrome, is a technique of electroplating a thin layer of chromium onto a metal object.
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Chrome yellow
Chrome yellow is lead(II) chromate (PbCrO4).
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Chromic acid
The term chromic acid is usually used for a mixture made by adding concentrated sulfuric acid to a dichromate, which may contain a variety of compounds, including solid chromium trioxide.
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Chromite
Chromite is an iron chromium oxide: FeCr2O4.
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Chromium deficiency
Chromium deficiency is described as the consequence of an insufficient dietary intake of the mineral chromium.
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Chromium hexacarbonyl
Chromium carbonyl, also known as chromium hexacarbonyl, is the chemical compound with the formula Cr(CO)6.
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Chromium hexafluoride
Chromium hexafluoride or chromium(VI) fluoride (CrF6) is a hypothetical chemical compound with the chemical formula CrF6.
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Chromium pentafluoride
Chromium pentafluoride is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrF5.
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Chromium trioxide
Chromium trioxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CrO3.
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Chromium(II) acetate
Chromium(II) acetate hydrate, also known as chromous acetate, is the coordination compound with the formula Cr2(CH3CO2)4(H2O)2.
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Chromium(II) chloride
Chromium(II) chloride describes inorganic compounds with the formula CrCl2(H2O)n.
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Chromium(III) chloride
Chromium(III) chloride (also called chromic chloride) describes any of several compounds of with the formula CrCl3(H2O)x, where x can be 0, 5, and 6.
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Chromium(III) hydroxide
Chromium(III) hydroxide is a gelatinous green inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cr(OH)3.
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Chromium(III) nicotinate
Chromium(III) nicotinate is an ionic substance used for chromium supplementation in some nutritional products, where it is also referred to as chromium polynicotinate.
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Chromium(III) oxide
Chromium(III) oxide (or chromia) is the inorganic compound of the formula.
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Chromium(III) picolinate
Chromium(III) picolinate (CrPic3) is a chemical compound sold as a nutritional supplement to treat type 2 diabetes and promote weight loss.
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Chromium(III) sulfate
Chromium(III) sulfate usually refers to the inorganic compounds with the formula Cr2(SO4)3.
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Chromium(IV) chloride
Chromium(IV) chloride (CrCl4) is an unstable chromium compound prepared by combining chromium(III) chloride and chlorine gas at elevated temperatures; it decomposes back to those substances at room temperature.
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Chromium(IV) fluoride
Chromium(IV) fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrF4.
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Chromium(IV) oxide
Chromium dioxide or chromium(IV) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CrO2.
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Chromium(VI) oxide peroxide
Chromium(VI) peroxide (CrO5) or chromium oxide peroxide is an unstable compound formed by the addition of acidified hydrogen peroxide solutions to solutions of metal chromates or dichromates, such as sodium chromate or potassium dichromate.
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Chromyl chloride
Chromyl chloride is a chemical compound with the formula CrO2Cl2.
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Coercivity
In electrical engineering and materials science, the coercivity, also called the magnetic coercivity, coercive field or coercive force, is a measure of the ability of a ferromagnetic material to withstand an external magnetic field without becoming demagnetized.
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Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.
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Color
Color (American English) or colour (Commonwealth English) is the characteristic of human visual perception described through color categories, with names such as red, orange, yellow, green, blue, or purple.
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Compact Cassette
The Compact Audio Cassette (CAC) or Musicassette (MC), also commonly called the cassette tape or simply tape or cassette, is an analog magnetic tape recording format for audio recording and playback.
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Contact dermatitis
Contact dermatitis is a type of inflammation of the skin.
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Coordination sphere
In coordination chemistry, the coordination sphere refers to a central atom or ion and an array of molecules or anions, the ligands, around.
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Copper chromite
Copper chromite is an inorganic compound with the formula Cu2Cr2O5 which is used to catalyze reactions in organic synthesis.
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Corrosion
Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide.
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Corundum
Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium and chromium.
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Crocoite
Crocoite is a mineral consisting of lead chromate, PbCrO4, and crystallizing in the monoclinic crystal system.
