Table of Contents
228 relations: A History of the University in Europe, Aberystwyth University, Academic degree, Academic journal, Academic ranks in Denmark, Academic tenure, Academy, Al-Azhar University, Alfred Guillaume, American Medical Association, Ancient Greek, Apostles in the New Testament, Apprenticeship, Argentina, Assistant professor, Auditorium, Australian Qualifications Framework, Austria, Bachelor's degree, Bedel, Belgium, Bologna Process, British Heart Foundation, British undergraduate degree classification, Cancer Research UK, Candidate of Sciences, Canon law of the Catholic Church, Carnegie Mellon University, Catholic Church, Central and Eastern Europe, Chemistry Quality Eurolabels, Christianity, Church Fathers, Collection of articles, Columbia University, Communism, Complutense University of Madrid, Comprehensive examination, Constitution of Brazil, Cornell University, Current Sociology, Decree, Delft University of Technology, Denmark, Dental degree, Der Spiegel, Devin J. Stewart, Diploma, Disputation, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, ... Expand index (178 more) »
- Academic degrees of the United States
A History of the University in Europe
A History of the University in Europe is a four-volume book series on the history and development of the European university from the medieval origins of the institution until the present day.
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Aberystwyth University
Aberystwyth University (Prifysgol Aberystwyth) is a public research university in Aberystwyth, Wales.
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Academic degree
An academic degree is a qualification awarded to a student upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university.
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Academic journal
An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published.
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Academic ranks in Denmark
Academic ranks in Denmark are the positions and titles of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in academia at Danish institutions, and the relations between them.
See Doctorate and Academic ranks in Denmark
Academic tenure
Tenure is a category of academic appointment existing in some countries.
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Academy
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership).
Al-Azhar University
The Al-Azhar University (1) is a public university in Cairo, Egypt.
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Alfred Guillaume
Alfred Guillaume (8 November 1888 – 30 November 1965) was a British Christian Arabist, scholar of the Hebrew Bible / Old Testament and Islam.
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American Medical Association
The American Medical Association (AMA) is an American professional association and lobbying group of physicians and medical students.
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Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
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Apostles in the New Testament
In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus according to the New Testament.
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Apprenticeship
Apprenticeship is a system for training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading).
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Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.
Assistant professor
Assistant professor is an academic rank just below the rank of an associate professor used in universities or colleges, mainly in the United States, Canada, Japan and South Korea.
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Auditorium
An auditorium is a room built to enable an audience to hear and watch performances.
Australian Qualifications Framework
The Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) specifies the standards for educational qualifications in Australia.
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Austria
Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.
Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree (from Medieval Latin baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin baccalaureatus) is an undergraduate degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six years (depending on institution and academic discipline). Doctorate and bachelor's degree are academic degrees of the United States.
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Bedel
The bedel (from medieval Latin pedellus or bidellus, occasionally bidellus generalis, from Old High German bital, pital, "the one who invites, calls"; cognate with beadle) was, and is to some extent still, an administrative official at universities in several European countries, and often had a policiary function at the time when universities had their own jurisdiction over students.
Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.
Bologna Process
The Bologna Process is a series of ministerial meetings and agreements between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications.
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British Heart Foundation
The British Heart Foundation (BHF) is a cardiovascular research charity in the United Kingdom.
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British undergraduate degree classification
The British undergraduate degree classification system is a grading structure used for undergraduate degrees or bachelor's degrees and integrated master's degrees in the United Kingdom.
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Cancer Research UK
Cancer Research UK (CRUK) is the world's largest independent cancer research organisation.
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Candidate of Sciences
A Candidate of Sciences or Candidate of Science (translit, translit, translit) is the first of two doctoral level scientific degrees in Russia, some of the Commonwealth of Independent States and was the first of two doctoral level degrees in some other countries (Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, etc.). It is formally classified as UNESCO's ISCED level 8, "doctoral or equivalent." It may be recognized as a Doctor of Philosophy, usually in natural sciences, by scientific institutions in other countries. Doctorate and Candidate of Sciences are doctoral degrees.
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Canon law of the Catholic Church
The canon law of the Catholic Church is "how the Church organizes and governs herself".
