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160 relations: Abava, Adolf Hitler, Africa, Agriculture, Aizpute, Amber, Ance, Latvia, Army Group Courland, Army Group North, Baltic Germans, Baltic region, Baltic Sea, Barley, Bauska, Belarus, Birch, Bishopric of Courland, Bolsheviks, Bryansk Front, Caribbean, Carl Hilpert, Catholic Church, Christianity, Clergy, Client state, Colonel general, Courland (disambiguation), Courland Governorate, Courland Pocket, Cultural regions of Latvia, Curonians, Daugava, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Districts of Latvia, Dorothea von Medem, Duchy, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918), Eastern Front (World War I), Eastern Orthodox Church, Elisa von der Recke, Erich Ludendorff, Estonia, Field marshal, First French Empire, Flax, Gambia River, George Henry Loskiel, German Army (German Empire), German Empire, ..., German General Staff, German language, German occupation of Latvia during World War II, Germany, Great Retreat (Russian), Grobiņa, Gulf of Riga, Harry Wulfsohn, Heinz Guderian, Ilūkste, Inflanty Voivodeship, Ironwork, Jaunjelgava, Jelgava, Jewish Encyclopedia, Jews, Kārlis Ulmanis, Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), Kingdom of Prussia, Kuldīga, Kuldīga District, Kunta Kinteh Island, Kurland, Kurzeme, Kurzeme Planning Region, Latgale, Latitude, Latvia, Latvian language, Latvian Provisional Government, Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, Latvian War of Independence, Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty, Latvians, Leningrad Front, Leonid Govorov, Lielupe, Liepāja, Liepāja District, Limestone, Lithuania, Lithuanians, Livonian Brothers of the Sword, Livonian Order, Livonian War, Livonians, Longitude, Lothar Rendulic, Lutheranism, Military order (monastic society), Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Moravian Church, Nazi Germany, Northern Crusades, Oak, Oat, Ober Ost, Oblasts of the Soviet Union, Occupation of the Baltic states, Operation Barbarossa, Palanga, Paul von Hindenburg, Peter von Biron, Piltene, Pine, Planning regions of Latvia, Poland, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Potato, Red Army, Republics of the Soviet Union, Riga Planning Region, Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russians, Rye, Saldus District, Selonia, Semigallia, Siege of Leningrad, Soviet Army, Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940, Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944), Soviet Union, Spinning (textiles), Spruce, Talsi, Talsi District, Tanning (leather), Tartu, Terra Mariana, Teutonic Order, Tobago, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Trinidad, Tukums, Tukums District, Ukraine, United Baltic Duchy, Vassal, Vassal state, Venta (river), Ventspils, Ventspils District, Vidzeme, Wenden Voivodeship, Wheat, Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, World War I. Expand index (110 more) »
Abava
The Abava is a river in Latvia and the largest tributary of the Venta.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second largest and second most-populous continent (behind Asia in both categories).
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Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.
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Aizpute
Aizpute (Hasenpoth) is a town in western Latvia's Aizpute Municipality in the valley of Tebra River, northeast of Liepāja.
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Amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin, which has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times.
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Ance, Latvia
Ance is a village in Ventspils municipality, Latvia.
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Army Group Courland
Army Group Courland (Heeresgruppe Kurland) was a German Army Group on the Eastern Front which was created from remnants of the Army Group North, isolated in the Courland Peninsula by the advancing Soviet Army forces during the 1944 Baltic Offensive of the Second World War.
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Army Group North
Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord) was a German strategic echelon formation, commanding a grouping of field armies during World War II.
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Baltic Germans
The Baltic Germans (Deutsch-Balten or Deutschbalten, later Baltendeutsche) are ethnic German inhabitants of the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, in what today are Estonia and Latvia.
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Baltic region
The terms Baltic region, Baltic Rim countries (or simply Baltic Rim), and the Baltic Sea countries refer to slightly different combinations of countries in the general area surrounding the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.
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Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, enclosed by Scandinavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland, Germany and the North and Central European Plain.
