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Climate change mitigation

Index Climate change mitigation

Climate change mitigation consists of actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change. [1]

465 relations: Adaptive capacity, Aerospace, Afforestation, Air conditioning, Air pollution, Airline, Airport, Al Gore, Albedo, Algae, Allan Savory, Alternative fuel vehicle, Anti-nuclear movement, AP1000, Aristotelianism, Atmosphere, Automobile safety, Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change, Barack Obama, Barry Brook (scientist), Basalt, Base load, Biochar, Biodiesel, Biofuel, Biogas, Biomass, Biosequestration, Birth control, Black carbon, BN-800 reactor, BP, Brazil, Breeder reactor, Brian Martin (social scientist), BrightSource Energy, British Airways, Brookings Institution, Building insulation, Burping, Business action on climate change, California, Cambridge University Press, Car, Car-free movement, CarbFix, Carbon capture and storage, Carbon diet, Carbon dioxide, Carbon dioxide equivalent, ..., Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, Carbon dioxide removal, Carbon emission trading, Carbon sink, Carbon tax, Carbon-neutral fuel, Central heating, Central Intelligence Agency, Charles Kennel, Chemical formula, Chicago, Chicago Climate Exchange, Chief executive officer, Chimney, China, Chlorofluorocarbon, Clean Air Act (United States), Clean Development Mechanism, Clean Edge, Climate bond, Climate change adaptation, Climate change and agriculture, Climate change and ecosystems, Climate change denial, Climate change mitigation scenarios, Climate Change Science Program, Climate commitment, Climate engineering, Climate model, Clint Wilder, Coal, Coefficient of performance, Commitment to Development Index, Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy, Compact fluorescent lamp, Connecticut, Conservation agriculture, Consumer, Consumption (economics), Contraction and Convergence, Copenhagen Accord, Council of the European Union, Cover crop, Crop rotation, Cycling, David G. Victor, Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation, Delaware, Demand response, DEMOnstration Power Station, Desertification, Developed country, Developing country, Doha Development Round, Dynamic demand (electric power), Earthscan, Ecological resilience, Economic development, Economic growth, Economics of global warming, Economics of nuclear power plants, Effects of global warming, Efficient energy use, Egalitarianism, Electric car, Electric vehicle, Electricity, Electricity generation, Emission intensity, Emissions trading, Energy & Environmental Science, Energy conservation, Energy development, Energy Information Administration, Energy policy of the United States, Energy Saving Trust, Energy Star, Enhanced weathering, Enriched uranium, Environmental impact of aviation, Environmental impact of the coal industry, EPR (nuclear reactor), Equinor, Eric Schneiderman, Ethanol fuel, European Climate Change Programme, European Commission, European Nuclear Society, European Union, European Union Emission Trading Scheme, Experimental Breeder Reactor II, Export–Import Bank of the United States, Exxon, ExxonMobil, Family planning, Fertilizer, First Solar, Fishery, Flatulence, Flue gas, Fluorescent lamp, Forbes, Ford Motor Company, Foreign Affairs, Forest, Fossil fuel, Fossil fuel phase-out, Friends of the Earth, Fuel economy in automobiles, Fuel efficiency, Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, Furnace, Fusion power, G8 Climate Change Roundtable, Gas to liquids, GE Power, General Electric, Generation II reactor, Geneva, Geography, Geology, Geophysics, Geothermal energy, Geothermal gradient, Geothermal heat pump, Geothermal heating, Geothermal power, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Global dimming, Global warming, Global warming game, Global warming potential, Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, Goldwind, Government Accountability Office, Government Accountability Project, Green building, Green computing, GreenFuel Technologies Corporation, Greenhouse, Greenhouse gas, Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States, Greenhouse gas removal, Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, Gross domestic product, Gross national product, Gross world product, Halocarbon, Heat pump, Heat pump and refrigeration cycle, Hell and High Water (book), Holistic management (agriculture), House, Human Development Index, Human impact on the environment, Human overpopulation, HVAC, Hybrid vehicle, Hydroelectricity, Hydropower, Hypermobility (travel), Incandescent light bulb, Individual action on climate change, Individual and political action on climate change, Industrial Revolution, Infrared, Insulated glazing, Intensive farming, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, International Atomic Energy Agency, International Energy Agency, International law, International Solar Energy Society, Investment management, IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, IPCC Third Assessment Report, Iron fertilization, Irrigation, ITER, Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, James Hansen, Jeff Immelt, Joel Makower, Kemper Project, Kevin Anderson (scientist), Kilowatt hour, Kyoto Protocol, Land reform, Land use, LED lamp, Life-cycle assessment, Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources, Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program, Light-water reactor, List of climate change initiatives, List of countries by ratio of GDP to carbon dioxide emissions, List of energy storage projects, List of Japanese nuclear incidents, List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol, Low-carbon diet, Low-carbon economy, Low-carbon power, Low-energy house, M. V. Ramana, Maine, Manufacturing, Marginal abatement cost, Marine energy, Mark Cooper (academic), Mark Diesendorf, Mark Z. Jacobson, Market (economics), Mary E. Peters, Massachusetts, Median, Meta-analysis, Methane, Methane emissions, Microsoft Excel, Millennium Development Goals, Mitigation of global warming in Australia, Mitigation of peak oil, Mixed-use development, Molten salt reactor, Montreal Protocol, Motor fuel, Mount Everest, Multilateralism, Multinational corporation, Nameplate capacity, Natalism, National Academy of Sciences, National Environmental Policy Act, National park, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Natural gas, Natural resource, Nature (journal), Negligence, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Urbanism, New York (state), New York Stock Exchange, NIMBY, Nitrous oxide, No-till farming, Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents, Nuclear fuel cycle, Nuclear fusion, Nuclear fusion–fission hybrid, Nuclear power, Nuclear proliferation, Nuclear terrorism, Ocean acidification, Odense, OECD, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Official development assistance, Oil, Oil field, Old-growth forest, Olivine, Opportunity cost, Order of magnitude, Organic farming, Outline of transport, Overseas Development Institute, Overseas Private Investment Corporation, Ozone depletion, Paris Agreement, Parts-per notation, Passive solar building design, Personal carbon credits, Petroleum, Photosynthesis, Photovoltaics, Plant-based diet, Plasma containment, Plug-in hybrid, Population control, Power (physics), Power-to-gas, Presidency of George W. Bush, President of the United States, Price of oil, Primary energy, Princeton University, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proxy firm, Public policy, Public transport, Public–private partnership, Purchasing power parity, Pyroprocessing, Quebec, Radiative forcing, Rail transport, Reforestation, Refrigerator, Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative, Religion and birth control, REN21, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Renewable energy, Renewable energy commercialization, Renewable energy industry, Renewable heat, Reproductive health, Resistance (ecology), Rhode Island, Road transport, Robert H. Socolow, Ron Pernick, Royal Dutch Shell, Royal Society, S&P Global Platts, San Francisco Chronicle, Science (journal), Scientific American, Scientific literature, Secondary forest, Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, Sierra Club, Sinovel, Skylight, Sleipner gas field, Smart grid, Smart growth, Smart meter, Socially responsible investing, Socioeconomics, Soil management, Solar energy, Solar power, Solar water heating, Space heater, Spent nuclear fuel, State of the Union, Stephen W. Pacala, Stern Review, Stratospheric aerosol injection (climate engineering), Sulfate aerosol, Sulfur hexafluoride, Sunlight, Suntech Power, Super grid, Sustainable transport, Synthetic fuel, The Economist, The Guardian, The New York Times, The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, Thermal energy, Thomson Financial, Tide, Tillage, Time (magazine), Tom Wigley, Tonne, Topaz Solar Farm, Town centre, Toyota, Tragedy of the commons, Transit-oriented development, Transport, Treaty, Trina Solar, Tyndall Centre, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United States, United States Department of Energy, United States Environmental Protection Agency, United States Senate, Uranium market, Urban heat island, Urban planning, Urban sprawl, Urbanization, Utrecht University, Vaclav Smil, Variable renewable energy, Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Vehicle-to-grid, Vermont, Vestas, Videotelephony, Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, Vulnerability, Walking, Water heating, Watt, Weather, Welfare economics, White House, Willingness to pay, Wind, Wind power, World Bank, World Economic Forum, World energy consumption, World Heritage site, World Nuclear Association, World Trade Organization, Yale University, Yingli, Zero-energy building, 100% renewable energy, 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, 4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference. Expand index (415 more) »

Adaptive capacity

Adaptive capacity is the capacity of a system to adapt if the environment where the system exists is changing.

