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145 relations: African-American neighborhood, American Civil War, Annette Polly Williams, Ben Bradlee, Birch Bayh, Boston, Brandywine School District, Brown v. Board of Education, Burger Court, Bus, Cab Calloway School of the Arts, Charlotte, North Carolina, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, Charter School of Wilmington, Chesterfield County, Virginia, Christina School District, Citizens' Councils, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Civil rights movement, Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska, Clark County School District, Cleveland, Clinton High School (Clinton, Tennessee), Colonial School District (Delaware), Columbus, Ohio, Common Ground (book), Davidson County, Tennessee, DeKalb County, Georgia, Detroit, Donald M. Fraser, Earl Warren, Emanuel Celler, Equal Protection Clause, Eric Hanushek, Ernie Chambers, Executive (government), Free public transport, Gallup (company), Gebhart v. Belton, George McGovern, George W. Bush, Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, Harvard University, Henrico County, Virginia, Housing segregation in the United States, Hubert Humphrey, Inner city, J. Anthony Lukas, Jacob Javits, James Samuel Coleman, ..., Jefferson County, Kentucky, Jim Crow laws, Jimmy Carter, Joint and several liability, Jonathan Kozol, Julian Carroll, Kansas City Public Schools, Kansas City, Missouri, Kentucky, Kentucky National Guard, Kindergarten, Legislature, Leland Clure Morton, Lewis F. Powell Jr., Lillian B. Rubin, Los Angeles Unified School District, Louisville, Kentucky, Lyndon B. Johnson, Magnet school, Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools, Michael R. White, Milliken v. Bradley, Morgan v. Hennigan, NAACP, Nashville, Tennessee, Nebraska Legislature, New Castle County, Delaware, Newark, Delaware, No Child Left Behind Act, North Carolina, North Omaha, Nebraska, NPR, Oklahoma City, Parent-Teacher Association, Parochial school, Pasadena, California, Philip Hart, Philip L. Geyelin, Prince George's County, Maryland, Private school, Racial integration, Racial quota, Racial segregation, Racism, RAND Corporation, Reconstruction era, Red Clay Consolidated School District, Rehnquist Court, Restore Our Alienated Rights, Reverse discrimination, Richmond, Virginia, Roberts Court, San Francisco, School bus, School segregation in the United States, Second Great Migration (African American), Segregation academy, Separate but equal, Shelley v. Kraemer, Sociology, South Boston, Southern High School (Kentucky), Southern Manifesto, Southern Nevada, Southern United States, State school, Student transport, Suburb, Supreme Court of California, Supreme Court of Nevada, Supreme Court of the United States, Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, Tear gas, Ted Kennedy, The Christian Science Monitor, The Nation, The New York Times, Thurgood Marshall, Tom Wicker, United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States district court, United States presidential election, 1968, United States presidential election, 1972, United States presidential election, 1976, University of Illinois Press, Voting Rights Act of 1965, Washington, D.C., Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr., Wheelchair, White flight, William Rehnquist, Wilmington, Delaware, Wisconsin, 60 Minutes. Expand index (95 more) »
African-American neighborhood
African-American neighborhoods or black neighborhoods are types of ethnic enclaves found in many cities in the United States.
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American Civil War
The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.
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Annette Polly Williams
Annette Polly Williams (January 10, 1937 – November 9, 2014) was an American counselor, clerical worker and politician from Milwaukee who served 10 terms as a Democratic Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing her assembly district from her election in 1980 until January 3, 2011.
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Ben Bradlee
Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee (1921 –, 2014) was an American newspaperman.
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Birch Bayh
Birch Evans Bayh Jr. (born January 22, 1928) is an American politician and former U.S. Senator from Indiana, serving from 1963 to 1981.
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Boston
Boston is the capital city and most populous municipality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.
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Brandywine School District
Brandywine School District (abbreviated BSD) is a public school district in northern New Castle County, Delaware in the United States.
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Brown v. Board of Education
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.