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Carnegie Mellon University
Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) is a private research university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
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Central and Eastern Europe
Central and Eastern Europe is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in Northeast Europe (primarily the Baltics), Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe (primarily the Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact in Europe, as well as from former Yugoslavia.
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Chemistry Quality Eurolabels
The Chemistry Quality Eurolabels or European Quality Labels in Chemistry (Labels européens de Qualité en Chimie) is a marketing scheme for chemistry degrees at institutions located within the 45 countries involved in the Bologna process.
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Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
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Church Fathers
The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity.
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Collection of articles
A thesis as a collection of articles, University of reading, UK. Doctorate and collection of articles are doctoral degrees.
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Columbia University
Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.
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Communism
Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.
Complutense University of Madrid
The Complutense University of Madrid (Universidad Complutense de Madrid; UCM, Universidad de Madrid, Universidad Central de Madrid; Universitas Complutensis Matritensis) is a public research university located in Madrid.
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Comprehensive examination
In higher education, a comprehensive examination (or comprehensive exam or exams), often abbreviated as "comps", is a specific type of examination that must be completed by graduate students in some disciplines and courses of study, and also by undergraduate students in some institutions and departments.
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Constitution of Brazil
The Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil) is the supreme law of Brazil.
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Cornell University
Cornell University is a private Ivy League land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York.
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Current Sociology
Current Sociology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the field of sociology.
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Decree
A decree is a legal proclamation, usually issued by a head of state, judge, royal figure, or other relevant authorities, according to certain procedures.
Delft University of Technology
The Delft University of Technology (TU Delft; Technische Universiteit Delft) is the oldest and largest Dutch public technical university, located in Delft, The Netherlands.
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Denmark
Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.
Dental degree
A number of professional degrees in dentistry are offered by dental schools in various countries around the world. Doctorate and dental degree are doctoral degrees.
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Der Spiegel
(stylized in all caps) is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.
Devin J. Stewart
Devin J. Stewart is a professor of Islamic studies and Arabic language and literature.
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Diploma
A diploma is a document awarded by an educational institution (such as a college or university) testifying the recipient has graduated by successfully completing their courses of studies.
Disputation
Disputation is a genre of literature involving two contenders who seek to establish a resolution to a problem or establish the superiority of something.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.
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Doctor (title)
Doctor is an academic title that originates from the Latin word of the same spelling and meaning. Doctorate and Doctor (title) are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Arts
The Doctor of Arts (D.A.; occasionally D.Arts or Art.D. from the Latin artium doctor) is a discipline-based terminal doctoral degree that was originally conceived and designed to be an alternative to the traditional research-based Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) and the education-based Doctor of Education (Ed.D.). Doctorate and doctor of Arts are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Audiology
The Doctor of Audiology (AuD, sometimes written Au.D.) is a professional degree for an audiologist. Doctorate and Doctor of Audiology are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Business Administration
The Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) or (DrBA) is a terminal degree in business administration. Doctorate and Doctor of Business Administration are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Civil Law
Doctor of Civil Law (DCL; Legis Civilis Doctor or Juris Civilis Doctor) is a degree offered by some universities, such as the University of Oxford, instead of the more common Doctor of Laws (LLD) degrees. Doctorate and Doctor of Civil Law are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Clinical Psychology
The degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy/DClinPsych/ClinPsyD) is a professional doctorate in clinical psychology, awarded mainly in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Doctorate and doctor of Clinical Psychology are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Divinity
A Doctor of Divinity (DD or DDiv; Doctor Divinitatis) is the holder of an advanced academic degree in divinity. Doctorate and Doctor of Divinity are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Education
The Doctor of Education (EdD or DEd; Latin Educationis Doctor or Doctor Educationis) is (depending on region and university) a research or professional doctoral degree that focuses on the field of education. Doctorate and doctor of Education are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Engineering
The Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng or EngD) is a research doctorate in engineering and applied science. Doctorate and doctor of Engineering are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Juridical Science
A Doctor of Juridical Science (SJD), or a Doctor of the Science of Law (JSD), is a research doctorate degree in law that is similar to the Doctor of Philosophy degree. Doctorate and doctor of Juridical Science are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Law
A Doctor of Law is a doctorate in legal studies. Doctorate and doctor of Law are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Letters
Doctor of Letters (D.Litt., Litt.D., Latin: Litterarum Doctor or Doctor Litterarum) also termed "Doctor of Literature" in some countries is a terminal degree in the arts, humanities and social sciences that, depending on the country, is a higher doctorate after the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree or equivalent to a higher doctorate, such as the Doctor of Science (Sc.D.
