Table of Contents
302 relations: A priori and a posteriori, A. J. Ayer, Absolute (philosophy), Academic skepticism, Acatalepsy, Adam Morton, Aenesidemus, Afrikan Spir, Agrippa the Skeptic, Ajñana, Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, Alfred Korzybski, Allegory of the cave, Alvin Goldman, Anamnesis (philosophy), Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek philosophy, Anekantavada, Anselm of Canterbury, Anthropology, Applied epistemology, Aranyaka, Arcesilaus, Argument, Aristotle, Artificial intelligence, Ataraxia, Automated reasoning, Averroes, Awareness, Éditions Gallimard, Śūnyatā, Barry Stroud, Baruch Spinoza, Bayesian epistemology, Bayesian probability, Behaviorism, Belief, Bertrand Russell, Boaventura de Sousa Santos, Brain in a vat, Buddhist philosophy, Cambridge University Press, Carneades, Category (Kant), Certainty, Charles Kay Ogden, Charles Sanders Peirce, Charvaka, ... Expand index (252 more) »
A priori and a posteriori
A priori ('from the earlier') and a posteriori ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience.
See Epistemology and A priori and a posteriori
A. J. Ayer
Sir Alfred Jules "Freddie" Ayer (29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989) was an English philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).
See Epistemology and A. J. Ayer
Absolute (philosophy)
In philosophy (often specifically metaphysics), the absolute, in most common usage, is a perfect, self-sufficient reality that depends upon nothing external to itself.
See Epistemology and Absolute (philosophy)
Academic skepticism
Academic skepticism refers to the skeptical period of the Academy dating from around 266 BCE, when Arcesilaus became scholarch, until around 90 BCE, when Antiochus of Ascalon rejected skepticism, although individual philosophers, such as Favorinus and his teacher Plutarch, continued to defend skepticism after this date.
See Epistemology and Academic skepticism
Acatalepsy
Acatalepsy (from the Greek α̉- and καταλαμβάνειν), in philosophy, is incomprehensibleness, or the impossibility of comprehending or conceiving some or all things.
See Epistemology and Acatalepsy
Adam Morton
Adam Morton (1945 – 2020) was a Canadian philosopher.
See Epistemology and Adam Morton
Aenesidemus
Aenesidemus (Αἰνησίδημος or Αἰνεσίδημος) was a 1st-century BC Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher from Knossos who revived the doctrines of Pyrrho and introduced ten skeptical "modes" (tropai) for the suspension of judgment.
See Epistemology and Aenesidemus
Afrikan Spir
Afrikan Alexandrovich Spir, also spelled African Spir (1837–1890) was a Russian neo-Kantian philosopher of German-Greek descent who wrote primarily in German, but also French.
See Epistemology and Afrikan Spir
Agrippa the Skeptic
Agrippa (Ἀγρίππας) was a Pyrrhonist philosopher who probably lived towards the end of the 1st century CE.
See Epistemology and Agrippa the Skeptic
Ajñana
Ajñāna ((Vedic) IPA: /ɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː.nɐ/; (Classical) IPA: /ɐd͡ʑˈɲɑː.n̪ɐ/) was one of the ''nāstika'' or "heterodox" schools of ancient Indian philosophy, and the ancient school of radical Indian skepticism.
Al-Farabi
Postage stamp of the USSR, issued on the 1100th anniversary of the birth of Al-Farabi (1975) Abu Nasr Muhammad al-Farabi (Abū Naṣr Muḥammad al-Fārābī; — 14 December 950–12 January 951), known in the Latin West as Alpharabius, was an early Islamic philosopher and music theorist.
See Epistemology and Al-Farabi
Al-Ghazali
Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly as Al-Ghazali (ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ;,; – 19 December 1111), known in Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath.
See Epistemology and Al-Ghazali
Alfred Korzybski
Alfred Habdank Skarbek Korzybski (July 3, 1879 – March 1, 1950) was a Polish-American independent scholar who developed a field called general semantics, which he viewed as both distinct from, and more encompassing than, the field of semantics.
See Epistemology and Alfred Korzybski
Allegory of the cave
Plato's allegory of the cave is an allegory presented by the Greek philosopher Plato in his work Republic (514a–520a, Book VII) to compare "the effect of education (παιδεία) and the lack of it on our nature".
See Epistemology and Allegory of the cave
Alvin Goldman
Alvin Ira Goldman (born 1938) is an American philosopher who is emeritus Board of Governors Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Rutgers University in New Jersey and a leading figure in epistemology.
See Epistemology and Alvin Goldman
Anamnesis (philosophy)
In Plato's theory of epistemology, anamnesis (ἀνάμνησις) refers to the recollection of innate knowledge acquired before birth.
See Epistemology and Anamnesis (philosophy)
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
See Epistemology and Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC.
See Epistemology and Ancient Greek philosophy
Anekantavada
(अनेकान्तवाद, "many-sidedness") is the Jain doctrine about metaphysical truths that emerged in ancient India.
See Epistemology and Anekantavada
Anselm of Canterbury
Anselm of Canterbury OSB (1033/4–1109), also called (Anselme d'Aoste, Anselmo d'Aosta) after his birthplace and (Anselme du Bec) after his monastery, was an Italian Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher, and theologian of the Catholic Church, who held the office of Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109.
See Epistemology and Anselm of Canterbury
Anthropology
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans.
See Epistemology and Anthropology
Applied epistemology
Applied epistemology refers to the study that determines whether the systems of investigation that seek the truth lead to true beliefs about the world.
See Epistemology and Applied epistemology
Aranyaka
The Aranyakas (आरण्यक; IAST) are a part of the ancient Indian Vedas concerned with the meaning of ritual sacrifice.
Arcesilaus
Arcesilaus (Ἀρκεσίλαος; 316/5–241/0 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic philosopher.
See Epistemology and Arcesilaus
Argument
An argument is a series of sentences, statements, or propositions some of which are called premises and one is the conclusion.
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
See Epistemology and Aristotle
Artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.
See Epistemology and Artificial intelligence
Ataraxia
In Ancient Greek philosophy, (Greek:, from ἀ- indicating negation or absence and ταραχ- with the abstract noun suffix -ία), generally translated as,,, or, is a lucid state of robust equanimity characterized by ongoing freedom from distress and worry.
Automated reasoning
In computer science, in particular in knowledge representation and reasoning and metalogic, the area of automated reasoning is dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning.
See Epistemology and Automated reasoning
Averroes
Ibn Rushd (ابن رشد; full name in; 14 April 112611 December 1198), often Latinized as Averroes, was an Andalusian polymath and jurist who wrote about many subjects, including philosophy, theology, medicine, astronomy, physics, psychology, mathematics, Islamic jurisprudence and law, and linguistics.
Awareness
In philosophy and psychology, awareness is a perception or knowledge of something.
See Epistemology and Awareness
Éditions Gallimard
Éditions Gallimard, formerly Éditions de la Nouvelle Revue Française (1911–1919) and Librairie Gallimard (1919–1961), is one of the leading French book publishers.
