Duchy of Brunswick

The Duchy of Brunswick (Herzogtum Braunschweig) was a historical German state. ^[1]

Absolute monarchy

Absolute monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs.

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Agriculture

Agriculture is the cultivation of land and breeding of animals and plants to provide food, fiber, medicinal plants and other products to sustain and enhance life.

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Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan

Alberto Azzo II (997 or July 10, 1009, Modena – August 20, 1097, Modena), Margrave of Milan, and Liguria, Count of Gavello and Padua, Rovigo, Lunigiana, Monselice, and Montagnana, aka, Albertezzo II, was a powerful nobleman in the Holy Roman Empire.

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Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Albert the Tall (Albertus Longus, Albrecht der Große; 1236 – 15 August 1279), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1252 and the first ruler of the newly created Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1269 until his death.

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Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Albert (Latin Albertus; – 22 September 1318), called the Fat (pinguis), was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

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Aller

The Aller is a long river in the states of Saxony-Anhalt and Lower Saxony in Germany.

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Amt (country subdivision)

Amt is a type of administrative division governing a group of municipalities, today only in Germany, but formerly also common in other countries of Northern Europe.

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Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Anthony Ulrich (German: Anton Ulrich; 4 October 1633 – 27 March 1714), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1685 until 1702 jointly with his elder brother Rudolph Augustus, and solely from 1704 until his death.

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Association football

Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball.

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August Hermann

Friedrich August Wilhelm Theodor Hermann (14 September 1835 – 20 February 1906) was a German physical education instructor.

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Augustus the Younger, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Augustus II (10 April 1579 – 17 September 1666), called the Younger (August der Jüngere), a member of the House of Welf was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

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Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Augustus William (August Wilhelm; 8 March 1662 – 23 March 1731), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1714 until his death.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy in English-language sources, was a constitutional union of the Austrian Empire (the Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council, or Cisleithania) and the Kingdom of Hungary (Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen or Transleithania) that existed from 1867 to 1918, when it collapsed as a result of defeat in World War I. The union was a result of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and came into existence on 30 March 1867.

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Austro-Prussian War

The Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks' War (also known as the Unification War, the War of 1866, or the Fraternal War, in Germany as the German War, and also by a variety of other names) was a war fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with each also being aided by various allies within the German Confederation.

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Östrum

Östrum is a village in the southern part of the borough of Bad Salzdetfurth in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Bad Gandersheim

Bad Gandersheim is a town in southern Lower Saxony, Germany, located in the district of Northeim.

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Bad Harzburg

Bad Harzburg is a town in central Germany, in the Goslar district of Lower Saxony.

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Battle of Jena–Auerstedt

The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt (older name: Auerstädt) were fought on 14 October 1806 on the plateau west of the River Saale in today's Germany, between the forces of Napoleon I of France and Frederick William III of Prussia.

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Battle of Quatre Bras

The Battle of Quatre Bras was fought on 16 June 1815, two days before the Battle of Waterloo.

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Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Bernard (between 1358 and 1364 – 11 June 1434, Celle), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruled over several principalities of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

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Billung

The House of Billung was a dynasty of Saxon noblemen in the 9th through 12th centuries.

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Blankenburg (Harz)

Blankenburg (Harz) is a town and health resort in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, at the north foot of the Harz Mountains, southwest of Halberstadt.

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Bode (river)

The Bode is a river in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt, a left tributary of the Saale.

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Bodenburg

Bodenburg is a village in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Bourgeoisie

The bourgeoisie is a polysemous French term that can mean.

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Braunlage

Braunlage is a town and health resort in the Goslar district in Lower Saxony in Germany.

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Braunschweig

Braunschweig (Low German: Brunswiek), also called Brunswick in English, is a city in Lower Saxony, Germany, north of the Harz mountains at the farthest navigable point of the Oker river which connects it to the North Sea via the Aller and Weser rivers.

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Braunschweig (district)

Braunschweig or Landkreis Braunschweig was a district in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Bremen

The City Municipality of Bremen (Stadtgemeinde Bremen) is a Hanseatic city in northwestern Germany, which belongs to the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (also called just "Bremen" for short), a federal state of Germany.