See Doctorate and Doctor of Letters
Doctor of Management
The Doctor of Management (DM or DMgt) is an applied research doctorate (or professional practice doctorate) with a degree focus in management, leadership, and organizational topics.", Colorado Technical University The intention of the DM is to advance the skills of professionals in research, analysis, theory, and practice in organizations. Doctorate and doctor of Management are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Medicine
Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D., from the Latin Medicinae Doctor) is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions.
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Doctor of Music
The Doctor of Music degree (DMus, DM, MusD or occasionally MusDoc) is a doctorate awarded on the basis of a substantial portfolio of compositions, musical performances, and/or scholarly publications on music. Doctorate and doctor of Music are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Musical Arts
The doctor of musical arts (DMA) is a doctoral academic degree in music. Doctorate and doctor of Musical Arts are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Nursing Practice
The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) is a professional degree in nursing in the United States of America. Doctorate and Doctor of Nursing Practice are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; philosophiae doctor or) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. Doctorate and doctor of Philosophy are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Physical Therapy
A Doctor of Physical Therapy or Doctor of Physiotherapy (DPT) degree is a qualifying degree in physical therapy. Doctorate and Doctor of Physical Therapy are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Practical Theology
The Doctor of Practical Theology (DPT, DPTh) is a professional doctorate developed for those seeking to apply theological principles to their professional practice. Doctorate and doctor of Practical Theology are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Professional Studies
The Doctor of Professional Studies (or sometimes awarded as Doctorate in Professional Practice) (most commonly DProf, DProfPrac or ProfD, but also available as DProfSt, ProfD and DPS) is a doctoral degree for experienced professionals who wish to undertake a program that is applied in nature and of practical value to their career. Doctorate and doctor of Professional Studies are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Public Health
A Doctor of Public Health (abbr. DrPH, Dr.P.H. or D.P.H.; Latin doctor publica sanitas) is a doctoral degree awarded in the field of Public Health. Doctorate and doctor of Public Health are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Sacred Theology
The Doctor of Sacred Theology (Sacrae Theologiae Doctor, abbreviated STD), also sometimes known as Professor of Sacred Theology (Sacrae Theologiae Professor, abbreviated STP), is the final theological degree in the pontifical university system of the Roman Catholic Church, being the ecclesiastical equivalent of the academic Doctor of Theology (ThD) degree. Doctorate and Doctor of Sacred Theology are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Science
A Doctor of Science (Scientiae Doctor; most commonly abbreviated DSc or ScD) is a science doctorate awarded in a number of countries throughout the world.
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Doctor of Sciences
Doctor of Sciences (p, abbreviated д-р наук or д. н.; доктор наук; доктор на науките; доктар навук) is a higher doctoral degree in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and many post-Soviet countries, which may be earned after the Candidate of Sciences. Doctorate and doctor of Sciences are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Social Science
The Doctor of Social Science (DSocSci, SScD or DSS) degree is the highest degree offered by some universities in the field of social sciences, for which other universities confer a Ph.D. Like the PhD, it is recognized as a terminal research degree that requires a substantial original thesis. Doctorate and Doctor of Social Science are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Technology
The Doctor of Technology (abbreviated variously in different countries) is a degree normally conferred upon candidates after having completed a course of study in technology and a dissertation or a project of lengthy duration in a technologically related field. Doctorate and Doctor of Technology are doctoral degrees.
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Doctor of Theology
Doctor of Theology (Doctor Theologiae, abbreviated DTh, ThD, DTheol, or Dr. theol.) is a terminal degree in the academic discipline of theology. Doctorate and Doctor of Theology are doctoral degrees.
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Doctorandus
Doctorandus (drs.) is a Dutch academic title according to the pre-Bachelor–Master system. Doctorate and Doctorandus are doctoral degrees.
Doctorate
A doctorate (from Latin doctor, meaning "teacher") or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi ("licence to teach"). Doctorate and doctorate are academic degrees of the United States and doctoral degrees.
