Table of Contents
132 relations: Acanthocyte, Acanthosis nigricans, Actin, Adherens junction, Antimicrobial peptides, Arteriole, Artificial skin, Atmosphere, Autocrine signaling, Basement membrane, Birth, Blood, Cadherin, Calcium, Capillary, Cell division, Cell junction, Cell nucleus, Cell proliferation, Cell surface receptor, Cell-mediated immunity, Cellular differentiation, Central nervous system, Ceramide, Chemical substance, Chloride channel, Circulatory system, Corneocyte, Corneometry, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Dendrite, Dermis, Desmosome, Desquamation, Developmental biology, Drug, Embryo, Enzyme, Epidermis, Epithelial sodium channel, Epithelium, Exocytosis, Extracellular matrix, Fatty acid, FGF7, Fibroblast, Finger, Food, Germ layer, ... Expand index (82 more) »
Acanthocyte
Acanthocyte (from the Greek word ἄκανθα acantha, meaning 'thorn'), in biology and medicine, refers to an abnormal form of red blood cell that has a spiked cell membrane, due to thorny projections.
Acanthosis nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans is a medical sign characterised by brown-to-black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin.
See Epidermis and Acanthosis nigricans
Actin
Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, and the thin filaments in muscle fibrils.
Adherens junction
In cell biology, adherens junctions (or zonula adherens, intermediate junction, or "belt desmosome") are protein complexes that occur at cell–cell junctions and cell–matrix junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissues, usually more basal than tight junctions.
See Epidermis and Adherens junction
Antimicrobial peptides
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), also called host defence peptides (HDPs) are part of the innate immune response found among all classes of life.
See Epidermis and Antimicrobial peptides
Arteriole
An arteriole is a small-diameter blood vessel in the microcirculation that extends and branches out from an artery and leads to capillaries.
Artificial skin
Artificial skin is a collagen scaffold that induces regeneration of skin in mammals such as humans.
See Epidermis and Artificial skin
Atmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer of gasses that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object.
Autocrine signaling
Autocrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell, leading to changes in the cell.
See Epidermis and Autocrine signaling
Basement membrane
The basement membrane, also known as base membrane, is a thin, pliable sheet-like type of extracellular matrix that provides cell and tissue support and acts as a platform for complex signalling.
See Epidermis and Basement membrane
Birth
Birth is the act or process of bearing or bringing forth offspring, also referred to in technical contexts as parturition.
Blood
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
Cadherin
Cadherins (named for "calcium-dependent adhesion") are cell adhesion molecules important in forming adherens junctions that let cells adhere to each other.
Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
Capillary
A capillary is a small blood vessel, from 5 to 10 micrometres in diameter, and is part of the microcirculation system.
Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
See Epidermis and Cell division
Cell junction
Cell junctions or junctional complexes are a class of cellular structures consisting of multiprotein complexes that provide contact or adhesion between neighboring cells or between a cell and the extracellular matrix in animals.
See Epidermis and Cell junction
Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
See Epidermis and Cell nucleus
Cell proliferation
Cell proliferation is the process by which a cell grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
See Epidermis and Cell proliferation
Cell surface receptor
Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells.
See Epidermis and Cell surface receptor
Cell-mediated immunity
Cellular immunity, also known as cell-mediated immunity, is an immune response that does not rely on the production of antibodies.
See Epidermis and Cell-mediated immunity
Cellular differentiation
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one.
See Epidermis and Cellular differentiation
Central nervous system
The central nervous system (CNS) is the part of the nervous system consisting primarily of the brain and spinal cord.
See Epidermis and Central nervous system
Ceramide
Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules.
Chemical substance
A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties.
See Epidermis and Chemical substance
Chloride channel
Chloride channels are a superfamily of poorly understood ion channels specific for chloride.
See Epidermis and Chloride channel
Circulatory system
The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.
See Epidermis and Circulatory system
Corneocyte
Corneocytes are terminally differentiated keratinocytes and compose most of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis. Epidermis and Corneocyte are skin anatomy.