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Brunswick Land

Brunswick Land (Braunschweiger Land) is a historical region in the Southeast of the German state of Lower Saxony, centred around the city of Braunschweig.

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Brunswick Palace

Brunswick Palace (Braunschweiger Schloss or Braunschweiger Residenzschloss) on the Bohlweg in the centre of the city of Brunswick (Braunschweig), was the residence of the Brunswick dukes from 1753 to 8 November 1918.

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Brunswick State Railway Company

The Brunswick State Railway Company (Braunschweigische Landes-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) or BLE was a railway company in the Duchy of Brunswick, a former German state centred on the city of Brunswick (German: Braunschweig).

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Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway

The Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway is a 47 km long German main line railway in the northern foothills of the Harz.

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Bundesrat of Germany

The German Bundesrat (literally "Federal Council") is a legislative body that represents the sixteen Länder (federated states) of Germany at the national level.

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Calvörde

Calvörde is a municipality in the Börde district of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Capital city

A capital city (or simply capital) is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other administrative region, usually as its seat of government.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.

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Central Uplands

The Central UplandsDickinson (1964), p.18 ff.

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Charge (heraldry)

In heraldry, a charge is any emblem or device occupying the field of an escutcheon (shield).

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Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Charles (German: Karl; 1 August 1713, Braunschweig – 26 March 1780, Braunschweig), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Bevern line), reigned as Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1735 until his death.

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Charles II, Duke of Brunswick

Charles II (German Karl II.; 30 October 1804 – 18 August 1873), Duke of Brunswick, ruled the Duchy of Brunswick from 1815 until 1830.

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Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Herzog von Braunschweig-Lüneburg und Fürst von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel) (9 October 1735 – 10 November 1806), was ruler of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and a military leader.

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Civil service

The civil service is independent of government and composed mainly of career bureaucrats hired on professional merit rather than appointed or elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership.

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Claudia Märtl

Claudia Märtl (born 3 July 1954, Amberg) is a professor of Medieval history at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.

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Coat of arms of Denmark

The national coat of arms of Denmark consists of three pale blue lions passant wearing crowns, accompanied by nine red lilypads (normally represented as heraldic hearts), all in a golden shield.

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Commerce

Commerce relates to "the exchange of goods and services, especially on a large scale.” Commerce includes legal, economic, political, social, cultural and technological systems that operate in any country or internationally.

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Congress of Vienna

The Congress of Vienna (Wiener Kongress) also called Vienna Congress, was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815, though the delegates had arrived and were already negotiating by late September 1814.

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Construction

Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure.

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Continental Reformed church

A Continental Reformed church is a Reformed church that has its origin in the European continent.

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County of Blankenburg

The County of Blankenburg (Grafschaft Blankenburg) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Der Spiegel

Der Spiegel (lit. "The Mirror") is a German weekly news magazine published in Hamburg.

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Duchy of Anhalt

The Duchy of Anhalt (Herzogtum Anhalt) was a historical German duchy.

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Duchy of Brunswick State Railway

The Duchy of Brunswick State Railway (Herzoglich Braunschweigische Staatseisenbahn) was the first state railway in Germany.

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Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg

The Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Herzogtum Braunschweig-Lüneburg), or more properly the Duchy of Brunswick and Lüneburg, was an historical duchy that existed from the late Middle Ages to the Early Modern era within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg

The Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg was a medieval duchy of the Holy Roman Empire centered at Wittenberg, which emerged after the dissolution of the stem duchy of Saxony.

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Duchy of Saxony

The Duchy of Saxony (Hartogdom Sassen, Herzogtum Sachsen) was originally the area settled by the Saxons in the late Early Middle Ages, when they were subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars from 772 and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire (Francia) by 804.

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Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg

Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg (Herzog Johann Albrecht zu Mecklenburg; given names John Albert Ernest Constantine Frederick Henry; 8 December 1857 – 16 February 1920) was a member of the House of Mecklenburg-Schwerin who served as the regent of two states of the German Empire.