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Barley
Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally.
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Bauska
Bauska is a town in Bauska Municipality, in the Zemgale region of southern Latvia.
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Belarus
Belarus (Беларусь, Biełaruś,; Беларусь, Belarus'), officially the Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь; Республика Беларусь), formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia (Белоруссия, Byelorussiya), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest.
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Birch
A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus Betula, in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams.
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Bishopric of Courland
The Bishopric of Courland (Episcopatus Curoniensis, Low German: Bisdom Curland) was the second smallest (4500 km2) ecclesiastical state in the Livonian Confederation founded in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade.
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Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists or Bolsheviki (p; derived from bol'shinstvo (большинство), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority"), were a faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
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Bryansk Front
The Bryansk Front (Брянский фронт) was a major formation of the Red Army during the Second World War.
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Caribbean
The Caribbean is a region that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean) and the surrounding coasts.
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Carl Hilpert
Carl Hilpert (12 September 1888 – 1 February 1947) was a German general during World War II.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Christianity
ChristianityFrom Ancient Greek Χριστός Khristós (Latinized as Christus), translating Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, Māšîăḥ, meaning "the anointed one", with the Latin suffixes -ian and -itas.
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Clergy
Clergy are some of the main and important formal leaders within certain religions.
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Client state
A client state is a state that is economically, politically, or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state in international affairs.
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Colonel general
Colonel general is a three or four-star rank in some armies, usually equivalent to that of a full general in other armies.
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Courland (disambiguation)
Courland is one of the historical and cultural regions of Latvia.
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Courland Governorate
Courland Governorate, also known as the Province of Courland, Governorate of Kurland (Курля́ндская губерния), and Government of Courland (Kurländisches Gouvernement, Kurzemes guberņa), was one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, that is now part of the Republic of Latvia.
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Courland Pocket
The Courland Pocket was a group of German forces of Reichskommissariat Ostland on the Courland Peninsula that was cut off and surrounded by the Red Army from July 1944 through May 1945.
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Cultural regions of Latvia
Cultural regions of Latvia are several areas within Latvia formally recognised as distinct from the rest of the country.
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Curonians
The Curonians or Kurs (Curonian: Kursi; Kuren; kurši; курши; kuršiai; kuralased; Kurowie) were a Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in what are now the western parts of Latvia and Lithuania from the 5th to the 16th centuries, when they merged with other Baltic tribes.
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Daugava
The Daugava (Daugova) or Western Dvina is a river rising in the Valdai Hills, Russia, flowing through Russia, Belarus, and Latvia and into the Gulf of Riga.
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Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on December 26, 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Soviet Union.
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Districts of Latvia
Before July 1, 2009 Latvia was divided into 26 administrative districts (administratīvais rajons; pl. administratīvie rajoni) and 7 cities under state jurisdiction (republikas pilsētas; singularrepublikas pilsēta), indicated with asterisks: (for new administrative divisions see Administrative divisions of Latvia).
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Dorothea von Medem
(Anna Charlotte) Dorothea von Medem (3 February 1761 – 20 August 1821) was born a Gräfin (Countess) of the noble German Baltic Medem family and later became Duchess of Courland (a Baltic region).
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Duchy
A duchy is a country, territory, fief, or domain ruled by a duke or duchess.
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Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (Ducatus Curlandiæ et Semigalliæ, Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii, Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen, Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste) was a duchy in the Baltic region that existed from 1561 to 1569 as a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and from 1569 to 1726 to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by Sejm in 1726, On 28 March 1795, it was annexed by the Russian Empire in the Third Partition of Poland.
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Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was briefly a client state of the German Empire.