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Aerospace

Aerospace is the human effort in science, engineering and business to fly in the atmosphere of Earth (aeronautics) and surrounding space (astronautics).

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Afforestation

Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees (forestation) in an area where there was no previous tree cover.

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Air conditioning

Air conditioning (often referred to as AC, A/C, or air con) is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied space, to improve the comfort of occupants.

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Air pollution

Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances including gases, particulates, and biological molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere.

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Airline

An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight.

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Airport

An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport.

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Al Gore

Albert Arnold Gore Jr. (born March 31, 1948) is an American politician and environmentalist who served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Albedo

Albedo (albedo, meaning "whiteness") is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by an astronomical body (e.g. a planet like Earth).

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Algae

Algae (singular alga) is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic.

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Allan Savory

Clifford Allan Redin Savory (born 15 September 1935) is a Zimbabwean ecologist, livestock farmer, environmentalist, and president and co-founder of the Savory Institute.

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Alternative fuel vehicle

An alternative fuel vehicle is a vehicle that runs on a fuel other than traditional petroleum fuels (petrol or Diesel fuel); and also refers to any technology of powering an engine that does not involve solely petroleum (e.g. electric car, hybrid electric vehicles, solar powered).

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Anti-nuclear movement

The anti-nuclear movement is a social movement that opposes various nuclear technologies.

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AP1000

The AP1000 is a nuclear power plant designed and sold by Westinghouse Electric Company.

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Aristotelianism

Aristotelianism is a tradition of philosophy that takes its defining inspiration from the work of Aristotle.

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Atmosphere

An atmosphere is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body.

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Automobile safety

Automobile safety is the study and practice of design, construction, equipment and regulation to minimize the occurrence and consequences of traffic collisions.

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Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change

Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change: A Scientific Symposium on Stabilisation of Greenhouse Gases was a 2005 international conference that examined the link between atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration, and the 2 °C (3.6 °F) ceiling on global warming thought necessary to avoid the most serious effects of global warming.

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Barack Obama

Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from January 20, 2009, to January 20, 2017.

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Barry Brook (scientist)

Barry William Brook (born 28 February 1974 in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian scientist.

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Basalt

Basalt is a common extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at or very near the surface of a planet or moon.

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Base load

The base load on a grid is the minimum level of demand on an electrical grid over a span of time, for example, one week.

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Biochar

Biochar is charcoal used as a soil amendment.

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Biodiesel

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters.

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Biofuel

A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary biological processes, such as agriculture and anaerobic digestion, rather than a fuel produced by geological processes such as those involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, from prehistoric biological matter.

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Biogas

Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.

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Biomass

Biomass is an industry term for getting energy by burning wood, and other organic matter.

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Biosequestration

Biosequestration is the capture and storage of the atmospheric greenhouse gas carbon dioxide by biological processes.

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Birth control

Birth control, also known as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy.

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Black carbon

Chemically, black carbon (BC) is a component of fine particulate matter (PM ≤ 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter).

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BN-800 reactor

The BN-800 reactor is a sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor, built at the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station, in Zarechny, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia.

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BP

BP plc (stylised as bp), formerly British Petroleum, is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.

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Brazil

Brazil (Brasil), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (República Federativa do Brasil), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America.

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Breeder reactor

A breeder reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates more fissile material than it consumes.

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Brian Martin (social scientist)

Brian Martin (born 1947) is a social scientist in the School of Humanities and Social Inquiry, Faculty of Law, Humanities and the Arts, at the University of Wollongong in NSW, Australia.

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BrightSource Energy

BrightSource Energy, Inc. is an Oakland, California based, corporation that designs, builds, finances, and operates utility-scale solar power plants.

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British Airways

British Airways (BA) is the flag carrier and the largest airline in the United Kingdom based on fleet size, or the second largest, behind easyJet, when measured by passengers carried.

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Brookings Institution

The Brookings Institution is a century-old American research group on Think Tank Row in Washington, D.C. It conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development.

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Building insulation

Building insulation is any object in a building used as insulation for any purpose.

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Burping

Burping (also known as belching, ructus, eruptus or eructation) is the release of gas from the digestive tract (mainly esophagus and stomach) through the mouth.

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Business action on climate change

Business action on climate change includes a range of activities relating to global warming, and to influencing political decisions on global-warming-related regulation, such as the Kyoto Protocol.

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California

California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press (CUP) is the publishing business of the University of Cambridge.

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Car

A car (or automobile) is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transportation.

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Car-free movement

The car-free movement is a broad, informal, emergent network of individuals and organizations including social activists, urban planners and others brought together by a shared belief that large and/or high-speed motorized vehicles (cars, trucks, tractor units, motorcycles,...) are too dominant in most modern cities.

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CarbFix

CarbFix is a project in Iceland intended to lock away carbon dioxide by reacting it with basaltic rocks.

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Carbon capture and storage

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) (or carbon capture and sequestration or carbon control and sequestration) is the process of capturing waste carbon dioxide from large point sources, such as fossil fuel power plants, transporting it to a storage site, and depositing it where it will not enter the atmosphere, normally an underground geological formation.

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Carbon diet

A carbon diet refers to reducing the impact on climate change by reducing greenhouse gas production specifically, CO2 production.

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Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.

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Carbon dioxide equivalent

Carbon dioxide equivalent (CDE) and equivalent carbon dioxide (e and eq) are two related but distinct measures for describing how much global warming a given type and amount of greenhouse gas may cause, using the functionally equivalent amount or concentration of carbon dioxide as the reference.

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Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

Carbon dioxide is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere.

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Carbon dioxide removal

Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) refers to a number of technologies, the objective of which is the large-scale removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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Carbon emission trading

Carbon emissions trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically targets carbon dioxide (calculated in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent or tCO2e) and it currently constitutes the bulk of emissions trading.

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Carbon sink

A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period.

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Carbon tax

A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels.

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Carbon-neutral fuel

The term "carbon-neutral fuel" can refer to a variety of energy fuels or energy systems which have no net greenhouse gas emissions or carbon footprint.

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Central heating

A central heating system provides warmth to the whole interior of a building (or portion of a building) from one point to multiple rooms.

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Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government, tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT).

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Charles Kennel

Charles F. Kennel (born 1939) is an American scientist and member of the United States National Academy of Sciences born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs.

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Chicago

Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third most populous city in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.

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Chicago Climate Exchange

The Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) was North America’s only voluntary, legally binding greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction and trading system for emission sources and offset projects in North America and Brazil.

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Chief executive officer

Chief executive officer (CEO) is the position of the most senior corporate officer, executive, administrator, or other leader in charge of managing an organization especially an independent legal entity such as a company or nonprofit institution.

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Chimney

A chimney is a structure that provides ventilation for hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a unitary one-party sovereign state in East Asia and the world's most populous country, with a population of around /1e9 round 3 billion.

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Chlorofluorocarbon

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are fully halogenated paraffin hydrocarbons that contain only carbon (С), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivative of methane, ethane, and propane.

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Clean Air Act (United States)

The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C.) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level.

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Clean Development Mechanism

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the Flexible Mechanisms defined in the Kyoto Protocol (IPCC, 2007) that provides for emissions reduction projects which generate Certified Emission Reduction units (CERs) which may be traded in emissions trading schemes.

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Clean Edge

Clean Edge, Inc., founded in 2000, is an American research and advisory firm devoted to the clean-tech sector.