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Duke of Cumberland

Duke of Cumberland is a peerage title that was conferred upon junior members of the British Royal Family, named after the former county of Cumberland (now Cumbria).

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Eastphalian dialect

Eastphalian, or Eastfalian, is a West Low German (Low Saxon) dialect spoken in southeastern parts of Lower Saxony and western parts of Saxony-Anhalt in Germany.

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Eintracht Braunschweig

Braunschweiger Turn- und Sportverein Eintracht von 1895 e.V., commonly known as Eintracht Braunschweig or BTSV, is a German football and sports club based in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony.

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Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg

The Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Kurfürstentum Braunschweig-Lüneburg) was an Electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, located in northwestern Germany.

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Elm (hills)

The Elm is a range of hills north of the Harz mountains in the Helmstedt and Wolfenbüttel districts of Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Empress Matilda

Empress Matilda (c. 7 February 110210 September 1167), also known as the Empress Maude, was the claimant to the English throne during the civil war known as the Anarchy.

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Enclave and exclave

An enclave is a territory, or a part of a territory, that is entirely surrounded by the territory of one other state.

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Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Eric I, the Elder (Erich I., der Ältere; 1470 – 1540) was Duke of Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1495 and the first reigning prince of Calenberg-Göttingen.

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Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick

Ernest Augustus (Ernest Augustus Christian George; Ernst August Christian Georg; 17 November 1887 – 30 January 1953), reigning Duke of Brunswick (2 November 1913 – 8 November 1918), was a grandson of George V of Hanover, whom the Prussians deposed in 1866, and Christian IX of Denmark.

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Eschershausen

Eschershausen is a municipality in the district of Holzminden, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick (Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche in Braunschweig) is a Lutheran church in the German states of Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt.

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Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Ferdinand Albert (German Ferdinand Albrecht; 29 May 1680 – 2 September 1735, Salzdahlum), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was an officer in the army of the Holy Roman Empire.

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Forestry

Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, using, conserving, and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human and environment benefits.

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Former countries in Europe after 1815

This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day.

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Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Frederick (– 5 June 1400), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1373 until his death.

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Frederick III, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Frederick III "the restless" of Brunswick-Göttingen-Calenberg (born: 1424; died: 5 March 1495 in Hann. Münden), was a son of Duke William the Victorious of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Cecilia of Brandenburg.

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Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Frederick Ulrich (German Friedrich Ulrich, 5 April 1591 – 11 August 1634), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, was prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1613 until his death.

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Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Friedrich Wilhelm; 9 October 1771 – 16 June 1815) was a German prince and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Oels.

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Free State of Brunswick

The Free State of Brunswick was a state of the German Reich in the time of the Weimar Republic.

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George IV of the United Kingdom

George IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover following the death of his father, King George III, on 29 January 1820, until his own death ten years later.

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George V of Hanover

George V (George Frederick Alexander Charles Ernest Augustus; Georg Friedrich Alexander Karl Ernst August; 27 May 1819 – 12 June 1878) was the last king of Hanover, the only child and successor of King Ernest Augustus.

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German Confederation

The German Confederation (Deutscher Bund) was an association of 39 German-speaking states in Central Europe, created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to coordinate the economies of separate German-speaking countries and to replace the former Holy Roman Empire, which had been dissolved in 1806.

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German Empire

The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.

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German gold mark

The Goldmark (officially just Mark, sign: ℳ) was the currency used in the German Empire from 1873 to 1914.

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German language

German (Deutsch) is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe.

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German Papiermark

The name Papiermark ("paper mark", officially just Mark, sign: ℳ) is applied to the German currency from 4 August 1914 when the link between the Goldmark and gold was abandoned, due to the outbreak of World War I. In particular, the name is used for the banknotes issued during the hyperinflation in Germany of 1922 and especially 1923.

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German Revolution of 1918–19

The German Revolution or November Revolution (Novemberrevolution) was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic.