Corneometry
Corneometry is a widely practiced method for the measurement of skin hydration.
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.
See Epidermis and Cytoskeleton
Dendrite
A dendrite (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree") or dendron is a branched protoplasmic extension of a nerve cell that propagates the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project.
Dermis
The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. Epidermis and dermis are skin anatomy.
Desmosome
A desmosome ("binding body"), also known as a macula adherens (plural: maculae adherentes) (Latin for adhering spot), is a cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion.
Desquamation
Desquamation, or peeling skin, is the shedding of dead cells from the outermost layer of skin.
See Epidermis and Desquamation
Developmental biology
Developmental biology is the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop.
See Epidermis and Developmental biology
Drug
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.
Embryo
An embryo is the initial stage of development for a multicellular organism.
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Epidermis
The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that comprise the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. Epidermis and epidermis are skin anatomy.
Epithelial sodium channel
The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), (also known as amiloride-sensitive sodium channel) is a membrane-bound ion channel that is selectively permeable to sodium ions.
See Epidermis and Epithelial sodium channel
Epithelium
Epithelium or epithelial tissue is a thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with little extracellular matrix.
Exocytosis
Exocytosis is a form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters and proteins) out of the cell (exo- + cytosis).
Extracellular matrix
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM), also called intercellular matrix (ICM), is a network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals, such as collagen, enzymes, glycoproteins and hydroxyapatite that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.
See Epidermis and Extracellular matrix
Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with an aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
FGF7
Keratinocyte growth factor is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF7 gene.
Fibroblast
A fibroblast is a type of biological cell typically with a spindle shape that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, and plays a critical role in wound healing.
Finger
A finger is a prominent digit on the forelimbs of most tetrapod vertebrate animals, especially those with prehensile extremities (i.e. hands) such as humans and other primates.
Food
Food is any substance consumed by an organism for nutritional support.
Germ layer
A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that forms during embryonic development.
Glossary of biology
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.
See Epidermis and Glossary of biology
Glucocorticoid
Glucocorticoids (or, less commonly, glucocorticosteroids) are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.
See Epidermis and Glucocorticoid
Glycosphingolipid
Glycosphingolipids are a subtype of glycolipids containing the amino alcohol sphingosine.
See Epidermis and Glycosphingolipid
Golgi apparatus
The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.
See Epidermis and Golgi apparatus
Gradient
In vector calculus, the gradient of a scalar-valued differentiable function f of several variables is the vector field (or vector-valued function) \nabla f whose value at a point p gives the direction and the rate of fastest increase.
Granularity
Granularity (also called graininess) is the degree to which a material or system is composed of distinguishable pieces, "granules" or "grains" (metaphorically).
Granule (cell biology)
In cell biology, a granule is a small particle barely visible by light microscopy.
See Epidermis and Granule (cell biology)
Growth factor
A growth factor is a naturally occurring substance capable of stimulating cell proliferation, wound healing, and occasionally cellular differentiation.
See Epidermis and Growth factor
Health
Health has a variety of definitions, which have been used for different purposes over time.
Heck's disease
Heck's disease, also known as Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia, is an asymptomatic, benign neoplastic condition characterized by multiple white to pinkish papules that occur diffusely in the oral cavity.
See Epidermis and Heck's disease
Hemidesmosome
Hemidesmosomes are very small stud-like structures found in keratinocytes of the epidermis of skin that attach to the extracellular matrix. Epidermis and Hemidesmosome are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Hemidesmosome
Histology
Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues.
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
Human skin color
Human skin color ranges from the darkest brown to the lightest hues.
See Epidermis and Human skin color
Humidity
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air.
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity is the aspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules – including secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides – located in extracellular fluids.
See Epidermis and Humoral immunity
Hyperkeratosis
Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the stratum corneum (the outermost layer of the epidermis, or skin), often associated with the presence of an abnormal quantity of keratin,Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelso; Abbas, Abul (2004) Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.). Saunders.
See Epidermis and Hyperkeratosis
Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation is the darkening of an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin.