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Eastern Front (World War I)
The Eastern Front or Eastern Theater of World War I (Восточный фронт, Vostochnıy front, sometimes called the Second Fatherland War or Second Patriotic War (Вторая Отечественная война, Vtoraya Otechestvennaya voyna) in Russian sources) was a theatre of operations that encompassed at its greatest extent the entire frontier between the Russian Empire and Romania on one side and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the German Empire on the other. It stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south, included most of Eastern Europe and stretched deep into Central Europe as well. The term contrasts with "Western Front", which was being fought in Belgium and France. During 1910, Russian General Yuri Danilov developed "Plan 19" under which four armies would invade East Prussia. This plan was criticised as Austria-Hungary could be a greater threat than the German Empire. So instead of four armies invading East Prussia, the Russians planned to send two armies to East Prussia, and two Armies to defend against Austro-Hungarian forces invading from Galicia. In the opening months of the war, the Imperial Russian Army attempted an invasion of eastern Prussia in the northwestern theater, only to be beaten back by the Germans after some initial success. At the same time, in the south, they successfully invaded Galicia, defeating the Austro-Hungarian forces there. In Russian Poland, the Germans failed to take Warsaw. But by 1915, the German and Austro-Hungarian armies were on the advance, dealing the Russians heavy casualties in Galicia and in Poland, forcing it to retreat. Grand Duke Nicholas was sacked from his position as the commander-in-chief and replaced by the Tsar himself. Several offensives against the Germans in 1916 failed, including Lake Naroch Offensive and the Baranovichi Offensive. However, General Aleksei Brusilov oversaw a highly successful operation against Austria-Hungary that became known as the Brusilov Offensive, which saw the Russian Army make large gains. The Kingdom of Romania entered the war in August 1916. The Entente promised the region of Transylvania (which was part of Austria-Hungary) in return for Romanian support. The Romanian Army invaded Transylvania and had initial successes, but was forced to stop and was pushed back by the Germans and Austro-Hungarians when Bulgaria attacked them in the south. Meanwhile, a revolution occurred in Russia in February 1917 (one of the several causes being the hardships of the war). Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate and a Russian Provisional Government was founded, with Georgy Lvov as its first leader, who was eventually replaced by Alexander Kerensky. The newly formed Russian Republic continued to fight the war alongside Romania and the rest of the Entente until it was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in October 1917. Kerensky oversaw the July Offensive, which was largely a failure and caused a collapse in the Russian Army. The new government established by the Bolsheviks signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Central Powers, taking it out of the war and making large territorial concessions. Romania was also forced to surrender and signed a similar treaty, though both of the treaties were nullified with the surrender of the Central Powers in November 1918.
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Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, also known as the Orthodox Church, or officially as the Orthodox Catholic Church, is the second-largest Christian Church, with over 250 million members.
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Elisa von der Recke
Elisa von der Recke (20 May 1754 – 13 April 1833) was a Baltic German writer and poet.
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Erich Ludendorff
Erich Friedrich Wilhelm Ludendorff (9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German general, the victor of the Battle of Liège and the Battle of Tannenberg.
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Estonia
Estonia (Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Eesti Vabariik), is a sovereign state in Northern Europe.
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Field marshal
Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is a very senior military rank, ordinarily senior to the general officer ranks.
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First French Empire
The First French Empire (Empire Français) was the empire of Napoleon Bonaparte of France and the dominant power in much of continental Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.
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Flax
Flax (Linum usitatissimum), also known as common flax or linseed, is a member of the genus Linum in the family Linaceae.
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Gambia River
The Gambia River (formerly known as the River Gambra) is a major river in West Africa, running from the Fouta Djallon plateau in north Guinea westward through Senegal and the Gambia to the Atlantic Ocean at the city of Banjul.
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George Henry Loskiel
George Henry Loskiel (Georgs Heinrihs Loskīls; Georg Heinrich Loskiel) (7 November 1740 in Rinda, Latvia – 23 February 1814 in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) was presiding bishop of the northern district of the American province of the Moravian Church (1802–1811).
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German Army (German Empire)
The Imperial German Army (Deutsches Heer) was the name given to the combined land and air forces of the German Empire (excluding the Marine-Fliegerabteilung maritime aviation formations of the Imperial German Navy).