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Goslar

Goslar is a historic town in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Großer Fallstein

The Großer Fallstein is a wooded hill region in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt.

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Harz

The Harz is a Mittelgebirge that has the highest elevations in Northern Germany and its rugged terrain extends across parts of Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Thuringia.

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Hasselfelde

Hasselfelde is a town in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.

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Helmstedt

Helmstedt is a town on the eastern edge of the German state of Lower Saxony.

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Helmstedt (district)

Helmstedt is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen

Henry I (August 1267 – 7 September 1322), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called the Admirable (Heinrich der Wunderliche, Henricus Mirabilis), a member of the House of Welf, was the first ruler of the Principality of Grubenhagen from 1291 until his death.

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Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Henry IV (14 June 1463 – 23 June 1514), called the Elder (Heinrich der Ältere), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1491 until his death.

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Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria

Henry IX (1075 – 13 December 1126), called the Black, a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Bavaria from 1120 to 1126.

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Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Henry Julius (Heinrich Julius; 15 October 1564 – 30 July 1613), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1589 until his death.

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Henry the Lion

Henry the Lion (Heinrich der Löwe; 1129/1131 – 6 August 1195) was a member of the Welf dynasty and Duke of Saxony, as Henry III, from 1142, and Duke of Bavaria, as Henry XII, from 1156, the duchies of which he held until 1180.

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Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Henry of Brunswick-Lüneburg (Latin Henricus, died 14 October 1416), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called Henry the Mild, was prince of Lüneburg from 1388 to 1409 jointly with his brother Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, from 1400 to 1409 also of Wolfenbüttel, and from 1409 until his death sole prince of Lüneburg.

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Henry the Peaceful, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Henry the Peaceful (1411 – 7 December 1473), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called the Peaceful (Henricus Pacificus, Heinrich der Friedfertige), ruled over both parts of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

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Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine

Henry V, the Elder of Brunswick (Heinrich der Ältere von Braunschweig; – 28 April 1227), a member of the House of Welf, was Count Palatine of the Rhine from 1195 until 1213.

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Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Henry V of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Henricus; 10 November 1489 – 11 June 1568), called the Younger, (Heinrich der Jüngere), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1514 until his death.

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Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg

Henry III (1533 – 19 January 1598), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Lüneburg from 1559 until 1569, jointly with his brother William the Younger.

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History of Germany

The concept of Germany as a distinct region in central Europe can be traced to Roman commander Julius Caesar, who referred to the unconquered area east of the Rhine as Germania, thus distinguishing it from Gaul (France), which he had conquered.

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Holy Roman Emperor

The Holy Roman Emperor (historically Romanorum Imperator, "Emperor of the Romans") was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire (800-1806 AD, from Charlemagne to Francis II).

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Holzminden

Holzminden is a town in southern Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Holzminden (district)

Holzminden is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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House of Ascania

The House of Ascania (Askanier) is a dynasty of German rulers.

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House of Este

The House of Este (Casa d'Este; originally House of Welf-Este) is a European princely dynasty.

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House of Welf

The House of Welf (also Guelf or Guelph) is a European dynasty that has included many German and British monarchs from the 11th to 20th century and Emperor Ivan VI of Russia in the 18th century.

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Industry

Industry is the production of goods or related services within an economy.

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Innerste

The Innerste is a river in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Italy

Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.

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John, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

John (– 13 December 1277), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1252 until his death.

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Judaism

Judaism (originally from Hebrew, Yehudah, "Judah"; via Latin and Greek) is the religion of the Jewish people.

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Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Julius of Brunswick-Lüneburg (also known as Julius of Braunschweig; 29 June 1528 – 3 May 1589), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1568 until his death.

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July Revolution

The French Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution (révolution de Juillet), Third French Revolution or Trois Glorieuses in French ("Three Glorious "), led to the overthrow of King Charles X, the French Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who himself, after 18 precarious years on the throne, would be overthrown in 1848.

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Königslutter

Königslutter am Elm is a town in the district of Helmstedt in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Kingdom of Hanover

The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover) was established in October 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian territories after the Napoleonic era.