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Crossbow
A crossbow is a type of ranged weapon based on the bow and consisting of a horizontal bow-like assembly mounted on a frame which is handheld in a similar fashion to the stock of a gun.
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Cultivar
The term cultivarCultivar has two denominations as explained in Formal definition.
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Cyclopentadienyl
Cyclopentadienyl can refer to.
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Deutsche Post
The Deutsche Post AG, operating under the trade name Deutsche Post DHL Group, is a German postal service and international courier service company, the world's largest.
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Diamond
Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.
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Dietary Reference Intake
The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academies (United States).
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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Dye
A dye is a colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied.
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Electric arc furnace
An electric arc furnace (EAF) is a furnace that heats charged material by means of an electric arc.
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Electron capture
Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shell.
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Electroplating
Electroplating is a process that uses an electric current to reduce dissolved metal cations so that they form a thin coherent metal coating on an electrode.
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Embrittlement
Embrittlement is a loss of ductility of a material, making it brittle.
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Emerald
Emerald is a precious gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl (Be3Al2(SiO3)6) colored green by trace amounts of chromium and sometimes vanadium.
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Environmental remediation
Environmental remediation deals with the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water.
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Environmental Working Group
The Environmental Working Group (EWG) is an American environmental organization that specializes in research and advocacy in the areas of toxic chemicals, agricultural subsidies, public lands, and corporate accountability.
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Erosion
In earth science, erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust, and then transport it to another location (not to be confused with weathering which involves no movement).
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European Food Safety Authority
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that provides independent scientific advice and communicates on existing and emerging risks associated with the food chain.
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Ferrochrome
Ferrochrome, or Ferrochromium (FeCr) is a type of ferroalloy, that is, an alloy between chromium and iron, generally containing 50% to 70% chromium by weight.
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Foundry
A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings.
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Gas turbine
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of continuous combustion, internal combustion engine.
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Gemstone
A gemstone (also called a gem, fine gem, jewel, precious stone, or semi-precious stone) is a piece of mineral crystal which, in cut and polished form, is used to make jewelry or other adornments.
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Genotoxicity
In genetics, genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damages the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer.
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Glycated hemoglobin
Glycated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, A1C, or Hb1c; sometimes also referred to as being Hb1c or HGBA1C) is a form of hemoglobin that is measured primarily to identify the three-month average plasma glucose concentration.
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Groundwater
Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.
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Group 6 element
Group 6, numbered by IUPAC style, is a group of elements in the periodic table.
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Half-life
Half-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half its initial value.
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Hardness
Hardness is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion.
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Hemolysis
Hemolysis or haemolysis, also known by several other names, is the rupturing (lysis) of red blood cells (erythrocytes) and the release of their contents (cytoplasm) into surrounding fluid (e.g. blood plasma).
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Hexafluoride
A hexafluoride is a chemical compound with the general formula QXnF6, QXnF6m−, or QXnF6m+.
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Hexavalent chromium
Hexavalent chromium (chromium(VI), Cr(VI), chromium 6) is any chemical compound that contains the element chromium in the +6 oxidation state (thus hexavalent).
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High-speed steel
High-speed steel (HSS or HS) is a subset of tool steels, commonly used as cutting tool material.
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Hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid is a colorless inorganic chemical system with the formula.
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Hydrogen embrittlement
Hydrogen embrittlement is the process by which hydride-forming metals such as titanium, vanadium, zirconium, tantalum, and niobium become brittle and fracture due to the introduction and subsequent diffusion of hydrogen into the metal.
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Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
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Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation – to treat with hydrogen – is a chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen (H2) and another compound or element, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as nickel, palladium or platinum.
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Hydroxyl radical
The hydroxyl radical, •OH, is the neutral form of the hydroxide ion (OH−).
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Immediately dangerous to life or health
The term immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) is defined by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as exposure to airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment." Examples include smoke or other poisonous gases at sufficiently high concentrations.
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Inconel
Inconel is a family of austenitic nickel-chromium-based superalloys.
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India
India (IAST), also called the Republic of India (IAST), is a country in South Asia.
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Infrared
Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light.
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Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, island) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Isotope
Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.