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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German General Staff
The German General Staff, originally the Prussian General Staff and officially Great General Staff (Großer Generalstab), was a full-time body at the head of the Prussian Army and later, the German Army, responsible for the continuous study of all aspects of war, and for drawing up and reviewing plans for mobilization or campaign.
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German language
German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.
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German occupation of Latvia during World War II
The occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany was completed on July 10, 1941 by Germany's armed forces.
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Germany
Germany (Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland), is a sovereign state in central-western Europe.
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Great Retreat (Russian)
The Great Retreat was a strategic withdrawal from the Galicia-Poland salient conducted by the Imperial Russian Army during September 1915 in World War I. The Russians' critically under-equipped and (at the points of engagement) outnumbered forces suffered great losses in the Central Powers' July–September summer offensive operations, this leading to the Stavka ordering a withdrawal to shorten the front lines and avoid the potential encirclement of large Russian forces in the salient.
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Grobiņa
Grobiņa (Grobin) is a town in western Latvia, eleven kilometers east of Liepāja.
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Gulf of Riga
The Gulf of Riga, Bay of Riga, or Gulf of Livonia (Rīgas jūras līcis, Liivi laht, Рижский залив) is a bay of the Baltic Sea between Latvia and Estonia.
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Harry Wulfsohn
Harry Wulfsohn (March 10, 1911 - August 11, 1969) was a partner in Susman Brothers & Wulfsohn.
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Heinz Guderian
Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (17 June 1888 – 14 May 1954) was a German general during the Nazi era.
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Ilūkste
Ilūkste (Alūksta, Ilūkšta; Illuxt) is a town and a seat of Ilūkste Municipality, southeastern Latvia.
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Inflanty Voivodeship
The Inflanty Voivodeship (Województwo inflanckie), or Livonian Voivodeship (Livonijos vaivadija), also known as Polish Livonia, was an administrative division and local government in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, since it was formed in the 1620s out of the Wenden Voivodeship and lasted until the First Partition of Poland in 1772.
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Ironwork
Ironwork is any weapon, artwork, utensil or architectural feature made of iron especially used for decoration.
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Jaunjelgava
Jaunjelgava (Friedrichstadt) is a town in Latvia on the left bank of the Daugava River in the historical region of Selonia, about 80 km southeast of Riga.
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Jelgava
Jelgava (Mitau; see also other names) is a city in central Latvia about southwest of Riga with about 63,000 inhabitants.
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Jewish Encyclopedia
The Jewish Encyclopedia is an English encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism and the Jews up to the early 20th century.
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Jews
Jews (יְהוּדִים ISO 259-3, Israeli pronunciation) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and a nation, originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The people of the Kingdom of Israel and the ethnic and religious group known as the Jewish people that descended from them have been subjected to a number of forced migrations in their history" and Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.
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Kārlis Ulmanis
Kārlis Augusts Vilhelms Ulmanis (September 4, 1877 in Bērze, Bērze Parish, Courland Governorate, Russian Empire – September 20, 1942 in Krasnovodsk prison, Soviet Union, now Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan) was one of the most prominent Latvian politicians of pre-World War II Latvia during the interwar period of independence from November 1918 to June 1940.
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Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)
The Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie; Latin: Regnum Poloniae) and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania joined in a personal union established by the Union of Krewo (1385).
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Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia (Königreich Preußen) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.
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Kuldīga
Kuldīga (Goldingen) is a town in western Latvia.
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Kuldīga District
Kuldīga District (Kuldīgas rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in Courland region, in the country's west.
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Kunta Kinteh Island
Kunta Kinteh Island, formerly called James Island and St Andrew's Island, is an island in the Gambia River, 30 km from the river mouth and near Juffureh in the country of the Gambia.
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Kurland
Kurland may refer to.
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Kurzeme
Kurzeme is the Latvian name for Courland, a historical and cultural region of Latvia.
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Kurzeme Planning Region
Kurzeme Region (Kurzemes reģions), officially Kurzeme Planning Region (Kurzemes plānošanas reģions) is one of the five planning regions of Latvia, it is situated in the western part of Latvia, at the shores of the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Riga.