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Kingdom of Westphalia

The Kingdom of Westphalia was a kingdom in Germany, with a population of 2.6 million, that existed from 1807 to 1813.

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Konrad Koch

Wilhelm Carl Johann Conrad Koch, commonly known as Konrad Koch (13 February 1846 – 13 April 1911) was a German teacher and football pioneer.

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Kreiensen

Kreiensen is a village and a former municipality in the district of Northeim, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Kunigunde of Altdorf

Kunigunde of Altdorf (also known as Cunegonde or Chuniza; – 31 August 1054) was a member of the Swabian line of the Elder House of Welf.

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Landtag

A Landtag (State Diet) is a representative assembly (parliament) in German-speaking countries with legislative authority and competence over a federated state (Land).

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Langelsheim

Langelsheim is a town in the district of Goslar, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Laws of the Game (association football)

The Laws of the Game (LOTG) are the codified rules that help define association football.

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Länderbahnen

The Länderbahnen (singular: Länderbahn) were the various state railways of the German Empire in the period from about 1840 to 1920, when they were merged into the Deutsche Reichsbahn after the First World War.

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Leine

The Leine (Old Saxon Lagina) is a river in Thuringia and Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Liebenburg

Liebenburg is a municipality in the district of Goslar, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Louis Rudolph (Ludwig Rudolf; 22 July 1671 – 1 March 1735), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruling Prince of Wolfenbüttel from 1731 until his death.

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Lutter am Barenberge

Lutter am Barenberge is a market town (Flecken) located in the Goslar district of Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Magnus I (1304–1369), called the Pious (Latin Pius), was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

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Magnus II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Magnus (1324–1373), called Magnus with the Necklace (Magnus Torquatus) or Magnus II, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruling the Brunswick-Lüneburg principalities of Wolfenbüttel (colloquially also called Brunswick) and, temporarily, Lüneburg.

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Mining

Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.

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MTV Braunschweig

Braunschweiger MTV von 1847, commonly known as MTV Braunschweig, is a German sports club based in Braunschweig, Lower Saxony.

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National colours

National colours are frequently part of a country's set of national symbols.

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National personification

A national personification is an anthropomorphism of a nation or its people.

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New Brunswick

New Brunswick (Nouveau-Brunswick; Canadian French pronunciation) is one of three Maritime provinces on the east coast of Canada.

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North German Confederation

The North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund) was the German federal state which existed from July 1867 to December 1870.

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North German Plain

The North German Plain or Northern Lowland (Norddeutsches Tiefland) is one of the major geographical regions of Germany.

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Oker

The Oker is a river in Lower Saxony, Germany, that has historically formed an important political boundary.

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Oker (Goslar)

Oker is a borough of Goslar in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Oleśnica

Oleśnica (Oels) is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland.

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Order of Henry the Lion

The House Order of Henry the Lion was the House Order of the Duchy of Brunswick.

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Ottenstein

Ottenstein is a municipality in the district of Holzminden, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Otto I of Brunswick-Lüneburg (about 1204 – 9 June 1252), a member of the House of Welf, was the first duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg from 1235 until his death.

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Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Otto IV (1175 – 19 May 1218) was one of two rival kings of Germany from 1198 on, sole king from 1208 on, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1209 until he was forced to abdicate in 1215.

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Otto the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

Otto (24 June 1292 – 30 August 1344), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, called the Mild, ruled over the Brunswick part of the duchy.

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Peine

Peine is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of the district Peine.

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Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906)

Prince Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Albrecht of Prussia (8 May 1837 – 13 September 1906) was a Prussian general field marshal, Herrenmeister (Grand Master) of the Order of Saint John from 1883 until his death, and regent of the Duchy of Brunswick from 1885.

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Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (1914–1987)

Ernst August, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick, Prince of HanoverGenealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XVIII.

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Prince Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale

Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale (Ernest Augustus William Adolphus George Frederick; 21 September 1845 – 14 November 1923), was the eldest child and only son of George V of Hanover and his wife, Marie of Saxe-Altenburg.