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Climate bond

Climate bonds (also known as green bonds) are fixed-income financial instruments (bonds) linked in some way to climate change solutions.

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Climate change adaptation

Climate change adaptation is a response to global warming and climate change, that seeks to reduce the vulnerability of social and biological systems to relatively sudden change and thus offset the effects of global warming.

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Climate change and agriculture

Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on a global scale.

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Climate change and ecosystems

This article is about climate change and ecosystems.

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Climate change denial

Climate change denial, or global warming denial, is part of the global warming controversy.

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Climate change mitigation scenarios

Climate change mitigation scenarios are possible futures in which global warming is reduced by deliberate actions, such as a comprehensive switch to energy sources other than fossil fuels.

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Climate Change Science Program

The Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) was the program responsible for coordinating and integrating research on global warming by U.S. government agencies from February 2002 to June 2009.

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Climate commitment

Climate commitment describes the fact that climate reacts with a delay to influencing factors ("climate forcings") such as the presence of greenhouse gases.

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Climate engineering

Climate engineering or climate intervention, commonly referred to as geoengineering, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climate system, usually with the aim of mitigating the adverse effects of global warming.

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Climate model

Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the important drivers of climate, including atmosphere, oceans, land surface and ice.

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Clint Wilder

Clint Wilder is a business journalist who has covered the high-tech and clean-tech industries since 1985.

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Coal

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.

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Coefficient of performance

The coefficient of performance or COP (sometimes CP or CoP) of a heat pump, refrigerator or air conditioning system is a ratio of useful heating or cooling provided to work required.

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Commitment to Development Index

The Commitment to Development Index (CDI), published annually by the Center for Global Development, ranks the world’s richest countries on their dedication to policies that benefit the five billion people living in poorer nations.

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Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

The Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP) is a committee of the United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS), the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM).

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Compact fluorescent lamp

A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), also called compact fluorescent light, energy-saving light, and compact fluorescent tube, is a fluorescent lamp designed to replace an incandescent light bulb; some types fit into light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs.

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Connecticut

Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Conservation agriculture

Conservation agriculture (CA) can be defined by a statement given by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations as “a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while concurrently conserving the environment” (FAO 2007).

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Consumer

A consumer is a person or organization that use economic services or commodities.

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Consumption (economics)

Consumption is the process in which consumers (customers or buyers) purchase items on the market.

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Contraction and Convergence

Contraction and Convergence (C&C) is a proposed global framework for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change.

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Copenhagen Accord

The Copenhagen Agreement is a document that delegates at the 15th session of the Conference of Parties (COP 15) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreed to "take note of" at the final plenary on 18 December 2009.

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Council of the European Union

The Council of the European Union, referred to in the treaties and other official documents simply as the Council is the third of the seven Institutions of the European Union (EU) as listed in the Treaty on European Union.

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Cover crop

A cover crop is a crop planted primarily to manage soil erosion, soil fertility, soil quality, water, weeds, pests, diseases, biodiversity and wildlife in an ''agroecosystem'' (Lu et al. 2000), an ecological system managed and largely shaped by humans across a range of intensities to produce food, feed, or fiber.

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Crop rotation

Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons.

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Cycling

Cycling, also called bicycling or biking, is the use of bicycles for transport, recreation, exercise or sport.

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David G. Victor

David G. Victor is a professor of international relations at the School of Global Policy and Strategy at UC San Diego.

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Debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation

This article documents the debate over China's economic responsibilities for climate change mitigation and mitigation of climate change in China.

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Delaware

Delaware is one of the 50 states of the United States, in the Mid-Atlantic or Northeastern region.

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Demand response

Demand response is a change in the power consumption of an electric utility customer to better match the demand for power with the supply.

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DEMOnstration Power Station

DEMO (DEMOnstration Power Station) is a proposed nuclear fusion power station that is intended to build upon the ITER experimental nuclear fusion reactor.

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Desertification

Desertification is a type of land degradation in which a relatively dry area of land becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.

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Developed country

A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

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Developing country

A developing country (or a low and middle income country (LMIC), less developed country, less economically developed country (LEDC), underdeveloped country) is a country with a less developed industrial base and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

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Doha Development Round

The Doha Development Round or Doha Development Agenda (DDA) is the trade-negotiation round of the World Trade Organization (WTO) which commenced in November 2001 under then director-general Mike Moore.

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Dynamic demand (electric power)

Dynamic Demand is the name of a semi-passive technology for adjusting load demands on an electrical power grid.

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Earthscan

Earthscan is an English-language publisher of books and journals on climate change, sustainable development and environmental technology for academic, professional and general readers.

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Ecological resilience

In ecology, resilience is the capacity of an ecosystem to respond to a perturbation or disturbance by resisting damage and recovering quickly.

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Economic development

economic development wikipedia Economic development is the process by which a nation improves the economic, political, and social well-being of its people.

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Economic growth

Economic growth is the increase in the inflation-adjusted market value of the goods and services produced by an economy over time.

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Economics of global warming

The economics of global warming concerns the economic aspects of global warming; this can inform policies that governments might consider in response. A number of factors make this a difficult problem from both economic and political perspectives: it is a long-term, intergenerational problem;, in benefits and costs are distributed unequally both within and across countries; and scientific and public opinions may diverge. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide., p.5, in Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years., in The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop "scenarios" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions. The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial. The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface). One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. Abstract, in: For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples. Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives., in, in In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).

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Economics of nuclear power plants

New nuclear power plants typically have high capital costs for building the first several plants, after which costs tend to fall for each additional plant built as the supply chains develop and the regulatory processes improve.

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Effects of global warming

The effects of global warming are the environmental and social changes caused (directly or indirectly) by human emissions of greenhouse gases.

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Efficient energy use

Efficient energy use, sometimes simply called energy efficiency, is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services.

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Egalitarianism

Egalitarianism – or equalitarianism – is a school of thought that prioritizes equality for all people.

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Electric car

An electric car is a plug-in electric automobile that is propelled by one or more electric motors, using energy typically stored in rechargeable batteries.

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Electric vehicle

An electric vehicle, also called an EV, uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion.

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Electricity

Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence and motion of electric charge.

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Electricity generation

Electricity generation is the process of generating electric power from sources of primary energy.

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Emission intensity

An emission intensity (also carbon intensity, C.I.) is the emission rate of a given pollutant relative to the intensity of a specific activity, or an industrial production process; for example grams of carbon dioxide released per megajoule of energy produced, or the ratio of greenhouse gas emissions produced to gross domestic product (GDP).

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Emissions trading

Emissions trading, or cap and trade, is a government, market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.

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Energy & Environmental Science

Energy & Environmental Science is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing original (primary) research and review articles.

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Energy conservation

Energy conservation is the effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by using less of an energy service.

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Energy development

Energy development is the field of activities focused on obtaining sources of energy from natural resources.

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Energy Information Administration

The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System responsible for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment.

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Energy policy of the United States

The energy policy of the United States is determined by federal, state, and local entities in the United States, which address issues of energy production, distribution, and consumption, such as building codes and gas mileage standards.

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Energy Saving Trust

Energy Saving Trust (EST) is a British organization devoted to promoting energy efficiency, energy conservation, and the sustainable use of energy, thereby reducing carbon dioxide emissions and helping to prevent man-made climate change.

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Energy Star

Energy Star (trademarked ENERGY STAR) is a voluntary program launched by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and now managed by the EPA and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that helps businesses and individuals save money and protect the environment through superior energy efficiency.

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Enhanced weathering

Enhanced weathering refers to geoengineering approaches that use the dissolution of natural or artificially created minerals to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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Enriched uranium

Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation.

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Environmental impact of aviation

The environmental impact of aviation occurs because aircraft engines emit heat, noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming.

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Environmental impact of the coal industry

The environmental impact of the coal industry includes issues such as land use, waste management, water and air pollution, caused by the coal mining, processing and the use of its products.

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EPR (nuclear reactor)

The EPR is a third generation pressurised water reactor (PWR) design.