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Isotope geochemistry
Isotope geochemistry is an aspect of geology based upon the study of natural variations in the relative abundances of isotopes of various elements.
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Jet engine
A jet engine is a type of reaction engine discharging a fast-moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion.
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Johann Gottlob Lehmann (scientist)
Johann Gottlieb Lehmann (4 August 1719 in Langenhennersdorf, Saxony – 22 January 1767 in Saint Petersburg, Russia) was a German mineralogist and geologist noted for his work and research contributions to the geologic record leading to the development of stratigraphy.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan,; kəzɐxˈstan), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy; Respublika Kazakhstan), is the world's largest landlocked country, and the ninth largest in the world, with an area of.
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Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
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Kiln
A kiln (or, originally pronounced "kill", with the "n" silent) is a thermally insulated chamber, a type of oven, that produces temperatures sufficient to complete some process, such as hardening, drying, or chemical changes.
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Kimberlite
Kimberlite is an igneous rock, which sometimes contains diamonds.
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Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
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Law of mass action
In chemistry, the law of mass action is the proposition that the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the product of the activities or concentrations of the reactants.
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Leaching (metallurgy)
Leaching is a process where ore is soluble and impurities are insoluble, widely used extractive metallurgy technique which converts metals into soluble salts in aqueous media.
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Lead
Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
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Lead(II) chromate
Lead(II) chromate (PbCrO4) is a chemical compound, a chromate of lead.
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Leather
Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhides, mostly cattle hide.
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Lipid
In biology and biochemistry, a lipid is a biomolecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents.
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Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin (16 May 1763 – 14 November 1829) was a French pharmacist and chemist.
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Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance
Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance (LMWCr; also known as chromodulin) is an oligopeptide that seems to transport chromium in the body.
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Lustre (mineralogy)
Lustre or luster is the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock, or mineral.
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Magnetic tape
Magnetic tape is a medium for magnetic recording, made of a thin, magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic film.
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Magnetism
Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields.
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Manganese
Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25.
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Meta-analysis
A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Metal
A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.
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Mordant
A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used to set (i.e. bind) dyes on fabrics by forming a coordination complex with the dye, which then attaches to the fabric (or tissue).
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Mouth
In animal anatomy, the mouth, also known as the oral cavity, buccal cavity, or in Latin cavum oris, is the opening through which many animals take in food and issue vocal sounds.
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Mutagen
In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic material, usually DNA, of an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.
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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is the United States federal agency responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work-related injury and illness.
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Native metal
A native metal is any metal that is found in its metallic form, either pure in nature.
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Natural abundance
In physics, natural abundance (NA) refers to the abundance of isotopes of a chemical element as naturally found on a planet.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Nitric acid
Nitric acid (HNO3), also known as aqua fortis (Latin for "strong water") and spirit of niter, is a highly corrosive mineral acid.
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Norman, Oklahoma
Norman is a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma south of downtown Oklahoma City in its metropolitan area.
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Nuclear isomer
A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its nucleons (protons or neutrons).
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Nucleosynthesis
Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons.
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Nutrient
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor.
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Octahedral molecular geometry
In chemistry, octahedral molecular geometry describes the shape of compounds with six atoms or groups of atoms or ligands symmetrically arranged around a central atom, defining the vertices of an octahedron.
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Ore
An ore is an occurrence of rock or sediment that contains sufficient minerals with economically important elements, typically metals, that can be economically extracted from the deposit.
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Organic acid anhydride
An organic acid anhydride is an acid anhydride that is an organic compound.
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Oxidation state
The oxidation state, sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound.
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Oxidizing acid
An oxidizing acid is a Brønsted acid that is a strong oxidizing agent.
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Oxyanion
An oxyanion, or oxoanion, is an ion with the generic formula (where A represents a chemical element and O represents an oxygen atom).
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Paint
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film.
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Palladium
Palladium is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46.
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Paramagnetism
Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism whereby certain materials are weakly attracted by an externally applied magnetic field, and form internal, induced magnetic fields in the direction of the applied magnetic field.
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Parenteral nutrition
Total parenteral nutrition (PN) is the feeding of a person intravenously, bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion.