See Epistemology and Éditions Gallimard
Śūnyatā
Śūnyatā (शून्यता; script), translated most often as "emptiness", "vacuity", and sometimes "voidness", or "nothingness" is an Indian philosophical concept.
Barry Stroud
Barry Stroud (18 May 1935 – 9 August 2019) was a Canadian philosopher and professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Known especially for his work on philosophical skepticism, he wrote about David Hume, Ludwig Wittgenstein, the metaphysics of color, and many other topics.
See Epistemology and Barry Stroud
Baruch Spinoza
Baruch (de) Spinoza (24 November 163221 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin.
See Epistemology and Baruch Spinoza
Bayesian epistemology
Bayesian epistemology is a formal approach to various topics in epistemology that has its roots in Thomas Bayes' work in the field of probability theory.
See Epistemology and Bayesian epistemology
Bayesian probability
Bayesian probability is an interpretation of the concept of probability, in which, instead of frequency or propensity of some phenomenon, probability is interpreted as reasonable expectation representing a state of knowledge or as quantification of a personal belief.
See Epistemology and Bayesian probability
Behaviorism
Behaviorism (also spelled behaviourism) is a systematic approach to understand the behavior of humans and other animals.
See Epistemology and Behaviorism
Belief
A belief is a subjective attitude that a proposition is true or a state of affairs is the case.
Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual.
See Epistemology and Bertrand Russell
Boaventura de Sousa Santos
Boaventura de Sousa Santos (born November 15, 1940, in Coimbra, Portugal) is a sociologist, Professor emeritus at the Department of Sociology of the School of Economics of the University of Coimbra (FEUC), Distinguished Legal Scholar at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School, and Director Emeritus of the Centre for Social Studies at the University of Coimbra.
See Epistemology and Boaventura de Sousa Santos
Brain in a vat
In philosophy, the brain in a vat (BIV) is a scenario used in a variety of thought experiments intended to draw out certain features of human conceptions of knowledge, reality, truth, mind, consciousness, and meaning.
See Epistemology and Brain in a vat
Buddhist philosophy
Buddhist philosophy is the ancient Indian philosophical system that developed within the religio-philosophical tradition of Buddhism.
See Epistemology and Buddhist philosophy
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Epistemology and Cambridge University Press
Carneades
Carneades (Καρνεάδης, Karneadēs, "of Carnea"; 214/3–129/8 BC) was a Greek philosopher, perhaps the most prominent head of the Skeptical Academy in ancient Greece.
See Epistemology and Carneades
Category (Kant)
In Immanuel Kant's philosophy, a category (Categorie in the original or Kategorie in modern German) is a pure concept of the understanding (Verstand).
See Epistemology and Category (Kant)
Certainty
Certainty (also known as epistemic certainty or objective certainty) is the epistemic property of beliefs which a person has no rational grounds for doubting.
See Epistemology and Certainty
Charles Kay Ogden
Charles Kay Ogden (1 June 1889 – 20 March 1957) was an English linguist, philosopher, and writer.
See Epistemology and Charles Kay Ogden
Charles Sanders Peirce
Charles Sanders Peirce (September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American scientist, mathematician, logician, and philosopher who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism".
See Epistemology and Charles Sanders Peirce
Charvaka
Charvaka (चार्वाक; IAST: Cārvāka), also known as Lokāyata, is an ancient school of Indian materialism.
Circular reasoning
Circular reasoning (circulus in probando, "circle in proving"; also known as circular logic) is a logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with.
See Epistemology and Circular reasoning
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning (also respondent conditioning and Pavlovian conditioning) is a behavioral procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus (e.g. food, a puff of air on the eye, a potential rival) is paired with a neutral stimulus (e.g. the sound of a musical triangle).
See Epistemology and Classical conditioning
Cogito, ergo sum
The Latin cogito, ergo sum, usually translated into English as "I think, therefore I am", is the "first principle" of René Descartes's philosophy.
See Epistemology and Cogito, ergo sum
Cognitive science
Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes.
See Epistemology and Cognitive science
Cognitive sociology
Cognitive sociology is a sociological sub-discipline devoted to the study of the "conditions under which meaning is constituted through processes of reification." It does this by focusing on "the series of interpersonal processes that set up the conditions for phenomena to become “social objects,” which subsequently shape thinking and thought." Thus, this research aims to sort out the social and cultural contingencies and consequences of human cognition.
See Epistemology and Cognitive sociology
Cognitivism (psychology)
In psychology, cognitivism is a theoretical framework for understanding the mind that gained credence in the 1950s.
See Epistemology and Cognitivism (psychology)
Coherentism
In philosophical epistemology, there are two types of coherentism: the coherence theory of truth, and the coherence theory of justification (also known as epistemic coherentism).
See Epistemology and Coherentism
Common sense
Common sense is "knowledge, judgement, and taste which is more or less universal and which is held more or less without reflection or argument".
See Epistemology and Common sense
Computational epistemology
Computational epistemology is a subdiscipline of formal epistemology that studies the intrinsic complexity of inductive problems for ideal and computationally bounded agents.
See Epistemology and Computational epistemology
Concept
A concept is defined as an abstract idea.
Contextualism
Contextualism, also known as epistemic contextualism, is a family of views in philosophy which emphasize the context in which an action, utterance, or expression occurs.
See Epistemology and Contextualism
Continental philosophy
Continental philosophy is an umbrella term for philosophies prominent in continental Europe.
See Epistemology and Continental philosophy
Contradiction
In traditional logic, a contradiction occurs when a proposition conflicts either with itself or established fact.
See Epistemology and Contradiction
Cornel West
Cornel Ronald West (born June 2, 1953) is an American philosopher, theologian, political activist, politician, social critic, public intellectual, and occasional actor.
See Epistemology and Cornel West
Correspondence theory of truth
In metaphysics and philosophy of language, the correspondence theory of truth states that the truth or falsity of a statement is determined only by how it relates to the world and whether it accurately describes (i.e., corresponds with) that world.
See Epistemology and Correspondence theory of truth
Criteria of truth
In epistemology, criteria of truth (or tests of truth) are standards and rules used to judge the accuracy of statements and claims.
See Epistemology and Criteria of truth
Critique of Pure Reason
The Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft; 1781; second edition 1787) is a book by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant, in which the author seeks to determine the limits and scope of metaphysics.
See Epistemology and Critique of Pure Reason
Daniel Craig
Daniel Wroughton Craig (born 2 March 1968) is an English actor.
See Epistemology and Daniel Craig
Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett III (March 28, 1942 – April 19, 2024) was an American philosopher and cognitive scientist.
See Epistemology and Daniel Dennett
David Hume
David Hume (born David Home; – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who was best known for his highly influential system of empiricism, philosophical skepticism and metaphysical naturalism.
See Epistemology and David Hume
Decision theory
Decision theory (or the theory of choice) is a branch of applied probability theory and analytic philosophy concerned with the theory of making decisions based on assigning probabilities to various factors and assigning numerical consequences to the outcome.