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Equinor

Equinor ASA (formerly Statoil and StatoilHydro) is a Norwegian multinational energy company headquartered in Stavanger, Norway.

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Eric Schneiderman

Eric Tradd Schneiderman (born December 31, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician who served as the 65th Attorney General of New York from 2011 until his resignation in May 2018.

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Ethanol fuel

Ethanol fuel is ethyl alcohol, the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages, used as fuel.

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European Climate Change Programme

The European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) was launched in June 2000 by the European Union's European Commission, with the purpose of avoiding dangerous climate change.

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European Commission

The European Commission (EC) is an institution of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the EU treaties and managing the day-to-day business of the EU.

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European Nuclear Society

Since being founded in 1975, the European Nuclear Society (ENS) has grown to become the largest society in Europe for science, engineering and research in support of the nuclear industry.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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European Union Emission Trading Scheme

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), also known as the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, was the first large greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme in the world, and remains the biggest.

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Experimental Breeder Reactor II

Experimental Breeder Reactor-II (EBR-II) is a reactor designed, built and operated by Argonne National Laboratory in Idaho.

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Export–Import Bank of the United States

The Export–Import Bank of the United States (abbreviated as Ex-Im Bank or the Bank) is the official export credit agency (ECA) of the United States federal government.

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Exxon

Exxon was the brand name of oil and natural resources company Exxon Corporation, prior to 1972 known as Standard Oil Company of New Jersey.

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ExxonMobil

Exxon Mobil Corporation, doing business as ExxonMobil, is an American multinational oil and gas corporation headquartered in Irving, Texas.

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Family planning

Family planning services are defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved".

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Fertilizer

A fertilizer (American English) or fertiliser (British English; see spelling differences) is any material of natural or synthetic origin (other than liming materials) that is applied to soils or to plant tissues to supply one or more plant nutrients essential to the growth of plants.

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First Solar

First Solar, Inc. is an American photovoltaic (PV) manufacturer of rigid thin film modules, or solar panels, and a provider of utility-scale PV power plants and supporting services that include finance, construction, maintenance and end-of-life panel recycling. First Solar uses cadmium telluride (CdTe) as a semiconductor to produce CdTe-panels, that are competing successfully with conventional crystalline silicon technology. In 2009, First Solar became the first solar panel manufacturing company to lower its manufacturing cost to $1 per watt and produced CdTe-panels with an efficiency of about 14 percent at a reported cost of 59 cents per watt in 2013. The company was founded in 1990 by inventor Harold McMaster as Solar Cells, Inc. and the Florida Corporation in 1993 with JD Polk. In 1999 it was purchased by True North Partners, LLC, who rebranded it as First Solar, Inc. The company went public in 2006, trading on the NASDAQ. Its current chief executive is Mark Widmar, who succeeded the previous CEO James Hughes July 1, 2016. First Solar is based in Tempe, Arizona. As of 2010, First Solar was considered the second-largest maker of PV modules worldwide and ranked sixth in Fast Company’s list of the world's 50 most innovative companies. In 2011, it ranked first on Forbes’s list of America’s 25 fastest-growing technology companies. It is listed on the Photovoltaik Global 30 Index since the beginning of this stock index in 2009. The company was also listed as No. 1 in Solar Power World magazine’s 2012 and 2013 rankings of solar contractors.

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Fishery

Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery.

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Flatulence

Flatulence is defined in the medical literature as "flatus expelled through the anus" or the "quality or state of being flatulent", which is defined in turn as "marked by or affected with gases generated in the intestine or stomach; likely to cause digestive flatulence".

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Flue gas

Flue gas is the gas exiting to the atmosphere via a flue, which is a pipe or channel for conveying exhaust gases from a fireplace, oven, furnace, boiler or steam generator.

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Fluorescent lamp

A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light.

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Forbes

Forbes is an American business magazine.

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Ford Motor Company

Ford Motor Company (commonly referred to simply as "Ford") is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit.

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Foreign Affairs

Foreign Affairs is an American magazine of international relations and U.S. foreign policy published by the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, membership organization and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs.

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Forest

A forest is a large area dominated by trees.

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Fossil fuel

A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in ancient photosynthesis.

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Fossil fuel phase-out

Fossil fuel phase out refers to the discontinuation of the use of fossil fuels, through the decommissioning of operating fossil fuel-fired power plants, the prevention of the construction of new ones, and the use of alternative energy to replace the role of fossil fuels.

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Friends of the Earth

Friends of the Earth International (FoEI) is an international network of environmental organizations in 74 countries.

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Fuel economy in automobiles

The fuel economy of an automobile is the relationship between the distance traveled and the amount of fuel consumed by the vehicle.

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Fuel efficiency

Fuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the ratio from effort to result of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier (fuel) into kinetic energy or work.

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Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster

The was an energy accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Ōkuma, Fukushima Prefecture, initiated primarily by the tsunami following the Tōhoku earthquake on 11 March 2011.

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Furnace

A furnace is a device used for high-temperature heating.

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Fusion power

Fusion power is a form of power generation in which energy is generated by using fusion reactions to produce heat for electricity generation.

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G8 Climate Change Roundtable

The G8 Climate Change Roundtable was formed in January 2005 at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland.

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Gas to liquids

Gas to liquids (GTL) is a refinery process to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons, such as gasoline or diesel fuel.

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GE Power

GE Power (formerly known as GE Energy) is an American energy techniques company, owned by General Electric.

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General Electric

General Electric Company (GE) is an American multinational conglomerate incorporated in New York and headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Generation II reactor

A generation II reactor is a design classification for a nuclear reactor, and refers to the class of commercial reactors built up to the end of the 1990s.

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Geneva

Geneva (Genève, Genèva, Genf, Ginevra, Genevra) is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and the most populous city of the Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland.

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Geography

Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία, geographia, literally "earth description") is a field of science devoted to the study of the lands, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of Earth.

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Geology

Geology (from the Ancient Greek γῆ, gē, i.e. "earth" and -λoγία, -logia, i.e. "study of, discourse") is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time.

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Geophysics

Geophysics is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis.

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Geothermal energy

Geothermal energy is thermal energy generated and stored in the Earth.

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Geothermal gradient

Geothermal gradient is the rate of increasing temperature with respect to increasing depth in the Earth's interior.

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Geothermal heat pump

A geothermal heat pump or ground source heat pump (GSHP) is a central heating and/or cooling system that transfers heat to or from the ground.

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Geothermal heating

Geothermal heating is the direct use of geothermal energy for heating some applications.

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Geothermal power

Geothermal power is power generated by geothermal energy.

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German Institute for International and Security Affairs

The Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP) in Berlin is a civil-law foundation and the founding institution behind the German Institute for International and Security Affairs.

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Global dimming

Global dimming is the gradual reduction in the amount of global direct irradiance at the Earth's surface that was observed for several decades after the start of systematic measurements in the 1950s.

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Global warming

Global warming, also referred to as climate change, is the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.

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Global warming game

A global warming game, also known as a climate game or a climate change game, is a type of serious game.

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Global warming potential

Global warming potential (GWP) is a relative measure of how much heat a greenhouse gas traps in the atmosphere.

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Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006

The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006, or Assembly Bill (AB) 32, is a California State Law that fights global warming by establishing a comprehensive program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from all sources throughout the state.

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Goldwind

Goldwind (parent company Xinjiang Goldwind Science & Technology Co., Ltd.) is a Chinese wind turbine manufacturer headquartered in Beijing, China.

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Government Accountability Office

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) is a legislative branch government agency that provides auditing, evaluation, and investigative services for the United States Congress.

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Government Accountability Project

The Government Accountability Project (GAP) is a whistleblower protection and advocacy organization in the United States.

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Green building

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.

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Green computing

Green computing, green ICT as per International Federation of Global & Green ICT "IFGICT", green IT, or ICT sustainability, is the study and practice of environmentally sustainable computing or IT.

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GreenFuel Technologies Corporation

GreenFuel Technologies Corporation (GFT) was a startup that developed a process of growing algae using emissions from fossil fuels to produce biofuel from algae.