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Burger Court
The Burger Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1969 to 1986, when Warren Burger served as Chief Justice of the United States.
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Bus
A bus (archaically also omnibus, multibus, motorbus, autobus) is a road vehicle designed to carry many passengers.
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Cab Calloway School of the Arts
Cab Calloway School of the Arts is an arts-oriented magnet school in Wilmington, Delaware, operated by the Red Clay Consolidated School District, which focuses on a strong academic curriculum along with an education in the arts.
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Charlotte, North Carolina
Charlotte is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina.
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Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (abbreviated CMS) is a local education agency headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina and is the public school system for Mecklenburg County.
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Charter School of Wilmington
The Charter School of Wilmington is a high school in Wilmington, Delaware, one of the first public/private (self-governed, state funded) charter schools in the United States, opening in 1996.
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Chesterfield County, Virginia
Chesterfield County is a county located just south of Richmond in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
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Christina School District
The Christina School District is a Delaware public school district located primarily in the Newark area, although a non-contiguous section of Wilmington is also included.
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Citizens' Councils
The Citizens' Councils (also referred to as White Citizens' Councils) were an associated network of white supremacist, extreme right, organizations in the United States, concentrated in the South.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
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Civil rights movement
The civil rights movement (also known as the African-American civil rights movement, American civil rights movement and other terms) was a decades-long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held.
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Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska
The Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska, has roots that extend back until at least 1912.
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Clark County School District
The Clark County School District is a school district that serves all of Clark County, Nevada, including the cities of Las Vegas, Henderson, North Las Vegas, Boulder City, and Mesquite; as well as the census-designated places of Laughlin, Blue Diamond, Logandale, Bunkerville, Goodsprings, Indian Springs, Mount Charleston, Moapa, Searchlight, and Sandy Valley.
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Cleveland
Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio, and the county seat of Cuyahoga County.
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Clinton High School (Clinton, Tennessee)
Clinton High School (FRICK), in Clinton, Tennessee, is the Anderson County, Tennessee, high school that serves students living in and near Clinton, Oliver Springs, and Claxton.
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Colonial School District (Delaware)
The Colonial School District is a public school district in New Castle Hundred, Delaware.
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Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the state capital and the most populous city in Ohio.
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Common Ground (book)
Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families is a nonfiction book by J. Anthony Lukas, published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1985, that examines race relations in Boston, Massachusetts through the prism of desegregation busing.
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Davidson County, Tennessee
Davidson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee.
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DeKalb County, Georgia
DeKalb County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia.
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Detroit
Detroit is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the largest city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of Wayne County.
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Donald M. Fraser
Donald MacKay Fraser (born February 20, 1924) is an American politician from Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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Earl Warren
Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American jurist and politician who served as the 30th Governor of California (1943–1953) and later the 14th Chief Justice of the United States (1953–1969).
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Emanuel Celler
Emanuel Celler (May 6, 1888 – January 15, 1981) was an American politician from New York who served in the United States House of Representatives for almost 50 years, from March 1923 to January 1973.
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Equal Protection Clause
The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
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Eric Hanushek
Eric Alan Hanushek (born May 22, 1943) is an economist who has written prolifically on public policy with a special emphasis on the economics of education.
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Ernie Chambers
Ernest William Chambers (born July 10, 1937) is an American politician who represents North Omaha's 11th District in the Nebraska State Legislature.
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Executive (government)
The executive is the organ exercising authority in and holding responsibility for the governance of a state.
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Free public transport
Free public transport, often called fare-free public transit or zero-fare public transport, refers to public transport funded in full by means other than by collecting fares from passengers.
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Gallup (company)
Gallup, Inc. is an American research-based, global performance-management consulting company.
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Gebhart v. Belton
Gebhart v. Belton, 33 Del.
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George McGovern
George Stanley McGovern (July 19, 1922 – October 21, 2012) was an American historian, author, U.S. Representative, U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party presidential nominee in the 1972 presidential election.
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George W. Bush
George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.