See Epistemology and Decision theory
Declarative knowledge
Declarative knowledge is an awareness of facts that can be expressed using declarative sentences.
See Epistemology and Declarative knowledge
Defeater
A defeater of a belief is evidence that this belief is false.
Definitions of knowledge
Definitions of knowledge try to determine the essential features of knowledge.
See Epistemology and Definitions of knowledge
Dharmakirti
Dharmakīrti (fl.; Tibetan: ཆོས་ཀྱི་གྲགས་པ་; Wylie: chos kyi grags pa), was an influential Indian Buddhist philosopher who worked at Nālandā.
See Epistemology and Dharmakirti
Dignāga
Dignāga (also known as Diṅnāga) was an Indian Buddhist philosopher and logician.
Disjunctivism
Disjunctivism is a position in the philosophy of perception that rejects the existence of sense data in certain cases.
See Epistemology and Disjunctivism
Dominant ideology
In Marxist philosophy, the term dominant ideology denotes the attitudes, beliefs, values, and morals shared by the majority of the people in a given society.
See Epistemology and Dominant ideology
Donald Davidson (philosopher)
Donald Herbert Davidson (March 6, 1917 – August 30, 2003) was an American philosopher.
See Epistemology and Donald Davidson (philosopher)
Donna Haraway
Donna J. Haraway is an American professor emerita in the history of consciousness and feminist studies departments at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and a prominent scholar in the field of science and technology studies.
See Epistemology and Donna Haraway
Doxa
Doxa (from verb)Liddell, Henry George, and Robert Scott.
Duncan Pritchard
Duncan Pritchard is the chancellor's professor of philosophy and the director of graduate studies at the University of California, Irvine.
See Epistemology and Duncan Pritchard
Dutch book theorems
In decision theory, economics, and probability theory, the Dutch book arguments are a set of results showing that agents must satisfy the axioms of rational choice to avoid a kind of self-contradiction called a Dutch book.
See Epistemology and Dutch book theorems
Edgar Morin
Edgar Morin (né Nahoum; born 8 July 1921) is a French philosopher and sociologist of the theory of information who has been recognized for his work on complexity and "complex thought" (pensée complexe), and for his scholarly contributions to such diverse fields as media studies, politics, sociology, visual anthropology, ecology, education, and systems biology.
See Epistemology and Edgar Morin
Edmund Gettier
Edmund Lee Gettier III (October 31, 1927 – March 23, 2021) was an American philosopher at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
See Epistemology and Edmund Gettier
Edmund Husserl
Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938) was an Austrian-German philosopher and mathematician who established the school of phenomenology.
See Epistemology and Edmund Husserl
Education
Education is the transmission of knowledge, skills, and character traits and manifests in various forms.
See Epistemology and Education
Eliminative materialism
Eliminative materialism (also called eliminativism) is a materialist position in the philosophy of mind.
See Epistemology and Eliminative materialism
Elizabeth S. Anderson
Elizabeth Secor Anderson (born December 5, 1959) is an American philosopher.
See Epistemology and Elizabeth S. Anderson
Empirical evidence
Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure.
See Epistemology and Empirical evidence
Empiricism
In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence.
See Epistemology and Empiricism
Epicureanism
Epicureanism is a system of philosophy founded around 307 BCE based upon the teachings of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher.
See Epistemology and Epicureanism
Episteme
In philosophy, (épistème) is knowledge or understanding.
Epistemic cognition
Epistemic cognition, sometimes known as epistemological beliefs, or personal epistemology, is "cognition about knowledge and knowing", an area of research in the learning sciences and educational psychology.
See Epistemology and Epistemic cognition
Epistemic injustice
Epistemic injustice is injustice related to knowledge.
See Epistemology and Epistemic injustice
Epoché
In Hellenistic philosophy, epoché (ἐποχή epokhē, "cessation") is suspension of judgment but also "withholding of assent".
Ernest Sosa
Ernest Sosa (born June 17, 1940) is an American philosopher primarily interested in epistemology.
See Epistemology and Ernest Sosa
Errol Harris
Errol Eustace Harris (19 February 1908 – 21 June 2009), sometimes cited as E. E. Harris, was a South African philosopher.
See Epistemology and Errol Harris
Essence
Essence (essentia) has various meanings and uses for different thinkers and in different contexts.
Ethical intuitionism
Ethical intuitionism (also called moral intuitionism) is a view or family of views in moral epistemology (and, on some definitions, metaphysics).
See Epistemology and Ethical intuitionism
Ethics
Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena.
Ethics of belief
The ethics of belief refers to a cluster of related issues that focus on standards of rational belief, intellectual excellence, and conscientious belief-formation.
See Epistemology and Ethics of belief
Evidence
Evidence for a proposition is what supports the proposition.
Evil demon
The evil demon, also known as Deus deceptor, malicious demon, and evil genius, is an epistemological concept that features prominently in Cartesian philosophy.
See Epistemology and Evil demon
Evolution
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
See Epistemology and Evolution
Evolutionary epistemology
Evolutionary epistemology refers to three distinct topics: (1) the biological evolution of cognitive mechanisms in animals and humans, (2) a theory that knowledge itself evolves by natural selection, and (3) the study of the historical discovery of new abstract entities such as abstract number or abstract value that necessarily precede the individual acquisition and usage of such abstractions.
See Epistemology and Evolutionary epistemology
Evolutionary psychology
Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical approach in psychology that examines cognition and behavior from a modern evolutionary perspective.
See Epistemology and Evolutionary psychology
Experience
Experience refers to conscious events in general, more specifically to perceptions, or to the practical knowledge and familiarity that is produced by these processes.
See Epistemology and Experience
Fact
A fact is a true datum about one or more aspects of a circumstance.
Factual relativism
Factual relativism (also called epistemic relativism, epistemological relativism, alethic relativism, and cognitive relativism) argues that truth is relative.
See Epistemology and Factual relativism
Faith
Faith is confidence or trust in a person, thing, or concept.
Fallacy
A fallacy is the use of invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning in the construction of an argument that may appear to be well-reasoned if unnoticed.
Fallibilism
Originally, fallibilism (from Medieval Latin: fallibilis, "liable to error") is the philosophical principle that propositions can be accepted even though they cannot be conclusively proven or justified,Haack, Susan (1979).
See Epistemology and Fallibilism
Feminist epistemology
Feminist epistemology is an examination of epistemology from a feminist standpoint.
See Epistemology and Feminist epistemology
Feminist theory
Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse.
See Epistemology and Feminist theory
Fictionalism
Fictionalism is the view in philosophy which posits that statements appearing to be descriptions of the world should not be construed as such, but should instead be understood as cases of "make believe." Thus, allowing individuals to treat something as literally true (a "useful fiction").
See Epistemology and Fictionalism
Fideism
Fideism is a term used to name a standpoint or an epistemological theory which maintains that faith is independent of reason, or that reason and faith are hostile to each other and faith is superior at arriving at particular truths (see natural theology).