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Prince Ernst August of Hanover (born 1954)

Ernst August, Prince of Hanover, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg (Ernst August Albert Paul Otto Rupprecht Oskar Berthold Friedrich-Ferdinand Christian-Ludwig Prinz von Hannover Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg Königlicher Prinz von Großbritannien und Irland;Prince's Palace of Monaco.. retrieved 10 August 2011.de Badts de Cugnac, Chantal. Coutant de Saisseval, Guy. Le Petit Gotha. Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris 2002, p. 702 (French) born 26 February 1954) is head of the royal House of Hanover which held the thrones of the United Kingdom until 1901, of the former Kingdom of Hanover until 1866, and of the sovereign Duchy of Brunswick from 1913 to 1918.

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Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel

The Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (Fürstentum Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, whose history was characterised by numerous divisions and reunifications.

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Principality of Calenberg

The Principality of Calenberg was a dynastic division of the Welf duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg established in 1432.

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Principality of Göttingen

The Principality of Göttingen (Fürstentum Göttingen) was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire, with Göttingen as its capital.

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Principality of Grubenhagen

The Principality of Grubenhagen was a subdivision of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruled by the Grubenhagen line of the House of Welf from 1291.

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Principality of Lüneburg

The Principality of Lüneburg (later also referred to as Celle) was a territorial division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg within the Holy Roman Empire, immediately subordinate to the emperor.

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Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont

The County of Waldeck (later the Principality of Waldeck and Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont) was a state of the Holy Roman Empire and its successors from the late 12th century until 1929.

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Province of Hanover

The Province of Hanover (Provinz Hannover) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1868 to 1946.

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Province of Saxony

The Province of Saxony (Provinz Sachsen), also known as Prussian Saxony (Preußische Sachsen) was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and later the Free State of Prussia from 1816 until 1945.

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Province of Westphalia

The Province of Westphalia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia and the Free State of Prussia from 1815 to 1946.

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Prussia

Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.

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Prussian state railways

The term Prussian state railways (German: Preußische Staatseisenbahnen) encompasses those railway organisations that were owned or managed by the State of Prussia.

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Richard Andree

Richard Andree (26 February 1835 – 22 February 1912) was a German geographer and cartographer, noted for devoting himself especially to ethnographic studies.

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Riddagshausen Abbey

Riddagshausen Abbey (Kloster Riddagshausen) was a Cistercian monastery just outside the city of Brunswick in Germany.

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Royal Arms of England

The Royal Arms of England are the arms first adopted in a fixed form at the start of the age of heraldry (circa 1200) as personal arms by the Plantagenet kings who ruled England from 1154.

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Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel

Rudolph Augustus (May 16, 1627 – January 26, 1704), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled as Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel from 1666 until his death.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (Российская Империя) or Russia was an empire that existed across Eurasia and North America from 1721, following the end of the Great Northern War, until the Republic was proclaimed by the Provisional Government that took power after the February Revolution of 1917.

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Salzgitter

Salzgitter is an independent city in southeast Lower Saxony, Germany, located between Hildesheim and Braunschweig.

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Saxon Steed

The Saxon Steed (Sachsenross, Niedersachsenross, Welfenross, Westfalenpferd;; Low Saxon: Witte Peerd) is a heraldic motif associated with Lower Saxony and Westphalia.

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Schöningen

Schöningen is a town of about 11,000 inhabitants in the district of Helmstedt, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Schöppenstedt

Schöppenstedt is a small town in the district of Wolfenbüttel, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Seesen

Seesen is a town and municipality in the district of Goslar, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Siebmachers Wappenbuch

Siebmachers Wappenbuch is a roll of arms first published in 1605 as two heraldic multivolume book series of armorial bearings or coats of arms of the nobility of the Holy Roman Empire, as well as coats of arms of city states and some burgher families.

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Sports club

A sports club or sporting club, sometimes athletics club or sports society or sports association, is a group of people formed for the purpose of playing sports.