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Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
Green v. County School Board of New Kent County, 391 U.S. 430 (1968) was an important United States Supreme Court case dealing with the freedom of choice plans created to avoid compliance with the Court's mandate in Brown II.
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Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Henrico County, Virginia
Henrico County (formerly Henrico Shire), officially the County of Henrico, is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.
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Housing segregation in the United States
Housing segregation is the practice of denying African American or other minority groups equal access to housing through the process of misinformation, denial of realty and financing services, and racial steering.
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Hubert Humphrey
Hubert Horatio Humphrey Jr. (May 27, 1911January 13, 1978) was an American politician who served as the 38th Vice President of the United States from 1965 to 1969.
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Inner city
The inner city or inner town is the central area of a major city or metropolis.
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J. Anthony Lukas
Jay Anthony Lukas, or J. Anthony Lucas (April 25, 1933 – June 5, 1997), was an American journalist and author, probably best known for his 1985 book Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families.
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Jacob Javits
Jacob Koppel Javits (May 18, 1904 – March 7, 1986) was an American politician who represented New York in both houses of Congress.
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James Samuel Coleman
James Samuel Coleman (May 12, 1926 – March 25, 1995) was an American sociologist, theorist, and empirical researcher, based chiefly at the University of Chicago.
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Jefferson County, Kentucky
Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky.
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Jim Crow laws
Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.
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Jimmy Carter
James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981.
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Joint and several liability
Where two or more persons are liable in respect of the same liability, in most common law legal systems they may either be.
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Jonathan Kozol
Jonathan Kozol (born September 5, 1936) is an American writer, educator, and activist, best known for his books on public education in the United States.
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Julian Carroll
Julian Morton Carroll (born April 16, 1931) is an American lawyer and politician from the state of Kentucky.
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Kansas City Public Schools
Kansas City Public Schools or KCPS (formerly Kansas City, Missouri School District, or KCMSD) is a provisionally accredited school district headquartered at 2901 Troost Avenue in Kansas City, Missouri, USA.
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Kansas City, Missouri
Kansas City is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri.
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Kentucky
Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States.
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Kentucky National Guard
The Kentucky National Guard comprises the.
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Kindergarten
Kindergarten (from German, literally meaning 'garden for the children') is a preschool educational approach based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school.
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Legislature
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city.
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Leland Clure Morton
Leland Clure Morton (February 20, 1916 – April 11, 1998) was a United States federal judge.
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Lewis F. Powell Jr.
Lewis Franklin Powell Jr. (September 19, 1907 – August 25, 1998) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from 1971 to 1987.
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Lillian B. Rubin
Lillian Breslow Rubin (January 13, 1924- June 17, 2014) was an American writer, professor, psychotherapist and sociologist.
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Los Angeles Unified School District
Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) is the largest (in terms of number of students) public school system in the U.S. state of California and the 2nd largest public school district in the United States.
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Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 29th most-populous city in the United States.
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Lyndon B. Johnson
Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, assuming the office after having served as the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963.
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Magnet school
In the U.S. education system, magnet schools are public schools with specialized courses or curricula.
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Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools
Metropolitan Nashville Public Schools, or MNPS, is a school district that serves the city of Nashville, Tennessee and Davidson County.
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Michael R. White
Michael White (born August 13, 1951) is an American politician of the Democratic party and was the 55th and longest-serving mayor of Cleveland, Ohio encompassing three four-year terms, from 1990 to 2002.
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Milliken v. Bradley
Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974), was a significant United States Supreme Court case dealing with the planned desegregation busing of public school students across district lines among 53 school districts in metropolitan Detroit.
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Morgan v. Hennigan
Morgan v. Hennigan was the case that defined the school busing controversy in Boston, Massachusetts during the 1970s.
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NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as a bi-racial organization to advance justice for African Americans by a group, including, W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington and Moorfield Storey.
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Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the seat of Davidson County.
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Nebraska Legislature
The Nebraska Legislature (also called the Unicameral) is the supreme legislative body of the state of Nebraska.
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New Castle County, Delaware
New Castle County is the northernmost of the three counties of the U.S. state of Delaware.