See Epidermis and Hyperpigmentation
Hyperplasia
Hyperplasia (from ancient Greek ὑπέρ huper 'over' + πλάσις plasis 'formation'), or hypergenesis, is an enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation.
Immune system
The immune system is a network of biological systems that protects an organism from diseases.
See Epidermis and Immune system
Immunofluorescence
Immunofluorescence (IF) is a light microscopy-based technique that allows detection and localization of a wide variety of target biomolecules within a cell or tissue at a quantitative level.
See Epidermis and Immunofluorescence
Infection
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce.
Integumentary system
The integumentary system is the set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal's body.
See Epidermis and Integumentary system
Keratin
Keratin is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins. Epidermis and Keratin are skin anatomy.
Keratinocyte
Keratinocytes are the primary type of cell found in the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epidermis and Keratinocyte are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Keratinocyte
Keratinocyte growth factor
The keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), also known as FGF7, is a growth factor present in the epithelialization-phase of wound healing.
See Epidermis and Keratinocyte growth factor
Laboratory
A laboratory (colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.
Lamellar bodies
In cell biology, lamellar bodies (otherwise known as lamellar granules, membrane-coating granules (MCGs), keratinosomes or Odland bodies) are secretory organelles found in type II alveolar cells in the lungs, and in keratinocytes in the skin. Epidermis and lamellar bodies are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Lamellar bodies
Langerhans cell
A Langerhans cell (LC) is a tissue-resident macrophage of the skin once thought to be a resident dendritic cell. Epidermis and Langerhans cell are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Langerhans cell
Life
Life is a quality that distinguishes matter that has biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from matter that does not.
Lip
The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans.
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
List of human cell types
The list of human cell types provides an enumeration and description of the various specialized cells found within the human body, highlighting their distinct functions, characteristics, and contributions to overall physiological processes.
See Epidermis and List of human cell types
Malpighian layer
The Malpighian layer (stratum mucosum or stratum malpighii) of the epidermis is generally defined as both the stratum basale (basal layer) and the thicker stratum spinosum (spinous layer/prickle cell layer) immediately above it as a single unit,McGrath, J.A.; Eady, R.A.; Pope, F.M. (2004).
See Epidermis and Malpighian layer
Marcello Malpighi
Marcello Malpighi (10 March 1628 – 30 November 1694) was an Italian biologist and physician, who is referred to as the "Founder of microscopical anatomy, histology & Father of physiology and embryology".
See Epidermis and Marcello Malpighi
Mechanics
Mechanics (from Ancient Greek: μηχανική, mēkhanikḗ, "of machines") is the area of physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects.
Melanin
Melanin is a family of biomolecules organized as oligomers or polymers, which among other functions provide the pigments of many organisms. Epidermis and Melanin are skin anatomy.
Melanocyte
Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart found in many mammals and birds. Epidermis and Melanocyte are skin anatomy.
Melanosome
A melanosome is an organelle found in animal cells and is the site for synthesis, storage and transport of melanin, the most common light-absorbing pigment found in the animal kingdom. Epidermis and melanosome are skin anatomy.
Merkel cell
Merkel cells, also known as Merkel–Ranvier cells or tactile epithelial cells, are oval-shaped mechanoreceptors essential for light touch sensation and found in the skin of vertebrates. Epidermis and Merkel cell are skin anatomy.
Microfilament
Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are protein filaments in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that form part of the cytoskeleton.
See Epidermis and Microfilament
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
See Epidermis and Microorganism
Nerve
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibers (called axons) in the peripheral nervous system.
Neurulation
Neurulation refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.
Optical coherence tomography
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging technique that uses interferometry with short-coherence-length light to obtain micrometer-level depth resolution and uses transverse scanning of the light beam to form two- and three-dimensional images from light reflected from within biological tissue or other scattering media.
See Epidermis and Optical coherence tomography
Organogenesis
Organogenesis is the phase of embryonic development that starts at the end of gastrulation and continues until birth.
See Epidermis and Organogenesis
Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
See Epidermis and Oxidative stress
Papule
A papule is a small, well-defined bump in the skin.