Doktoringenieur
The Doktoringenieur (acronym Dr.-Ing., also Doktor der Ingenieurwissenschaften) is the German engineering doctorate degree, comparable to the Doctor of Engineering, Engineering Doctorate, Doctor of Science (Engineering), Doctor of Science (Technology) or a PhD in Engineering or Architecture. Doctorate and Doktoringenieur are doctoral degrees.
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Dorothea Erxleben
Dorothea Christiane Erxleben (13 November 1715 – 13 June 1762) was a German medical doctor who became the first female doctor of medicine in Germany.
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Dottorato di ricerca
The dottorato di ricerca (research doctorate) is the highest Italian academic degree, the equivalent of a Ph.D. The term dottore is frequently used in Italy to refer to any person with a university Laurea: thus, a person with a Laurea Magistrale uses the title "dottore magistrale" and a person with a Laurea uses the title of "dottore". Doctorate and dottorato di ricerca are doctoral degrees.
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Dr. rer. nat.
paren), abbreviated Dr. rer. nat., is a doctoral academic degree awarded by universities in some European countries (e.g. Germany, Austria and Czech Republic) to graduates in physics, chemistry, biology, geology, computer science, pharmacy, psychology, other natural sciences and similar areas. Universities might also award different titles for these fields, depending on the topic of a PhD thesis and which titles a university can award. Doctorate and Dr. rer. nat. are doctoral degrees.
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Duke
Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility.
Durham University
Durham University (legally the University of Durham) is a collegiate public research university in Durham, England, founded by an Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by royal charter in 1837.
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Early Christianity
Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.
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Eastern Bloc
The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).
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Education in Germany
Education in Germany is primarily the responsibility of individual German states, with the federal government only playing a minor role.
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Eindhoven University of Technology
The Eindhoven University of Technology (Technische Universiteit Eindhoven), abbr. TU/e, is a public technical university in the Netherlands, situated in Eindhoven.
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Elena Cornaro Piscopia
Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia (5 June 1646 – 26 July 1684) or Elena Lucrezia Corner, also known in English as Helen Cornaro, was a Venetian philosopher of noble descent who in 1678 became one of the first women to receive an academic degree from a university and the first to receive a Doctor of Philosophy degree.
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Engineering
Engineering is the practice of using natural science, mathematics, and the engineering design process to solve technical problems, increase efficiency and productivity, and improve systems.
English language
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.
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English-speaking world
The English-speaking world comprises the 88 countries and territories in which English is an official, administrative, or cultural language.
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Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System
The European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) is a standard means for comparing academic credits, i.e., the "volume of learning based on the defined learning outcomes and their associated workload" for higher education across the European Union and other collaborating European countries.
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European Research Council
The European Research Council (ERC) is a public body for funding of scientific and technological research conducted within the European Union (EU).
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Exegesis
Exegesis (from the Greek ἐξήγησις, from ἐξηγεῖσθαι, "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text.
Flemish Community
The Flemish Community is one of the three institutional communities of Belgium, established by the Belgian constitution and having legal responsibilities only within the precise geographical boundaries of the Dutch-language area and of the bilingual area of Brussels-Capital.
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Fordham University
Fordham University is a private Jesuit research university in New York City.
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Formal science
Formal science is a branch of science studying disciplines concerned with abstract structures described by formal systems, such as logic, mathematics, statistics, theoretical computer science, artificial intelligence, information theory, game theory, systems theory, decision theory and theoretical linguistics.
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France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.
French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation
The National Institute for Research in Digital Science and Technology (Inria) (Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies du numérique) is a French national research institution focusing on computer science and applied mathematics.
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French National Centre for Scientific Research
The French National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre national de la recherche scientifique, CNRS) is the French state research organisation and is the largest fundamental science agency in Europe.
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Fulbright Program
The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States Cultural Exchange Programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people of the United States and other countries through the exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills.
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Gabelli School of Business
The Gabelli School of Business is the undergraduate and graduate business school of Fordham University, a private Jesuit research university in New York City, New York.
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George Makdisi
George Abraham Makdisi was born in Detroit, Michigan, on May 15, 1920.
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Geriatrics
Geriatrics, or geriatric medicine, is a medical specialty focused on providing care for the unique health needs of the elderly.