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Passivation (chemistry)
Passivation, in physical chemistry and engineering, refers to a material becoming "passive," that is, less affected or corroded by the environment of future use.
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Periodic Videos
The Periodic Table of Videos (usually shortened to Periodic Videos) is a series of videos about chemical elements and the periodic table.
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Permissible exposure limit
The permissible exposure limit (PEL or OSHA PEL) is a legal limit in the United States for exposure of an employee to a chemical substance or physical agent such as loud noise.
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Peter Simon Pallas
Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811) was a Prussian zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia (1767–1810).
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Phillips catalyst
The Phillips catalyst, or the Phillips supported chromium catalyst, is the catalyst used to produce approximately half of the world's polyethylene.
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Phosphate
A phosphate is chemical derivative of phosphoric acid.
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Picometre
The picometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: pm) or picometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to, or one trillionth of a metre, which is the SI base unit of length.
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Pigment
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption.
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Polyethylene
Polyethylene or polythene (abbreviated PE; IUPAC name polyethene or poly(ethylene)) is the most common plastic.
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Polyvinyl butyral
Polyvinyl butyral (or PVB) is a resin mostly used for applications that require strong binding, optical clarity, adhesion to many surfaces, toughness and flexibility.
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Potassium chromate
Potassium chromate is the inorganic compound with the formula (K2CrO4).
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Potassium dichromate
Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7, is a common inorganic chemical reagent, most commonly used as an oxidizing agent in various laboratory and industrial applications. As with all hexavalent chromium compounds, it is acutely and chronically harmful to health. It is a crystalline ionic solid with a very bright, red-orange color. The salt is popular in the laboratory because it is not deliquescent, in contrast to the more industrially relevant salt sodium dichromate.Gerd Anger, Jost Halstenberg, Klaus Hochgeschwender, Christoph Scherhag, Ulrich Korallus, Herbert Knopf, Peter Schmidt, Manfred Ohlinger, "Chromium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.
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Potassium tetraperoxochromate(V)
Potassium peroxochromate, or potassium tetraperoxochromate(V), is an inorganic chemical having the chemical formula K3.
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Pourbaix diagram
In electrochemistry, a Pourbaix diagram, also known as a potential/pH diagram, EH-pH diagram or a pE/pH diagram, maps out possible stable (equilibrium) phases of an aqueous electrochemical system.
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Preterm birth
Preterm birth, also known as premature birth, is the birth of a baby at fewer than 37 weeks gestational age.
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Primer (paint)
A primer or undercoat is a preparatory coating put on materials before painting.
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Prussian blue
Prussian blue is a dark blue pigment produced by oxidation of ferrous ferrocyanide salts.
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Qin dynasty
The Qin dynasty was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC.
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Quintuple bond
A quintuple bond in chemistry is an unusual type of chemical bond, first reported in 2005 for a dichromium compound.
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.
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Radiogenic nuclide
A radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is produced by a process of radioactive decay.
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Radionuclide
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.
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Randomized controlled trial
A randomized controlled trial (or randomized control trial; RCT) is a type of scientific (often medical) experiment which aims to reduce bias when testing a new treatment.
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Reagent
A reagent is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or added to test if a reaction occurs.
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Recommended exposure limit
A recommended exposure limit (REL) is an occupational exposure limit that has been recommended by the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for adoption as a permissible exposure limit.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Reducing agent
A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is an element (such as calcium) or compound that loses (or "donates") an electron to another chemical species in a redox chemical reaction.
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Reference Daily Intake
The Reference Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97–98% of healthy individuals in every demographic in the United States.
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Refractory
A refractory mineral is a mineral that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack.
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Roasting (metallurgy)
Roasting is a process of heating of sulfide ore to a high temperature in presence of air.
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Ruby
A ruby is a pink to blood-red colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide).