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Greenhouse

A greenhouse (also called a glasshouse) is a structure with walls and roof made mainly of transparent material, such as glass, in which plants requiring regulated climatic conditions are grown.

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Greenhouse gas

A greenhouse gas is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range.

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Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States

According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the United States produced 6,587 million metric tonnes of carbon-dioxide equivalent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2015.

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Greenhouse gas removal

Greenhouse gas removal projects are a type of climate engineering that seek to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, and thus they tackle the root cause of global warming.

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Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy

Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy is a 2007 book by Australian academic Mark Diesendorf.

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Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.

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Gross national product

Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the goods and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the citizens of a country.

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Gross world product

The gross world product (GWP) is the combined gross national product of all the countries in the world.

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Halocarbon

Halocarbon compounds are chemicals in which one or more carbon atoms are linked by covalent bonds with one or more halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine –) resulting in the formation of organofluorine compounds, organochlorine compounds, organobromine compounds, and organoiodine compounds.

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Heat pump

A heat pump is a device that transfers heat energy from a source of heat to what is called a "heat sink".

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Heat pump and refrigeration cycle

Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pumps and refrigerators.

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Hell and High Water (book)

Hell and High Water: Global Warming – the Solution and the Politics – and What We Should Do is a book by author, scientist, and former U.S. Department of Energy official Joseph J. Romm, published December 26, 2006.

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Holistic management (agriculture)

Holistic management (from ὅλος holos, a Greek word meaning all, whole, entire, total) in agriculture is a systems thinking approach to managing resources that was originally developed by Allan Savory for reversing desertification.

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House

A house is a building that functions as a home.

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Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic (composite index) of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

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Human impact on the environment

Human impact on the environment or anthropogenic impact on the environment includes changes to biophysical environments and ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans, including global warming, environmental degradation (such as ocean acidification), mass extinction and biodiversity loss, ecological crises, and ecological collapse.

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Human overpopulation

Human overpopulation (or population overshoot) occurs when the ecological footprint of a human population in a specific geographical location exceeds the carrying capacity of the place occupied by that group.

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HVAC

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort.

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Hybrid vehicle

A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as internal combustion engine to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor, e.g. in diesel-electric trains using diesel engines to drive an electric generator that powers an electric motor, and submarines that use diesels when surfaced and batteries when submerged.

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Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower.

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Hydropower

Hydropower or water power (from ύδωρ, "water") is power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes.

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Hypermobility (travel)

Hypermobile travelers are "highly mobile individuals" who take "frequent trips, often over great distances." They "account for a large share of the overall kilometres travelled, especially by air." These people contribute significantly to the overall amount of airmiles flown within a given society.

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Incandescent light bulb

An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it glows with visible light (incandescence).

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Individual action on climate change

Making various personal choices has been advocated as a means of fighting climate change.

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Individual and political action on climate change

Individual and political action on climate change can take many forms.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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Infrared

Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light.

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Insulated glazing

Insulating glass (IG), more commonly known as double glazing (or double-pane, and increasingly triple glazing/pane), consists of two or three glass window panes separated by a vacuum or gas filled space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the building envelope.

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Intensive farming

Intensive farming involves various types of agriculture with higher levels of input and output per cubic unit of agricultural land area.

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Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific and intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations, set up at the request of member governments, dedicated to the task of providing the world with an objective, scientific view of climate change and its political and economic impacts.

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International Atomic Energy Agency

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.

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International Energy Agency

The International Energy Agency (IEA) (Agence internationale de l'énergie) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organization established in the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis.

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International law

International law is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations.

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International Solar Energy Society

The International Solar Energy Society (ISES) is a global organization for promoting the development and utilisation of renewable energy.

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Investment management

Investment management is the professional asset management of various securities (shares, bonds and other securities) and other assets (e.g., real estate) in order to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of the investors.

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IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

The Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the fifth in a series of such reports.

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IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of reports intended to assess scientific, technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential effects, and options for adaptation and mitigation.

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IPCC Third Assessment Report

The IPCC Third Assessment Report (TAR), Climate Change 2001, is an assessment of available scientific and socio-economic information on climate change by the IPCC.

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Iron fertilization

Iron fertilization is the intentional introduction of iron fines to iron-poor areas of the ocean surface to stimulate phytoplankton production.

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Irrigation

Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed intervals.

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ITER

ITER (Latin for "the way") is an international nuclear fusion research and engineering megaproject, which will be the world's largest magnetic confinement plasma physics experiment.

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Ivanpah Solar Power Facility

The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System is a concentrated solar thermal plant in the Mojave Desert.

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James Hansen

James Edward Hansen (born 29 March 1941) is an American adjunct professor directing the Program on Climate Science, Awareness and Solutions of the Earth Institute at Columbia University.

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Jeff Immelt

Jeffrey Robert Immelt (born February 19, 1956) is an American business executive currently working as a venture partner at New Enterprise Associates.

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Joel Makower

Joel Makower (born 19 February 1952 in Oakland, California) is an entrepreneur, writer, and strategist on sustainable business, clean technology, and green marketing.

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Kemper Project

The Kemper Project, also called the Kemper County energy facility or Plant Ratcliffe, is a natural gas-fired electrical generating station currently under construction in Kemper County, Mississippi.

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Kevin Anderson (scientist)

Kevin Anderson is the Deputy Director of the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research; holds a joint chair in Energy and Climate Change at the School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering at the University of Manchester and School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia; and is an honorary lecturer in Environmental Management at the Manchester Business School.

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Kilowatt hour

The kilowatt hour (symbol kWh, kW⋅h or kW h) is a unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules.

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Kyoto Protocol

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it.

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Land reform

Land reform (also agrarian reform, though that can have a broader meaning) involves the changing of laws, regulations or customs regarding land ownership.

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Land use

Land use involves the management and modification of natural environment or wilderness into built environment such as settlements and semi-natural habitats such as arable fields, pastures, and managed woods.

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LED lamp

A LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light for use in light fixtures that produces light using light-emitting diode (LED).

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Life-cycle assessment

Life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis) is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling.

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Life-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of energy sources

Measurement of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions involves calculating the global-warming potential of electrical energy sources through life-cycle assessment of each energy source.

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Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program

The Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program is a U.S. government research and development program.

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Light-water reactor

The light-water reactor (LWR) is a type of thermal-neutron reactor that uses normal water, as opposed to heavy water, as both its coolant and neutron moderator – furthermore a solid form of fissile elements is used as fuel.

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List of climate change initiatives

Here is a list of international, national, regional, and local political initiatives to take action on climate change (global warming).

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List of countries by ratio of GDP to carbon dioxide emissions

On 6 October 2010, the International Energy Agency released for free download the 2008 numbers for over 140 countries/regions/economies.

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List of energy storage projects

This is a list of energy storage projects worldwide, other than pumped hydro storage.

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List of Japanese nuclear incidents

This is a list of Japanese atomic, nuclear and radiological accidents, incidents and disasters.

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List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol

As of June 2013, there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to combat global warming.

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Low-carbon diet

A low-carbon diet refers to making lifestyle choices to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) resulting from consumption decisions.

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Low-carbon economy

A low-carbon economy (LCE), low-fossil-fuel economy (LFFE), or decarbonised economy is an economy based on low carbon power sources that therefore has a minimal output of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into the biosphere, but specifically refers to the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.

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Low-carbon power

Low-carbon power comes from processes or technologies that produce power with substantially lower amounts of carbon dioxide emissions than is emitted from conventional fossil fuel power generation.

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Low-energy house

A low-energy house is any type of house that from design, technologies and building products uses less energy, from any source, than a traditional or average contemporary house.

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M. V. Ramana

M.

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Maine

Maine is a U.S. state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the production of merchandise for use or sale using labour and machines, tools, chemical and biological processing, or formulation.

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Marginal abatement cost

Abatement cost is the cost of reducing environmental negatives such as pollution.