Folk psychology
In philosophy of mind and cognitive science, folk psychology, or commonsense psychology, is a human capacity to explain and predict the behavior and mental state of other people.
See Epistemology and Folk psychology
Formal epistemology
Formal epistemology uses formal methods from decision theory, logic, probability theory and computability theory to model and reason about issues of epistemological interest.
See Epistemology and Formal epistemology
Foundationalism
Foundationalism concerns philosophical theories of knowledge resting upon non-inferential justified belief, or some secure foundation of certainty such as a conclusion inferred from a basis of sound premises.
See Epistemology and Foundationalism
Foundherentism
In epistemology, foundherentism is a theory of justification that combines elements from the two rival theories addressing infinite regress, foundationalism prone to arbitrariness, and coherentism prone to circularity (problems raised by the Münchhausen trilemma).
See Epistemology and Foundherentism
Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, 1st Lord Verulam, PC (22 January 1561 – 9 April 1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England under King James I.
See Epistemology and Francis Bacon
Frank Ramsey (mathematician)
Frank Plumpton Ramsey (22 February 1903 – 19 January 1930) was a British philosopher, mathematician, and economist who made major contributions to all three fields before his death at the age of 26.
See Epistemology and Frank Ramsey (mathematician)
French philosophy
French philosophy, here taken to mean philosophy in the French language, has been extremely diverse and has influenced Western philosophy as a whole for centuries, from the medieval scholasticism of Peter Abelard, through the founding of modern philosophy by René Descartes, to 20th century philosophy of science, existentialism, phenomenology, structuralism, and postmodernism.
See Epistemology and French philosophy
G. E. Moore
George Edward Moore (4 November 1873 – 24 October 1958) was an English philosopher, who with Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein and earlier Gottlob Frege was among the initiators of analytic philosophy.
See Epistemology and G. E. Moore
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and one of the most influential figures of German idealism and 19th-century philosophy.
See Epistemology and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
George Berkeley
George Berkeley (12 March 168514 January 1753) – known as Bishop Berkeley (Bishop of Cloyne of the Anglican Church of Ireland) – was an Anglo-Irish philosopher whose primary achievement was the advancement of a theory he called "immaterialism" (later referred to as "subjective idealism" by others).
See Epistemology and George Berkeley
George Santayana
George Santayana (b. Jorge Agustín Nicolás Ruiz de Santayana y Borrás, December 16, 1863 – September 26, 1952), was a Spanish-American philosopher, essayist, poet, and novelist.
See Epistemology and George Santayana
Gettier problem
The Gettier problem, in the field of epistemology, is a landmark philosophical problem concerning the understanding of descriptive knowledge.
See Epistemology and Gettier problem
Gilbert Ryle
Gilbert Ryle (19 August 1900 – 6 October 1976) was a British philosopher, principally known for his critique of Cartesian dualism, for which he coined the phrase "ghost in the machine." He was a representative of the generation of British ordinary language philosophers who shared Ludwig Wittgenstein's approach to philosophical problems.
See Epistemology and Gilbert Ryle
Gnosiology
Gnosiology ("study of knowledge") is "the philosophy of knowledge and cognition".
See Epistemology and Gnosiology
Gorgias (dialogue)
Gorgias (Γοργίας) is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC.
See Epistemology and Gorgias (dialogue)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.
See Epistemology and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottlob Frege
Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician.
See Epistemology and Gottlob Frege
Grammar
In linguistics, a grammar is the set of rules for how a natural language is structured, as demonstrated by its speakers or writers.
Hellenistic philosophy
Hellenistic philosophy is Ancient Greek philosophy corresponding to the Hellenistic period in Ancient Greece, from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC to the Battle of Actium in 31 BC.
See Epistemology and Hellenistic philosophy
Henry E. Kyburg Jr.
Henry E. Kyburg Jr. (1928–2007) was Gideon Burbank Professor of Moral Philosophy and Professor of Computer Science at the University of Rochester, New York, and Pace Eminent Scholar at the Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida.
See Epistemology and Henry E. Kyburg Jr.
Hilary Kornblith
Hilary Kornblith is an American philosopher.
See Epistemology and Hilary Kornblith
Hilary Putnam
Hilary Whitehall Putnam (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, computer scientist, and figure in analytic philosophy in the second half of the 20th century.
See Epistemology and Hilary Putnam
Hindu philosophy
Hindu philosophy or Vedic philosophy is the set of Indian philosophical systems that developed in tandem with the religion of Hinduism during the iron and classical ages of India.
See Epistemology and Hindu philosophy
History of India
Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.
See Epistemology and History of India
Ilkka Niiniluoto
Ilkka Maunu Olavi Niiniluoto (born 12 March 1946) is a Finnish philosopher and mathematician, serving as a professor of philosophy at the University of Helsinki since 1981.
See Epistemology and Ilkka Niiniluoto
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.
See Epistemology and Immanuel Kant
Indian philosophy
Indian philosophy consists of philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent.
See Epistemology and Indian philosophy
Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning is any of various methods of reasoning in which broad generalizations or principles are derived from a body of observations.
See Epistemology and Inductive reasoning
Inference
Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences; etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward".
See Epistemology and Inference
Infinite regress
An infinite regress is an infinite series of entities governed by a recursive principle that determines how each entity in the series depends on or is produced by its predecessor.
See Epistemology and Infinite regress
Infinitism
Infinitism is the view that knowledge may be justified by an infinite chain of reasons.
See Epistemology and Infinitism
Information
Information is an abstract concept that refers to something which has the power to inform.
See Epistemology and Information
Innatism
In the philosophy of mind, innatism is the view that the mind is born with already-formed ideas, knowledge, and beliefs.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP) is a scholarly online encyclopedia with 880 articles about philosophy, philosophers, and related topics.
See Epistemology and Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Intuition
Intuition is the ability to acquire knowledge, without recourse to conscious reasoning or needing an explanation.
See Epistemology and Intuition
Islamic philosophy
Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition.
See Epistemology and Islamic philosophy
J. L. Austin
John Langshaw Austin, OBE, FBA (26 March 1911 – 8 February 1960) was a British philosopher of language and leading proponent of ordinary language philosophy, best known for developing the theory of speech acts.
See Epistemology and J. L. Austin
Jain epistemology
Jainism made its own unique contribution to this mainstream development of philosophy by occupying itself with the basic epistemological issues.
See Epistemology and Jain epistemology
Jain philosophy
Jain philosophy or Jaina philosophy refers to the ancient Indian philosophical system of the Jain religion.
See Epistemology and Jain philosophy
Jerry Fodor
Jerry Alan Fodor (April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and the author of many crucial works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science.
See Epistemology and Jerry Fodor
John Dewey
John Dewey (October 20, 1859 – June 1, 1952) was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer.
See Epistemology and John Dewey
John Greco (philosopher)
John Greco (born April 24, 1961) is the Robert L. McDevitt and Catherine H. McDevitt Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University.
See Epistemology and John Greco (philosopher)
John Locke
John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704) was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism".