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Newark, Delaware
NewarkNot as in Newark, New Jersey.
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No Child Left Behind Act
The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001(NCLB) was a U.S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; it included Title I provisions applying to disadvantaged students.
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North Carolina
North Carolina is a U.S. state in the southeastern region of the United States.
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North Omaha, Nebraska
North Omaha is a community area in Omaha, Nebraska, in the United States.
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NPR
National Public Radio (usually shortened to NPR, stylized as npr) is an American privately and publicly funded non-profit membership media organization based in Washington, D.C. It serves as a national syndicator to a network of over 1,000 public radio stations in the United States.
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Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City, often shortened to OKC, is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Oklahoma.
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Parent-Teacher Association
A parent-teacher association/organization (PTA/PTO) or parent-teacher-student association (PTSA) is a formal organization composed of parents, teachers and staff that is intended to facilitate parental participation in a school.
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Parochial school
A parochial school is a private primary or secondary school affiliated with a religious organization, and whose curriculum includes general religious education in addition to secular subjects, such as science, mathematics and language arts.
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Pasadena, California
Pasadena is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, located 10 miles (16 kilometers) northeast of Downtown Los Angeles.
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Philip Hart
Philip Aloysius Hart (December 10, 1912December 26, 1976) was an American lawyer and politician.
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Philip L. Geyelin
Philip L. Geyelin (1923–2004) was an American journalist and author.
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Prince George's County, Maryland
Prince George’s County (often shortened to "PG County") is a county in the U.S. state of Maryland, bordering the eastern portion of Washington, D.C. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, the population was 863,420, making it the second-most populous county in Maryland, behind only Montgomery County.
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Private school
Private schools, also known to many as independent schools, non-governmental, privately funded, or non-state schools, are not administered by local, state or national governments.
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Racial integration
Racial integration, or simply integration, includes desegregation (the process of ending systematic racial segregation).
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Racial quota
Racial quotas in employment and education are numerical requirements for hiring, promoting, admitting and/or graduating members of a particular racial group.
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Racial segregation
Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.
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Racism
Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.
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RAND Corporation
RAND Corporation ("Research ANd Development") is an American nonprofit global policy think tank created in 1948 by Douglas Aircraft Company to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces.
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Reconstruction era
The Reconstruction era was the period from 1863 (the Presidential Proclamation of December 8, 1863) to 1877.
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Red Clay Consolidated School District
Red Clay Consolidated School District (abbreviated Red Clay or RCCSD) is a public school district in northern New Castle County, Delaware.
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Rehnquist Court
The Rehnquist Court refers to the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 to 2005, when William Rehnquist served as Chief Justice of the United States.
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Restore Our Alienated Rights
Restore Our Alienated Rights (ROAR) was an organization formed in Boston, Massachusetts by Louise Day Hicks in 1974.
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Reverse discrimination
Reverse discrimination is discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group.
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Richmond, Virginia
Richmond is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States.
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Roberts Court
The Roberts Court is the time since 2005 during which the Supreme Court of the United States has been led by Chief Justice John Roberts.
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San Francisco
San Francisco (initials SF;, Spanish for 'Saint Francis'), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California.
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School bus
A school bus is a type of bus owned, leased, contracted to, or operated by a school or school district and regularly used to transport students to and from school or school-related activities, but not including a charter bus or transit bus.
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School segregation in the United States
School segregation in the United States has a long history.
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Second Great Migration (African American)
In the context of the 20th-century history of the United States, the Second Great Migration was the migration of more than 5 million African Americans from the South to the North, Midwest and West.
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Segregation academy
Segregation academies were private schools in the Southern United States founded in the mid-20th century by white parents to avoid having their children in desegregated public schools.
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Separate but equal
Separate but equal was a legal doctrine in United States constitutional law according to which racial segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, adopted during the Reconstruction Era, which guaranteed "equal protection" under the law to all citizens.