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Latgale
Latgale (Latgola; Латгалия; Lettgallia) is one of the four historical and cultural regions of Latvia recognised in the Constitution of the Latvian Republic.
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Latitude
In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.
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Latvia
Latvia (or; Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika), is a sovereign state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
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Latvian language
Latvian (latviešu valoda) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region.
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Latvian Provisional Government
The Latvian Provisional Government (Latvijas Pagaidu valdība; 1918–1920) was formed on November 18, 1918 by the People's Council of Latvia.
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Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
The Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (Latvijas Sociālistiskā Padomju Republika, LSPR) was a short-lived socialist republic formed during the Latvian War of Independence.
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Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic
The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR; Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika; Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Latviyskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), also known as Soviet Latvia or Latvia, was a republic of the Soviet Union.
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Latvian War of Independence
The Latvian War of Independence (Latvijas brīvības cīņas, literally, "Latvia's freedom struggles"), sometimes called the Latvian War of Liberation (Latvijas atbrīvošanas karš, "War of Latvian Liberation"), was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia, and the signing of the Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty on 11 August 1920.
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Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty
The Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Riga, was signed on 11 August 1920 by representatives of the Republic of Latvia and Soviet Russia.
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Latvians
Latvians (latvieši; lețlizt) are a Baltic ethnic group, native to what is modern-day Latvia and the immediate geographical region.
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Leningrad Front
The Leningrad Front (Ленинградский фронт) was formed during the 1941 German approach on Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) by dividing the Northern Front into the Leningrad Front and Karelian Front on August 27, 1941.
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Leonid Govorov
Leonid Aleksandrovich Govorov (Леони́д Алекса́ндрович Го́воров) (– 19 March 1955) was a Soviet military commander.
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Lielupe
The Lielupe (in Latvian literally: Large River, Lielupė, Kurländische Aa) is a river in central Latvia.
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Liepāja
Liepāja (pronounced) (Libau; see other names) is a city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea.
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Liepāja District
Liepāja District (Liepājas rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in the Courland region, in the country's west.
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Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of northern-eastern Europe.
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Lithuanians
Lithuanians (lietuviai, singular lietuvis/lietuvė) are a Baltic ethnic group, native to Lithuania, where they number around 2,561,300 people.
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Livonian Brothers of the Sword
The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae, Schwertbrüderorden, Ordre des Chevaliers Porte-Glaive) was a Catholic military order established by Albert, the third bishop of Riga (or possibly by Theoderich von Treyden), in 1202.
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Livonian Order
The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, formed in 1237.
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Livonian War
The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia), when the Tsardom of Russia faced a varying coalition of Denmark–Norway, the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Union (later Commonwealth) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
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Livonians
The Livonians, or Livs (Livonian: līvlizt), are a Finnic ethnic group indigenous to northern Latvia and southwestern Estonia.
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Longitude
Longitude, is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface.
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Lothar Rendulic
Lothar Rendulic (23 October 1887 – 17 January 1971)Rudolf Neck, Adam Wandruszka, Isabella Ackerl (ed.) (1980): Protokolle des Ministerrates der Ersten Republik, 1918–1938, Abteilung VIII, 20.
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Lutheranism
Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther (1483–1546), a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer and theologian.
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Military order (monastic society)
A military order (Militaris ordinis) is a chivalric order with military elements.
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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact,Charles Peters (2005), Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie!" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World, New York: PublicAffairs, Ch.
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Moravian Church
The Moravian Church, formally named the Unitas Fratrum (Latin for "Unity of the Brethren"), in German known as Brüdergemeine (meaning "Brethren's Congregation from Herrnhut", the place of the Church's renewal in the 18th century), is one of the oldest Protestant denominations in the world with its heritage dating back to the Bohemian Reformation in the fifteenth century and the Unity of the Brethren (Czech: Jednota bratrská) established in the Kingdom of Bohemia.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Northern Crusades
The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were religious wars undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and to a lesser extent also against Orthodox Christian Slavs (East Slavs).