See Epistemology and John Locke
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist, politician and civil servant.
See Epistemology and John Stuart Mill
Jonathan Dancy
Jonathan Peter Dancy (born 8 May 1946) is a British philosopher, who has written on ethics and epistemology.
See Epistemology and Jonathan Dancy
Jonathan Kvanvig
Jonathan Lee Kvanvig (born December 7, 1954) is Professor of Philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis.
See Epistemology and Jonathan Kvanvig
Judgement
Judgement (or judgment) (in legal context, known as adjudication) is the evaluation of given circumstances to make a decision.
See Epistemology and Judgement
Justification (epistemology)
Justification (also called epistemic justification) is the property of belief that qualifies it as knowledge rather than mere opinion.
See Epistemology and Justification (epistemology)
Karl Popper
Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian–British philosopher, academic and social commentator.
See Epistemology and Karl Popper
KK thesis
The KK thesis or KK principle (also known as epistemic transparency or positive introspection) is a principle of epistemic logic which states that "If you know that P is the case then you know that you know that P is the case." This means that one cannot know that P is, if one does not know whether one's knowledge of P is correct.
See Epistemology and KK thesis
Knowledge
Knowledge is an awareness of facts, a familiarity with individuals and situations, or a practical skill.
See Epistemology and Knowledge
Knowledge by acquaintance
Bertrand Russell makes a distinction between two different kinds of knowledge: knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description.
See Epistemology and Knowledge by acquaintance
Knowledge representation and reasoning
Knowledge representation and reasoning (KRR, KR&R, KR²) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can use to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language.
See Epistemology and Knowledge representation and reasoning
Language, Truth, and Logic
Language, Truth and Logic is a 1936 book about meaning by the philosopher Alfred Jules Ayer, in which the author defines, explains, and argues for the verification principle of logical positivism, sometimes referred to as the criterion of significance or criterion of meaning.
See Epistemology and Language, Truth, and Logic
Learning theory (education)
Learning theory describes how students receive, process, and retain knowledge during learning.
See Epistemology and Learning theory (education)
Linda Zagzebski
Linda Trinkaus Zagzebski (born 1946) is an American philosopher.
See Epistemology and Linda Zagzebski
Logic
Logic is the study of correct reasoning.
Logical positivism
Logical positivism, later called logical empiricism, and both of which together are also known as neopositivism, is a movement whose central thesis is the verification principle (also known as the verifiability criterion of meaning).
See Epistemology and Logical positivism
Logical reasoning
Logical reasoning is a mental activity that aims to arrive at a conclusion in a rigorous way.
See Epistemology and Logical reasoning
Logical truth
Logical truth is one of the most fundamental concepts in logic.
See Epistemology and Logical truth
Luc Bovens
Luc Bovens is a Belgian professor of philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
See Epistemology and Luc Bovens
Luciano Floridi
Luciano Floridi (born 16 November 1964) is an Italian and British philosopher.
See Epistemology and Luciano Floridi
Luck
Luck is the phenomenon and belief that defines the experience of improbable events, especially improbably positive or negative ones.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
See Epistemology and Ludwig Wittgenstein
Madhyamaka
Mādhyamaka ("middle way" or "centrism";; Tibetan: དབུ་མ་པ་; dbu ma pa), otherwise known as Śūnyavāda ("the emptiness doctrine") and Niḥsvabhāvavāda ("the no ''svabhāva'' doctrine"), refers to a tradition of Buddhist philosophy and practice founded by the Indian Buddhist monk and philosopher Nāgārjuna.
See Epistemology and Madhyamaka
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun.
Materialism
Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all things, including mental states and consciousness, are results of material interactions of material things.
See Epistemology and Materialism
Mathematics
Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.
See Epistemology and Mathematics
Münchhausen trilemma
In epistemology, the Münchhausen trilemma is a thought experiment intended to demonstrate the theoretical impossibility of proving any truth, even in the fields of logic and mathematics, without appealing to accepted assumptions.
See Epistemology and Münchhausen trilemma
Meaning (philosophy)
In philosophymore specifically, in its sub-fields semantics, semiotics, philosophy of language, metaphysics, and metasemanticsmeaning "is a relationship between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they intend, express, or signify".
See Epistemology and Meaning (philosophy)
Medieval philosophy
Medieval philosophy is the philosophy that existed through the Middle Ages, the period roughly extending from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century until after the Renaissance in the 13th and 14th centuries.
See Epistemology and Medieval philosophy
Meditations on First Philosophy
Meditations on First Philosophy, in which the existence of God and the immortality of the soul are demonstrated (Meditationes de Prima Philosophia, in qua Dei existentia et animæ immortalitas demonstratur) is a philosophical treatise by René Descartes first published in Latin in 1641.
See Epistemology and Meditations on First Philosophy
Memory
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
Meno
Meno (Μένων, Ménōn) is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato.
Mental state
A mental state, or a mental property, is a state of mind of a person.
See Epistemology and Mental state
Metaepistemology
Metaepistemology is the branch of epistemology and metaphilosophy that studies the underlying assumptions made in debates in epistemology, including those concerning the existence and authority of epistemic facts and reasons, the nature and aim of epistemology, and the methodology of epistemology.
See Epistemology and Metaepistemology
Metaphysics
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality.
See Epistemology and Metaphysics
Metatheory
A metatheory or meta-theory is a theory on a subject matter that is a theory in itself.
See Epistemology and Metatheory
Michael Polanyi
Michael Polanyi (Polányi Mihály; 11 March 1891 – 22 February 1976) was a Hungarian-British polymath, who made important theoretical contributions to physical chemistry, economics, and philosophy.
See Epistemology and Michael Polanyi
Miranda Fricker
Miranda Fricker, FBA FAAS (born 12 March 1966) is a British philosopher who is Professor of Philosophy at New York University, Co-Director of the New York Institute of Philosophy, and Honorary Professor at the University of Sheffield.
See Epistemology and Miranda Fricker
Modern philosophy
Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity.
See Epistemology and Modern philosophy
Modus ponens
In propositional logic, modus ponens (MP), also known as modus ponendo ponens, implication elimination, or affirming the antecedent, is a deductive argument form and rule of inference.
See Epistemology and Modus ponens
Naïve realism
In philosophy of perception and epistemology, naïve realism (also known as direct realism or perceptual realism) is the idea that the senses provide us with direct awareness of objects as they really are.
See Epistemology and Naïve realism
Natural language
In neuropsychology, linguistics, and philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that occurs naturally in a human community by a process of use, repetition, and change without conscious planning or premeditation.
See Epistemology and Natural language
Natural selection
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
See Epistemology and Natural selection
Naturalized epistemology
Naturalized epistemology (a term coined by W. V. O. Quine) is a collection of philosophic views about the theory of knowledge that emphasize the role of natural scientific methods.
See Epistemology and Naturalized epistemology
Neopragmatism
Neopragmatism, sometimes called post-Deweyan pragmatism, linguistic pragmatism, or analytic pragmatism, is the philosophical tradition that infers that the meaning of words is a result of how they are used, rather than the objects they represent.