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Marine energy

Marine energy or marine power (also sometimes referred to as ocean energy, ocean power, or marine and hydrokinetic energy) refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean temperature differences.

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Mark Cooper (academic)

Mark Cooper is a senior research fellow for economic analysis at the Institute for Energy and the Environment at the Vermont Law School, and a frequent nuclear power industry commentator.

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Mark Diesendorf

Mark Diesendorf is an Australian academic and environmentalist, known for his work in sustainable development and renewable energy.

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Mark Z. Jacobson

Mark Zachary Jacobson (born 1965) is a professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere/Energy Program.

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Market (economics)

A market is one of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.

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Mary E. Peters

Mary E. Peters (born December 4, 1948) served as the United States Secretary of Transportation under President George W. Bush from 2006 to 2009.

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Massachusetts

Massachusetts, officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Median

The median is the value separating the higher half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution, from the lower half.

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Meta-analysis

A meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies.

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Methane

Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).

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Methane emissions

Global methane emissions are major part of the global greenhouse gas emissions.

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Microsoft Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS.

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Millennium Development Goals

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the eight international development goals for the year 2015 that had been established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration.

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Mitigation of global warming in Australia

Mitigation of global warming involves taking actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance sinks aimed at reducing the extent of global warming.

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Mitigation of peak oil

The mitigation of peak oil is the attempt to delay the date and minimize the social and economic effects of peak oil by reducing the consumption of and reliance on petroleum.

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Mixed-use development

Mixed-use development is a type of urban development that blends residential, commercial, cultural, institutional, or entertainment uses, where those functions are physically and functionally integrated, and that provides pedestrian connections.

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Molten salt reactor

A molten salt reactor (MSR) is a class of generation IV nuclear fission reactor in which the primary nuclear reactor coolant, or even the fuel itself, is a molten salt mixture.

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Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.

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Motor fuel

A motor fuel is a fuel that is used to provide power to motor vehicles.

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Mount Everest

Mount Everest, known in Nepali as Sagarmāthā and in Tibetan as Chomolungma, is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas.

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Multilateralism

In international relations, multilateralism refers to an alliance of multiple countries pursuing a common goal.

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Multinational corporation

A multinational corporation (MNC) or worldwide enterprise is a corporate organization that owns or controls production of goods or services in at least one country other than its home country.

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Nameplate capacity

Nameplate capacity, also known as the rated capacity, nominal capacity, installed capacity, or maximum effect, is the intended full-load sustained output of a facility such as a power plant, Energy Information Administration.

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Natalism

Natalism (also called pronatalism or the pro-birth position) is a belief that promotes reproduction of sentient life.

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National Academy of Sciences

The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.

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National Environmental Policy Act

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a United States environmental law that promotes the enhancement of the environment and established the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ).

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National park

A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes.

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National Renewable Energy Laboratory

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), located in Golden, Colorado, specializes in renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.

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Natural gas

Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.

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Natural resource

Natural resources are resources that exist without actions of humankind.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British multidisciplinary scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869.

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Negligence

Negligence (Lat. negligentia) is a failure to exercise appropriate and or ethical ruled care expected to be exercised amongst specified circumstances.

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New Hampshire

New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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New Jersey

New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States.

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New Urbanism

New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.

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New York (state)

New York is a state in the northeastern United States.

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New York Stock Exchange

The New York Stock Exchange (abbreviated as NYSE, and nicknamed "The Big Board"), is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York.

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NIMBY

NIMBY (an acronym for the phrase "Not In My Back Yard"), or Nimby, is a pejorative characterization of opposition by residents to a proposed development in their local area.

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Nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide, commonly known as laughing gas or nitrous, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula.

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No-till farming

No-till farming (also called zero tillage or direct drilling) is a way of growing crops or pasture from year to year without disturbing the soil through tillage.

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Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents

A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility." Examples include lethal effects to individuals, radioactive isotope to the environment, or reactor core melt." The prime example of a "major nuclear accident" is one in which a reactor core is damaged and significant amounts of radioactive isotopes are released, such as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.

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Nuclear fuel cycle

The nuclear fuel cycle, also called nuclear fuel chain, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.

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Nuclear fusion

In nuclear physics, nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons).

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Nuclear fusion–fission hybrid

Hybrid nuclear fusion–fission (hybrid nuclear power) is a proposed means of generating power by use of a combination of nuclear fusion and fission processes.

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Nuclear power

Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions that release nuclear energy to generate heat, which most frequently is then used in steam turbines to produce electricity in a nuclear power plant.

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Nuclear proliferation

Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as the Non-Proliferation Treaty or NPT.

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Nuclear terrorism

Nuclear terrorism refers to an act of terrorism in which a person or people belonging to a terrorist organization detonates a nuclear device.

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Ocean acidification

Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

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Odense

Odense is the third-largest city in Denmark.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

The Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) is an office within the United States Department of Energy.

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Official development assistance

Official development assistance (ODA) is a term coined by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to measure aid.

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Oil

An oil is any nonpolar chemical substance that is a viscous liquid at ambient temperatures and is both hydrophobic (does not mix with water, literally "water fearing") and lipophilic (mixes with other oils, literally "fat loving").

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Oil field

An "oil field" or "oilfield" is a region with an abundance of oil wells extracting petroleum (crude oil) from below ground.

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Old-growth forest

An old-growth forest — also termed primary forest, virgin forest, primeval forest, or late seral forest— is a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance and thereby exhibits unique ecological features and might be classified as a climax community.

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Olivine

The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg2+, Fe2+)2SiO4.

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Opportunity cost

In microeconomic theory, the opportunity cost, also known as alternative cost, is the value (not a benefit) of the choice in terms of the best alternative while making a decision.

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Order of magnitude

An order of magnitude is an approximate measure of the number of digits that a number has in the commonly-used base-ten number system.

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Organic farming

Organic farming is an alternative agricultural system which originated early in the 20th century in reaction to rapidly changing farming practices.

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Outline of transport

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to transport: Transport or transportation – movement of people and goods from one place to another.

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Overseas Development Institute

The Overseas Development Institute (ODI) is an independent think tank on international development and humanitarian issues, founded in 1960.

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Overseas Private Investment Corporation

The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) is the United States government's development finance institution.

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Ozone depletion

Ozone depletion describes two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere(the ozone layer), and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone around Earth's polar regions.

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Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement (Accord de Paris) is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dealing with greenhouse gas emissions mitigation, adaptation, and finance starting in the year 2020.

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Parts-per notation

In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction.

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Passive solar building design

In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, reflect, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer.

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Personal carbon credits

Personal carbon credits are carbon credits created and owned by individuals who reduce their green house gas (GHG) emissions by a real and verifiable amount.

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Petroleum

Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black liquid found in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface.

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Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).

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Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics (PV) is a term which covers the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics, photochemistry, and electrochemistry.

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Plant-based diet

A plant-based diet is a diet based on foods derived from plants, including vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, legumes and fruits, but with few or no animal products.

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Plasma containment

In nuclear physics, plasma containment refers to the act of maintaining a plasma in a discrete volume.

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Plug-in hybrid

A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid electric vehicle whose battery can be recharged by plugging it in to an external source of electric power as well by its on-board engine and generator.

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Population control

Population control is the practice of artificially maintaining the size of any population.

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Power (physics)

In physics, power is the rate of doing work, the amount of energy transferred per unit time.

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Power-to-gas

Power-to-gas (often abbreviated P2G) is a technology that converts electrical power to a gas fuel.

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Presidency of George W. Bush

The presidency of George W. Bush began at noon EST on January 20, 2001, when George W. Bush was inaugurated as 43rd President of the United States, and ended on January 20, 2009.

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President of the United States

The President of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America.

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Price of oil

The price of oil, or the oil price, (generally) refers to the spot price of a barrel of benchmark crude oil—a reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as West Texas Intermediate (WTI), Brent ICE, Dubai Crude, OPEC Reference Basket, Tapis Crude, Bonny Light, Urals oil, Isthmus and Western Canadian Select (WCS).