Paracrine signaling
In cellular biology, paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling, a type of cellular communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells, altering the behaviour of those cells.
See Epidermis and Paracrine signaling
Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and -γενής, "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease.
Penis
A penis (penises or penes) is a male sex organ that is used to inseminate female or hermaphrodite animals during copulation.
PH
In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").
See Epidermis and PH
Phospholipid
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).
See Epidermis and Phospholipid
Pigment
A pigment is a powder used to add color or change visual appearance.
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Psychological stress
In psychology, stress is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure.
See Epidermis and Psychological stress
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
Rete pegs
Rete pegs (also known as rete processes or rete ridges) are the epithelial extensions that project into the underlying connective tissue in both skin and mucous membranes.
Secretion
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.
Skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.
Skin appendage
Skin appendages (or adnexa of skin) are anatomical skin-associated structures that serve a particular function including sensation, contractility, lubrication and heat loss in animals. Epidermis and skin appendage are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Skin appendage
Skin repair
Protection from mechanical injury, chemical hazards, and bacterial invasion is provided by the skin because the epidermis is relatively thick and covered with keratin.
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
Sole (foot)
In humans, the sole of the foot is anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect.
Stem cell
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
Sterol
Sterol is an organic compound with formula, whose molecule is derived from that of gonane by replacement of a hydrogen atom on C3 position by a hydroxyl group.
Stratified squamous epithelium
A stratified squamous epithelium consists of squamous (flattened) epithelial cells arranged in layers upon a basal membrane.
See Epidermis and Stratified squamous epithelium
Stratum basale
The stratum basale (basal layer, sometimes referred to as stratum germinativum) is the deepest layer of the five layers of the epidermis, the external covering of skin in mammals. Epidermis and stratum basale are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Stratum basale
Stratum corneum
The stratum corneum (Latin for 'horny layer') is the outermost layer of the epidermis. Epidermis and stratum corneum are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
The stratum granulosum (or granular layer) is a thin layer of cells in the epidermis lying above the stratum spinosum and below the stratum corneum (stratum lucidum on the soles and palms). Epidermis and stratum granulosum are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
The stratum lucidum (Latin, 'clear layer') is a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells in the epidermis named for its translucent appearance under a microscope. Epidermis and stratum lucidum are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Stratum lucidum
Stratum spinosum
The stratum spinosum (or spinous layer/prickle cell layer) is a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. Epidermis and stratum spinosum are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Stratum spinosum
Subcutaneous tissue
The subcutaneous tissue, also called the hypodermis, hypoderm, subcutis, or superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. Epidermis and subcutaneous tissue are skin anatomy.
See Epidermis and Subcutaneous tissue
TGF alpha
Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFA gene.
Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.
See Epidermis and Tissue (biology)
Tissue hydration
Tissue hydration is the process of absorbing and retaining water in biological tissues.
See Epidermis and Tissue hydration
Transepidermal water loss
Principle of an instrument measuring transepidermal water loss. Water vapor is diffusing through the transparently shown cylinder. The yellow arrow symbolizes the diffusion direction. The two dark red square elements are two pairs of sensors each measuring relative humidity and temperature. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL or TWL) is the loss of water that passes from inside a body (animal or plant) through the epidermis (that is, either the epidermal layer of animal skin or the epidermal layer of plants) to the surrounding atmosphere via diffusion and evaporation processes.
See Epidermis and Transepidermal water loss
Transforming growth factor
Transforming growth factor (or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ.
See Epidermis and Transforming growth factor
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.
Venule
A venule is a very small vein in the microcirculation that allows blood to return from the capillary beds to drain into the venous system via increasingly larger veins.
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Water
Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula.
References
Also known as Acanthosis, Epidermal, Epidermal cell, Epidermal cells, Epidermal hyperplasia, Epidermal thickening, Epidermis (skin), Epidermotropic, Lower Epidermis, Placoda epidermis, Pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, Reconstructed Human Epidermis, Rete ridge, Rete tip, Upper Epidermis.