See Epistemology and Neopragmatism
Nicholas Rescher
Nicholas Rescher (15 July 1928 – 5 January 2024) was a German-born American philosopher, polymath, and author, who was a professor of philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh from 1961.
See Epistemology and Nicholas Rescher
Nyaya
Nyāya (Sanskrit:न्यायः, IAST:'nyāyaḥ'), literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment", is one of the six orthodox (Āstika) schools of Hindu philosophy.
Nyāya Sūtras
The Nyāya Sūtras is an ancient Indian Sanskrit text composed by, and the foundational text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy.
See Epistemology and Nyāya Sūtras
Ontological argument
In the philosophy of religion, an ontological argument is a deductive philosophical argument, made from an ontological basis, that is advanced in support of the existence of God.
See Epistemology and Ontological argument
Ontology
Ontology is the philosophical study of being.
Ordinary language philosophy
Ordinary language philosophy (OLP) is a philosophical methodology that sees traditional philosophical problems as rooted in misunderstandings philosophers develop by distorting or forgetting how words are ordinarily used to convey meaning in non-philosophical contexts.
See Epistemology and Ordinary language philosophy
Organon
The Organon (Ὄργανον, meaning "instrument, tool, organ") is the standard collection of Aristotle's six works on logical analysis and dialectic.
Outline of philosophy
Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.
See Epistemology and Outline of philosophy
Pace University Press
Pace University Press is a university press affiliated with Pace University in New York City.
See Epistemology and Pace University Press
Panayot Butchvarov
Panayot Butchvarov (Bulgarian: Панайот Бъчваров; born April 2, 1933, in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian-born American philosopher who is Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the University of Iowa.
See Epistemology and Panayot Butchvarov
Paul Churchland
Paul Montgomery Churchland (born October 21, 1942) is a Canadian philosopher known for his studies in neurophilosophy and the philosophy of mind.
See Epistemology and Paul Churchland
Pedagogy
Pedagogy, most commonly understood as the approach to teaching, is the theory and practice of learning, and how this process influences, and is influenced by, the social, political, and psychological development of learners.
Penguin Books
Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.
See Epistemology and Penguin Books
Perception
Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment.
See Epistemology and Perception
Perspectivism
Perspectivism (Perspektivismus; also called perspectivalism) is the epistemological principle that perception of and knowledge of something are always bound to the interpretive perspectives of those observing it.
See Epistemology and Perspectivism
Peter Abelard
Peter Abelard (Pierre Abélard; Petrus Abaelardus or Abailardus; – 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, leading logician, theologian, poet, composer and musician.
See Epistemology and Peter Abelard
Peter D. Klein
Peter David Klein (born September 17, 1940) is an American philosopher specializing in issues in epistemology who spent most of his career at Rutgers University.
See Epistemology and Peter D. Klein
Phenomenalism
In metaphysics, phenomenalism is the view that physical objects cannot justifiably be said to exist in themselves, but only as perceptual phenomena or sensory stimuli (e.g. redness, hardness, softness, sweetness, etc.) situated in time and in space.
See Epistemology and Phenomenalism
Phenomenology (philosophy)
Phenomenology is the philosophical study of objectivity and reality (more generally) as subjectively lived and experienced.
See Epistemology and Phenomenology (philosophy)
Philosophical analysis
Philosophical analysis is any of various techniques, typically used by philosophers in the analytic tradition, in order to "break down" (i.e. analyze) philosophical issues.
See Epistemology and Philosophical analysis
Philosophical methodology
In its most common sense, philosophical methodology is the field of inquiry studying the methods used to do philosophy.
See Epistemology and Philosophical methodology
Philosophical skepticism
Philosophical skepticism (UK spelling: scepticism; from Greek σκέψις skepsis, "inquiry") is a family of philosophical views that question the possibility of knowledge.
See Epistemology and Philosophical skepticism
Philosophy of language
In analytic philosophy, philosophy of language investigates the nature of language and the relations between language, language users, and the world.
See Epistemology and Philosophy of language
Philosophy of science
Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.
See Epistemology and Philosophy of science
Philosophy of testimony
The philosophy of testimony (also, epistemology of testimony) considers the nature of language and knowledge's confluence, which occurs when beliefs are transferred between speakers and hearers through testimony.
See Epistemology and Philosophy of testimony
Plato
Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.
Potemkin village
In politics and economics, a Potemkin village (translit) is a construction (literal or figurative) whose purpose is to provide an external façade to a situation, to make people believe that the situation is better than it is.
See Epistemology and Potemkin village
Pragmatism
Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition that views language and thought as tools for prediction, problem solving, and action, rather than describing, representing, or mirroring reality.
See Epistemology and Pragmatism
Principle of bivalence
In logic, the semantic principle (or law) of bivalence states that every declarative sentence expressing a proposition (of a theory under inspection) has exactly one truth value, either true or false.
See Epistemology and Principle of bivalence
Probability theory
Probability theory or probability calculus is the branch of mathematics concerned with probability.
See Epistemology and Probability theory
Problem of induction
The problem of induction is a philosophical problem that questions the rationality of predictions about unobserved things based on previous observations.
See Epistemology and Problem of induction
Procedural knowledge
Procedural knowledge (also known as know-how, knowing-how, and sometimes referred to as practical knowledge, imperative knowledge, or performative knowledge) is the knowledge exercised in the performance of some task.
See Epistemology and Procedural knowledge
Proposition
A proposition is a central concept in the philosophy of language, semantics, logic, and related fields, often characterized as the primary bearer of truth or falsity.
See Epistemology and Proposition
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
See Epistemology and Psychology
Pyrrho
Pyrrho of Elis (Pyrrhо̄n ho Ēleios), born in Elis, Greece, was a Greek philosopher of Classical antiquity, credited as being the first Greek skeptic philosopher and founder of Pyrrhonism.
Pyrrhonism
Pyrrhonism is an Ancient Greek school of philosophical skepticism which rejects dogma and advocates the suspension of judgement over the truth of all beliefs.
See Epistemology and Pyrrhonism
Racism
Racism is discrimination and prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity.
Rationalism
In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.
See Epistemology and Rationalism
Rationality
Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason.
See Epistemology and Rationality
Reality
Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within the universe, as opposed to that which is only imaginary, nonexistent or nonactual.
Reason
Reason is the capacity of applying logic consciously by drawing conclusions from new or existing information, with the aim of seeking the truth.
Reliabilism
Reliabilism, a category of theories in the philosophical discipline of epistemology, has been advanced as a theory both of justification and of knowledge.
See Epistemology and Reliabilism
Religious epistemology
Religious epistemology broadly covers religious approaches to epistemological questions, or attempts to understand the epistemological issues that come from religious belief.
See Epistemology and Religious epistemology
Religious experience
A religious experience (sometimes known as a spiritual experience, sacred experience, mystical experience) is a subjective experience which is interpreted within a religious framework.