German language
German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.
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Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.
Grandee
Grandee (Grande de España) is an official aristocratic title conferred on some Spanish nobility.
Guild
A guild is an association of artisans and merchants who oversee the practice of their craft/trade in a particular territory.
Habilitation
Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy and some other European and non-English-speaking countries.
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Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Higher Attestation Commission
Higher Attestation Commission (Высшая аттестационная комиссия, Вища атестаційна комісія, abbreviated Cyrillic: ВАК, Latin: VAK) is a name of a national government agency in Russia, Ukraine and some other post-Soviet states that oversees awarding of advanced academic degrees.
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History
History (derived) is the systematic study and documentation of the human past.
Holy orders
In certain Christian denominations, holy orders are the ordained ministries of bishop, priest (presbyter), and deacon, and the sacrament or rite by which candidates are ordained to those orders.
Honorary degree
An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements. Doctorate and honorary degree are doctoral degrees.
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Human science
Human science (or human sciences in the plural) studies the philosophical, biological, social, justice, and cultural aspects of human life.
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Humanities
Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture, including certain fundamental questions asked by humans.
Ijazah
An ijazah (الإِجازَة, "permission", "authorization", "license"; plural: ijazahs or ijazat) is a license authorizing its holder to transmit a certain text or subject, which is issued by someone already possessing such authority.
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
Institut national de la recherche agronomique
The Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA, pronounced; English: National Institute of Agricultural Research) was a French public research institute dedicated to agricultural science.
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Italian language
Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.
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Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
Ius promovendi
The ius promovendi, in Dutch higher education, is the right to supervise doctoral students.
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Juliana Morell
Juliana Morell (16 February 1594 – 26 June 1653) was a Catalan Dominican nun and intellectual child prodigy.
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Juris Doctor
A Juris Doctor, Doctor of Jurisprudence, or Doctor of Law (JD) is a graduate-entry professional degree that primarily prepares individuals to practice law. Doctorate and Juris Doctor are doctoral degrees.
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Laura Bassi
Laura Maria Caterina Bassi Veratti (29 October 1711 – 20 February 1778) was an Italian physicist and academic.
Laurea
In Italy, the laurea is the main post-secondary academic degree.
Legum Doctor
Legum Doctor (LL.D.) or, in English, Doctor of Laws, is a doctorate-level academic degree in law or an honorary degree, depending on the jurisdiction. Doctorate and Legum Doctor are doctoral degrees.
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Liberal arts education
Liberal arts education (from Latin 'free' and 'art or principled practice') is the traditional academic course in Western higher education.
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Licentiate (degree)
A licentiate (abbreviated Lic.) is an academic degree present in many countries, representing different educational levels.
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Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in the Central European Alps, between Austria in the east and north and Switzerland in the west and south.
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List of diplomatic missions of the United States
The United States has the second most active diplomatic posts of any country in the world after the People's Republic of China, including 271 bilateral posts (embassies and consulates) in 173 countries as well as 11 permanent missions to international organizations and seven other posts (as of November 2023).
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List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States
This is the list of the fields of doctoral studies in the United States used for the annual Survey of Earned Doctorates, conducted by NORC at the University of Chicago for the National Science Foundation and other federal agencies, as used for the 2015 survey. Doctorate and list of fields of doctoral studies in the United States are doctoral degrees.
See Doctorate and List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States
Madrasa
Madrasa (also,; Arabic: مدرسة, pl. مدارس), sometimes transliterated as madrasah or madrassa, is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion), whether for elementary education or higher learning.
María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda
María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda (October 31, 1767 – March 5, 1803) was a Spanish noble and scholar.
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Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg), also referred to as MLU, is a public research university in the cities of Halle and Wittenberg.
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Master of Arts
A Master of Arts (Magister Artium or Artium Magister; abbreviated MA or AM) is the holder of a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries.
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Master of Philosophy
A Master of Philosophy (MPhil; Latin Magister Philosophiae or Philosophiae Magister) is a postgraduate degree.
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Master's degree
A master's degree (from Latin) is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice. Doctorate and master's degree are academic degrees of the United States.
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Master's degree in Europe
Master's degrees in Europe are the second cycle of the Bologna process, following on from undergraduate bachelor's degrees and preceding third cycle doctorates.