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Oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus (Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae.
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Oat
The oat (Avena sativa), sometimes called the common oat, is a species of cereal grain grown for its seed, which is known by the same name (usually in the plural, unlike other cereals and pseudocereals).
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Ober Ost
Ober Ost is short for Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten Deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten, German for "Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East" during World War I. It also has an implied double meaning, as in its own right, "Ober Ost" translates into "Upper East," which describes its geographic region in reference to the German Empire.
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Oblasts of the Soviet Union
The oblasts of the Soviet Union were second-level entities of the Soviet Union, and first-level entities of the republics of the Soviet Union.
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Occupation of the Baltic states
The occupation of the Baltic states involved the military occupation of the three Baltic states—Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania—by the Soviet Union under the auspices of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact in June 1940 followed by their incorporation into the USSR as constituent republics in August 1940 - most Western powers never recognised this incorporation.
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Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (German: Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the code name for the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, which started on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
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Palanga
Palanga (Palanga (also till 1934)) is a seaside resort town in western Lithuania, on the shore of the Baltic Sea.
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Paul von Hindenburg
Paul Ludwig Hans Anton von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg, known generally as Paul von Hindenburg (2 October 1847 – 2 August 1934) was a Generalfeldmarschall and statesman who commanded the German military during the second half of World War I before later being elected President of the Weimar republic in 1925.
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Peter von Biron
Peter von Biron (15 February 1724 – 13 January 1800) was the last Duke of Courland and Semigallia, from 1769 to 1795.
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Piltene
Piltene (Piltyń, Pilten) is a town in northwestern Latvia.
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Pine
A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus,, of the family Pinaceae.
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Planning regions of Latvia
There are five planning regions of Latvia (Latvijas plānošanas reģioni); Kurzeme, Latgale, Riga, Vidzeme and Zemgale.
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Poland
Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.
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Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.
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Potato
The potato is a starchy, tuberous crop from the perennial nightshade Solanum tuberosum.
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Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия (РККА), Raboche-krest'yanskaya Krasnaya armiya (RKKA), frequently shortened in Russian to Красная aрмия (КА), Krasnaya armiya (KA), in English: Red Army, also in critical literature and folklore of that epoch – Red Horde, Army of Work) was the army and the air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and, after 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
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Republics of the Soviet Union
The Republics of the Soviet Union or the Union Republics (r) of the Soviet Union were ethnically based proto-states that were subordinated directly to the Government of the Soviet Union.
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Riga Planning Region
Riga Region (Rīgas reģions), officially Riga Planning Region (Rīgas plānošanas reģions) is one of five planning regions of Latvia, situated in the central part of Latvia, in and around the metropolis of Riga and along the shores of the Gulf of Riga.
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Russian Empire
The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.
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Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; Ru-Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика.ogg), also unofficially known as the Russian Federation, Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the laboring and exploited people, article I or Russia (rɐˈsʲijə; from the Ρωσία Rōsía — Rus'), was an independent state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest, most populous, and most economically developed union republic of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1991 and then a sovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991.
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Russians
Russians (русские, russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. The majority of Russians inhabit the nation state of Russia, while notable minorities exist in other former Soviet states such as Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine and the Baltic states. A large Russian diaspora also exists all over the world, with notable numbers in the United States, Germany, Israel, and Canada. Russians are the most numerous ethnic group in Europe. The Russians share many cultural traits with their fellow East Slavic counterparts, specifically Belarusians and Ukrainians. They are predominantly Orthodox Christians by religion. The Russian language is official in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan, and also spoken as a secondary language in many former Soviet states.
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Rye
Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop.
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Saldus District
Saldus District (Saldus rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in Courland region, in the country's west.
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Selonia
Selonia (Sēlija; Sėla), also known as Augšzeme (the "Highland"), is a cultural region of Latvia encompassing the eastern part of the historical region of Semigallia (Zemgale).