See Epistemology and Religious experience
Religious text
Religious texts, including scripture, are texts which various religions consider to be of central importance to their religious tradition.
See Epistemology and Religious text
René Descartes
René Descartes (or;; 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science.
See Epistemology and René Descartes
Richard Kirkham
Richard Ladd Kirkham (born June 18, 1955) is an American philosopher.
See Epistemology and Richard Kirkham
Richard Rorty
Richard McKay Rorty (October 4, 1931 – June 8, 2007) was an American philosopher.
See Epistemology and Richard Rorty
Richard Swinburne
Richard Granville Swinburne (IPA) (born 26 December 1934) is an English philosopher.
See Epistemology and Richard Swinburne
Robert Brandom
Robert Boyce Brandom (born March 13, 1950) is an American philosopher who teaches at the University of Pittsburgh.
See Epistemology and Robert Brandom
Roderick Chisholm
Roderick Milton Chisholm (November 27, 1916 – January 19, 1999) was an American philosopher known for his work on epistemology, metaphysics, free will, value theory, deontology, deontic logic and the philosophy of perception.
See Epistemology and Roderick Chisholm
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy is an encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998.
See Epistemology and Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Rudolf Carnap
Rudolf Carnap (18 May 1891 – 14 September 1970) was a German-language philosopher who was active in Europe before 1935 and in the United States thereafter.
See Epistemology and Rudolf Carnap
Rule of inference
In philosophy of logic and logic, a rule of inference, inference rule or transformation rule is a logical form consisting of a function which takes premises, analyzes their syntax, and returns a conclusion (or conclusions).
See Epistemology and Rule of inference
Sandra Harding
Sandra G. Harding (born 1935) is an American philosopher of feminist and postcolonial theory, epistemology, research methodology, and philosophy of science.
See Epistemology and Sandra Harding
Scepticism and Animal Faith
Scepticism and Animal Faith (1923) is a later work by Spanish-born American philosopher George Santayana.
See Epistemology and Scepticism and Animal Faith
Scots language
ScotsThe endonym for Scots is Scots.
See Epistemology and Scots language
Scottish common sense realism
Scottish common sense realism, also known as the Scottish school of common sense, is a realist school of philosophy that originated in the ideas of Scottish philosophers Thomas Reid, Adam Ferguson, James Beattie, and Dugald Stewart during the 18th-century Scottish Enlightenment.
See Epistemology and Scottish common sense realism
Sense
A sense is a biological system used by an organism for sensation, the process of gathering information about the surroundings through the detection of stimuli.
Sense data
The theory of sense data is a view in the philosophy of perception, popularly held in the early 20th century by philosophers such as Bertrand Russell, C. D. Broad, H. H. Price, A. J. Ayer, and G. E. Moore.
See Epistemology and Sense data
Sentence (mathematical logic)
In mathematical logic, a sentence (or closed formula) of a predicate logic is a Boolean-valued well-formed formula with no free variables.
See Epistemology and Sentence (mathematical logic)
Sextus Empiricus
Sextus Empiricus (Σέξτος Ἐμπειρικός) was a Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher and Empiric school physician with Roman citizenship.
See Epistemology and Sextus Empiricus
Sexual assault
Sexual assault is an act in which one intentionally sexually touches another person without that person's consent, or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will.
See Epistemology and Sexual assault
Skepticism
Skepticism, also spelled scepticism in British English, is a questioning attitude or doubt toward knowledge claims that are seen as mere belief or dogma.
See Epistemology and Skepticism
Skill
A skill is the learned ability to act with determined results with good execution often within a given amount of time, energy, or both.
Social epistemology
Social epistemology refers to a broad set of approaches that can be taken in epistemology (the study of knowledge) that construes human knowledge as a collective achievement.
See Epistemology and Social epistemology
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975; 25th anniversary edition 2000) is a book by the biologist E. O. Wilson.
See Epistemology and Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
Sociology of knowledge
The sociology of knowledge is the study of the relationship between human thought, the social context within which it arises, and the effects that prevailing ideas have on societies.
See Epistemology and Sociology of knowledge
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (SEP) is a freely available online philosophy resource published and maintained by Stanford University, encompassing both an online encyclopedia of philosophy and peer-reviewed original publication.
See Epistemology and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Stephan Hartmann
Stephan Hartmann (born 1 March 1968) is a German philosopher and Professor of Philosophy of Science at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, known for his contributions to formal epistemology.
See Epistemology and Stephan Hartmann
Stoicism
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy that flourished in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
Student-centered learning
Student-centered learning, also known as learner-centered education, broadly encompasses methods of teaching that shift the focus of instruction from the teacher to the student.
See Epistemology and Student-centered learning
Superstition
A superstition is any belief or practice considered by non-practitioners to be irrational or supernatural, attributed to fate or magic, perceived supernatural influence, or fear of that which is unknown.
See Epistemology and Superstition
Susan Haack
Susan Haack (born 1945) is a distinguished professor in the humanities, Cooper Senior Scholar in Arts and Sciences, professor of philosophy, and professor of law at the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida.
See Epistemology and Susan Haack
Tabula rasa
Tabula rasa (Latin for "blank slate") is the idea of individuals being born empty of any built-in mental content, so that all knowledge comes from later perceptions or sensory experiences.
See Epistemology and Tabula rasa
Teaching method
A teaching method is a set of principles and methods used by teachers to enable student learning.
See Epistemology and Teaching method
Testimony
Testimony is a solemn attestation as to the truth of a matter.
See Epistemology and Testimony
The Concept of Mind
The Concept of Mind is a 1949 book by philosopher Gilbert Ryle, in which the author argues that "mind" is "a philosophical illusion hailing chiefly from René Descartes and sustained by logical errors and 'category mistakes' which have become habitual." The work has been cited as having "put the final nail in the coffin of Cartesian dualism,"Tanney, Julia.
See Epistemology and The Concept of Mind
The Incoherence of the Philosophers
The Incoherence of the Philosophers is a landmark 11th-century work by the Muslim polymath al-Ghazali and a student of the Asharite school of Islamic theology criticizing the Avicennian school of early Islamic philosophy.
See Epistemology and The Incoherence of the Philosophers
Theology
Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas (Aquino; – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, an influential philosopher and theologian, and a jurist in the tradition of scholasticism from the county of Aquino in the Kingdom of Sicily.
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Thomas Bayes
Thomas Bayes (7 April 1761) was an English statistician, philosopher and Presbyterian minister who is known for formulating a specific case of the theorem that bears his name: Bayes' theorem.
See Epistemology and Thomas Bayes
Thought
In their most common sense, the terms thought and thinking refer to cognitive processes that can happen independently of sensory stimulation.
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (widely abbreviated and cited as TLP) is the only book-length philosophical work by the Austrian philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein that was published during his lifetime.
See Epistemology and Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Truth
Truth or verity is the property of being in accord with fact or reality.
Truth-bearer
A truth-bearer is an entity that is said to be either true or false and nothing else.
See Epistemology and Truth-bearer
Two Dogmas of Empiricism
"Two Dogmas of Empiricism" is a paper by analytic philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine published in 1951.