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Stadtoldendorf

Stadtoldendorf is a town in the center of the Holzminden district, Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Succession of states

Succession of states is a theory and practice in international relations regarding successor states.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a sovereign state in Europe.

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Thaler

The thaler was a silver coin used throughout Europe for almost four hundred years.

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Thedinghausen

Thedinghausen is a municipality in the district of Verden, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Ukraine

Ukraine (Ukrayina), sometimes called the Ukraine, is a sovereign state in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the east and northeast; Belarus to the northwest; Poland, Hungary, and Slovakia to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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Vechelde

Vechelde is a municipality in the district of Peine, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Vereinsthaler

The Vereinsthaler (union thaler) was a standard silver coin used in most German states and the Austrian Empire in the years before German unification.

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Walkenried

Walkenried is a municipality in the district of Göttingen, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

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War of the Lüneburg Succession

The War of the Lüneburg Succession (Lüneburger Erbfolgekrieg) was a conflict over the succession to the Principality of Lüneburg that broke out in 1370 in north Germany and lasted, with interruptions, for 18 years.

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War of the Spanish Succession

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was a European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700.

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Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik) is an unofficial, historical designation for the German state during the years 1919 to 1933.

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Welf II, Count of Swabia

Welf II (c.960/70 - died 10 March 1030) was a Swabian count and a member of the Elder House of Welf.

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Werner Pöls

Werner Pöls (March 15, 1926 - February 21, 1989) was a German historian and politician, representative of the German Christian Democratic Union.

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Weser

The Weser is a river in Northwestern Germany.

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Weser Uplands

The Weser Uplands (German: Weserbergland) is a hill region (Bergland.

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Widukind

Widukind, also known as Widuking or Wittekind, was a leader of the Saxons and the chief opponent of the Frankish king Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars from 777 to 785.

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Wild man

The wild man (also wildman, or "wildman of the woods") is a mythical figure that appears in the artwork and literature of medieval Europe, comparable to the satyr or faun type in classical mythology and to Silvanus, the Roman god of the woodlands.

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Wilhelm II, German Emperor

Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert von Hohenzollern; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.

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William I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

William (c. 1270 – 30 September 1292 in Brunswick), Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, briefly ruled part of the duchy.

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William IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

William (German: Wilhelm) called William the Younger (Wilhelm der Jüngere, c. 1425 – 7 July 1503) was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and ruled over the Wolfenbüttel and Göttingen principalities.

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William the Victorious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg

William I KG (1392 – 25 July 1482), called the Victorious (Wilhelm der Siegreiche), a member of the House of Welf, was Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

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William, Duke of Brunswick

William (Wilhelm August Ludwig Maximilian Friedrich; 25 April 1806 in Brunswick, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel – 18 October 1884 in Sibyllenort, Silesia, Prussia), Duke of Brunswick, was ruling duke of the Duchy of Brunswick from 1830 until his death.

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Wolfenbüttel

Wolfenbüttel is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, the administrative capital of Wolfenbüttel District.

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Wolfenbüttel (district)

Wolfenbüttel is a district in southeastern Lower Saxony, Germany.

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Wolfsburg

Wolfsburg is the fifth largest city in the German state of Lower Saxony.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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Wulfhilde of Saxony

Wulfhilde Billung of Saxony (1072 – 29 December 1126 in Weingarten Abbey) was the eldest daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony and his wife, Sophia of Hungary.

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Wurmberg (Harz)

At the Wurmberg is the second highest mountain in the Harz and the highest in Lower Saxony (Germany).

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1. Spielklasse Bezirk Braunschweig

The 1.

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Redirects here:

Braunschweig (state), Brunswick (state), Brunswick-Wolfenbuettel, Duchy of Braunschweig, Duchy of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel, Duchy of brunswick, Duke of Brunswick, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuettel, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel, Duke of brunswick, Dukes of Brunswick, Herzogtum Braunschweig, Prince of Brunswick, Prince of Wolfenbuttel, Principality of Brunswick, The Duchy of Brunswick, Wilhelm, Duke of Brunswick.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick

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