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Primary energy

Primary energy (PE) is an energy form found in nature that has not been subjected to any human engineered conversion process.

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Princeton University

Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) is the official scientific journal of the National Academy of Sciences, published since 1915.

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Proxy firm

A proxy firm (also a proxy advisor, proxy adviser, proxy voting agency, vote service provider or shareholder voting research provider) provides services to shareholders (in most cases an institutional investor of some type) to vote their shares at shareholder meetings of, usually, quoted companies.

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Public policy

Public policy is the principled guide to action taken by the administrative executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues, in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs.

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Public transport

Public transport (also known as public transportation, public transit, or mass transit) is transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip.

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Public–private partnership

A public–private partnership (PPP, 3P or P3) is a cooperative arrangement between two or more public and private sectors, typically of a long-term nature.

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Purchasing power parity

Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a neoclassical economic theory that states that the exchange rate between two countries is equal to the ratio of the currencies' respective purchasing power.

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Pyroprocessing

Pyroprocessing (from Greek Πυρος.

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Quebec

Quebec (Québec)According to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in English; the name is.

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Radiative forcing

Radiative forcing or climate forcing is the difference between insolation (sunlight) absorbed by the Earth and energy radiated back to space.

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Rail transport

Rail transport is a means of transferring of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks.

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Reforestation

Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands (forestation) that have been depleted, usually through deforestation.

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Refrigerator

A refrigerator (colloquially fridge, or fridgefreezer in the UK) is a popular household appliance that consists of a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump (mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from the inside of the fridge to its external environment so that the inside of the fridge is cooled to a temperature below the ambient temperature of the room.

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Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative

'The Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI, pronounced "Reggie") is the first mandatory market based program in the United States to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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Religion and birth control

Religious adherents vary widely in their views on birth control.

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REN21

REN21, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century, is the global renewable energy policy multi-stakeholder network that connects a wide range of key actors.

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Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on sustainable energy.

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Renewable energy

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

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Renewable energy commercialization

Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years.

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Renewable energy industry

The renewable-energy industry is the part of the energy industry focusing on new and appropriate renewable energy technologies.

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Renewable heat

Renewable heat is an application of renewable energy and it refers to the renewable generation of heat, rather than electrical power (e.g. replacing a fossil fuel boiler using concentrating solar thermal to feed radiators).

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Reproductive health

Within the framework of the World Health Organization's (WHO) definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health, or sexual health/hygiene, addresses the reproductive processes, functions and system at all stages of life.

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Resistance (ecology)

In the context of ecological stability, resistance is the property of communities or populations to remain "essentially unchanged" when subject to disturbance.

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Rhode Island

Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States.

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Road transport

Road transport or road transportation is a type of transport by using roads.

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Robert H. Socolow

Robert H. Socolow is an American theoretical physicist and professor emeritus of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University.

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Ron Pernick

Ron Pernick is an American author and the co-founder and managing director of Clean Edge, a Portland, Oregon research and advisory firm that monitors clean technology markets.

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Royal Dutch Shell

Royal Dutch Shell plc, commonly known as Shell, is a British–Dutch multinational oil and gas company headquartered in the Netherlands and incorporated in the United Kingdom.

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Royal Society

The President, Council and Fellows of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, commonly known as the Royal Society, is a learned society.

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S&P Global Platts

S&P Global Platts is a provider of energy and commodities information and a source of benchmark price assessments in the physical energy markets.

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San Francisco Chronicle

The San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper serving primarily the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Scientific American

Scientific American (informally abbreviated SciAm) is an American popular science magazine.

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Scientific literature

Scientific literature comprises scholarly publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences, and within an academic field, often abbreviated as the literature.

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Secondary forest

A secondary forest (or second-growth forest) is a forest or woodland area which has re-grown after a timber harvest, until a long enough period has passed so that the effects of the disturbance are no longer evident.

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Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy

Siemens Gamesa Renewable Energy, formerly Gamesa Corporación Tecnológica and Grupo Auxiliar Metalúrgico, is a Spanish manufacturing company principally involved in the fabrication of wind turbines and the construction of wind farms.

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Sierra Club

The Sierra Club is an environmental organization in the United States.

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Sinovel

Sinovel Wind Group Company is a Chinese wind turbine manufacturer headquartered in Beijing.

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Skylight

Skylights are light transmitting fenestration (elements filling building envelope openings) forming all, or a portion of, the roof of a building's space for daylighting purposes.

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Sleipner gas field

Oil from the Sleipner field. The Sleipner gas field is a natural gas field in the North Sea, about west of Stavanger, Norway.

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Smart grid

A smart grid is an electrical grid which includes a variety of operational and energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficient resources.

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Smart growth

Smart growth is an urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl.

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Smart meter

A smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric energy and communicates the information to the electricity supplier for monitoring and billing.

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Socially responsible investing

Socially responsible investing (SRI), or social investment, also known as sustainable, socially conscious, "green" or ethical investing, is any investment strategy which seeks to consider both financial return and social/environmental good to bring about a positive change.

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Socioeconomics

Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes.

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Soil management

Soil management is the application of operations, practices, and treatments to protect soil and enhance its performance (such as soil fertility or soil mechanics).

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Solar energy

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture, molten salt power plants and artificial photosynthesis.

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Solar power

Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination.

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Solar water heating

Solar water heating (SWH) is the conversion of sunlight into heat for water heating using a solar thermal collector.

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Space heater

A space heater is a device used to heat a single, small area.

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Spent nuclear fuel

Spent nuclear fuel, occasionally called used nuclear fuel, is nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor (usually at a nuclear power plant).

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State of the Union

The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress, except in the first year of a new president's term.

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Stephen W. Pacala

Stephen W. Pacala is the Frederick D. Petrie Professor in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University.

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Stern Review

The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released for the Government of the United Kingdom on 30 October 2006 by economist Nicholas Stern, chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics (LSE) and also chair of the Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP) at Leeds University and LSE.

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Stratospheric aerosol injection (climate engineering)

The ability of stratospheric sulfate aerosols to create a global dimming effect has made them a possible candidate for use in solar radiation management climate engineering projects to limit the effect and impact of climate change due to rising levels of greenhouse gases.

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Sulfate aerosol

The term sulfate aerosols is used for a suspension of fine solid particles of a sulfate or tiny droplets of a solution of a sulfate or of sulfuric acid (hydrogen sulfate).

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Sulfur hexafluoride

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inorganic, colorless, odorless, non-flammable, extremely potent greenhouse gas, and an excellent electrical insulator.

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Sunlight

Sunlight is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light.

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Suntech Power

Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd.

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Super grid

A super grid is a wide area transmission network that makes it possible to trade high volumes of electricity across great distances.

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Sustainable transport

Sustainable transport refers to the broad subject of transport that is sustainable in the senses of social, environmental and climate impacts and the ability to, in the global scope, supply the source energy indefinitely.

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Synthetic fuel

Synthetic fuel or synfuel is a liquid fuel, or sometimes gaseous fuel, obtained from syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, in which the syngas was derived from gasification of solid feedstocks such as coal or biomass or by reforming of natural gas.

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The Economist

The Economist is an English-language weekly magazine-format newspaper owned by the Economist Group and edited at offices in London.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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The New York Times

The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.

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The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, is a key piece of forest legislation passed in India on 18 December 2006.

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Thermal energy

Thermal energy is a term used loosely as a synonym for more rigorously-defined thermodynamic quantities such as the internal energy of a system; heat or sensible heat, which are defined as types of transfer of energy (as is work); or for the characteristic energy of a degree of freedom in a thermal system kT, where T is temperature and k is the Boltzmann constant.

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Thomson Financial

Thomson Financial was an arm of information provider Thomson Corporation.

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Tide

Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of Earth.

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Tillage

Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning.

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Time (magazine)

Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.

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Tom Wigley

Tom Wigley is a climate scientist at the University of Adelaide.

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Tonne

The tonne (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;.

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Topaz Solar Farm

Topaz Solar Farm is a 550 MWp photovoltaic power station in San Luis Obispo County, California.