See Epistemology and Two Dogmas of Empiricism
University of Minnesota Press
The University of Minnesota Press is a university press that is part of the University of Minnesota.
See Epistemology and University of Minnesota Press
Upanishads
The Upanishads (उपनिषद्) are late Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions" and the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hinduism.
See Epistemology and Upanishads
Utterance
In spoken language analysis, an utterance is a continuous piece of speech, by one person, before or after which there is silence on the part of the person.
See Epistemology and Utterance
Validity (logic)
In logic, specifically in deductive reasoning, an argument is valid if and only if it takes a form that makes it impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion nevertheless to be false.
See Epistemology and Validity (logic)
Vedas
The Vedas are ancient Sanskrit texts of Hinduism. Above: A page from the ''Atharvaveda''. The Vedas are a large body of religious texts originating in ancient India.
Vincent F. Hendricks
Vincent Fella Rune Møller Hendricks (born 6 March 1970) is a Danish philosopher and logician.
See Epistemology and Vincent F. Hendricks
Virtue epistemology
Virtue epistemology is a current philosophical approach to epistemology that stresses the importance of intellectual and specifically epistemic virtues.
See Epistemology and Virtue epistemology
Wiley-Blackwell
Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons.
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Willard Van Orman Quine
Willard Van Orman Quine (known to his friends as "Van"; June 25, 1908 – December 25, 2000) was an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition, recognized as "one of the most influential philosophers of the twentieth century".
See Epistemology and Willard Van Orman Quine
William James
William James (January 11, 1842 – August 26, 1910) was an American philosopher and psychologist, and the first educator to offer a psychology course in the United States.
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William of Ockham
William of Ockham or Occam (Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 10 April 1347) was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, apologist, and Catholic theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.
See Epistemology and William of Ockham
References
Also known as Acquiring knowledge, Apistomology, Eastern Epistemology, Epistemic, Epistemic circularity, Epistemiology, Epistemologic, Epistemological, Epistemological philosophy, Epistemological theory, Epistemologically, Epistemologies, Epistemologist, Epistemologists, Epistimology, Epistomology, History of epistemology, Knowledge (philosophy), Knowledge, Theory of, Limits of knowledge, Methods of obtaining Knowledge, Philosophy of inductive logic, Philosophy of knowledge, Theory of Knowledge, Wissenschaftslehre.
, Circular reasoning, Classical conditioning, Cogito, ergo sum, Cognitive science, Cognitive sociology, Cognitivism (psychology), Coherentism, Common sense, Computational epistemology, Concept, Contextualism, Continental philosophy, Contradiction, Cornel West, Correspondence theory of truth, Criteria of truth, Critique of Pure Reason, Daniel Craig, Daniel Dennett, David Hume, Decision theory, Declarative knowledge, Defeater, Definitions of knowledge, Dharmakirti, Dignāga, Disjunctivism, Dominant ideology, Donald Davidson (philosopher), Donna Haraway, Doxa, Duncan Pritchard, Dutch book theorems, Edgar Morin, Edmund Gettier, Edmund Husserl, Education, Eliminative materialism, Elizabeth S. Anderson, Empirical evidence, Empiricism, Epicureanism, Episteme, Epistemic cognition, Epistemic injustice, Epoché, Ernest Sosa, Errol Harris, Essence, Ethical intuitionism, Ethics, Ethics of belief, Evidence, Evil demon, Evolution, Evolutionary epistemology, Evolutionary psychology, Experience, Fact, Factual relativism, Faith, Fallacy, Fallibilism, Feminist epistemology, Feminist theory, Fictionalism, Fideism, Folk psychology, Formal epistemology, Foundationalism, Foundherentism, Francis Bacon, Frank Ramsey (mathematician), French philosophy, G. E. Moore, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, George Berkeley, George Santayana, Gettier problem, Gilbert Ryle, Gnosiology, Gorgias (dialogue), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Gottlob Frege, Grammar, Hellenistic philosophy, Henry E. Kyburg Jr., Hilary Kornblith, Hilary Putnam, Hindu philosophy, History of India, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Immanuel Kant, Indian philosophy, Inductive reasoning, Inference, Infinite regress, Infinitism, Information, Innatism, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Intuition, Islamic philosophy, J. L. Austin, Jain epistemology, Jain philosophy, Jerry Fodor, John Dewey, John Greco (philosopher), John Locke, John Stuart Mill, Jonathan Dancy, Jonathan Kvanvig, Judgement, Justification (epistemology), Karl Popper, KK thesis, Knowledge, Knowledge by acquaintance, Knowledge representation and reasoning, Language, Truth, and Logic, Learning theory (education), Linda Zagzebski, Logic, Logical positivism, Logical reasoning, Logical truth, Luc Bovens, Luciano Floridi, Luck, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Madhyamaka, Mars, Materialism, Mathematics, Münchhausen trilemma, Meaning (philosophy), Medieval philosophy, Meditations on First Philosophy, Memory, Meno, Mental state, Metaepistemology, Metaphysics, Metatheory, Michael Polanyi, Miranda Fricker, Modern philosophy, Modus ponens, Naïve realism, Natural language, Natural selection, Naturalized epistemology, Neopragmatism, Nicholas Rescher, Nyaya, Nyāya Sūtras, Ontological argument, Ontology, Ordinary language philosophy, Organon, Outline of philosophy, Pace University Press, Panayot Butchvarov, Paul Churchland, Pedagogy, Penguin Books, Perception, Perspectivism, Peter Abelard, Peter D. Klein, Phenomenalism, Phenomenology (philosophy), Philosophical analysis, Philosophical methodology, Philosophical skepticism, Philosophy of language, Philosophy of science, Philosophy of testimony, Plato, Potemkin village, Pragmatism, Principle of bivalence, Probability theory, Problem of induction, Procedural knowledge, Proposition, Psychology, Pyrrho, Pyrrhonism, Racism, Rationalism, Rationality, Reality, Reason, Reliabilism, Religious epistemology, Religious experience, Religious text, René Descartes, Richard Kirkham, Richard Rorty, Richard Swinburne, Robert Brandom, Roderick Chisholm, Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Rudolf Carnap, Rule of inference, Sandra Harding, Scepticism and Animal Faith, Scots language, Scottish common sense realism, Sense, Sense data, Sentence (mathematical logic), Sextus Empiricus, Sexual assault, Skepticism, Skill, Social epistemology, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis, Sociology of knowledge, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stephan Hartmann, Stoicism, Student-centered learning, Superstition, Susan Haack, Tabula rasa, Teaching method, Testimony, The Concept of Mind, The Incoherence of the Philosophers, Theology, Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Bayes, Thought, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Truth, Truth-bearer, Two Dogmas of Empiricism, University of Minnesota Press, Upanishads, Utterance, Validity (logic), Vedas, Vincent F. Hendricks, Virtue epistemology, Wiley-Blackwell, Willard Van Orman Quine, William James, William of Ockham.