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Mathematics
Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.
Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.
Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia is a 2005 encyclopedia in the English language about Islamic culture in the Middle Ages.
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Medieval university
A medieval university was a corporation organized during the Middle Ages for the purposes of higher education.
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Michael Brock
Michael George Brock (9 March 1920 – 30 April 2014) was a British historian who was associated with several Oxford colleges during his academic career.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais is one of the 27 federative units of Brazil, being the fourth largest state by area and the second largest in number of inhabitants with a population of 20,539,989 according to the 2022 census.
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Ministry of Education, University and Research
The Ministry of Education, University and Research (in italic or MIUR) is the ministry of the Italian government for the national education system, the Italian universities and research agencies.
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Monograph
A monograph is a specialist written work (in contrast to reference works) or exhibition on one subject or one aspect of a usually scholarly subject, often by a single author or artist.
National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom
The national qualification frameworks in the United Kingdom are qualifications frameworks that define and link the levels and credit values of different qualifications.
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National Science Foundation
The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.
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Natural philosophy
Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin philosophia naturalis) is the philosophical study of physics, that is, nature and the physical universe.
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Natural science
Natural science is one of the branches of science concerned with the description, understanding and prediction of natural phenomena, based on empirical evidence from observation and experimentation.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
Oath of allegiance
An oath of allegiance is an oath whereby a subject or citizen acknowledges a duty of allegiance and swears loyalty to a monarch or a country.
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Occupational licensing
Occupational licensing, also called licensure, is a form of government regulation requiring a license to pursue a particular profession or vocation for compensation.
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Oral exam
The oral exam (also oral test or viva voce; Rigorosum in German-speaking nations) is a practice in many schools and disciplines in which an examiner poses questions to the student in spoken form.
Oxbridge
Oxbridge is a portmanteau of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the two oldest, wealthiest, and most famous universities in the United Kingdom.
Paranymph
A paranymph is a ceremonial assistant or coach in a ceremony.
Peer review
Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers).
Pharmacy
Pharmacy is the science and practice of discovering, producing, preparing, dispensing, reviewing and monitoring medications, aiming to ensure the safe, effective, and affordable use of medicines.
Philanthropy
Philanthropy is a form of altruism that consists of "private initiatives for the public good, focusing on quality of life".
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Philosophy
Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.
Physical therapy
Physical therapy (PT), also known as physiotherapy, is a healthcare profession, as well as the care provided by physical therapists who promote, maintain, or restore health through patient education, physical intervention, disease prevention, and health promotion.
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Poland
Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.
Pope
The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church.
Postdoctoral researcher
A postdoctoral fellow, postdoctoral researcher, or simply postdoc, is a person professionally conducting research after the completion of their doctoral studies (typically a PhD).
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Princeton University
Princeton University is a private Ivy League research university in Princeton, New Jersey.
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Privatdozent
Privatdozent (for men) or Privatdozentin (for women), abbreviated PD, P.D. or Priv.-Doz., is an academic title conferred at some European universities, especially in German-speaking countries, to someone who holds certain formal qualifications that denote an ability (facultas docendi) and permission to teach (venia legendi) a designated subject at the highest level.
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Profession
A profession is a field of work that has been successfully professionalized.
Professional degree
A professional degree, formerly known in the US as a first professional degree, is a degree that prepares someone to work in a particular profession, practice, or industry sector often meeting the academic requirements for licensure or accreditation. Doctorate and professional degree are academic degrees of the United States.
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Professional Doctorate in Engineering
The Engineering Doctorate (EngD, previously Professional Doctorate in Engineering or PDEng) is a Dutch degree awarded to graduates of a Technological Designer (engineering) program that develop their students' capabilities to work within a professional context. Doctorate and professional Doctorate in Engineering are doctoral degrees.
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Professor
Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries.
Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education
The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (usually referred to simply as the Quality Assurance Agency or QAA) is the United Kingdom higher education sector's independent expert quality body.
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Research assistant
A research assistant (RA) is a researcher employed, often on a temporary contract, by a university, research institute, or privately held organization to provide assistance in academic or private research endeavors.
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Research Councils UK
Research Councils UK, sometimes known as RCUK, was a non-departmental public body that coordinated science policy in the United Kingdom from 2002 to 2018.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro.