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Semigallia
Semigallia, also spelled Semigalia, (Zemgale; Semgallen; Žiemgala; Semigalia; Zemgāl) is a historical region of Latvia, sometimes also including a part of Lithuania.
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Siege of Leningrad
The Siege of Leningrad (also known as the Leningrad Blockade (Блокада Ленинграда, transliteration: Blokada Leningrada) and the 900-Day Siege) was a prolonged military blockade undertaken from the south by the Army Group North of Nazi Germany and the Finnish Army in the north, against Leningrad, historically and currently known as Saint Petersburg, in the Eastern Front theatre of World War II.
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Soviet Army
The Soviet Army (SA; Советская Армия, Sovetskaya Armiya) is the name given to the main land-based branch of the Soviet Armed Forces between February 1946 and December 1991, when it was replaced with the Russian Ground Forces, although it was not taken fully out of service until 25 December 1993.
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Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
The Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 refers, according to the European Court of Human Rights,European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States the Government of Latvia, at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia the United States Department of State, at state.gov and the European Union, by EU to the military occupation of the Republic of Latvia by the Soviet Union ostensibly under the provisions of the 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany.
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Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
The Soviet Union occupied most of the territory of the Baltic states in its 1944 Baltic Offensive during World War II.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991.
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Spinning (textiles)
Spinning is the twisting together of drawn-out strands of fibers to form yarn, and is a major part of the textile industry.
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Spruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth.
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Talsi
Talsi (Tālsa, Talsen) (population 11,371) is a town in Latvia.
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Talsi District
Talsi District (Talsu rajons) was a district of Latvia, located in Courland region, in the country's west.
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Tanning (leather)
Tanned leather in Marrakesh Tanning is the process of treating skins and hides of animals to produce leather.
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Tartu
Tartu (South Estonian: Tarto) is the second largest city of Estonia, after Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn.
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Terra Mariana
Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for "Land of Mary") was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia (Alt-Livland, Vana-Liivimaa, Livonija), which was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade in the territories comprising present day Estonia and Latvia.
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Teutonic Order
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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Tobago
Tobago is an autonomous island within the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty was signed at Brest-Litovsk (Brześć Litewski; since 1945 Brest), after two months of negotiations.
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Trinidad
Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands of Trinidad and Tobago.
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Tukums
Tukums (Tuckum; Tukāmō) is a town in Latvia.
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Tukums District
Tukums District (Tukuma rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in Courland region, in the country's west.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.
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United Baltic Duchy
The proposed United Baltic Duchy, (Vereinigtes Baltisches Herzogtum, Balti Hertsogiriik, Apvienotā Baltijas hercogiste) also known as the Grand Duchy of Livonia, was a state proposed by the Baltic German nobility and exiled Russian nobility after the Russian Revolution and German occupation of the Courland, Livonian, and Estonian governorates of the Russian Empire.
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Vassal
A vassal is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe.
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Vassal state
A vassal state is any state that is subordinate to another.
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Venta (river)
The Venta (Latvian pronunciation, Lithuanian,,, Livonian Vǟnta joug) is a river in north-western Lithuania and western Latvia.
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Ventspils
Ventspils (see other names) is a town in northwestern Latvia in the historical Courland region of Latvia, and is the sixth largest city in the country.
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Ventspils District
The Ventspils District (Ventspils rajons) was an administrative division of Latvia, located in the Courland region, in the country's west.
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Vidzeme
Vidzeme (Vidžemė, Vidūmō) is one of the historical and cultural regions of Latvia.
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Wenden Voivodeship
Wenden Voivodeship (Województwo wendeńskie) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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Wheat
Wheat is a grass widely cultivated for its seed, a cereal grain which is a worldwide staple food.
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Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb
Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb (5 September 1876 – 29 April 1956) was a German field marshal and World War II war criminal.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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Redirects here:
Courlandians, Couronia, Curia (land), Curlandia, Curonia, Kuramaa, Kurlandia, Kurlandija, Kurzeme region.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courland