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Town centre

A town centre is the commercial or geographical centre or core area of a town.

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Toyota

, usually shortened to Toyota, is a Japanese multinational automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan.

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Tragedy of the commons

The tragedy of the commons is a term used in social science to describe a situation in a shared-resource system where individual users acting independently according to their own self-interest behave contrary to the common good of all users by depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action.

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Transit-oriented development

In urban planning, a transit-oriented development (TOD) is a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport.

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Transport

Transport or transportation is the movement of humans, animals and goods from one location to another.

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Treaty

A treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely sovereign states and international organizations.

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Trina Solar

Trina Solar Limited (TSL) is a Chinese company located in the province of Jiangsu, with numerous branches in the USA, Europe and Asia, which is listed on the PPVX solar share index and on the NYSE.

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Tyndall Centre

The Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research is an organisation based in the United Kingdom that brings together scientists, economists, engineers and social scientists to 'research, assess and communicate from a distinct trans-disciplinary perspective, the options to mitigate, and the necessities to adapt to current climate change and continuing global Warming, and to integrate these into the global, UK and local contexts of sustainable development'.

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United Nations Development Programme

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network.

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United Nations Environment Programme

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is an agency of United Nations and coordinates its environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices.

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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted on 9 May 1992 and opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States Department of Energy

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is a cabinet-level department of the United States Government concerned with the United States' policies regarding energy and safety in handling nuclear material.

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United States Environmental Protection Agency

The Environmental Protection Agency is an independent agency of the United States federal government for environmental protection.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprise the legislature of the United States.

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Uranium market

The uranium market, like all commodity markets, has a history of volatility, moving not only with the standard forces of supply and demand, but also to whims of geopolitics.

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Urban heat island

An urban heat island (UHI) is an urban area or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.

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Urban planning

Urban planning is a technical and political process concerned with the development and design of land use in an urban environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks.

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Urban sprawl

Urban sprawl or suburban sprawl describes the expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, monofunctional and usually car-dependent communities, in a process called suburbanization.

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Urbanization

Urbanization refers to the population shift from rural to urban residency, the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, and the ways in which each society adapts to this change.

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Utrecht University

Utrecht University (UU; Universiteit Utrecht, formerly Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht) is a university in Utrecht, the Netherlands.

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Vaclav Smil

Václav Smil (born 9 December 1943) is a Czech-Canadian scientist and policy analyst.

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Variable renewable energy

Variable renewable energy (VRE) is a renewable energy source that is non-dispatchable due to its fluctuating nature, like wind power and solar power, as opposed to a controllable renewable energy source such as hydroelectricity, or biomass, or a relatively constant source such as geothermal power or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity.

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Veerabhadran Ramanathan

Veerabhadran Ramanathan (born November 24, 1944) is Victor Alderson Professor of Applied Ocean Sciences and director of the Center for Atmospheric Sciences at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego.

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Vehicle-to-grid

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) describes a system in which plug-in electric vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles (BEV), plug-in hybrids (PHEV) or hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV), communicate with the power grid to sell demand response services by either returning electricity to the grid or by throttling their charging rate.

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Vermont

Vermont is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Vestas

Vestas Wind Systems A/S is a Danish manufacturer, seller, installer, and servicer of wind turbines.

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Videotelephony

Videotelephony comprises the technologies for the reception and transmission of audio-video signals by users at different locations, for communication between people in real-time.

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Vogtle Electric Generating Plant

The Alvin W. Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, also known as Plant Vogtle, is a 2 unit nuclear power plant located in Burke County, near Waynesboro, Georgia, in the southeastern United States.

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Vulnerability

Vulnerability refers to the inability (of a system or a unit) to withstand the effects of a hostile environment.

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Walking

Walking (also known as ambulation) is one of the main gaits of locomotion among legged animals.

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Water heating

Water heating is a heat transfer process that uses an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature.

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Watt

The watt (symbol: W) is a unit of power.

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Weather

Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy.

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Welfare economics

Welfare economics is a branch of economics that uses microeconomic techniques to evaluate well-being (welfare) at the aggregate (economy-wide) level.

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White House

The White House is the official residence and workplace of the President of the United States.

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Willingness to pay

Willingness to pay (WTP) is the maximum price at or below which a consumer will definitely buy one unit of a product.

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Wind

Wind is the flow of gases on a large scale.

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Wind power

Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electricity.

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World Bank

The World Bank (Banque mondiale) is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects.

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World Economic Forum

The World Economic Forum (WEF) is a Swiss nonprofit foundation, based in Cologny, Geneva, Switzerland.

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World energy consumption

World energy consumption is the total energy used by the entire human civilization.

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World Heritage site

A World Heritage site is a landmark or area which is selected by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally protected by international treaties.

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World Nuclear Association

The World Nuclear Association (WNA) is the international organization that promotes nuclear power and supports the companies that comprise the global nuclear industry.

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World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

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Yale University

Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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Yingli

Yingli, formally Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited (-. Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited (NYSE: YGE), known as "Yingli Solar," is one of the world's leading solar panel manufacturers. Yingli Green Energy's manufacturing covers the photovoltaic value chain from ingot casting and wafering through solar cell production and solar panel assembly. Yingli's photovoltaic module capacity is 4 GWs. Yingli is headquartered in Baoding, China and has more than 30 regional subsidiaries and branch offices and has distributed more than 15 GW solar panels to customers worldwide. Yingli Solar was established in 1997 and was the world’s largest PV module manufacturers in the world in 2012 and 2013. Yingli was founded by Liansheng Miao who was a pioneer in Chinese solar manufacturing. Mao worked to persuade other people to encourage the growth of Chinese solar industry as Miao saw that solar manufacturing is an industry in which China can be competitive. Yingli expanded production capacity at a time module prices slumped. Yingli recovered slowly and since early 2015 has faced financial difficulties and has been going through a debt restructuring out of court. In 2015 signed a contract with LONGi to cooperate on monocrystalline products. In the first quarter of 2016 Yingli posted a profit first time since 2011. Yingli has cut workforce and decreased R&D spending. Yingli's cost per watt is 41 cents. The company was a sponsor of the 2014 FIFA World Cup, U.S. men’s and women’s national soccer teams, and FC Bayern Munich. Yingli is a member of the ‘Silicon Module Super League’ (SMSL), a group of big-six c-Si module suppliers in the solar PV industry today. The other five members of the group are Canadian Solar, Hanwha Q CELLS, JA Solar, Trina Solar and Jinko Solar.

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Zero-energy building

A zero-energy building, also known as a zero net energy (ZNE) building, net-zero energy building (NZEB), or net zero building, is a building with zero net energy consumption, meaning the total amount of energy used by the building on an annual basis is roughly equal to the amount of renewable energy created on the site, or in other definitions by renewable energy sources elsewhere.

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100% renewable energy

The endeavor to use 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating and cooling, and transport is motivated by global warming, pollution and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns.

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2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference

The 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, commonly known as the Copenhagen Summit, was held at the Bella Center in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 7 and 18 December.

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2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

The was a magnitude 9.0–9.1 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011, with the epicentre approximately east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately.

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2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

The 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21 or CMP 11 was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015.

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4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference

The 4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference, subtitled Implications of a Global Climate Change of 4+ Degrees for People, Ecosystems and the Earth-system, was held 28–30 September 2009 at Oxford, United Kingdom.

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Action on climate change, Action on global warming, Climate Action, Climate action, Climate change prevention, Climate mitigation, Climate protection, Global Warming Solutions, Global warming mitigation, Greenhouse gas regulation, How to control global warming, Individual action against global warming, Mitigate global warming, Mitigation of Global Warming, Mitigation of climate change, Mitigation of global warming, Pacala and Socolow, Plans for stopping global warming, Prevention of global warming, Reducing global warming, Reversing climate change, Sociological considerations about greenhouse gases, Solutions to Global Warming, Solutions to global warming, The Economics of Global Warming Reduction.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation

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