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Robert Gordon University
Robert Gordon University, commonly called RGU (Oilthigh Raibeart Ghòrdain), is a public university in the city of Aberdeen, Scotland.
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Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
Royal Library of the Netherlands
The Royal Library of the Netherlands (Dutch: Koninklijke Bibliotheek or KB; Royal Library) is the national library of the Netherlands, based in The Hague, founded in 1798.
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Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.
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Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies
The Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies (SSSA, Scuola Superiore di Studi Universitari e di Perfezionamento Sant'Anna) is a special-statute, highly selective public research university located in Pisa, Italy.
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São Paulo (state)
São Paulo is one of the 26 states of the Federative Republic of Brazil and is named after Saint Paul of Tarsus.
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Süddeutsche Zeitung
The Süddeutsche Zeitung, published in Munich, Bavaria, is one of the largest daily newspapers in Germany.
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Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples.
Science
Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.
Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa
The Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa (commonly known in Italy as "la Normale") is a public university institution in Pisa and Florence, Tuscany, Italy, currently attended by about 600 undergraduate and postgraduate (PhD) students.
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Social science
Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.
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Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
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Spanish language
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
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Stefan Banach
Stefan Banach (30 March 1892 – 31 August 1945) was a Polish mathematician who is generally considered one of the 20th century's most important and influential mathematicians.
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Superior Graduate Schools in Italy
A Superior Graduate School (Italian: Scuola Superiore Universitaria) is a completely independent institution from a legal point of view, which offers advanced training and research through university-type courses or is dedicated to teaching at graduate or post-doctoral level.
See Doctorate and Superior Graduate Schools in Italy
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.
Switzerland
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.
Syed Farid al-Attas
Syed Farid Alatas (سيد فريد العطاس) is a Malaysian author and educator, serving as a professor in the Department of Sociology at the National University of Singapore.
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Theology
Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.
Thesis
A thesis (theses), or dissertation (abbreviated diss.), is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the author's research and findings.
Third Council of the Lateran
The Third Council of the Lateran met in Rome in March 1179.
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Toby Huff
Toby E. Huff (born April 24, 1942) is an American academic and emeritus professor at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth.
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
United States Department of Education
The United States Department of Education is a cabinet-level department of the United States government.
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University
A university is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines.
University of Bologna
The University of Bologna (Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna, abbreviated Unibo) is a public research university in Bologna, Italy.
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University of Buckingham
The University of Buckingham (UB) is a non-profit private university in Buckingham, England and the oldest of the country's six private universities.
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University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a public collegiate research university in Cambridge, England.
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University of Hertfordshire
The University of Hertfordshire (UH) is a public university in Hertfordshire, United Kingdom.
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University of Leicester
The University of Leicester is a public research university based in Leicester, England.
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University of London
The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom.
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University of Michigan
The University of Michigan (U-M, UMich, or simply Michigan) is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England.
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University of Padua
The University of Padua (Università degli Studi di Padova, UNIPD) is an Italian public research university in Padua, Italy.
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University of Paris
The University of Paris (Université de Paris), known metonymically as the Sorbonne, was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution.
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University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania, commonly referenced as Penn or UPenn, is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.
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University of Salamanca
The University of Salamanca (Universidad de Salamanca) is a Spanish public research university, located in Salamanca, in the autonomous community of Castile and León.
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University of Technology Sydney
The University of Technology Sydney (UTS) is a public research university located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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University of Twente
The University of Twente (Dutch: Universiteit Twente;, abbr. UT) is a public technical university located in Enschede, Netherlands.
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University of Virginia
The University of Virginia (UVA) is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia, United States.
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University of Wales
The University of Wales (Welsh: Prifysgol Cymru) is a confederal university based in Cardiff, Wales.
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Wageningen University & Research
Wageningen University & Research (also known as Wageningen UR; abbreviation: WUR) is a public research university in Wageningen, Netherlands, specializing in life sciences with a focus on agriculture, technical and engineering subjects.
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Wellcome Trust
The Wellcome Trust is a charitable foundation focused on health research based in London, United Kingdom.
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White tie
White tie, also called full evening dress or a dress suit, is the most formal evening Western dress code.
Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.