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Russia
Russia (rɐˈsʲijə), officially the Russian Federation (p), is a country in Eurasia. At, Russia is the largest country in the world by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area, and the ninth most populous, with over 144 million people as of December 2017, excluding Crimea. About 77% of the population live in the western, European part of the country. Russia's capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world; other major cities include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and North Korea. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait. The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde in the 13th century. The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde. By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east. Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the world's first constitutionally socialist state. The Soviet Union played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II, and emerged as a recognized superpower and rival to the United States during the Cold War. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the world's second largest economy, largest standing military in the world and the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, twelve independent republics emerged from the USSR: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and the Baltic states regained independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania; the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality and a successor of the Soviet Union. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. The Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the leading producers of oil and natural gas globally. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an active global partner of ASEAN, as well as a member of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as being the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) and one of the five members of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), along with Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
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Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture.
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Sapphire
Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Selenium
Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.
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Silicothermic reaction
Silicothermic reactions are thermic chemical reactions using silicon as the reducing agent at high temperature (800-1400°C).
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Sodium carbonate
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals, and in the monohydrate form as crystal carbonate) is the water-soluble sodium salt of carbonic acid.
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Sodium chromate
Sodium chromate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2CrO4.
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Sodium dichromate
Sodium dichromate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2Cr2O7.
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Solar System
The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.
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Spin states (d electrons)
Spin states when describing transition metal coordination complexes refers to the potential spin configurations of the metal center's d electrons.
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Spinel
Spinel is the magnesium aluminium member of the larger spinel group of minerals.
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Stainless steel
In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable (inoxidizable), is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass.
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Stimulated emission
Stimulated emission is the process by which an incoming photon of a specific frequency can interact with an excited atomic electron (or other excited molecular state), causing it to drop to a lower energy level.
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Sugar
Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.
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Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate (see spelling differences) ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
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Sulfuric acid
Sulfuric acid (alternative spelling sulphuric acid) is a mineral acid with molecular formula H2SO4.
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Superalloy
A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy that exhibits several key characteristics: excellent mechanical strength, resistance to thermal creep deformation, good surface stability, and resistance to corrosion or oxidation.
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Systematic review
Systematic reviews are a type of literature review that uses systematic methods to collect secondary data, critically appraise research studies, and synthesize studies.
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Tanning (leather)
Tanned leather in Marrakesh Tanning is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather.
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Tarnish
Tarnish is a thin layer of corrosion that forms over copper, brass, silver, aluminum, magnesium, neodymium and other similar metals as their outermost layer undergoes a chemical reaction.
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Termite
Termites are eusocial insects that are classified at the taxonomic rank of infraorder Isoptera, or as epifamily Termitoidae within the cockroach order Blattodea.
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Terracotta Army
The Terracotta Army is a collection of terracotta sculptures depicting the armies of Qin Shi Huang, the first Emperor of China.
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Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
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Transition metal
In chemistry, the term transition metal (or transition element) has three possible meanings.
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Turkey
Turkey (Türkiye), officially the Republic of Turkey (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe.
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Udachnaya pipe
The Udachnaya pipe (тру́бка Уда́чная, literally lucky pipe) is a diamond deposit in the Daldyn-Alakit kimberlite field in Sakha Republic, Russia.
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Unified atomic mass unit
The unified atomic mass unit or dalton (symbol: u, or Da) is a standard unit of mass that quantifies mass on an atomic or molecular scale (atomic mass).
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services.
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Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the Ural River and northwestern Kazakhstan.
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Valence (chemistry)
In chemistry, the valence or valency of an element is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules.
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Water-gas shift reaction
The water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) describes the reaction of carbon monoxide and water vapor to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen (the mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (not water) is known as water gas): The water gas shift reaction was discovered by Italian physicist Felice Fontana in 1780.
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Wood preservation
All measures that are taken to ensure a long life of wood fall under the definition wood preservation (timber treatment).
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X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is a technique used for determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
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Xi'an
Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi Province, China.
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Yahoo! News
Yahoo! News is a news website that originated as an internet-based news aggregator by Yahoo!.
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Yellow
Yellow is the color between orange and green on the spectrum of visible light.
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Redirects here:
Chromium (II), Chromium (element), Chromium compounds, Chromium(I), Chromium(II), Chromium(III), Chromium(IV), Chromium(V), Chronium, Cr (element), Cromium, Dichromium, Element 24, Trivalent chromium.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium
