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Table of Contents

1. 794 relations: Aachen, ABC-Clio, Abingdon-on-Thames, Accession of Albania to the European Union, Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union, Accession of Georgia to the European Union, Accession of Kosovo to the European Union, Accession of Moldova to the European Union, Accession of Montenegro to the European Union, Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union, Accession of Serbia to the European Union, Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities, Accession of Turkey to the European Union, Accession of Ukraine to the European Union, Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community, African Union, Ageism, Agencies of the European Union, Agnosticism, Agricultural policy, Agricultural subsidy, Air traffic management, Airport, Algeria, Allied Control Council, Allies of World War II, Alps, Amsterdam, Andorra, Anglicanism, Anthem of Europe, Antwerp, Area of freedom, security and justice, Aristide Briand, Armand Commission, Arte, Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union, Atheism, Atlantic Charter, Attorney general, Austria, Autocracy, Autonomous administrative division, Aviation, Aviation safety, Azores, Étienne Hirsch, Île-de-France, Balkans, Baltic Assembly, ... Expand index (744 more) » « Shrink index

2. 1993 establishments in Europe
3. Confederations
4. European Economic Area
5. G20 members
6. Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes
7. Political organizations based in Europe
8. Supranational unions

Aachen

Aachen (French: Aix-la-Chapelle; Oche; Aquae Granni or Aquisgranum) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants.

See European Union and Aachen

ABC-Clio

ABC-Clio, LLC (stylized ABC-CLIO) is an American publishing company for academic reference works and periodicals primarily on topics such as history and social sciences for educational and public library settings.

See European Union and ABC-Clio

Abingdon-on-Thames

Abingdon-on-Thames, commonly known as Abingdon, is a historic market town and civil parish on the River Thames in the Vale of the White Horse district of Oxfordshire, England.

See European Union and Abingdon-on-Thames

Accession of Albania to the European Union

Albania is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Accession of Albania to the European Union

Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union

The accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union (EU) is the stated aim of the present relations between the two entities.

See European Union and Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union

Accession of Georgia to the European Union

The accession of Georgia to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

See European Union and Accession of Georgia to the European Union

Accession of Kosovo to the European Union

The accession of Kosovo to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

See European Union and Accession of Kosovo to the European Union

Accession of Moldova to the European Union

The accession of Moldova to the European Union (EU) is on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

See European Union and Accession of Moldova to the European Union

Accession of Montenegro to the European Union

Accession of Montenegro to the European Union is on the agenda for future enlargement of the EU.

See European Union and Accession of Montenegro to the European Union

Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union

The accession of North Macedonia to the European Union has been on the current agenda for future enlargement of the EU since 2005, when it became an official candidate for accession.

See European Union and Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union

Accession of Serbia to the European Union

Serbia applied to join the European Union (EU) in 2009 and has been a candidate for membership since 2012, along with nine other states.

See European Union and Accession of Serbia to the European Union

Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities

The accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities (EC) – the collective term for the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC) – took effect on 1 January 1973.

See European Union and Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities

Accession of Turkey to the European Union

Turkey is negotiating its accession to the European Union (EU) as a member state, following its application to become a full member of the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor of the EU, on 14 April 1987.

See European Union and Accession of Turkey to the European Union

Accession of Ukraine to the European Union

On 28 February 2022, four days after it was invaded by Russia, Ukraine applied for membership of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Accession of Ukraine to the European Union

Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community

The Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Communities is a treaty for the accession of Spain to the European Economic Community —now the European Union— and was signed on June 12, 1985, in the ''Salón de Columnas'' of the Royal Palace of Madrid to enter into effect on January 1, 1986.

See European Union and Accession Treaty of Spain to the European Economic Community

African Union

The African Union (AU) is a continental union of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa. European Union and African Union are G20 members and united Nations General Assembly observers.

See European Union and African Union

Ageism

Ageism is a bias against individuals and groups on the basis of their age.

See European Union and Ageism

Agencies of the European Union

The agencies of the European Union (formally: Agencies, decentralised independent bodies, corporate bodies and joint undertakings of the European Union and the Euratom) are bodies of the European Union and the Euratom established as juridical persons through secondary EU legislation and tasked with a specific narrow field of work.

See European Union and Agencies of the European Union

Agnosticism

Agnosticism is the view or belief that the existence of God, the divine, or the supernatural is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact.

See European Union and Agnosticism

Agricultural policy

Agricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products.

See European Union and Agricultural policy

Agricultural subsidy

An agricultural subsidy (also called an agricultural incentive) is a government incentive paid to agribusinesses, agricultural organizations and farms to supplement their income, manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and influence the cost and supply of such commodities.

See European Union and Agricultural subsidy

Air traffic management

Air Traffic Management (framed in dashed green) Air traffic management (ATM) aims at ensuring the safe and efficient flow of air traffic.

See European Union and Air traffic management

Airport

An airport is an aerodrome with extended facilities, mostly for commercial air transport.

See European Union and Airport

Algeria

Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.

See European Union and Algeria

Allied Control Council

The Allied Control Council (ACC) or Allied Control Authority (Alliierter Kontrollrat), and also referred to as the Four Powers (Vier Mächte), was the governing body of the Allied occupation zones in Germany (1945–1949/1991) and Austria (1945–1955) after the end of World War II in Europe. European Union and Allied Control Council are international political organizations.

See European Union and Allied Control Council

Allies of World War II

The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.

See European Union and Allies of World War II

Alps

The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.

See European Union and Alps

Amsterdam

Amsterdam (literally, "The Dam on the River Amstel") is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands.

See European Union and Amsterdam

Andorra

Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra, is a sovereign landlocked country on the Iberian Peninsula, in the eastern Pyrenees, bordered by France to the north and Spain to the south.

See European Union and Andorra

Anglicanism

Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe.

See European Union and Anglicanism

Anthem of Europe

The Anthem of Europe or European Anthem, also known as Ode to Joy, is a piece of instrumental music adapted from the prelude of the final movement of Beethoven's 9th Symphony composed in 1823, originally set to words adapted from Friedrich Schiller's 1785 poem "Ode to Joy".

See European Union and Anthem of Europe

Antwerp

Antwerp (Antwerpen; Anvers) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

See European Union and Antwerp

Area of freedom, security and justice

The area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ) of the European Union (EU) is a policy domain concerning home affairs and migration, justice as well as fundamental rights, developed to address the challenges posed to internal security by collateral effects of the free movement of people and goods in the absence of border controls or customs inspection throughout the Schengen Area, as well as to safeguard adherence to the common European values through ensuring that the fundamental rights of people are respected across the EU.

See European Union and Area of freedom, security and justice

Aristide Briand

Aristide Pierre Henri Briand (28 March 18627 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the French Third Republic.

See European Union and Aristide Briand

Armand Commission

The Armand Commission was the first Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), between 1958 and 1959.

See European Union and Armand Commission

Arte

Arte (Association relative à la télévision européenne (Association relating to European television), sometimes stylised in lowercase or uppercase in its logo) is a European public service channel dedicated to culture.

See European Union and Arte

Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union

Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union is a procedure in the treaties of the European Union (EU) to suspend certain rights from a member state.

See European Union and Article 7 of the Treaty on European Union

Atheism

Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.

See European Union and Atheism

Atlantic Charter

The Atlantic Charter was a statement issued on 14 August 1941 that set out American and British goals for the world after the end of World War II, months before the US officially entered the war.

See European Union and Atlantic Charter

Attorney general

In most common law jurisdictions, the attorney general (attorneys general) or attorney-general (AG or Atty.-Gen) is the main legal advisor to the government.

See European Union and Attorney general

Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

See European Union and Austria

Autocracy

Autocracy is a system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat.

See European Union and Autocracy

Autonomous administrative division

An autonomous administrative division (also referred to as an autonomous area, zone, entity, unit, region, subdivision, province, or territory) is a subnational administrative division or internal territory of a sovereign state that has a degree of autonomy—self-governance—under the national government.

See European Union and Autonomous administrative division

Aviation

Aviation includes the activities surrounding mechanical flight and the aircraft industry.

See European Union and Aviation

Aviation safety

Aviation safety is the study and practice of managing risks in aviation.

See European Union and Aviation safety

Azores

The Azores (Açores), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira).

See European Union and Azores

Étienne Hirsch

Étienne Hirsch (20 January 1901 – 17 May 1994) was a French civil engineer and a member of the French Resistance during World War II.

See European Union and Étienne Hirsch

Île-de-France

The Île-de-France is the most populous of the eighteen regions of France, with an official estimated population of 12,271,794 residents on 1 January 2023.

See European Union and Île-de-France

Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

See European Union and Balkans

Baltic Assembly

The Baltic Assembly (BA) is a regional organisation that promotes intergovernmental cooperation between Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. European Union and Baltic Assembly are international political organizations.

See European Union and Baltic Assembly

Baltic–Adriatic Corridor

The Baltic–Adriatic Corridor or Baltic–Adriatic Axis (Baltisch-Adriatische Achse, Corridoio Baltico-Adriatico) is a European initiative to create a high capacity north–south railway and road corridor connecting Gdańsk on the Baltic Sea with Bologna and the Adriatic.

See European Union and Baltic–Adriatic Corridor

Barcelona

Barcelona is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain.

See European Union and Barcelona

Basque language

Basque (euskara) is the only surviving Paleo-European language spoken in Europe, predating the arrival of speakers of the Indo-European languages that dominate the continent today. Basque is spoken by the Basques and other residents of the Basque Country, a region that straddles the westernmost Pyrenees in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France.

See European Union and Basque language

BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

See European Union and BBC News

Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

See European Union and Belgium

Benelux

The Benelux Union (Benelux Unie; Union Benelux; Benelux-Unioun) or Benelux is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in Western Europe: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. European Union and Benelux are international organizations based in Europe and supranational unions.

See European Union and Benelux

Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

See European Union and Berlin

Bloomberg News

Bloomberg News (originally Bloomberg Business News) is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms.

See European Union and Bloomberg News

Blue Banana

The Blue Banana, also known as the European Megalopolis or the Liverpool–Milan Axis, is a discontinuous corridor of urbanization in Western and Central Europe, with a population of around 100 million.

See European Union and Blue Banana

Bolkestein directive

The Bolkestein directive or Services Directive, officially Services in the Internal Market Directive, is a European Union law aiming at establishing a single market for services within the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Bolkestein directive

Bologna Process

The Bologna Process is a series of ministerial meetings and agreements between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications.

See European Union and Bologna Process

Border control

Border control comprises measures taken by governments to monitor and regulate the movement of people, animals, and goods across land, air, and maritime borders.

See European Union and Border control

Bosman ruling

Union Royale Belge des Sociétés de Football Association ASBL v Jean-Marc Bosman (1995) C-415/93 (known as the Bosman ruling) is a 1995 European Court of Justice decision concerning freedom of movement for workers, freedom of association, and direct effect of article 39 (now article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) of the Treaty of Rome.

See European Union and Bosman ruling

Bretton Woods system

The Bretton Woods system of monetary management established the rules for commercial relations among the United States, Canada, Western European countries, and Australia and other countries, a total of 44 countries after the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement.

See European Union and Bretton Woods system

Brexit

Brexit (portmanteau of "British exit") was the withdrawal of the United Kingdom (UK) from the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Brexit

Brexit withdrawal agreement

The Brexit withdrawal agreement, officially titled Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, is a treaty between the European Union (EU), Euratom, and the United Kingdom (UK), signed on 24 January 2020, setting the terms of the withdrawal of the UK from the EU and Euratom.

See European Union and Brexit withdrawal agreement

Brookings Institution

The Brookings Institution, often stylized as Brookings, is an American think tank that conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics (and tax policy), metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, global economy, and economic development.

See European Union and Brookings Institution

Bruges

Bruges (Brugge; Brügge) is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country.

See European Union and Bruges

Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.

See European Union and Brussels

Brussels and the European Union

Brussels (Belgium) is considered the de facto capital of the European Union, having a long history of hosting a number of principal EU institutions within its European Quarter.

See European Union and Brussels and the European Union

Bucharest Nine

The Bucharest Nine or the Bucharest Format (B9 or B-9; Formatul București, Bukaresztańska Dziewiątka) is an organization founded on 4 November 2015 in Bucharest, Romania, at the initiative of the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis and the President of Poland Andrzej Duda during a bilateral meeting between them. European Union and Bucharest Nine are international organizations based in Europe and international political organizations.

See European Union and Bucharest Nine

Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

See European Union and Buddhism

Budget of the European Union

The budget of the European Union is used to finance EU funding programmes (such as the European Regional Development Fund, the Cohesion Fund, Horizon Europe, or Erasmus+) and other expenditure at the European level. European Union and budget of the European Union are European Economic Area.

See European Union and Budget of the European Union

Bulgaria

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.

See European Union and Bulgaria

Bulgarian language

Bulgarian (bŭlgarski ezik) is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeast Europe, primarily in Bulgaria.

See European Union and Bulgarian language

Bulgarian lev

The lev (лев, plural: лева, левове / leva, levove; ISO 4217 code: BGN; numeric code: 975) is the currency of Bulgaria.

See European Union and Bulgarian lev

Bundesautobahn 7

is the longest German Autobahn and the longest national motorway in Europe at 963 km (598 mi).

See European Union and Bundesautobahn 7

Burson (company)

Burson is a multinational public relations and communications firm, headquartered in New York City.

See European Union and Burson (company)

Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

See European Union and Cambridge University Press

Canary Islands

The Canary Islands (Canarias), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish region, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.

See European Union and Canary Islands

Capability approach

The capability approach (also referred to as the capabilities approach) is a normative approach to human welfare that concentrates on the actual capability of persons to achieve lives they value rather than solely having a right or freedom to do so.

See European Union and Capability approach

Capacity (law)

Legal capacity is a quality denoting either the legal aptitude of a person to have rights and liabilities (in this sense also called transaction capacity), or altogether the personhood itself in regard to an entity other than a natural person (in this sense also called legal personality).

See European Union and Capacity (law)

Castile and León

Castile and León is an autonomous community in northwestern Spain.

See European Union and Castile and León

Catalan language

Catalan (or; autonym: català), known in the Valencian Community and Carche as Valencian (autonym: valencià), is a Western Romance language.

See European Union and Catalan language

Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

See European Union and Catholic Church

Catholic Church in Europe

The Catholic Church in Europe is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in full communion with the Holy See in Rome, including represented Eastern Catholic missions.

See European Union and Catholic Church in Europe

Central and Eastern Europe

Central and Eastern Europe is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in Northeast Europe (primarily the Baltics), Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe (primarily the Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact in Europe, as well as from former Yugoslavia.

See European Union and Central and Eastern Europe

Central bank

A central bank, reserve bank, national bank, or monetary authority is an institution that manages the currency and monetary policy of a country or monetary union.

See European Union and Central bank

Central Europe

Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.

See European Union and Central Europe

Central European Summer Time

Central European Summer Time (CEST, UTC+02:00), sometimes referred to as Central European Daylight Time (CEDT), is the standard clock time observed during the period of summer daylight-saving in those European countries which observe Central European Time (CET; UTC+01:00) during the other part of the year.

See European Union and Central European Summer Time

Central European Time

Central European Time (CET) is a standard time of Central, and parts of Western Europe, which is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

See European Union and Central European Time

Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.

See European Union and Central Intelligence Agency

Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

See European Union and Charlemagne

Charlemagne building

The Charlemagne building is a high-rise in the European Quarter of Brussels, Belgium, which houses the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, the Directorate-General for Trade, and since 2015, the Internal Audit Service of the Commission.

See European Union and Charlemagne building

Charlemagne Prize

The Charlemagne Prize (Karlspreis; full name originally Internationaler Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen, International Charlemagne Prize of the City of Aachen, since 1988 Internationaler Karlspreis zu Aachen, International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen) is a prize awarded for work done in the service of European unification.

See European Union and Charlemagne Prize

Charles de Gaulle Airport

Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport (Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle) — also known as Roissy Airport (Aéroport de Roissy) or simply Paris CDG — is the main international airport serving Paris, the capital of France.

See European Union and Charles de Gaulle Airport

Charles Michel

Charles Michel (born 21 December 1975) is a Belgian politician serving as the president of the European Council since 2019.

See European Union and Charles Michel

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (CFR) enshrines certain political, social, and economic rights for European Union (EU) citizens and residents into EU law.

See European Union and Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. European Union and China are G20 members.

See European Union and China

Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

See European Union and Christianity

Christianity in Europe

Christianity is the predominant religion in Europe.

See European Union and Christianity in Europe

Christine Lagarde

Christine Madeleine Odette Lagarde (born 1 January 1956) is a French politician and lawyer who has been serving as President of the European Central Bank since 2019.

See European Union and Christine Lagarde

Circle of stars

A circle of stars often represents unity, solidarity and harmony in flags, seals and signs, and is also seen in iconographic motifs related to the Woman of the Apocalypse as well as in Baroque allegoric art that sometimes depicts the Crown of Immortality.

See European Union and Circle of stars

City of Brussels

The City of Brussels is the largest municipality and historical centre of the Brussels-Capital Region, as well as the capital of the Flemish Region (from which it is separate) and Belgium.

See European Union and City of Brussels

City of Westminster

The City of Westminster is a London borough with city status in Greater London, England.

See European Union and City of Westminster

Civil service commission

A civil service commission (also known as a Public Service Commission) is a government agency or public body that is established by the constitution, or by the legislature, to regulate the employment and working conditions of civil servants, oversee hiring and promotions, and promote the values of the public service.

See European Union and Civil service commission

Climate change

In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.

See European Union and Climate change

Climate change mitigation

Climate change mitigation (or decarbonisation) is action to limit the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that cause climate change.

See European Union and Climate change mitigation

Coat of arms

A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the last two being outer garments).

See European Union and Coat of arms

Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

See European Union and Cold War

Collectivity of Saint Martin

The Collectivity of Saint Martin (Collectivité de Saint-Martin), commonly known as simply Saint Martin (Saint-Martin), is an overseas collectivity of France in the West Indies in the Caribbean, on the northern half of the island of Saint Martin, as well as some smaller adjacent islands.

See European Union and Collectivity of Saint Martin

College of Europe

The College of Europe (Collège d'Europe; Kolegium Europejskie) is a post-graduate institute of European studies with its first campus opened in Bruges, Belgium, a second campus located in Warsaw, Poland, and a third one established in Tirana, Albania.

See European Union and College of Europe

Cologne

Cologne (Köln; Kölle) is the largest city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the Cologne Bonn urban region.

See European Union and Cologne

Comecon

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, CEMA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along with a number of socialist states elsewhere in the world. European Union and Comecon are international organizations based in Europe.

See European Union and Comecon

Committee of Permanent Representatives

COREPER, from French Comité des représentants permanents, is the Committee of Permanent Representatives in the European Union, made up of the head or deputy head of mission from the EU member states in Brussels.

See European Union and Committee of Permanent Representatives

Common Agricultural Policy

The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is the agricultural policy of the European Commission.

See European Union and Common Agricultural Policy

Common Commercial Policy (EU)

The European Union's (EU) Common Commercial Policy, or EU Trade Policy, is the policy whereby EU Member States delegate authority to the European Commission to negotiate their external trade relations, with the aim of increasing trade amongst themselves and their bargaining power vis-à-vis the rest of the world.

See European Union and Common Commercial Policy (EU)

Common external tariff

A common external tariff (CET) must be introduced when a group of countries forms a customs union.

See European Union and Common external tariff

Common Fisheries Policy

The Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) is the fisheries policy of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Common Fisheries Policy

Common Foreign and Security Policy

The Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) is the organised, agreed foreign policy of the European Union (EU) for mainly security and defence diplomacy and actions. European Union and Common Foreign and Security Policy are organizations established in 1993.

See European Union and Common Foreign and Security Policy

Common Security and Defence Policy

The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) is the European Union's (EU) course of action in the fields of defence and crisis management, and a main component of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).

See European Union and Common Security and Defence Policy

Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovak: Komunistická strana Československa, KSČ) was a communist and Marxist–Leninist political party in Czechoslovakia that existed between 1921 and 1992.

See European Union and Communist Party of Czechoslovakia

Communist state

A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of Marxism–Leninism, a branch of the communist ideology.

See European Union and Communist state

Community of Madrid

The Community of Madrid (Comunidad de Madrid) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain.

See European Union and Community of Madrid

Competition law

Competition law is the field of law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.

See European Union and Competition law

Confederation

A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a political union of sovereign states or communities united for purposes of common action. European Union and confederation are confederations and political systems.

See European Union and Confederation

Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) was a key element of the détente process during the Cold War.

See European Union and Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe

Congress of Europe

The Hague Congress or the Congress of Europe was a conference that was held in The Hague from 7–11 May 1948 with 750 delegates participating from around Europe as well as observers from Canada and the United States of America.

See European Union and Congress of Europe

Congressional Research Service

The Congressional Research Service (CRS) is a public policy research institute of the United States Congress.

See European Union and Congressional Research Service

Continental climate

Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm to hot summers and cold winters).

See European Union and Continental climate

Continental union

A continental union is a regional organization which facilitates pan-continental integration.

See European Union and Continental union

Controlled-access highway

A controlled-access highway is a type of highway that has been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic flow—ingress and egress—regulated.

See European Union and Controlled-access highway

Conurbation

A conurbation is a region comprising a number of metropolises, cities, large towns, and other urban areas which, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area.

See European Union and Conurbation

Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an international human rights treaty of the United Nations intended to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities.

See European Union and Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Copenhagen criteria

The Copenhagen criteria are the rules that define whether a country is eligible to join the European Union.

See European Union and Copenhagen criteria

Copernicus Programme

Copernicus is the Earth observation component of the European Union Space Programme, managed by the European Commission and implemented in partnership with the EU Member States, the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Environment Agency (EEA), the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), Frontex, SatCen and Mercator Océan.

See European Union and Copernicus Programme

Council of Europe

The Council of Europe (CoE; Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe. European Union and Council of Europe are international organizations based in Europe and united Nations General Assembly observers.

See European Union and Council of Europe

Council of Foreign Ministers

Council of Foreign Ministers was an organisation agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference in 1945 and announced in the Potsdam Agreement and dissolved upon the entry into force of the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany in 1991.

See European Union and Council of Foreign Ministers

Council of the European Union

The Council of the European Union, often referred to in the treaties and other official documents simply as the Council, and informally known as the Council of Ministers, is the third of the seven Institutions of the European Union (EU) as listed in the Treaty on European Union. European Union and Council of the European Union are organisations based in Brussels.

See European Union and Council of the European Union

Court of Justice of the European Union

The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) (Cour de justice de l'Union européenne or "CJUE"; Latin: Curia) is the judicial branch of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Court of Justice of the European Union

COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.

See European Union and COVID-19 pandemic

COVID-19 recession

The COVID-19 recession, also known as the Great Lockdown, was a global economic recession caused by COVID-19 lockdowns.

See European Union and COVID-19 recession

Craiova Group

The Craiova Group (Quadrilateral), Craiova Four, or C4 is a cooperation project of four European statesRomania, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbiafor the purposes of furthering their European integration as well as economic, transport and energy cooperation with one another.

See European Union and Craiova Group

Credit Suisse

Credit Suisse Group AG is a global investment bank and financial services firm founded and based in Switzerland as a standalone firm but now a subsidiary of UBS.

See European Union and Credit Suisse

Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.

See European Union and Croatia

Croatia and the euro

Croatia adopted the euro as its currency on 1 January 2023, becoming the 20th member state of the eurozone.

See European Union and Croatia and the euro

Croatian language

Croatian (hrvatski) is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats.

See European Union and Croatian language

Culture 2000

Culture 2000 was a seven-year European Union (EU) programme, which had among its key objectives to preserve and enhance Europe's cultural heritage.

See European Union and Culture 2000

Currency union

A currency union (also known as monetary union) is an intergovernmental agreement that involves two or more states sharing the same currency.

See European Union and Currency union

Cyprus

Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

See European Union and Cyprus

Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.

See European Union and Cyrillic script

Czech koruna

The koruna, or crown (sign: Kč; code: CZK, koruna česká), has been the currency of the Czech Republic since 1993. The koruna is one of the European Union's eight currencies, and the Czech Republic is legally bound to adopt the euro in the future. The official name in Czech is koruna česká (plural koruny české, though the zero-grade genitive plural form korun českých is used on banknotes and coins of value 5 Kč or higher).

See European Union and Czech koruna

Czech language

Czech (čeština), historically also known as Bohemian (lingua Bohemica), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.

See European Union and Czech language

Czech Republic

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See European Union and Czech Republic

Danish krone

The krone (plural: kroner; sign: kr.; code: DKK) is the official currency of Denmark, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands, introduced on 1 January 1875.

See European Union and Danish krone

Danish language

Danish (dansk, dansk sprog) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about six million people, principally in and around Denmark.

See European Union and Danish language

Düsseldorf

Düsseldorf is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany.

See European Union and Düsseldorf

De facto

De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.

See European Union and De facto

Decision (European Union)

In European Union law, a decision is a legal instrument which is binding upon those individuals to which it is addressed.

See European Union and Decision (European Union)

Declaration of St James's Palace

The Declaration of St James's Palace, or London Declaration, was the first joint statement of goals and principles by the Allied Powers during World War II.

See European Union and Declaration of St James's Palace

Decolonization

independence. Decolonization is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas.

See European Union and Decolonization

Democratic backsliding

Democratic backsliding is a process of regime change toward autocracy in which the exercise of political power becomes more arbitrary and repressive.

See European Union and Democratic backsliding

Denmark

Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.

See European Union and Denmark

Deutsche Welle

("German Wave"), commonly shortened to DW, is a German public, state-owned international broadcaster funded by the German federal tax budget.

See European Union and Deutsche Welle

Developing country

A developing country is a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

See European Union and Developing country

Development Cooperation Instrument

Development Cooperation Instrument (2008–2013) covers three components: 1.

See European Union and Development Cooperation Instrument

Dignity

Dignity (from the Latin dignitas meaning "worth, worthiness; dignity, position, rank, status; authority, office; self-respect, grace") in some of its modern usages has come to mean the right of a person to be valued and respected for their own sake, and to be treated ethically.

See European Union and Dignity

Diplomatic corps

The diplomatic corps (corps diplomatique) is the collective body of foreign diplomats accredited to a particular country or body.

See European Union and Diplomatic corps

Diplomatic missions of the European Union

The member states of the European Union are aligned in their foreign policy on many issues.

See European Union and Diplomatic missions of the European Union

Direct effect of European Union law

In European Union law, direct effect is the principle that Union law may, if appropriately framed, confer rights on individuals which the courts of member states of the European Union are bound to recognise and enforce.

See European Union and Direct effect of European Union law

Directive (European Union)

A directive is a legal act of the European Union that requires member states to achieve particular goals without dictating how the member states achieve those goals.

See European Union and Directive (European Union)

Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations

The Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO), formerly known as the European Community Humanitarian Aid Office, is the European Commission's department for overseas humanitarian aid and for civil protection.

See European Union and Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations

Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety

The Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety (DG SANTE), until 2014 known as the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO), is a directorate-general of the European Commission.

See European Union and Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety

Directorial system

A directorial republic is a country ruled by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government.

See European Union and Directorial system

Disabled parking permit

A disabled parking permit, also known as a disabled badge, disabled placard, handicapped permit, handicapped placard, handicapped tag, and "Blue Badge" in the European Union, is a permit that is displayed upon parking a vehicle.

See European Union and Disabled parking permit

Dortmund

Dortmund (Düörpm; Tremonia) is the third-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia, after Cologne and Düsseldorf, and the ninth-largest city in Germany.

See European Union and Dortmund

Dry season

The dry season was a yearly period of low rainfall, especially in the tropics.

See European Union and Dry season

Dutch language

Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.

See European Union and Dutch language

Earth Summit

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), also known as the Rio de Janeiro Conference or the Earth Summit (Portuguese: ECO92, Cúpula da Terra), was a major United Nations conference held in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992.

See European Union and Earth Summit

East Asia

East Asia is a geographical and cultural region of Asia including the countries of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.

See European Union and East Asia

East Germany

East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990.

See European Union and East Germany

Eastern Catholic Churches

The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches, are 23 Eastern Christian autonomous (sui iuris) particular churches of the Catholic Church, in full communion with the Pope in Rome.

See European Union and Eastern Catholic Churches

Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

See European Union and Eastern Europe

Eastern European Summer Time

Eastern European Summer Time (EEST) is one of the names of the UTC+03:00 time zone, which is 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time.

See European Union and Eastern European Summer Time

Eastern European Time

Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of UTC+02:00 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time.

See European Union and Eastern European Time

Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.

See European Union and Eastern Orthodox Church

Eastern Orthodoxy

Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.

See European Union and Eastern Orthodoxy

Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe

The Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe constitutes the second largest Christian denomination.

See European Union and Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe

Economic and monetary union

An economic and monetary union (EMU) is a type of trade bloc that features a combination of a common market, customs union, and monetary union. European Union and economic and monetary union are trade blocs.

See European Union and Economic and monetary union

Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union

The economic and monetary union (EMU) of the European Union is a group of policies aimed at converging the economies of member states of the European Union at three stages.

See European Union and Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union

Economic union

An economic union is a type of trade bloc which is composed of a common market with a customs union.

See European Union and Economic union

Economy

An economy is an area of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services.

See European Union and Economy

Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union

In the European Union education is at the responsibility of its Member States and their Ministries of education that they have; in such, the European Union institutions play only a supporting and overseeing role.

See European Union and Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union

Elections to the European Parliament

Elections to the European Parliament take place every five years by universal adult suffrage; with more than 400 million people eligible to vote, they are the second largest democratic elections in the world after India's.

See European Union and Elections to the European Parliament

Electoral autocracy

Electoral autocracy is a hybrid regime, in which democratic institutions are imitative and adhere to authoritarian methods. European Union and Electoral autocracy are political systems.

See European Union and Electoral autocracy

Emily O'Reilly

Emily O'Reilly is an author and former journalist and broadcaster who became Ireland's first female Ombudsman in 2003, succeeding Kevin Murphy.

See European Union and Emily O'Reilly

Emissions trading

Emissions trading is a market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for reducing the emissions of pollutants.

See European Union and Emissions trading

English language

English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.

See European Union and English language

Enhanced cooperation

In the European Union (EU), enhanced cooperation (previously known as closer cooperation) is a procedure where a minimum of nine EU member states are allowed to establish advanced integration or cooperation in an area within EU structures but without the other member states being involved.

See European Union and Enhanced cooperation

Enlargement of the European Union

The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union.

See European Union and Enlargement of the European Union

Entry/Exit System

The Entry/Exit System (EES) is a system of the European Union for the automatic monitoring of the border crossings of third-country nationals (non-EU/EEA/Swiss citizens) at all border crossings of the Schengen Area.

See European Union and Entry/Exit System

Environmental dumping

Environmental harmful product dumping (“environmental dumping”) is the practice of transfrontier shipment of waste (household waste, industrial/nuclear waste, etc.) from one country to another.

See European Union and Environmental dumping

Environmental Impact Assessment Directive 2011

The Environmental Impact Assessment Directive 2011 is an EU directive relevant for European environmental law.

See European Union and Environmental Impact Assessment Directive 2011

Equality before the law

Equality before the law, also known as equality under the law, equality in the eyes of the law, legal equality, or legal egalitarianism, is the principle that all people must be equally protected by the law.

See European Union and Equality before the law

Erasmus Programme

The Erasmus Programme ("EuRopean Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students") is a European Union (EU) student exchange programme established in 1987.

See European Union and Erasmus Programme

Estonia

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

See European Union and Estonia

Estonian language

Estonian (eesti keel) is a Finnic language of the Uralic family.

See European Union and Estonian language

EU Battlegroup

An EU Battlegroup (EU BG) is a military unit adhering to the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and EU Battlegroup

EU Med Group

EU Med, EuroMed 9, or MED9 (formerly MED7; from EUrope Mediterranean), which is also referred to as "Club Med" and "Med Group", is an alliance of nine Mediterranean and Southern European Union member states: Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain. European Union and EU Med Group are international organizations based in Europe.

See European Union and EU Med Group

EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement

The EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) is a free trade agreement signed on 30 December 2020, between the European Union (EU), the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), and the United Kingdom (UK).

See European Union and EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement

EUCARIS

EUCARIS, an acronym for the European Car and Driving Licence Information System, is a collaborative initiative established in 1994 to combat international vehicle crime and driving license tourism through the exchange of vehicle and driving license information among its member nations.

See European Union and EUCARIS

EUobserver

EUobserver is a European online newspaper, launched in 2000 by the Brussels-based organisation EUobserver.com ASBL.

See European Union and EUobserver

Euractiv

Euractiv is a European news website focused on EU policies, founded in 1999 by the French media publisher Christophe Leclercq.

See European Union and Euractiv

Euratom

The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom) is an international organisation established by the Euratom Treaty on 25 March 1957 with the original purpose of creating a specialist market for nuclear power in Europe, by developing nuclear energy and distributing it to its member states while selling the surplus to non-member states. European Union and Euratom are international organizations based in Europe.

See European Union and Euratom

Euro

The euro (symbol: €; currency code: EUR) is the official currency of 20 of the member states of the European Union.

See European Union and Euro

Euro banknotes

Banknotes of the euro, the common currency of the eurozone (euro area members), have been in circulation since the first series (also called ES1) was issued in 2002.

See European Union and Euro banknotes

Euro coins

There are eight euro coin denominations, ranging from one cent to two euros (the euro is divided into a hundred cents).

See European Union and Euro coins

Euro convergence criteria

The euro convergence criteria (also known as the Maastricht criteria) are the criteria European Union member states are required to meet to enter the third stage of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and adopt the euro as their currency.

See European Union and Euro convergence criteria

Eurobarometer

Eurobarometer is a series of public opinion surveys conducted regularly on behalf of the European Commission and other EU institutions since 1973.

See European Union and Eurobarometer

Eurocontrol

The European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation, commonly known as Eurocontrol (stylised EUROCONTROL), is an international organisation working to achieve safe and seamless air traffic management across Europe.

See European Union and Eurocontrol

Eurodac

European Dactyloscopy (Eurodac) is the European Union (EU) fingerprint database for identifying asylum seekers and irregular border-crossers.

See European Union and Eurodac

Eurojust

The European Union Agency for Criminal Justice Cooperation (Eurojust) is an agency of the European Union (EU) dealing with judicial co-operation in criminal matters among agencies of the member states.

See European Union and Eurojust

Euronews

Euronews (stylised in lowercase) is a European television news network, headquartered in Lyon, France.

See European Union and Euronews

Europa (consort of Zeus)

In Greek mythology, Europa (Εὐρώπη, Eurṓpē) was a Phoenician princess from Tyre and the mother of King Minos of Crete.

See European Union and Europa (consort of Zeus)

Europa (web portal)

Europa is the official web portal of the European Union (EU), providing information on how the EU works, related news, events, publications and links to websites of institutions, agencies and other bodies.

See European Union and Europa (web portal)

Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

See European Union and Europe

Europe Day

Europe Day is a day celebrating "peace and unity in Europe" celebrated on 5 May by the Council of Europe and on 9 May by the European Union.

See European Union and Europe Day

European Advisory Commission

The formation of the European Advisory Commission (EAC) was agreed on at the Moscow Conference on 30 October 1943 between the foreign ministers of the United Kingdom, Anthony Eden, the United States, Cordell Hull, and the Soviet Union, Vyacheslav Molotov, and confirmed at the Tehran Conference in November.

See European Union and European Advisory Commission

European Anti-Fraud Office

The European Anti-Fraud Office (commonly known as OLAF, from the Office européen de lutte antifraude.) is a body mandated by the European Union (EU) with protecting the Union's financial interests.

See European Union and European Anti-Fraud Office

European Arrest Warrant

The European Arrest Warrant (EAW) is an arrest warrant valid throughout all member states of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and European Arrest Warrant

European Banking Authority

The European Banking Authority (EBA) is a regulatory agency of the European Union headquartered in La Défense, Île-de-France.

See European Union and European Banking Authority

European Banking Supervision

European Banking Supervision, also known as the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), is the policy framework for the prudential supervision of banks in the euro area.

See European Union and European Banking Supervision

European banking union

The European banking union refers to the transfer of responsibility for banking policy from the member state-level to the union-wide level in several EU member states, initiated in 2012 as a response to the 2009 Eurozone crisis.

See European Union and European banking union

European Capital of Culture

A European Capital of Culture is a city designated by the European Union (EU) for a period of one calendar year during which it organises a series of cultural events with a strong pan-European dimension.

See European Union and European Capital of Culture

European Central Bank

The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central component of the Eurosystem and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) as well as one of seven institutions of the European Union.

See European Union and European Central Bank

European Charlemagne Youth Prize

The European Charlemagne Youth Prize, sometimes shortened Charlemagne Youth Prize, is a prize that has been awarded annual since 2008 jointly by the European Parliament and the Foundation of the International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen.

See European Union and European Charlemagne Youth Prize

European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (ECRML) is a European treaty (CETS 148) adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe.

See European Union and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages

European Coal and Steel Community

The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was a European organization created after World War II to integrate Europe's coal and steel industries into a single common market based on the principle of supranationalism which would be governed by the creation of a High Authority which would be made up of appointed representatives from the member states who would not represent their national interest, but would take and make decisions in the general interests of the Community as a whole.

See European Union and European Coal and Steel Community

European Commission

The European Commission (EC) is the primary executive arm of the European Union (EU). European Union and European Commission are organisations based in Brussels.

See European Union and European Commission

European Commissioner

A European commissioner is a member of the 27-member European Commission.

See European Union and European Commissioner

European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship

The Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship was a vice-president of the European Commission.

See European Union and European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship

European Common Aviation Area

The European Common Aviation Area (ECAA) is a single market in aviation services.

See European Union and European Common Aviation Area

European Communities

The European Communities (EC) were three international organizations that were governed by the same set of institutions.

See European Union and European Communities

European Convention on Human Rights

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR; formally the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) is an international convention to protect human rights and political freedoms in Europe.

See European Union and European Convention on Human Rights

European Council

The European Council (informally EUCO) is a collegiate body (directorial system) that defines the overall political direction and priorities of the European Union. European Union and European Council are organisations based in Brussels.

See European Union and European Council

European Court of Auditors

The European Court of Auditors (ECA; French: Cour des comptes européenne) is the supreme audit institution of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and European Court of Auditors

European Court of Justice

The European Court of Justice (ECJ), formally just the Court of Justice (Cour de Justice), is the supreme court of the European Union in matters of European Union law.

See European Union and European Court of Justice

European Criminal Records Information System

European Criminal Records Information System (ECRIS) is a database of criminal records, shared between members of the European Union, which started operation in April 2012.

See European Union and European Criminal Records Information System

European Cultural Month

European Cultural Month is an event created by the European Union to promote culture.

See European Union and European Cultural Month

European Currency Unit

The European Currency Unit (⟨⟩, ECU, or XEU) was a unit of account used by the European Economic Community and composed of a basket of member country currencies.

See European Union and European Currency Unit

European Cybercrime Centre

The European Cybercrime Centre (EC3 or EC³) is the body of the Police Office (Europol) of the European Union (EU), headquartered in The Hague, that coordinates cross-border law enforcement activities against computer crime and acts as a centre of technical expertise on the matter.

See European Union and European Cybercrime Centre

European Day of Languages

The European Day of Languages is observed on 26 September, as proclaimed by the Council of Europe on 6 December 2001, at the end of the European Year of Languages (2001), which had been jointly organised by the Council of Europe and the European Union.

See European Union and European Day of Languages

European debt crisis

The European debt crisis, often also referred to as the eurozone crisis or the European sovereign debt crisis, was a multi-year debt crisis that took place in the European Union (EU) from 2009 until the mid to late 2010s.

See European Union and European debt crisis

European Defence Agency

The European Defence Agency (EDA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) that promotes and facilitates integration between member states within the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).

See European Union and European Defence Agency

European Development Fund

The European Development Fund (EDF) was the main instrument for European Union (EU) aid for development cooperation in Africa, the Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP Group) countries and the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT).

See European Union and European Development Fund

European driving licence

The European driving licence is a driving licence issued by the member states of the European Economic Area (EEA); all 27 EU member states and three EFTA member states; Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, which give shared features the various driving licence styles formerly in use.

See European Union and European driving licence

European Economic Area

The European Economic Area (EEA) was established via the Agreement on the European Economic Area, an international agreement which enables the extension of the European Union's single market to member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). European Union and European Economic Area are international organizations based in Europe and trade blocs.

See European Union and European Economic Area

European Economic Community

The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organisation created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union, as renamed by the Lisbon Treaty. European Union and European Economic Community are organisations based in Brussels.

See European Union and European Economic Community

European economic interest grouping

A European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) is a type of legal entity of the European corporate law created on 1985-07-25 under European Community (EC) Council Regulation 2137/85.

See European Union and European economic interest grouping

European Exchange Rate Mechanism

The European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) is a system introduced by the European Economic Community on 1 January 1999 alongside the introduction of a single currency, the euro (replacing ERM 1 and the euro's predecessor, the ECU) as part of the European Monetary System (EMS), to reduce exchange rate variability and achieve monetary stability in Europe.

See European Union and European Exchange Rate Mechanism

European External Action Service

The European External Action Service (EEAS) is the diplomatic service in charge of executing all international relations of the European Union.

See European Union and European External Action Service

European Fiscal Compact

The Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union; also referred to as TSCG, or more plainly the Fiscal Stability Treaty is an intergovernmental treaty introduced as a new stricter version of the Stability and Growth Pact, signed on 2 March 2012 by all member states of the European Union (EU), except the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom.

See European Union and European Fiscal Compact

European Free Trade Association

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) is a regional trade organization and free trade area consisting of four European states: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. European Union and European Free Trade Association are European Economic Area, international organizations based in Europe, organisations based in Brussels, political systems and trade blocs.

See European Union and European Free Trade Association

European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS) is a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) developed by the European Space Agency and EUROCONTROL on behalf of the European Commission.

See European Union and European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service

European Green Capital Award

The European Green Capital Award (EGCA) is an award given by the European Commission each year to a European city based on its environmental record.

See European Union and European Green Capital Award

European Health Insurance Card

The European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) is issued free of charge and allows anyone who is insured by or covered by a statutory social security scheme of the EEA countries, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom to receive medical treatment in another member state in the same way as residents of that state—i.e., free or at a reduced cost—if treatment becomes necessary during their visit (for example, due to illness or an accident), or if they have a chronic pre-existing condition which requires care such as kidney dialysis.

See European Union and European Health Insurance Card

European Institute for Gender Equality

The European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) is a European Union-initiated body dedicated exclusively to gender equality.

See European Union and European Institute for Gender Equality

European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority

The European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) is a European Union financial regulatory agency.

See European Union and European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority

European integration

European integration is the process of industrial, economic, political, legal, social, and cultural integration of states wholly or partially in Europe, or nearby.

See European Union and European integration

European Maritime Safety Agency

The European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) is a European Union agency charged with reducing the risk of maritime accidents, marine pollution from ships and the loss of human lives at sea by helping to enforce the pertinent EU legislation.

See European Union and European Maritime Safety Agency

European microstates

A European microstate or European ministate is a very small sovereign state in Europe.

See European Union and European microstates

European Movement International

The European Movement International is a lobbying association that coordinates the efforts of associations and national councils with the goal of promoting European integration, and disseminating information about it.

See European Union and European Movement International

European Neighbourhood Policy

The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is a foreign relations instrument of the European Union (EU) which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union.

See European Union and European Neighbourhood Policy

European Ombudsman

The European Ombudsman is an inter-institutional body of the European Union that holds the institutions, bodies and agencies of the EU to account, and promotes good administration.

See European Union and European Ombudsman

European Parliament

The European Parliament (EP) is one of the two legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions. European Union and European Parliament are organisations based in Brussels.

See European Union and European Parliament

European Parliament constituency

Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are elected by the population of the member states of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and European Parliament constituency

European Parliamentary Union

The European Parliamentary Union (EPU) was a private organization set up by Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, who was also its Secretary General. European Union and European Parliamentary Union are international organizations based in Europe and international political organizations.

See European Union and European Parliamentary Union

European Peace Facility

The European Peace Facility (EPF) is a European Union financing instrument set up in March 2021 under the leadership of HRVP Josep Borrell, which aims towards the delivery of military aid to partner countries and funds the deployment of EU military missions abroad under the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).

See European Union and European Peace Facility

European Personnel Selection Office

The European Personnel Selection Office (EPSO) is responsible for selecting staff to work for the institutions and agencies of the European Union including the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, the European Court of Justice, the Court of Auditors, the European External Action Service, the Economic and Social Committee, the Committee of the Regions and the European Ombudsman.

See European Union and European Personnel Selection Office

European Political Co-operation

The European Political Co-operation (EPC) was the common term for the co-ordination of foreign policy between member states of the European Communities (EC) from its inception in 1970 until the EPC was superseded by the new European Union's (EU) Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) pillar upon the entry into force of the Maastricht Treaty in November 1993.

See European Union and European Political Co-operation

European Political Community (1952)

An entity to be named the European Political Community (EPC) was proposed in 1952 as a combination of the existing European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the proposed European Defence Community (EDC).

See European Union and European Political Community (1952)

European Public Prosecutor's Office

The European Public Prosecutor's Office (EPPO) is an independent body of the European Union (EU) with juridical personality, established under the Treaty of Lisbon between 24 of the 27 states of the EU following the method of enhanced cooperation.

See European Union and European Public Prosecutor's Office

European Rail Traffic Management System

The European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) is the system of standards for management and interoperation of signalling for railways by the European Union (EU).

See European Union and European Rail Traffic Management System

European Research Council

The European Research Council (ERC) is a public body for funding of scientific and technological research conducted within the European Union (EU). European Union and European Research Council are organisations based in Brussels.

See European Union and European Research Council

European Securities and Markets Authority

The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) is an agency of the European Union located in Paris.

See European Union and European Securities and Markets Authority

European single market

The European single market, also known as the European internal market or the European common market, is the single market comprising mainly the member states of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and European single market

European Social Charter

The European Social Charter is a Council of Europe treaty which was opened for signature on 18 October 1961 and initially became effective on 26 February 1965, after West Germany had become the fifth of the 13 signing nations to ratify it.

See European Union and European Social Charter

European Space Agency

The European Space Agency (ESA) is a 22-member intergovernmental body devoted to space exploration.

See European Union and European Space Agency

European Structural and Investment Funds

The European Structural and Investment Funds (ESI Funds, ESIFs) are financial tools governed by a common rulebook, set up to implement the regional policy of the European Union, as well as the structural policy pillars of the Common Agricultural Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy.

See European Union and European Structural and Investment Funds

European System of Central Banks

The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) is an institution that comprises the European Central Bank (ECB) and the national central banks (NCBs) of all 27 member states of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and European System of Central Banks

European System of Financial Supervision

The European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS) is the framework for financial supervision in the European Union that has been in operation since 2011.

See European Union and European System of Financial Supervision

European Systemic Risk Board

The European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB) is a group established on 16 December 2010 in response to the financial crisis.

See European Union and European Systemic Risk Board

European Travel Information and Authorisation System

The European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) is a planned electronic authorisation system of the European Union for visa-exempt visitors travelling to the Schengen Area (including EFTA countries), as well as Cyprus.

See European Union and European Travel Information and Authorisation System

European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training

CEPOL, officially the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training, is an agency of the European Union dedicated to training law enforcement officials.

See European Union and European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training

European Union Agency for Railways

The European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) is an agency of the European Union (EU) that sets mandatory requirements for European railways and manufacturers in the form of Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI), which apply to the Trans-European Rail system.

See European Union and European Union Agency for Railways

European Union Agency for the Space Programme

The European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA) is a space agency, managing the European Union Space Programme as one of the agencies of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and European Union Agency for the Space Programme

European Union and the G7

The European Union (EU) is a member of the G7 (the G8, until Russia was uninvited in 2014).

See European Union and European Union and the G7

European Union and the United Nations

The European Union (EU) has permanent observer status at the United Nations (UN) since 1974, and gained enhanced participation rights in 2011.

See European Union and European Union and the United Nations

European Union Association Agreement

A European Union Association Agreement or simply Association Agreement (AA) is a treaty between the European Union (EU), its Member States and a non-EU country that creates a framework for co-operation between them.

See European Union and European Union Association Agreement

European Union Aviation Safety Agency

The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is an agency of the European Commission with responsibility for civil aviation safety in the European Union.

See European Union and European Union Aviation Safety Agency

European Union citizenship

European Union citizenship is afforded to all nationals of member states of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and European Union citizenship

European Union competition law

In the European Union, competition law promotes the maintenance of competition within the European Single Market by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies to ensure that they do not create cartels and monopolies that would damage the interests of society.

See European Union and European Union competition law

European Union Customs Union

The European Union Customs Union (EUCU), formally known as the Community Customs Union, is a customs union which consists of all the member states of the European Union (EU), Monaco, and the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.

See European Union and European Union Customs Union

European Union Global Strategy

The Global strategy for the foreign and security policy of the European Union, for short the European Union Global Strategy (EUGS), is the updated doctrine of the European Union to improve the effectiveness of the defence and security of the Union and its members states, the protection of civilians, cooperation between the member states' armed forces, management of immigration, crises etc.

See European Union and European Union Global Strategy

European Union law

European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and European Union law

European Union legislative procedure

The European Union adopts legislation through a variety of legislative procedures.

See European Union and European Union legislative procedure

European Union Military Staff

The Military Staff of the European Union (EUMS) is the directorate-general of the European Union's (EU) External Action Service (EEAS) that contributes to the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) by providing strategic advice to the High Representative (HR/VP) and commanding operations through its Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC) operational headquarters.

See European Union and European Union Military Staff

European Union roaming regulations

The Roaming Regulation 2022 bans roaming charges (Eurotariff) within the European Economic Area (EEA), which consists of the member states of the European Union, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.

See European Union and European Union roaming regulations

European Union Satellite Centre

The European Union Satellite Centre (EU SatCen; previously EUSC) is the agency of the European Union (EU) that supports the EU's decision-making in the field of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), including crisis management missions and operations.

See European Union and European Union Satellite Centre

European Union Space Programme

The European Union Space Programme is an EU funding programme established in 2021 along with its managing agency, the European Union Agency for the Space Programme, in order to implement the pre-existing European Space Policy established on 22 May 2007 when a joint and concomitant meeting at the ministerial level of the Council of the European Union and the Council of the European Space Agency, known collectively as the European Space Council, adopted a Resolution on the European Space Policy.

See European Union and European Union Space Programme

European Union Youth Orchestra

The European Union Youth Orchestra (EUYO) is a youth orchestra with members drawn from the 27 members states of the European Union.

See European Union and European Union Youth Orchestra

European vehicle registration plate

A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate (British English), license plate or licence plate (American English and Canadian English respectively), is a metal or plastic plate or plates attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identification purposes.

See European Union and European vehicle registration plate

Europol

Europol, officially the European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation, is the law enforcement agency of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Europol

Euroscepticism

Euroscepticism, also spelled as Euroskepticism or EU-scepticism, is a political position involving criticism of the European Union (EU) and European integration.

See European Union and Euroscepticism

Eurosport

Eurosport is a French group of pay television networks in Europe and parts of Asia.

See European Union and Eurosport

Eurostat

Eurostat ('European Statistical Office'; DG ESTAT) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.

See European Union and Eurostat

Eurosystem

The Eurosystem is the monetary authority of the eurozone, the collective of European Union member states that have adopted the euro as their sole official currency.

See European Union and Eurosystem

Eurozone

The euro area, commonly called the eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies.

See European Union and Eurozone

Executive (government)

The executive, also referred to as the juditian or executive power, is that part of government which executes the law; in other words, directly makes decisions and holds power.

See European Union and Executive (government)

Executive Board of the European Central Bank

The Executive Board of the European Central Bank is the organ responsible for implementing monetary policy for the Eurozone in line with the guidelines and decisions taken by the Governing Council of the European Central Bank.

See European Union and Executive Board of the European Central Bank

FADO

FADO (which stands for "False and Authentic Documents Online") is a European image-archiving system that was set up to help combat illegal immigration and organised crime.

See European Union and FADO

Federal Europe

A federal Europe, also referred to as the United States of Europe (USE), European State, or a European federation, is a hypothetical scenario of European integration leading to the formation of a sovereign superstate (similar to the United States of America), organised as a federation of the member countries of the European Union (EU), as contemplated by political scientists, politicians, geographers, historians, futurologists and fiction writers.

See European Union and Federal Europe

Federation

A federation (also called a federal state) is an entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a federal government (federalism).

See European Union and Federation

FIFA

The Fédération Internationale de Football Association, more commonly known by its acronym FIFA, is the international self-regulatory governing body of association football, beach soccer, and futsal.

See European Union and FIFA

Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

See European Union and Finland

Finnish language

Finnish (endonym: suomi or suomen kieli) is a Finnic language of the Uralic language family, spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside of Finland.

See European Union and Finnish language

First language

A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.

See European Union and First language

Fishery

Fishery can mean either the enterprise of raising or harvesting fish and other aquatic life or, more commonly, the site where such enterprise takes place (a.k.a., fishing grounds).

See European Union and Fishery

Fishing industry

The fishing industry includes any industry or activity that takes, cultures, processes, preserves, stores, transports, markets or sells fish or fish products.

See European Union and Fishing industry

Flag Day

A flag day is a flag-related holiday, a day designated for flying a certain flag (such as a national flag) or a day set aside to celebrate a historical event such as a nation's adoption of its flag.

See European Union and Flag Day

Flag of Europe

The flag of Europe or European flag consists of twelve golden stars forming a circle on a blue field.

See European Union and Flag of Europe

Flemish Diamond

The Flemish Diamond (Vlaamse Ruit) is the Flemish reference to a network of four metropolitan areas in Belgium, three of which are in the central provinces of Flanders, together with the Brussels-Capital Region.

See European Union and Flemish Diamond

Foreign exchange reserves

Foreign exchange reserves (also called forex reserves or FX reserves) are cash and other reserve assets such as gold and silver held by a central bank or other monetary authority that are primarily available to balance payments of the country, influence the foreign exchange rate of its currency, and to maintain confidence in financial markets.

See European Union and Foreign exchange reserves

Foreign relations of the European Union

Although there has been a large degree of integration between European Union member states, foreign relations is still a largely intergovernmental matter, with the 27 states controlling their own relations to a large degree.

See European Union and Foreign relations of the European Union

Fortune Global 500

The Fortune Global 500, also known as Global 500, is an annual ranking of the top 500 corporations worldwide as measured by revenue.

See European Union and Fortune Global 500

Founding fathers of the European Union

The founding fathers of the European Union are men who are considered to be major contributors to European unity and the development of what is now the European Union.

See European Union and Founding fathers of the European Union

Fox News

The Fox News Channel (FNC), commonly known as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City.

See European Union and Fox News

Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development

The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP1 to FP9, are funding programmes created by the European Union/European Commission to support and foster research in the European Research Area (ERA).

See European Union and Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development

François Mitterrand

François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 19168 January 1996) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest holder of that position in the history of France.

See European Union and François Mitterrand

France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. European Union and France are G20 members.

See European Union and France

Frankfurt

Frankfurt am Main ("Frank ford on the Main") is the most populous city in the German state of Hesse.

See European Union and Frankfurt

Frankfurt Rhine-Main

The Rhine-Main Metropolitan Region, often simply referred to as Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Frankfurt Rhine-Main area or Rhine-Main area (German: Rhein-Main-Gebiet or Frankfurt/Rhein-Main, abbreviated FRM), is the second-largest metropolitan region in Germany after Rhine-Ruhr, with a total population exceeding 5.8 million.

See European Union and Frankfurt Rhine-Main

Free trade agreements of the European Union

The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.

See European Union and Free trade agreements of the European Union

Freedom of the press

Freedom of the press or freedom of the media is the fundamental principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, especially published materials, should be considered a right to be exercised freely.

See European Union and Freedom of the press

French Fourth Republic

The French Fourth Republic (Quatrième république française) was the republican government of France from 27 October 1946 to 4 October 1958, governed by the fourth republican constitution of 13 October 1946.

See European Union and French Fourth Republic

French Guiana

French Guiana (or; Guyane,; Lagwiyann or Gwiyann) is an overseas department and region of France located on the northern coast of South America in the Guianas and the West Indies.

See European Union and French Guiana

French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

See European Union and French language

French Union

The French Union was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial empire system, colloquially known as the "French Empire" (Empire français).

See European Union and French Union

French–German enmity

French–German (Franco-German) enmity (Rivalité franco-allemande, Deutsch–französische Erbfeindschaft) was the idea of unavoidably hostile relations and mutual revanchism between Germans (including Austrians) and French people that arose in the 16th century and became popular with the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871.

See European Union and French–German enmity

Frontex

The European Border and Coast Guard Agency, commonly known as Frontex, is an agency of the European Union headquartered in Warsaw, Poland.

See European Union and Frontex

Fucine Lake

The Fucine Lake (Lago Fucino or Lago di Celano) was a large endorheic karst lake between above sea level and surrounded by the Monte Sirente-Monte Velino mountain ranges to the north-northeast, Mount Salviano to the west, Vallelonga to the south, and the Valle del Giovenco to the east-southeast.

See European Union and Fucine Lake

Fundamental rights

Fundamental rights are a group of rights that have been recognized by a high degree of protection from encroachment.

See European Union and Fundamental rights

G20

The G20 or Group of 20 is an intergovernmental forum comprising 19 sovereign countries, the European Union (EU), and the African Union (AU).

See European Union and G20

Galician language

Galician (galego), also known as Galego, is a Western Ibero-Romance language.

See European Union and Galician language

Galileo (satellite navigation)

Galileo is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that went live in 2016, created by the European Union through the European Space Agency (ESA), operated by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA), headquartered in Prague, Czechia, with two ground operations centres in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, mostly responsible for the control of the satellites, and in Fucino, Italy, mostly responsible for providing the navigation data.

See European Union and Galileo (satellite navigation)

Galileo Galilei

Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei or simply Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath.

See European Union and Galileo Galilei

Gare du Nord

The Gare du Nord (North Station), officially Paris Nord, is one of the seven large mainline railway station termini in Paris, France.

See European Union and Gare du Nord

Günter Verheugen

Günter Verheugen (born 28 April 1944) is a German politician who served as European Commissioner for Enlargement from 1999 to 2004, and then as European Commissioner for Enterprise and Industry from 2004 to 2010.

See European Union and Günter Verheugen

General Court (European Union)

The General Court, informally known as the European General Court (EGC), is a constituent court of the Court of Justice of the European Union.

See European Union and General Court (European Union)

General Electric

General Electric Company (GE) was an American multinational conglomerate founded in 1892, incorporated in the state of New York and headquartered in Boston.

See European Union and General Electric

Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

See European Union and Geneva

Geocode

A geocode is a code that represents a geographic entity (location or object).

See European Union and Geocode

Geography of the European Union

The geography of the European Union describes the geographic features of the European Union (EU), a multinational polity that occupies a large portion of Europe and covers 4,422,773 km2 (1,707,642 sq mi).

See European Union and Geography of the European Union

German language

German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.

See European Union and German language

German reunification

German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single full sovereign state, which took place between 9 November 1989 and 15 March 1991.

See European Union and German reunification

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe. European Union and Germany are G20 members.

See European Union and Germany

GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences

The GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences is the largest German infrastructure institute for the social sciences.

See European Union and GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences

Ghent

Ghent (Gent; Gand; historically known as Gaunt in English) is a city and a municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

See European Union and Ghent

Global Positioning System

The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force.

See European Union and Global Positioning System

GLONASS

GLONASS (label,; t) is a Russian satellite navigation system operating as part of a radionavigation-satellite service.

See European Union and GLONASS

Gloucestershire

Gloucestershire (abbreviated Glos.) is a ceremonial county in South West England.

See European Union and Gloucestershire

GNSS augmentation

Augmentation of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is a method of improving the navigation system's attributes, such as precision, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process.

See European Union and GNSS augmentation

God

In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith.

See European Union and God

Government procurement in the European Union

Government procurement or public procurement is undertaken by the public authorities of the European Union (EU) and its member states in order to award contracts for public works and for the purchase of goods and services in accordance with principles derived from the Treaties of the European Union.

See European Union and Government procurement in the European Union

Graian Alps

The Graian Alps (Alpes grées; Alpi Graie) are a mountain range in the western part of the Alps.

See European Union and Graian Alps

Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

See European Union and Greece

Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.

See European Union and Greek alphabet

Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

See European Union and Greek language

Greek mythology

Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology.

See European Union and Greek mythology

Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect.

See European Union and Greenhouse gas emissions

Greenland

Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.

See European Union and Greenland

Greenland and the European Union

Greenland, an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark (which also includes the territories of Denmark and Faroe Islands) is one of the EU members’ overseas countries and territories (OCT) associated to the European Union.

See European Union and Greenland and the European Union

Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.

See European Union and Gross domestic product

Guadeloupe

Guadeloupe (Gwadloup) is an overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean.

See European Union and Guadeloupe

Gulf Stream

The Gulf Stream is a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows through the Straits of Florida and up the eastern coastline of the United States, then veers east near 36°N latitude (North Carolina) and moves toward Northwest Europe as the North Atlantic Current.

See European Union and Gulf Stream

Hallstein Commission

Term: 1958–1962 Party: CD --> The Hallstein Commission is the European Commission that held office from 7 January 1958 to 30 June 1967.

See European Union and Hallstein Commission

Harper (publisher)

Harper is an American publishing house, the flagship imprint of global publisher, HarperCollins, based in New York City.

See European Union and Harper (publisher)

Head of government

In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.

See European Union and Head of government

Head of state

A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.

See European Union and Head of state

Height above mean sea level

Height above mean sea level is a measure of a location's vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) in reference to a vertical datum based on a historic mean sea level.

See European Union and Height above mean sea level

Helena Dalli

Helena Dalli (born Helena Abela, 29 September 1962) is a Maltese politician serving as European Commissioner for Equality since 1 December 2019.

See European Union and Helena Dalli

Helmut Kohl

Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 – 16 June 2017) was a German politician who served as Chancellor of West Germany from 1982 to 1990, Chancellor of Germany from 1990 to 1998 and Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) from 1973 to 1998.

See European Union and Helmut Kohl

Helsinki Headline Goal

The Helsinki Headline Goal was a military capability target set for 2003 during the December 1999 Helsinki European Council meeting with the aim of developing a future European Rapid Reaction Force.

See European Union and Helsinki Headline Goal

Herman Van Rompuy

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See European Union and Herman Van Rompuy

Hertensteiner Cross

The Hertensteiner Cross (Hertensteiner Kreuz) was used as a flag by the federalist movements from 14 to 24 September 1946 in Hertenstein, Switzerland. The symbol was designed by the Sculptor Hedwig Frei, and was the first sign used when the Swiss "Europa Union" was founded in 1934.

See European Union and Hertensteiner Cross

High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy/Vice-President of the European Commission (HR/VP) is the chief co-ordinator and representative of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) within the European Union (EU).

See European Union and High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

Hinduism

Hinduism is an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order by which its followers abide.

See European Union and Hinduism

Hirsch Commission

The Hirsch Commission was the second Commission of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), between 1959 and 1962.

See European Union and Hirsch Commission

History of the euro

The euro came into existence on 1 January 1999, although it had been a goal of the European Union (EU) and its predecessors since the 1960s.

See European Union and History of the euro

History of the European Union

The European Union is a geo-political entity, created in 1993, covering a large portion of the European continent.

See European Union and History of the European Union

Honeywell

Honeywell International Inc. is an American publicly traded, multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina.

See European Union and Honeywell

Horst Köhler

Horst Köhler (born 22 February 1943) is a German politician who served as President of Germany from 2004 to 2010.

See European Union and Horst Köhler

Human

Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.

See European Union and Human

Human Development Index

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

See European Union and Human Development Index

Human rights

Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.

See European Union and Human rights

Human trafficking

Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation.

See European Union and Human trafficking

Humanitarian aid

Humanitarian aid is material and logistic assistance, usually in the short-term, to people in need.

See European Union and Humanitarian aid

Hungarian forint

The forint (sign Ft; code HUF) is the currency of Hungary.

See European Union and Hungarian forint

Hungarian language

Hungarian is a Uralic language of the proposed Ugric branch spoken in Hungary and parts of several neighbouring countries.

See European Union and Hungarian language

Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See European Union and Hungary

Iceland

Iceland (Ísland) is a Nordic island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between North America and Europe.

See European Union and Iceland

Iceland–European Union relations

Iceland is heavily integrated into the European Union via the Agreement on the European Economic Area and the Schengen Agreement, despite its status as a non-EU member state.

See European Union and Iceland–European Union relations

Ideas of European unity before 1948

This article aims to cover ideas of European unity before 1948.

See European Union and Ideas of European unity before 1948

Immigration to Europe

Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially after World War II.

See European Union and Immigration to Europe

Import quota

An import quota is a type of trade restriction that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time.

See European Union and Import quota

Indiana University Press

Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.

See European Union and Indiana University Press

Inner Six

The Inner Six, also known as the Six, the Six founders, or the founding members of the European Union, refers to Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and Netherlands, the six founding member states of the European Communities, now succeeded by the European Union.

See European Union and Inner Six

Institute for European Environmental Policy

Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) is an independent, not-for-profit policy studies institute and green think tank which analyses and develops environmental policy in Europe and beyond.

See European Union and Institute for European Environmental Policy

Institutional seats of the European Union

The seven institutions of the European Union (EU) are seated in four different cities, which are Brussels (Belgium), Frankfurt am Main (Germany), Luxembourg (Luxembourg) and Strasbourg (France), rather than being concentrated in a single capital city.

See European Union and Institutional seats of the European Union

Institutions of the European Union

The institutions of the European Union are the seven principal decision-making bodies of the European Union and the Euratom governed under the Treaties of the European Union and European Union law.

See European Union and Institutions of the European Union

Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance

The Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, or simply IPA, is a funding mechanism of the European Union.

See European Union and Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance

Intergovernmentalism

In international relations, intergovernmentalism treats states (and national governments in particular) as the primary actors in the integration process. European Union and intergovernmentalism are political systems.

See European Union and Intergovernmentalism

International Authority for the Ruhr

The International Authority for the Ruhr (IAR) was an international body established in 1949 by the Western Allies to regulate the coal and steel industries of the Ruhr area in West Germany.

See European Union and International Authority for the Ruhr

International community

The international community is a term used in geopolitics and international relations to refer to a broad group of people and governments of the world.

See European Union and International community

International Herald Tribune

The International Herald Tribune (IHT) was a daily English-language newspaper published in Paris, France, for international English-speaking readers.

See European Union and International Herald Tribune

International law

International law (also known as public international law and the law of nations) is the set of rules, norms, and standards that states and other actors feel an obligation to obey in their mutual relations and generally do obey.

See European Union and International law

International Olympic Committee

The International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comité international olympique, CIO) is a non-governmental sports organisation based in Lausanne, Switzerland. European Union and international Olympic Committee are united Nations General Assembly observers.

See European Union and International Olympic Committee

Internationalism (politics)

Internationalism is a political principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation among states and nations.

See European Union and Internationalism (politics)

Iraq War

The Iraq War, sometimes called the Second Persian Gulf War, or Second Gulf War was a protracted armed conflict in Iraq from 2003 to 2011. It began with the invasion of Iraq by the United States-led coalition that overthrew the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the coalition forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.

See European Union and Iraq War

Irish language

Irish (Standard Irish: Gaeilge), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Insular Celtic branch of the Celtic language group, which is a part of the Indo-European language family.

See European Union and Irish language

Irreligion

Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.

See European Union and Irreligion

Islam by country

Adherents of Islam constitute the world's second largest religious group.

See European Union and Islam by country

Islam in Europe

Islam is the second-largest religion in Europe after Christianity.

See European Union and Islam in Europe

ISO 3166-2

ISO 3166-2 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and defines codes for identifying the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces or states) of all countries coded in ISO 3166-1.

See European Union and ISO 3166-2

Italian language

Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.

See European Union and Italian language

Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe. European Union and Italy are G20 members.

See European Union and Italy

Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland. European Union and Japan are G20 members.

See European Union and Japan

Jean Rey (politician)

Jean Rey (15 July 1902 – 19 May 1983) was a Belgian Liberal politician who served as the second president of the European Commission from 1967 to 1970.

See European Union and Jean Rey (politician)

Jewish population by country

the world's core Jewish population (those identifying as Jews above all else) was estimated at 15.7 million, which is approximately 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population.

See European Union and Jewish population by country

John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946), was an English economist and philosopher whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments.

See European Union and John Maynard Keynes

Josep Borrell

Josep Borrell Fontelles (born 24 April 1947) is a Spanish politician serving as High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy since 1 December 2019.

See European Union and Josep Borrell

Joule

The joule (pronounced, or; symbol: J) is the unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI).

See European Union and Joule

Journal of European Studies

The Journal of European Studies is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of European studies especially the cultural history of Europe since the Renaissance.

See European Union and Journal of European Studies

Judiciary

The judiciary (also known as the judicial system, judicature, judicial branch, judiciative branch, and court or judiciary system) is the system of courts that adjudicates legal disputes/disagreements and interprets, defends, and applies the law in legal cases.

See European Union and Judiciary

Juridical person

A juridical person is a legal person that is not a natural person but an organization recognized by law as a fictitious person such as a corporation, government agency, non-governmental organisation, or international organization (such as the European Union).

See European Union and Juridical person

Katowice

Katowice is the capital city of the Silesian Voivodeship in southern Poland and the central city of the Katowice urban area. As of 2021, Katowice has an official population of 286,960, and a resident population estimate of around 315,000. Katowice is a central part of the Metropolis GZM, with a population of 2.3 million, and a part of a larger Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area that extends into the Czech Republic and has a population of around 5 million people, making it one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the European Union.

See European Union and Katowice

Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area

The Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan areaBrookings Institution (2016), p. 16.

See European Union and Katowice-Ostrava metropolitan area

Koen Lenaerts

Koen Lenaerts, Baron Lenaerts (born 20 December 1954) is a Belgian jurist and the President of the Court of Justice of the European Union.

See European Union and Koen Lenaerts

Kosovo War

The Kosovo War (Lufta e Kosovës; Kosovski rat) was an armed conflict in Kosovo that lasted from 28 February 1998 until 11 June 1999.

See European Union and Kosovo War

Kyoto Protocol

The was an international treaty which extended the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that global warming is occurring and that human-made CO2 emissions are driving it.

See European Union and Kyoto Protocol

La Rioja

La Rioja is an autonomous community and province in Spain, in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.

See European Union and La Rioja

Lammefjorden

The Lammefjord is a polder in Denmark at the base of the Odsherred peninsula.

See European Union and Lammefjorden

Language policy

Language policy is both an interdisciplinary academic field and implementation of ideas about language use.

See European Union and Language policy

Languages of the European Union

The European Union (EU) has 24 official languages, of which threeEnglish, French and Germanhave the status of "procedural" languages of the European Commission (whereas the European Parliament accepts all official languages as working languages).

See European Union and Languages of the European Union

Latin Church

The Latin Church (Ecclesia Latina) is the largest autonomous (sui iuris) particular church within the Catholic Church, whose members constitute the vast majority of the 1.3 billion Catholics.

See European Union and Latin Church

Latin script

The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia.

See European Union and Latin script

Latvia

Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

See European Union and Latvia

Latvian language

Latvian (latviešu valoda), also known as Lettish, is an East Baltic language belonging to the Indo-European language family.

See European Union and Latvian language

League of Nations

The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. European Union and League of Nations are international political organizations.

See European Union and League of Nations

Leuven

Leuven, also called Louvain (Löwen), is the capital and largest city of the province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium.

See European Union and Leuven

Liberty

Liberty is the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views.

See European Union and Liberty

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in the Central European Alps, between Austria in the east and north and Switzerland in the west and south.

See European Union and Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein–European Union relations

Relations between the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) and the European Union (EU) are shaped heavily by Liechtenstein's participation in the European Economic Area (EEA).

See European Union and Liechtenstein–European Union relations

Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013

The Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013 (previously referred to as the "Integrated action programme in the field of lifelong learning" or the "Integrated programme") was the European Union programme for education and training.

See European Union and Lifelong Learning Programme 2007–2013

Lisbon

Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131 as of 2023 within its administrative limits and 2,961,177 within the metropolis.

See European Union and Lisbon

List of Christian denominations

A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organization and doctrine.

See European Union and List of Christian denominations

List of country groupings

Groups of countries or regions are often referred to by a single term (word, phrase, or abbreviation).

See European Union and List of country groupings

List of French possessions and colonies

From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First French colonial empire stretched from a total area at its peak in 1680 to over, the second largest empire in the world at the time behind only the Spanish Empire.

See European Union and List of French possessions and colonies

List of military and civilian missions of the European Union

The European Union (EU) has undertaken a number of overseas missions and operations, drawing on civilian and military capabilities, in several countries across three continents (Europe, Africa and Asia), as part of its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP).

See European Union and List of military and civilian missions of the European Union

List of multilateral free trade agreements

A multilateral free trade agreement is between several countries all treated equally, and creates a free trade area. European Union and List of multilateral free trade agreements are trade blocs.

See European Union and List of multilateral free trade agreements

List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

The Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize annually "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses." As dictated by Alfred Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway.

See European Union and List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

List of states with nuclear weapons

Eight sovereign states have publicly announced successful detonation of nuclear weapons.

See European Union and List of states with nuclear weapons

Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.

See European Union and Lithuania

Lithuanian language

Lithuanian is an East Baltic language belonging to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.

See European Union and Lithuanian language

Locarno Treaties

The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated in Locarno, Switzerland, from 5 to 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return for normalizing relations with the defeated German Reich (the Weimar Republic).

See European Union and Locarno Treaties

London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

See European Union and London

London Six-Power Conference

The London Six-Power Conference in 1948 was held between the three Western occupation forces in Germany after the World War II (United States, Britain and France) and the Benelux countries.

See European Union and London Six-Power Conference

Louis Armand

Louis François Armand (17 January 1905 – 30 August 1971) was a French engineer and senior civil servant who managed several public companies, as well as had a significant role in World War II as an officer in the Resistance.

See European Union and Louis Armand

Lublin Triangle

The Lublin Triangle (Liublino trikampis; Trójkąt Lubelski; Liublinskyi trykutnyk) is a regional alliance of three European countriesLithuania, Poland, and Ukrainefor the purposes of strengthening mutual military, cultural, economic and political cooperation and supporting Ukraine's integration into the European Union and NATO. European Union and Lublin Triangle are international political organizations.

See European Union and Lublin Triangle

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist.

See European Union and Ludwig van Beethoven

Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.

See European Union and Lutheranism

Luxembourg

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe.

See European Union and Luxembourg

Luxembourg City

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxembourg; Luxemburg), also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg or d'Stad; Ville de Luxembourg; Stadt Luxemburg or Luxemburg-Stadt), is the capital city of Luxembourg and the country's most populous commune.

See European Union and Luxembourg City

Luxembourgish

Luxembourgish (also Luxemburgish, Luxembourgian, Letzebu(e)rgesch; Lëtzebuergesch) is a West Germanic language that is spoken mainly in Luxembourg.

See European Union and Luxembourgish

Maastricht Treaty

The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Maastricht Treaty

Madagascar

Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar and the Fourth Republic of Madagascar, is an island country comprising the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands.

See European Union and Madagascar

Madeira

Madeira, officially the Autonomous Region of Madeira (Região Autónoma da Madeira), is one of two autonomous regions of Portugal, the other being the Azores.

See European Union and Madeira

Madrid

Madrid is the capital and most populous city of Spain.

See European Union and Madrid

Mainz

Mainz (see below) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, and with around 223,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 35th-largest city.

See European Union and Mainz

Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

See European Union and Malta

Maltese language

Maltese (Malti, also L-Ilsien Malti or Lingwa Maltija) is a Semitic language derived from late medieval Sicilian Arabic with Romance superstrata.

See European Union and Maltese language

Marine pollution

Marine pollution occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as industrial, agricultural and residential waste, particles, noise, excess carbon dioxide or invasive organisms enter the ocean and cause harmful effects there.

See European Union and Marine pollution

Market economy

A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand.

See European Union and Market economy

Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe.

See European Union and Marshall Plan

Martinique

Martinique (Matinik or Matnik; Kalinago: Madinina or Madiana) is an island in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the eastern Caribbean Sea.

See European Union and Martinique

Mayotte

Mayotte (Mayotte,; Maore,; Maori), officially the Department of Mayotte (Département de Mayotte), is an overseas department and region and single territorial collectivity of France.

See European Union and Mayotte

MEDIA sub-programme of Creative Europe

The MEDIA sub-programme of Creative Europe or simply Creative Europe MEDIA (formerly The MEDIA Programme of the European Union) is designed to support the European film and audiovisual industries.

See European Union and MEDIA sub-programme of Creative Europe

Mediterranean climate

A Mediterranean climate, also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen as Cs, is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes (normally 30 to 44 north and south latitude).

See European Union and Mediterranean climate

Mediterranean Corridor

The Mediterranean Corridor is number 3 of the nine priority axes of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T).

See European Union and Mediterranean Corridor

Megacity

A megacity is a very large city, typically with a population of more than 10 million people.

See European Union and Megacity

Member of the European Parliament

A member of the European Parliament (MEP) is a person who has been elected to serve as a popular representative in the European Parliament.

See European Union and Member of the European Parliament

Member state of the European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states that are party to the EU's founding treaties, and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership.

See European Union and Member state of the European Union

Merger Treaty

The Merger Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Brussels, was a European treaty which unified the executive institutions of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the European Economic Community (EEC).

See European Union and Merger Treaty

Messina Conference

The Messina Conference of 1955 was a meeting of the six member states of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

See European Union and Messina Conference

Methane emissions

Increasing methane emissions are a major contributor to the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, and are responsible for up to one-third of near-term global heating.

See European Union and Methane emissions

Metropolis

A metropolis is a large city or conurbation which is a significant economic, political, and cultural area for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections, commerce, and communications.

See European Union and Metropolis

Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Redmond, Washington.

See European Union and Microsoft

Microsoft Corp. v. Commission

Microsoft Corp.

See European Union and Microsoft Corp. v. Commission

Microstates and the European Union

Currently, all of the European microstates have some form of relations with the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Microstates and the European Union

Migration and asylum policy of the European Union

The migration and asylum policy of the European Union is within the area of freedom, security and justice, established to develop and harmonise principles and measures used by member countries of the European Union to regulate migration processes and to manage issues concerning asylum and refugee status in the European Union.

See European Union and Migration and asylum policy of the European Union

Milan

Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.

See European Union and Milan

Minority group

The term "minority group" has different usages, depending on the context.

See European Union and Minority group

Minority language

A minority language is a language spoken by a minority of the population of a territory.

See European Union and Minority language

Monaco

Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe, on the Mediterranean Sea.

See European Union and Monaco

Monetary policy

Monetary policy is the policy adopted by the monetary authority of a nation to affect monetary and other financial conditions to accomplish broader objectives like high employment and price stability (normally interpreted as a low and stable rate of inflation).

See European Union and Monetary policy

Mont Blanc

Mont Blanc (BrE:; AmE:; Mont Blanc; Monte Bianco, both meaning "white mountain") is the highest mountain in the Alps and Western Europe, and the highest mountain in Europe outside the Caucasus mountains, rising above sea level, located on the Franco-Italian border.

See European Union and Mont Blanc

Morocco

Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

See European Union and Morocco

Moscow Conference (1943)

The Third Moscow Conference between the major Allies of World War II took place during October 18 to November 11, 1943, at the Moscow Kremlin and Spiridonovka Palace.

See European Union and Moscow Conference (1943)

Motto of the European Union

In varietate concordia (diversity) is the official motto of the European Union (EU), adopted in 2000.

See European Union and Motto of the European Union

Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

See European Union and Muslims

National identity cards in the European Economic Area and Switzerland

National identity cards are identity documents issued to citizens of most European Union and European Economic Area (EEA) member states, with the exception of Denmark and Ireland (which however issues an equivalent passport card). European Union and National identity cards in the European Economic Area and Switzerland are European Economic Area.

See European Union and National identity cards in the European Economic Area and Switzerland

National personification

A national personification is an anthropomorphic personification of a state or the people(s) it inhabits.

See European Union and National personification

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American. European Union and NATO are organisations based in Brussels.

See European Union and NATO

Net worth

Net worth is the value of all the non-financial and financial assets owned by an individual or institution minus the value of all its outstanding liabilities.

See European Union and Net worth

Net zero emissions

Global net zero emissions describes the state where emissions of greenhouse gases due to human activities, and removals of these gases, are in balance over a given period.

See European Union and Net zero emissions

Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

See European Union and Netherlands

Neutral country

A neutral country is a state that is neutral towards belligerents in a specific war or holds itself as permanently neutral in all future conflicts (including avoiding entering into military alliances such as NATO, CSTO or the SCO).

See European Union and Neutral country

New Hanseatic League

The New Hanseatic League, or the Hansa, also called the Hanseatic League 2.0, was established in February 2018 by European Union finance ministers from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden through the signing of a two-page foundational document that set out the "shared views and values in the discussion on the architecture of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU)". European Union and New Hanseatic League are international organizations based in Europe.

See European Union and New Hanseatic League

Next Generation EU

Next Generation EU (NGEU) is a European Commission economic recovery package to support the EU member states to recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular those that have been particularly hard hit.

See European Union and Next Generation EU

Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics

Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics or NUTS (Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques) is a geocode standard for referencing the administrative divisions of countries for statistical purposes.

See European Union and Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics

North Sea–Baltic Corridor

The North Sea–Baltic Corridor is the number 2 of the ten priority axes of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T).

See European Union and North Sea–Baltic Corridor

North Sea–Mediterranean Corridor

The North Sea–Mediterranean Corridor is the number 8 of the ten priority axes of the Trans-European Transport Network.

See European Union and North Sea–Mediterranean Corridor

Norway

Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.

See European Union and Norway

Norway–European Union relations

Norway is not a member state of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Norway–European Union relations

Nuclear sharing

Nuclear sharing is a concept in NATO's policy of nuclear deterrence, which allows member countries without nuclear weapons of their own to participate in the planning for the use of nuclear weapons by NATO.

See European Union and Nuclear sharing

Oberpfaffenhofen

Oberpfaffenhofen is a village that is part of the municipality of Weßling in the district of Starnberg, Bavaria, Germany.

See European Union and Oberpfaffenhofen

Oceanic climate

An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate or maritime climate, is the temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification represented as Cfb, typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool to warm summers and cool to mild winters (for their latitude), with a relatively narrow annual temperature range and few extremes of temperature.

See European Union and Oceanic climate

Ode to Joy

"Ode to Joy" (German) is an ode written in the summer of 1785 by German poet, playwright, and historian Friedrich Schiller.

See European Union and Ode to Joy

ODI (think tank)

ODI is a global affairs think tank, founded in 1960.

See European Union and ODI (think tank)

OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade. European Union and OECD are united Nations General Assembly observers.

See European Union and OECD

Official development assistance

Official development assistance (ODA) is a category used by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to measure foreign aid.

See European Union and Official development assistance

Ombudsman

An ombudsman (also), ombud, ombuds, bud, ombudswoman, ombudsperson, or public advocate is a government employee who investigates and tries to resolve complaints, usually through recommendations (binding or not) or mediation.

See European Union and Ombudsman

Opt-outs in the European Union

In general, the law of the European Union is valid in all of the twenty-seven European Union member states.

See European Union and Opt-outs in the European Union

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is a regional security-oriented intergovernmental organization comprising member states in Europe, North America, and Asia. European Union and organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe are united Nations General Assembly observers.

See European Union and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Orient/East–Med Corridor

The Orient/East–Med Corridor is the number 4 of the ten priority axes of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T).

See European Union and Orient/East–Med Corridor

Ostpolitik

Neue Ostpolitik (German for "new eastern policy"), or Ostpolitik for short, was the normalization of relations between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany) and Eastern Europe, particularly the German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany) beginning in 1969.

See European Union and Ostpolitik

Ostrava

Ostrava (Ostrawa, Ostrau) is a city in the north-east of the Czech Republic and the capital of the Moravian-Silesian Region.

See European Union and Ostrava

Outline of the European Union

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the European Union: The European Union (EU) is an economic and political union of 27 member states, located primarily in Europe.

See European Union and Outline of the European Union

Oxford Institute for Energy Studies

The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, founded in 1982, is an independent energy research institute, based in Oxford.

See European Union and Oxford Institute for Energy Studies

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

See European Union and Oxford University Press

Pan-European nationalism

European nationalism (sometimes called pan-European nationalism) is a form of pan-nationalism based on a pan-European identity.

See European Union and Pan-European nationalism

Paneuropean Union

The International Paneuropean Union, also referred to as the Pan-European Movement and the Pan-Europa Movement, is an international organisation and the oldest European unification movement.

See European Union and Paneuropean Union

Paris

Paris is the capital and largest city of France.

See European Union and Paris

Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement (or Paris Accords, Paris Climate Accords) is an international treaty on climate change that was signed in 2016.

See European Union and Paris Agreement

Paris metropolitan area

The Paris metropolitan area (aire d'attraction de Paris) is a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris, France and its surrounding suburbs.

See European Union and Paris metropolitan area

Partnership

A partnership is an agreement where parties agree to cooperate to advance their mutual interests.

See European Union and Partnership

Passports of the European Union

The European Union itself does not issue ordinary passports, but ordinary passport booklets issued by its 27 member states share a common format.

See European Union and Passports of the European Union

Peace

Peace means societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence.

See European Union and Peace

Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

The permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (also known as the Permanent Five, Big Five, or P5) are the five sovereign states to whom the UN Charter of 1945 grants a permanent seat on the UN Security Council: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and United States.

See European Union and Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council

Pilot licensing and certification

Pilot licensing or certification refers to permits for operating aircraft.

See European Union and Pilot licensing and certification

Planet

A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself.

See European Union and Planet

Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

See European Union and Poland

Polish language

Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.

See European Union and Polish language

Polish złoty

The Polish złoty (alternative spelling: zloty; Polish: polski złoty,;The nominative plural, used for numbers ending in 2, 3 and 4 (except those in 12, 13 and 14), is złote; the genitive plural, used for all other numbers, is złotych abbreviation: zł; code: PLN)Prior to 1995, code PLZ was used instead.

See European Union and Polish złoty

Political groups of the European Parliament

The political groups of the European Parliament are the officially recognised parliamentary groups consisting of legislators of aligned ideologies in the European Parliament.

See European Union and Political groups of the European Parliament

Political union

A political union is a type of political entity which is composed of, or created from, smaller polities, or the process which achieves this.

See European Union and Political union

Politico Europe

Politico Europe (stylized as POLITICO Europe) is the European edition of the American news organization Politico reporting on political affairs of the European Union.

See European Union and Politico Europe

Population density

Population density (in agriculture: standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area.

See European Union and Population density

Port

A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers.

See European Union and Port

Port of Rotterdam

The Port of Rotterdam is the largest seaport in Europe, and the world's largest seaport outside of East Asia, located in and near the city of Rotterdam, in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands.

See European Union and Port of Rotterdam

Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.

See European Union and Portugal

Portuguese language

Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

See European Union and Portuguese language

Potential enlargement of the European Union

There are currently nine states recognized as candidates for membership of the European Union: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, and Ukraine.

See European Union and Potential enlargement of the European Union

Potential superpower

A potential superpower is a sovereign state or other polity that is speculated to be or have the potential to become a superpower; a sovereign state or supranational union that holds a dominant position characterized by the ability to exert influence and project power on a global scale through economic, military, technological, political, and/or cultural means.

See European Union and Potential superpower

Potsdam Agreement

The Potsdam Agreement (Potsdamer Abkommen) was the agreement among three of the Allies of World War II: the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union after the war ended in Europe on 1 August 1945 and it was published the next day.

See European Union and Potsdam Agreement

Power projection

Power projection (or force projection or strength projection) in international relations is the capacity of a state to deploy and sustain forces outside its territory.

See European Union and Power projection

Prague

Prague (Praha) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia.

See European Union and Prague

Presidency of the Council of the European Union

The presidency of the Council of the European Union is responsible for the functioning of the Council of the European Union, which is the co-legislator of the EU legislature alongside the European Parliament.

See European Union and Presidency of the Council of the European Union

President of the European Central Bank

The president of the European Central Bank is the head of the European Central Bank (ECB), the main institution responsible for the management of the euro and monetary policy in the Eurozone of the European Union (EU) The current president of the European Central Bank is Christine Lagarde, previously the chair and managing director of the International Monetary Fund.

See European Union and President of the European Central Bank

President of the European Commission

The president of the European Commission, also known as president of the College of Commissioners or prime commissioner, is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and President of the European Commission

President of the European Council

The president of the European Council is the person presiding over and driving forward the work of the European Council on the world stage.

See European Union and President of the European Council

President of the European Parliament

The president of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament.

See European Union and President of the European Parliament

Price stability

Price stability is a goal of monetary and fiscal policy aiming to support sustainable rates of economic activity.

See European Union and Price stability

Primacy of European Union law

The primacy of European Union law (sometimes referred to as supremacy or precedence of European law) is a legal principle establishing precedence of European Union law over conflicting national laws of EU member states.

See European Union and Primacy of European Union law

Prime Minister of France

The prime minister of France (Premier ministre français), officially the prime minister of the French Republic, is the head of government of the French Republic and the leader of the Council of Ministers.

See European Union and Prime Minister of France

Principle of conferral

The principle of conferral is a fundamental principle of European Union law.

See European Union and Principle of conferral

Proportional representation

Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.

See European Union and Proportional representation

Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

See European Union and Protestantism

Public Register of Travel and Identity Documents Online

The Public Register of Authentic Travel and Identity Documents Online (PRADO) is an online repository of security features in travel documents maintained by the Council of the European Union.

See European Union and Public Register of Travel and Identity Documents Online

R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport

R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport was a judicial review case taken against the United Kingdom government by a company of Spanish fishermen who claimed that the United Kingdom had breached European Union law (then Community Law) by requiring ships to have a majority of British owners if they were to be registered in the UK.

See European Union and R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport

R. Daniel Kelemen

Roger Daniel Kelemen is a scholar of law and political science.

See European Union and R. Daniel Kelemen

Racism

Racism is discrimination and prejudice against people based on their race or ethnicity.

See European Union and Racism

Rail transport in Europe

Rail transport in Europe has diverse technological standards, operating concepts, and infrastructures.

See European Union and Rail transport in Europe

Railway signal

A railway signal is a visual display device that conveys instructions or provides warning of instructions regarding the driver's authority to proceed.

See European Union and Railway signal

Randstad

The Randstad ("Rim City" or "Edge City") is a roughly crescent- or arc-shaped conurbation in the Netherlands, that houses almost half the country's population.

See European Union and Randstad

Ratification

Ratification is a principal's legal confirmation of an act of its agent.

See European Union and Ratification

RATP Group

The RATP Group (Groupe RATP) is a French state-owned enterprise (EPIC) that operates public transport systems.

See European Union and RATP Group

Réunion

La Réunion, "La Reunion"; La Réunion; Reunionese Creole; previously known as Île Bourbon.

See European Union and Réunion

Reformed Christianity

Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.

See European Union and Reformed Christianity

Regional language

* A regional language is a language spoken in a region of a sovereign state, whether it be a small area, a federated state or province or some wider area.

See European Union and Regional language

Regional policy of the European Union

The Regional Policy of the European Union (EU), also referred as Cohesion Policy, is a policy with the stated aim of improving the economic well-being of regions in the European Union and also to avoid regional disparities.

See European Union and Regional policy of the European Union

Regulation (European Union)

A regulation is a legal act of the European Union which becomes immediately enforceable as law in all member states simultaneously.

See European Union and Regulation (European Union)

Religion in Europe

Religion has been a major influence on the societies, cultures, traditions, philosophies, artistic expressions and laws within present-day Europe.

See European Union and Religion in Europe

Religion in the European Union

Religion in the European Union is diverse.

See European Union and Religion in the European Union

Renewable energy

Renewable energy (or green energy) is energy from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a human timescale.

See European Union and Renewable energy

Renewable energy commercialization

Renewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years.

See European Union and Renewable energy commercialization

Renewable energy in the European Union

Renewable energy progress in the European Union (EU) is driven by the European Commission's 2023 revision of the Renewable Energy Directive, which raises the EU's binding renewable energy target for 2030 to at least 42.5%, up from the previous target of 32%.

See European Union and Renewable energy in the European Union

Republic of Ireland

Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

See European Union and Republic of Ireland

Reserve currency

A reserve currency is a foreign currency that is held in significant quantities by central banks or other monetary authorities as part of their foreign exchange reserves.

See European Union and Reserve currency

Resistance during World War II

During World War II, resistance movements operated in German-occupied Europe by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation to propaganda, hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns.

See European Union and Resistance during World War II

Reuters

Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.

See European Union and Reuters

Revolutions of 1989

The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world.

See European Union and Revolutions of 1989

Rey Commission

The Rey Commission is the European Commission that held office from 2 July 1967 to 30 June 1970.

See European Union and Rey Commission

Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region

The Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region (Metropolregion Rhein-Ruhr) is the largest metropolitan region in Germany, with over ten million inhabitants.

See European Union and Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region

Rhine–Alpine Corridor

The Rhine-Alpine Corridor is one of the ten priority corridors of the Trans-European Transport Network.

See European Union and Rhine–Alpine Corridor

Rhine–Danube Corridor

The Rhine–Danube Corridor (previously known as Seine–Danube Corridor and Strassburg–Danube Corridor) is the ninth of the ten priority axes of the Trans-European Transport Network.

See European Union and Rhine–Danube Corridor

Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi

Richard Nikolaus Eijiro, Count of Coudenhove-Kalergi (16 November 1894 – 27 July 1972), was a politician, philosopher, and count of Coudenhove-Kalergi.

See European Union and Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi

Right of initiative (legislative)

The right of (legislative) initiative is the constitutionally defined power to propose a new law (bill) in a legislature.

See European Union and Right of initiative (legislative)

Rights-based approach to development

Rights-based approach to development is promoted by many development agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to achieve a positive transformation of power relations among the various development actors.

See European Union and Rights-based approach to development

Robert Lecourt

Robert Lecourt (19 September 1908 – 9 August 2004) was a French politician and lawyer, judge and the fourth President of the European Court of Justice.

See European Union and Robert Lecourt

Robert Schuman

Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman (29 June 18864 September 1963) was a Luxembourg-born French statesman.

See European Union and Robert Schuman

Roberta Metsola

Roberta Metsola (born 18 January 1979) is a Maltese politician who has served as the president of the European Parliament since January 2022.

See European Union and Roberta Metsola

Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

See European Union and Romania

Romanian language

Romanian (obsolete spelling: Roumanian; limba română, or românește) is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova.

See European Union and Romanian language

Romanian leu

The Romanian leu (plural lei; ISO code: RON; numeric code: 946) is the currency of Romania.

See European Union and Romanian leu

Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

See European Union and Rome

Rotterdam

Rotterdam (lit. "The Dam on the River Rotte") is the second-largest city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam.

See European Union and Rotterdam

Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

See European Union and Routledge

Ruhr

The Ruhr (Ruhrgebiet, also Ruhrpott), also referred to as the Ruhr area, sometimes Ruhr district, Ruhr region, or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

See European Union and Ruhr

Rule of law

The rule of law is a political ideal that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or community are accountable to the same laws, including lawmakers and leaders.

See European Union and Rule of law

Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation

The Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation is a regulation of the European Union and Euratom, which allows the European Commission to adopt measures, including the suspension of payment of funds from the EU budget, to member states which violate the principles of rule of law enshrined in article 2 of the Treaty on European Union.

See European Union and Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation

Russia in the European energy sector

Russia supplies a significant volume of fossil fuels to other European countries.

See European Union and Russia in the European energy sector

Russian Armed Forces

The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, commonly referred to as the Russian Armed Forces, are the military of Russia.

See European Union and Russian Armed Forces

Russian invasion of Ukraine

On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in 2014.

See European Union and Russian invasion of Ukraine

Salzburg

Salzburg is the fourth-largest city in Austria.

See European Union and Salzburg

San Marino

San Marino (San Maréin or San Maroin), officially the Republic of San Marino (Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a European microstate and enclave within Italy.

See European Union and San Marino

Satellite navigation

A satellite navigation or satnav system is a system that uses satellites to provide autonomous geopositioning.

See European Union and Satellite navigation

Savanta

Savanta is a market research consultancy based in London, England.

See European Union and Savanta

Scandinavian–Mediterranean Corridor

The Scandinavian–Mediterranean Corridor, shortened as Scan–Med Corridor and known also as Helsinki–Valletta Corridor, is the 5th of 10 priority axes of the Trans-European Transport Network.

See European Union and Scandinavian–Mediterranean Corridor

Schengen Agreement

The Schengen Agreement is a treaty which led to the creation of Europe's Schengen Area, in which internal border checks have largely been abolished. European Union and Schengen Agreement are European Economic Area.

See European Union and Schengen Agreement

Schengen Area

The Schengen Area is an area encompassing European countries that have officially abolished border controls at their mutual borders.

See European Union and Schengen Area

Schengen Information System

The Schengen Information System (SIS) is a governmental database maintained by the European Commission.

See European Union and Schengen Information System

Schengen, Luxembourg

Schengen is a small wine-making village and commune in far south-eastern Luxembourg, on the western bank of the river Moselle.

See European Union and Schengen, Luxembourg

Schuman Declaration

The Schuman Declaration, or Schuman Plan, was a proposal to place French and West German production of coal and steel under a single authority that later became the European Coal and Steel Community, made by the French foreign minister, Robert Schuman, on 9 May 1950 (now celebrated in the EU as Europe Day), the day after the fifth anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe.

See European Union and Schuman Declaration

Search and rescue

Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger.

See European Union and Search and rescue

Secretariat of the European Parliament

The Secretariat of the European Parliament is the administrative body of the European Parliament headed by a Secretary-General.

See European Union and Secretariat of the European Parliament

Sexism

Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based on one's sex or gender.

See European Union and Sexism

Shipwreck

A shipwreck is the wreckage of a ship that is located either beached on land or sunken to the bottom of a body of water.

See European Union and Shipwreck

Sikhism

Sikhism, also known as Sikhi (ਸਿੱਖੀ,, from translit), is a monotheistic religion and philosophy, that originated in the Punjab region of India around the end of the 15th century CE.

See European Union and Sikhism

Single European Act

The Single European Act (SEA) was the first major revision of the 1957 Treaty of Rome.

See European Union and Single European Act

Single European Sky

The Single European Sky (SES) is a European Commission initiative that seeks to reform the European air traffic management system through a series of actions carried out in four different levels (institutional, operational, technological and control and supervision) with the aim of satisfying the needs of the European airspace in terms of capacity, safety, efficiency and environmental impact.

See European Union and Single European Sky

Single market

A single market, sometimes called common market or internal market, is a type of trade bloc in which most trade barriers have been removed (for goods) with some common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement of the factors of production (capital and labour) and of enterprise and services.

See European Union and Single market

Single Resolution Mechanism

The Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) is one of the pillars of the European Union's banking union.

See European Union and Single Resolution Mechanism

Slovak language

Slovak (endonym: slovenčina or slovenský jazyk), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.

See European Union and Slovak language

Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See European Union and Slovakia

Slovene language

Slovene or Slovenian (slovenščina) is a South Slavic language of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family.

See European Union and Slovene language

Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.

See European Union and Slovenia

Smart city

A smart city is a technologically advanced urban area that uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect specific data.

See European Union and Smart city

SNCF

The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (abbreviated as SNCF; "National Company of the French Railways") is France's national state-owned railway company.

See European Union and SNCF

Social dumping

Social dumping is a practice whereby employers use cheaper labour than is usually available at their site of production or sale, for example by moving production to a low-wage country or area, or employing poorly-paid migrant workers.

See European Union and Social dumping

Sociocultural evolution

Sociocultural evolution, sociocultural evolutionism or social evolution are theories of sociobiology and cultural evolution that describe how societies and culture change over time.

See European Union and Sociocultural evolution

Soft power

In politics (and particularly in international politics), soft power is the ability to co-opt rather than coerce (in contrast with hard power).

See European Union and Soft power

Sources of law

Sources of law are the origins of laws, the binding rules that enable any state to govern its territory.

See European Union and Sources of law

South Africa

South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. European Union and south Africa are G20 members.

See European Union and South Africa

South Holland

South Holland (Zuid-Holland) is a province of the Netherlands with a population of over 3.8 million as of January 2023 and a population density of about, making it the country's most populous province and one of the world's most densely populated areas.

See European Union and South Holland

Sovereignty

Sovereignty can generally be defined as supreme authority.

See European Union and Sovereignty

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

See European Union and Soviet Union

Spaak Report

The Spaak Report or Brussels Report on the General Common Market is the report drafted by the Spaak Committee in 1956.

See European Union and Spaak Report

Spain

Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.

See European Union and Spain

Spanish language

Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.

See European Union and Spanish language

Special territories of members of the European Economic Area

The special territories of members of the European Economic Area (EEA) are the 32 special territories of EU member states and EFTA member states which, for historical, geographical, or political reasons, enjoy special status within or outside the European Union and the European Free Trade Association.

See European Union and Special territories of members of the European Economic Area

Standardization

Standardization (American English) or standardisation (British English) is the process of implementing and developing technical standards based on the consensus of different parties that include firms, users, interest groups, standards organizations and governments.

See European Union and Standardization

Stocksfield

Stocksfield is a small village situated close to the River Tyne, about west of Newcastle upon Tyne in the southern part of Northumberland, England.

See European Union and Stocksfield

Strasbourg

Strasbourg (Straßburg) is the prefecture and largest city of the Grand Est region of eastern France, at the border with Germany in the historic region of Alsace.

See European Union and Strasbourg

Stroud

Stroud is a market town and civil parish in Gloucestershire, England.

See European Union and Stroud

Subsidiarity

Subsidiarity is a principle of social organization that holds that social and political issues should be dealt with at the most immediate or local level that is consistent with their resolution.

See European Union and Subsidiarity

Subsidiarity (European Union)

In the European Union, the principle of subsidiarity is the principle that decisions are retained by Member States if the intervention of the European Union is not necessary.

See European Union and Subsidiarity (European Union)

Subsidy

A subsidy or government incentive is a type of government expenditure for individuals and households, as well as businesses with the aim of stabilizing the economy.

See European Union and Subsidy

Sui generis

Sui generis is a Latin phrase that means "of its/their own kind" or "in a class by itself", therefore "unique".

See European Union and Sui generis

Summer time in Europe

Summer time in Europe is the variation of standard clock time that is applied in most European countries (apart from Iceland, Belarus, Turkey and Russia) in the period between spring and autumn, during which clocks are advanced by one hour from the time observed in the rest of the year, with a view to making the most efficient use of seasonal daylight.

See European Union and Summer time in Europe

Supranational union

A supranational union is a type of international organization and political union that is empowered to directly exercise some of the powers and functions otherwise reserved to states. European Union and supranational union are supranational unions.

See European Union and Supranational union

Supreme audit institution

A supreme audit institution is an independent national-level institution which conducts audits of government activities.

See European Union and Supreme audit institution

Supreme court

In most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court, also known as a court of last resort, apex court, and high (or final) court of appeal, is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts.

See European Union and Supreme court

Sustainable Development Goals

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations members in 2015, created 17 world Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

See European Union and Sustainable Development Goals

Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

See European Union and Sweden

Swedish krona

The krona (plural: kronor; sign: kr; code: SEK) is the currency of the Kingdom of Sweden.

See European Union and Swedish krona

Swedish language

Swedish (svenska) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family, spoken predominantly in Sweden and in parts of Finland.

See European Union and Swedish language

Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.

See European Union and Switzerland

Switzerland–European Union relations

Switzerland is not a member state of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Switzerland–European Union relations

Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)

The Symphony No.

See European Union and Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)

Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

See European Union and Syria

TARGET2

TARGET2 (Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement Express Transfer System) is the real-time gross settlement (RTGS) system for the Eurozone, and is available to non-Eurozone countries.

See European Union and TARGET2

Tariff

A tariff is a tax imposed by the government of a country or by a supranational union on imports or exports of goods.

See European Union and Tariff

Tehran Conference

The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka) was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943.

See European Union and Tehran Conference

Temperate climate

In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.

See European Union and Temperate climate

The Hague

The Hague is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands.

See European Union and The Hague

The History Press

The History Press is a British publishing company specialising in the publication of titles devoted to local and specialist history.

See European Union and The History Press

The Korea Times

The Korea Times is a daily English-language newspaper in South Korea.

See European Union and The Korea Times

The World Factbook

The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.

See European Union and The World Factbook

Thomas Risse

Thomas Risse (formerly Risse-Kappen) is a Berlin-based international relations scholar.

See European Union and Thomas Risse

Three pillars of the European Union

Between 1993 and 2009, the European Union (EU) legally comprised three pillars.

See European Union and Three pillars of the European Union

Three Seas Initiative

The Three Seas Initiative (3SI or TSI), known also as the Baltic, Adriatic, Black Sea (BABS) Initiative or simply as the Three Seas (Latin: Trimarium, Trójmorze), is a forum of thirteen states, in the European Union, running along a north–south axis from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic and Black Seas in Central and Eastern Europe. European Union and Three Seas Initiative are international political organizations.

See European Union and Three Seas Initiative

Trade barrier

Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade.

See European Union and Trade barrier

Train driver

A train driver is a person who operates a train, railcar, or other rail transport vehicle.

See European Union and Train driver

Trans-European Airport network

The Trans-European Airport network is one of a number of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T) of the European Union.

See European Union and Trans-European Airport network

Trans-European Combined Transport network

The Trans-European Combined Transport network is one of a number of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T) of the European Union.

See European Union and Trans-European Combined Transport network

Trans-European conventional rail network

The Trans-European conventional rail network, together with the Trans-European high-speed rail network, make up the Trans-European Rail network, which in turn is one of a number of the European Union's Trans-European transport networks (TEN-T).

See European Union and Trans-European conventional rail network

Trans-European high-speed rail network

The Trans-European high-speed rail network (TEN-R), together with the Trans-European conventional rail network, make up the Trans-European Rail network, which in turn is one of a number of the European Union's Trans-European transport networks (TEN-T).

See European Union and Trans-European high-speed rail network

Trans-European Inland Waterway network

The Trans-European Inland Waterway network is one of a number of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T) of the European Union.

See European Union and Trans-European Inland Waterway network

Trans-European Rail network

The Trans-European Rail network is made up of the Trans-European high-speed rail network as well as the Trans-European conventional rail network.

See European Union and Trans-European Rail network

Trans-European road network

The Trans-European road network (TERN) was defined by Council Decision 93/629/EEC of 29 October 1993, and is a project to improve the internal road infrastructure of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Trans-European road network

Trans-European Seaport network

The Trans-European Seaport network is one of a number of the Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T) of the European Union.

See European Union and Trans-European Seaport network

Trans-European Transport Network

The Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) is a planned network of roads, railways, airports and water infrastructure in the European Union.

See European Union and Trans-European Transport Network

Transport in the European Union

Transport in the European Union is a shared competence of the Union and its member states.

See European Union and Transport in the European Union

Treaties of the European Union

The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the European Union (EU) member states which sets out the EU's constitutional basis.

See European Union and Treaties of the European Union

Treaty establishing the European Defence Community

The Treaty establishing the European Defence Community, also known as the Treaty of Paris, is an unratified treaty signed on 27 May 1952 by the six 'inner' countries of European integration: the Benelux countries, France, Italy, and West Germany.

See European Union and Treaty establishing the European Defence Community

Treaty of Amsterdam

The Treaty of Amsterdam, officially the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, was signed on 2 October 1997, and entered into force on 1 May 1999; it made substantial changes to the Treaty of Maastricht, which had been signed in 1992.

See European Union and Treaty of Amsterdam

Treaty of Brussels

The Treaty of Brussels, also referred to as the Brussels Pact, was the founding treaty of the Western Union (WU) between 1948 and 1954, when it was amended as the Modified Brussels Treaty (MTB) and served as the founding treaty of the Western European Union (WEU) until its termination in 2010.

See European Union and Treaty of Brussels

Treaty of Dunkirk

The Treaty of Dunkirk was signed on 4 March 1947, between France and the United Kingdom in Dunkirk (France) as a Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance against a possible German attack in the aftermath of World War II.

See European Union and Treaty of Dunkirk

Treaty of Lisbon

The Treaty of Lisbon (initially known as the Reform Treaty) is an international agreement that amends the two treaties which form the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU).

See European Union and Treaty of Lisbon

Treaty of Paris (1951)

The Treaty of Paris (formally the Treaty establishing the European Coal and Steel Community) was signed on 18 April 1951 between France, Italy, West Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), which subsequently became part of the European Union.

See European Union and Treaty of Paris (1951)

Treaty of Rome

The Treaty of Rome, or EEC Treaty (officially the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community), brought about the creation of the European Economic Community (EEC), the best known of the European Communities (EC).

See European Union and Treaty of Rome

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) is one of two treaties forming the constitutional basis of the European Union (EU), the other being the Treaty on European Union (TEU).

See European Union and Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), or the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, is the first legally binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal being their total elimination.

See European Union and Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons

Trentino

Provincia autonoma di Trento (Provinzia Autonoma de Trent; Autonome Provinz Trient), commonly known as Trentino, is an autonomous province of Italy in the country's far north.

See European Union and Trentino

Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine is an American foreign policy that pledges American "support for democracies against authoritarian threats." The doctrine originated with the primary goal of countering the growth of the Soviet bloc during the Cold War.

See European Union and Truman Doctrine

Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. European Union and Turkey are G20 members.

See European Union and Turkey

Turkish language

Turkish (Türkçe, Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey') is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers.

See European Union and Turkish language

Type certificate

A type certificate signifies the airworthiness of a particular category of aircraft, according to its manufacturing design (type design).

See European Union and Type certificate

UBS

UBS Group AG is a multinational investment bank and financial services company founded and based in Switzerland.

See European Union and UBS

Ultranationalism

Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its specific interests.

See European Union and Ultranationalism

Union of European Federalists

The Union of European Federalists (UEF) is an international non-profit association originally founded in 1946 and refounded in 1973, promoting the advent of a European federal State based on the idea of unity in diversity. European Union and Union of European Federalists are organisations based in Brussels.

See European Union and Union of European Federalists

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland. European Union and United Kingdom are G20 members.

See European Union and United Kingdom

United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. European Union and United Nations are organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes.

See European Union and United Nations

United Nations Conference on International Organization

The United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO), commonly known as the San Francisco Conference, was a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April 1945 to 26 June 1945 in San Francisco, California, United States.

See European Union and United Nations Conference on International Organization

United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD), also known as Rio 2012, Rio+20, or Earth Summit 2012 was the third international conference on sustainable development aimed at reconciling the economic and environmental goals of the global community.

See European Union and United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

United Nations Convention Against Corruption

The United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) is the only legally binding international anti-corruption multilateral treaty.

See European Union and United Nations Convention Against Corruption

United Nations Development Programme

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.

See European Union and United Nations Development Programme

United Nations Security Council

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and approving any changes to the UN Charter.

See European Union and United Nations Security Council

United States dollar

The United States dollar (symbol: $; currency code: USD; also abbreviated US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official currency of the United States and several other countries.

See European Union and United States dollar

University of Zurich

The University of Zurich (UZH, Universität Zürich) is a public research university located in the city of Zurich, Switzerland.

See European Union and University of Zurich

Urban area

An urban area is a human settlement with a high population density and an infrastructure of built environment.

See European Union and Urban area

Ursula von der Leyen

Ursula Gertrud von der Leyen (born 8 October 1958) is a German politician, serving as the 13th president of the European Commission since 2019.

See European Union and Ursula von der Leyen

Utrecht

Utrecht (Utrecht dialect) is the fourth-largest city of the Netherlands, as well as the capital and the most populous city of the province of Utrecht.

See European Union and Utrecht

Value-added tax

A value-added tax (VAT or goods and services tax (GST), general consumption tax (GCT)), is a consumption tax that is levied on the value added at each stage of a product's production and distribution.

See European Union and Value-added tax

Vatican City

Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy.

See European Union and Vatican City

Vehicle registration certificate

A vehicle registration certificate is an official document providing proof of registration of a vehicle.

See European Union and Vehicle registration certificate

Vice-President of the European Commission

A Vice-President of the European Commission is a member of the European Commission who leads the commission's work in particular focus areas in which multiple European Commissioners participate.

See European Union and Vice-President of the European Commission

Vice-President of the European Parliament

There are fourteen vice-presidents of the European Parliament who sit in for the president in presiding over the plenary of the European Parliament.

See European Union and Vice-President of the European Parliament

Victory in Europe Day

Victory in Europe Day is the day celebrating the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces on Tuesday, 8 May 1945; it marked the official end of World War II in Europe in the Eastern Front, with the last known shots fired on 11 May.

See European Union and Victory in Europe Day

Visa Information System

The European Union Visa Information System (VIS) is a database containing information, including biometrics, on visa applications by Third Country Nationals requiring a visa to enter the Schengen area.

See European Union and Visa Information System

Visa policy of Ireland

The visa policy of Ireland is set by the Government of Ireland and determines visa requirements for foreign citizens.

See European Union and Visa policy of Ireland

Visa policy of the Schengen Area

The visa policy of the Schengen Area is a component within the wider area of freedom, security and justice policy of the European Union.

See European Union and Visa policy of the Schengen Area

Visegrád Group

The Visegrád Group (also known as the Visegrád Four or the V4) is a cultural and political alliance of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. European Union and Visegrád Group are international political organizations.

See European Union and Visegrád Group

Vocational education

Vocational education is education that prepares people for a skilled craft as an artisan, trade as a tradesperson, or work as a technician.

See European Union and Vocational education

Voting in the Council of the European Union

The procedures for voting in the Council of the European Union are described in the treaties of the European Union.

See European Union and Voting in the Council of the European Union

Walter Hallstein

Walter Hallstein (17 November 1901 – 29 March 1982) was a German academic, diplomat and statesman who was the first president of the Commission of the European Economic Community and one of the founding fathers of the European Union.

See European Union and Walter Hallstein

Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact (WP), formally the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance (TFCMA), was a collective defense treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland, between the Soviet Union and seven other Eastern Bloc socialist republics of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. European Union and Warsaw Pact are international political organizations.

See European Union and Warsaw Pact

Weimar Triangle

The Weimar Triangle (French: Triangle de Weimar; German: Weimarer Dreieck; Polish: Trójkąt Weimarski) is a regional alliance of France, Germany, and Poland created in 1991 in the German city of Weimar.

See European Union and Weimar Triangle

West Germany

West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) from its formation on 23 May 1949 until the reunification with East Germany on 3 October 1990. The Cold War-era country is sometimes known as the Bonn Republic (Bonner Republik) after its capital city of Bonn. During the Cold War, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of West Berlin were parts of the Western Bloc.

See European Union and West Germany

Westerlies

The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude.

See European Union and Westerlies

Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

See European Union and Western Europe

Western European Summer Time

Western European Summer Time (WEST, UTC+01:00) is a summer daylight saving time scheme, 1 hour ahead of Greenwich Mean Time and Coordinated Universal Time.

See European Union and Western European Summer Time

Western European Time

Western European Time (WET, UTC±00:00) is a time zone covering parts of western Europe and consists of countries using UTC±00:00 (also known as Greenwich Mean Time, abbreviated GMT).

See European Union and Western European Time

Western European Union

The Western European Union (WEU; Union de l'Europe occidentale, UEO; Westeuropäische Union., WEU) was the international organisation and military alliance that succeeded the Western Union (WU) after the 1954 amendment of the 1948 Treaty of Brussels. European Union and Western European Union are international organizations based in Europe and organisations based in Brussels.

See European Union and Western European Union

Western Union (alliance)

The Western Union (WU), also referred to as the Brussels Treaty Organisation (BTO), was the European military alliance established between France, the United Kingdom (UK) and the three Benelux countries in September 1948 in order to implement the Treaty of Brussels signed in March the same year. European Union and Western Union (alliance) are international organizations based in Europe.

See European Union and Western Union (alliance)

Westview Press

Westview Press was an American publishing company headquartered in Boulder, Colorado founded in 1975.

See European Union and Westview Press

Wet season

The wet season (sometimes called the rainy season or monsoon season) is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs.

See European Union and Wet season

Wiesbaden

Wiesbaden is the capital of the German state of Hesse, and the second-largest Hessian city after Frankfurt am Main.

See European Union and Wiesbaden

Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.

See European Union and Winston Churchill

Withdrawal from the European Union

Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) provides for the possibility of an EU member state leaving the European Union "in accordance with its own constitutional requirements".

See European Union and Withdrawal from the European Union

Working Time Directive 2003

The Working Time Directive is a European Union law Directive and a key part of European labour law.

See European Union and Working Time Directive 2003

World population

In world demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living.

See European Union and World population

World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade. European Union and World Trade Organization are trade blocs and united Nations General Assembly observers.

See European Union and World Trade Organization

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

See European Union and World War I

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See European Union and World War II

Yalta Conference

The Yalta Conference (Yaltinskaya konferentsiya), held 4–11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe.

See European Union and Yalta Conference

Zeus

Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.

See European Union and Zeus

Zuidplaspolder

The Zuidplaspolder is a polder in the western Netherlands, located northeast of Rotterdam, Zuid-Holland, neighbouring settlements such as Zuidplas, Zevenhuizen, Waddinxveen, Moerkapelle, Gouda, Moordrecht, and Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel.

See European Union and Zuidplaspolder

.eu

.eu is the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the European Union (EU).

See European Union and .eu

1947 Polish parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 19 January 1947,Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1491 the first since World War II.

See European Union and 1947 Polish parliamentary election

1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état

In late February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia through a coup d'état.

See European Union and 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état

1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum

A referendum on joining the European Community was held in Norway on 25 September 1972.

See European Union and 1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum

1979 European Parliament election

The 1979 European Parliament election was a series of parliamentary elections held across all 9 (at the time) European Community member states.

See European Union and 1979 European Parliament election

1982 Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum

A referendum on continued membership of the European Communities (EC) was held in Greenland on 23 February 1982.

See European Union and 1982 Greenlandic European Communities membership referendum

1995 enlargement of the European Union

The 1995 enlargement of the European Union saw Austria, Finland, and Sweden accede to the European Union (EU).

See European Union and 1995 enlargement of the European Union

2004 enlargement of the European Union

The largest enlargement of the European Union (EU), in terms of number of states and population, took place on 1 May 2004.

See European Union and 2004 enlargement of the European Union

2007 enlargement of the European Union

On 1 January 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became member states of the European Union (EU) in the fifth wave of EU enlargement.

See European Union and 2007 enlargement of the European Union

2009

2009 was designated as the International Year of Astronomy by the United Nations to coincide with the 400th anniversary of Galileo Galilei's first known astronomical studies with a telescope and the publication of Astronomia Nova by Johannes Kepler.

See European Union and 2009

2012 Nobel Peace Prize

The 2012 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the European Union (EU) (founded in 1958) "for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe" by a unanimous decision of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

See European Union and 2012 Nobel Peace Prize

2015 European migrant crisis

During 2015, there was a period of significantly increased movement of refugees and migrants into Europe.

See European Union and 2015 European migrant crisis

2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

On 23 June 2016, a referendum took place in the United Kingdom (UK) and Gibraltar to ask the electorate whether the country should remain a member of, or leave, the European Union (EU).

See European Union and 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum

2019 European Parliament election

The 2019 European Parliament election was held in the European Union (EU) between 23 and 26 May 2019.

See European Union and 2019 European Parliament election

2022 Danish European Union opt-out referendum

A referendum on the abolition of the defence opt-out, one of the country's opt-outs from the European Union, was held in Denmark on 1 June 2022.

See European Union and 2022 Danish European Union opt-out referendum

See also

1993 establishments in Europe

• Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
• Caritas Europa
• European Athlete of the Year
• European Union
• Handball International Championships
• National Progressive Action
• Nickelodeon (European TV network)
• PostEurop

Confederations

• Argirópolis
• British Employers' Confederation
• Commonwealth of Independent States
• Confederation
• European Union
• Haha (tribe)
• Hashid
• List of confederations
• Madhhaj
• Proposed United Kingdom confederation
• Union State
• Wabanaki Confederacy

European Economic Area

• Budget of the European Union
• CE marking
• Citizens' Rights Directive
• EEA Joint Committee
• EEA and Norway Grants
• EFTA Court
• European Economic Area
• European Economic Area Act 1993
• European Economic Area Family Permit
• European Free Trade Association
• European Payments Initiative
• European Union
• Icelandic passport
• Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2006
• Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016
• Internal Market Information System
• Liechtenstein passport
• National identity cards in the European Economic Area and Switzerland
• Norway-plus model
• Norwegian passport
• Passports of European Union candidate states
• Passports of the EFTA member states
• Residence card of a family member of a Union citizen
• Schengen Agreement
• Schengen acquis
• Single Euro Payments Area
• Strong customer authentication
• United Kingdom membership of the European Economic Area
• Vander Elst visa
• Visa requirements for EFTA nationals

G20 members

• African Union
• Argentina
• Australia
• Brazil
• Canada
• China
• European Union
• France
• Germany
• India
• Indonesia
• Italy
• Japan
• Mexico
• Russia
• Saudi Arabia
• South Africa
• South Korea
• Turkey
• United Kingdom
• United States

Organizations awarded Nobel Peace Prizes

• American Friends Service Committee
• Amnesty International
• Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)
• European Union
• Grameen Bank
• Institut de Droit International
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• International Atomic Energy Agency
• International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
• International Campaign to Ban Landmines
• International Committee of the Red Cross
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
• International Labour Organization
• International Peace Bureau
• International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
• International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
• Médecins Sans Frontières
• Memorial (society)
• Nansen International Office for Refugees
• Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
• PeaceJam
• Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
• Quaker Peace and Social Witness
• Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet
• UNICEF
• United Nations
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
• United Nations peacekeeping
• World Food Programme

Political organizations based in Europe

• Agricultural and Rural Convention 2020
• Anarchist organizations in Europe
• Eurasian Economic Union
• European Alliance
• European Anti Poverty Network
• European Association for Local Democracy
• European Association of Political Consultants
• European Conservatives Group and Democratic Alliance
• European Jewish Parliament
• European Network of Councils for the Judiciary
• European Parliament Former Members Association
• European Union
• European Youth Parliament
• LADDER project
• National Council of European Resistance
• Open Balkan
• Organization of Turkic States

Supranational unions

• Arab League
• Asia Pacific Forum
• Atlantic Union
• Benelux
• Central American Integration System
• Continental unions
• Cross-national cooperation and agreements
• ECOWAS
• European Group of National Human Rights Institutions
• European Network of National Human Rights Institutions
• European Union
• External association
• Forum of East Asia–Latin America Cooperation
• GCC Standardization Organization
• Global governance
• Gulf Cooperation Council
• Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Unity Forum
• Liptako–Gourma Authority
• Organization of Turkic States
• Pacific Union
• Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
• Regional integration
• Regional integration law
• Singleton (global governance)
• Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization
• Supranational aspects of international organizations
• Supranational union
• United Nations Parliamentary Assembly

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union

Also known as (EU), An tAontas Eorpach, Den Europæiske Union, E U, E. U., E.U, E.U., EU, EU (European Union), EU's, EUnion, Eiropas Savienība, Euro union, Euroopa Liit, Euroopan unioni, Europäische Union, Europe Union, European Economic Union, European Unity, European+Union, Europeiska unionen, Europese Unie, Europian Union, Europos Sąjunga, Europska unija, Eurounion, Eurpean Union, Európai Unió, Európska únia, Evropska unija, Evropská unie, Government of the European Union, Social policy of the European Union, The EU, The European Union, Unia Europejska, Union européenne, Union of Europe, Unione europea, Uniunea Europeana, Uniunea Europeană, União Europeia, Unión Europea, Unjoni Ewropea, Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση, Европейски съюз.

, Baltic–Adriatic Corridor, Barcelona, Basque language, BBC News, Belgium, Benelux, Berlin, Bloomberg News, Blue Banana, Bolkestein directive, Bologna Process, Border control, Bosman ruling, Bretton Woods system, Brexit, Brexit withdrawal agreement, Brookings Institution, Bruges, Brussels, Brussels and the European Union, Bucharest Nine, Buddhism, Budget of the European Union, Bulgaria, Bulgarian language, Bulgarian lev, Bundesautobahn 7, Burson (company), Cambridge University Press, Canary Islands, Capability approach, Capacity (law), Castile and León, Catalan language, Catholic Church, Catholic Church in Europe, Central and Eastern Europe, Central bank, Central Europe, Central European Summer Time, Central European Time, Central Intelligence Agency, Charlemagne, Charlemagne building, Charlemagne Prize, Charles de Gaulle Airport, Charles Michel, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, China, Christianity, Christianity in Europe, Christine Lagarde, Circle of stars, City of 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Authority, European integration, European Maritime Safety Agency, European microstates, European Movement International, European Neighbourhood Policy, European Ombudsman, European Parliament, European Parliament constituency, European Parliamentary Union, European Peace Facility, European Personnel Selection Office, European Political Co-operation, European Political Community (1952), European Public Prosecutor's Office, European Rail Traffic Management System, European Research Council, European Securities and Markets Authority, European single market, European Social Charter, European Space Agency, European Structural and Investment Funds, European System of Central Banks, European System of Financial Supervision, European Systemic Risk Board, European Travel Information and Authorisation System, European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Training, European Union Agency for Railways, European Union Agency for the Space Programme, European Union and the G7, European Union and the United Nations, European Union Association Agreement, European Union Aviation Safety Agency, European Union citizenship, European Union competition law, European Union Customs Union, European Union Global Strategy, European Union law, European Union legislative procedure, European Union Military Staff, European Union roaming regulations, European Union Satellite Centre, European Union Space Programme, European Union Youth Orchestra, European vehicle registration plate, Europol, Euroscepticism, Eurosport, Eurostat, Eurosystem, Eurozone, Executive (government), Executive Board of the European Central Bank, FADO, Federal Europe, Federation, FIFA, Finland, Finnish language, First language, Fishery, Fishing industry, Flag Day, Flag of Europe, Flemish Diamond, Foreign exchange reserves, Foreign relations of the European Union, Fortune Global 500, Founding fathers of the European Union, Fox News, Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, François Mitterrand, France, Frankfurt, Frankfurt Rhine-Main, Free trade agreements of the European Union, Freedom of the press, French Fourth Republic, French Guiana, French language, French Union, French–German enmity, Frontex, Fucine Lake, Fundamental rights, G20, Galician language, Galileo (satellite navigation), Galileo Galilei, Gare du Nord, Günter Verheugen, General Court (European Union), General Electric, Geneva, Geocode, Geography of the European Union, German language, German reunification, Germany, GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Ghent, Global Positioning System, GLONASS, Gloucestershire, GNSS augmentation, God, Government procurement in the European Union, Graian Alps, Greece, Greek alphabet, Greek language, Greek mythology, Greenhouse gas emissions, Greenland, Greenland and the European Union, Gross domestic product, Guadeloupe, Gulf Stream, Hallstein Commission, Harper (publisher), Head of government, Head of state, Height above mean sea level, Helena Dalli, Helmut Kohl, Helsinki Headline Goal, Herman Van Rompuy, Hertensteiner Cross, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Hinduism, Hirsch Commission, History of the euro, History of the European Union, Honeywell, Horst Köhler, Human, Human Development Index, Human rights, Human trafficking, Humanitarian aid, Hungarian forint, Hungarian language, Hungary, Iceland, Iceland–European Union relations, Ideas of European unity before 1948, Immigration to Europe, Import quota, Indiana University Press, Inner Six, Institute for European Environmental Policy, Institutional seats of the European Union, Institutions of the European Union, Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance, Intergovernmentalism, International Authority for the Ruhr, International community, International Herald Tribune, International law, International Olympic Committee, Internationalism (politics), Iraq War, Irish language, Irreligion, Islam by country, Islam in Europe, ISO 3166-2, Italian language, Italy, Japan, 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