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Shelley v. Kraemer
Shelley v. Kraemer, (1948) is a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the State-Action Doctrine includes the enforcement of private contracts, the Equal Protection Clause prohibits racially restrictive housing covenants, and that such covenants are unenforceable in court.
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Sociology
Sociology is the scientific study of society, patterns of social relationships, social interaction, and culture.
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South Boston
South Boston is a densely populated neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, located south and east of the Fort Point Channel and abutting Dorchester Bay.
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Southern High School (Kentucky)
Southern High School Magnet Career Academy (MCA) was built in 1951, and the first graduating class was in 1952.
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Southern Manifesto
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, in the United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places.
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Southern Nevada
Southern Nevada (often abbreviated as SNV) is the region of Nevada which includes the Las Vegas Valley.
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Southern United States
The Southern United States, also known as the American South, Dixie, Dixieland, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America.
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State school
State schools (also known as public schools outside England and Wales)In England and Wales, some independent schools for 13- to 18-year-olds are known as 'public schools'.
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Student transport
Student transport is the transporting of children and teenagers to and from schools and school events.
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Suburb
A suburb is a mixed-use or residential area, existing either as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.
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Supreme Court of California
The Supreme Court of California is the court of last resort in the courts of the State of California.
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Supreme Court of Nevada
The Supreme Court of Nevada is the highest state court of the U.S. state of Nevada.
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Supreme Court of the United States
The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States.
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Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools.
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Tear gas
Tear gas, formally known as a lachrymator agent or lachrymator (from the Latin lacrima, meaning "tear"), sometimes colloquially known as mace,"Mace" is a brand name for a tear gas spray is a chemical weapon that causes severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritation, bleeding, and even blindness.
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Ted Kennedy
Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009) was an American politician who served in the United States Senate from Massachusetts for almost 47 years, from 1962 until his death in 2009.
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The Christian Science Monitor
The Christian Science Monitor (CSM) is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles in electronic format as well as a weekly print edition.
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The Nation
The Nation is the oldest continuously published weekly magazine in the United States, and the most widely read weekly journal of progressive political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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Thurgood Marshall
Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908January 24, 1993) was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991.
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Tom Wicker
Thomas Grey "Tom" Wicker (June 18, 1926 – November 25, 2011) was an American journalist.
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United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (in case citations, 9th Cir.) is a U.S. Federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts.
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United States Department of Health and Human Services
The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), also known as the Health Department, is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government with the goal of protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services.
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United States district court
The United States district courts are the general trial courts of the United States federal court system.
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United States presidential election, 1968
The United States presidential election of 1968 was the 46th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1968.
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United States presidential election, 1972
The United States presidential election of 1972, the 47th quadrennial presidential election, was held on Tuesday, November 7, 1972.
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United States presidential election, 1976
The United States presidential election of 1976 was the 48th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1976.
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University of Illinois Press
The University of Illinois Press (UIP) is a major American university press and is part of the University of Illinois system.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington or D.C., is the capital of the United States of America.
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Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr.
Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr. (June 20, 1920 – September 16, 1999) was a United States federal judge famous for issuing the 1974 order in Morgan v. Hennigan which mandated that Boston schools be desegregated by means of busing.
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Wheelchair
A wheelchair, often abbreviated to just "chair", is a chair with wheels, used when walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or disability.
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White flight
White flight is a term that originated in the United States, starting in the 1950s and 1960s, and applied to the large-scale migration of people of various European ancestries from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions.
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William Rehnquist
William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States for 33 years, first as an Associate Justice from 1972 to 1986, and then as the 16th Chief Justice of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2005.
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Wilmington, Delaware
Wilmington (Lenape: Paxahakink, Pakehakink) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Delaware.
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions.
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60 Minutes
60 Minutes is an American newsmagazine television program broadcast on the CBS television network.
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Redirects here:
Busing, Court-ordered busing, Desegregation busing in the United States, Desegregation bussing, Education segregation in Nashville, Forced Busing, Forced busing, Forced bussing, Integration busing.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desegregation_busing