See Doctorate and Yale University
See also
Academic degrees of the United States
- Associate degree
- Bachelor's degree
- Certificate of Advanced Study
- Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
- Doctorate
- Educational specialist
- Engineer's degree
- Graduate certificate
- Master of Advanced Studies
- Master of Taxation
- Master's degree
- Multiple major in the United States
- Nexus degree
- Professional degree
- Specialist degree
- Specialist in Psychology
- Terminal degree
References
Also known as D.S.Litt, Doctor rerum politicarum, Doctor's degree, Doctorado, Doctoral, Doctoral Program, Doctoral degree, Doctoral degrees, Doctoral student, Doctoral students, Doctorat, Doctorat d'université, Doctorat de spécialité, Doctorat de troisième cycle, Doctorate Degree, Doctorate degrees, Doctorates, Dr. oec., Dr. rer. pol, Dr. rer. pol., Higher Doctorate, Higher Doctorates, Inaugural dissertation, Inauguraldissertation, Philosophy of Doctorate, Post-doctoral degree, Postdoctorate, Professional Doctorate, Promotion (Germany), Promotion (academic), Research doctorate.
, Doctor (title), Doctor of Arts, Doctor of Audiology, Doctor of Business Administration, Doctor of Civil Law, Doctor of Clinical Psychology, Doctor of Divinity, Doctor of Education, Doctor of Engineering, Doctor of Juridical Science, Doctor of Law, Doctor of Letters, Doctor of Management, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Music, Doctor of Musical Arts, Doctor of Nursing Practice, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Physical Therapy, Doctor of Practical Theology, Doctor of Professional Studies, Doctor of Public Health, Doctor of Sacred Theology, Doctor of Science, Doctor of Sciences, Doctor of Social Science, Doctor of Technology, Doctor of Theology, Doctorandus, Doctorate, Doktoringenieur, Dorothea Erxleben, Dottorato di ricerca, Dr. rer. nat., Duke, Durham University, Early Christianity, Eastern Bloc, Education in Germany, Eindhoven University of Technology, Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Engineering, English language, English-speaking world, Europe, European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System, European Research Council, Exegesis, Flemish Community, Fordham University, Formal science, France, French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Fulbright Program, Gabelli School of Business, George Makdisi, Geriatrics, German language, Germany, Grandee, Guild, Habilitation, Harvard University, Higher Attestation Commission, History, Holy orders, Honorary degree, Human science, Humanities, Ijazah, India, Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Italian language, Italy, Ius promovendi, Juliana Morell, Juris Doctor, Laura Bassi, Laurea, Legum Doctor, Liberal arts education, Licentiate (degree), Liechtenstein, List of diplomatic missions of the United States, List of fields of doctoral studies in the United States, Madrasa, María Isidra de Guzmán y de la Cerda, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Master of Arts, Master of Philosophy, Master's degree, Master's degree in Europe, Mathematics, Medicine, Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia, Medieval university, Michael Brock, Middle Ages, Minas Gerais, Ministry of Education, University and Research, Monograph, National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom, National Science Foundation, Natural philosophy, Natural science, Netherlands, Oath of allegiance, Occupational licensing, Oral exam, Oxbridge, Paranymph, Peer review, Pharmacy, Philanthropy, Philosophy, Physical therapy, Poland, Pope, Postdoctoral researcher, Princeton University, Privatdozent, Profession, Professional degree, Professional Doctorate in Engineering, Professor, Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education, Research assistant, Research Councils UK, Rio de Janeiro, Robert Gordon University, Routledge, Royal Library of the Netherlands, Russia, Russian Empire, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, São Paulo (state), Süddeutsche Zeitung, Scandinavia, Science, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Social science, Soviet Union, Spanish language, Stefan Banach, Superior Graduate Schools in Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Syed Farid al-Attas, Theology, Thesis, Third Council of the Lateran, Toby Huff, Ukraine, UNESCO, United States Department of Education, University, University of Bologna, University of Buckingham, University of Cambridge, University of Hertfordshire, University of Leicester, University of London, University of Michigan, University of Oxford, University of Padua, University of Paris, University of Pennsylvania, University of Salamanca, University of Technology Sydney, University of Twente, University of Virginia, University of Wales, Wageningen University & Research, Wellcome Trust, White tie, Yale University.