French Indochina and Thành Thái

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Difference between French Indochina and Thành Thái

French Indochina vs. Thành Thái

French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China), officially known as the Indochinese Union and after 1946 as the French Union, was a grouping of French colonial territories in Mainland Southeast Asia until its end in 1954. It comprised Cambodia, Laos (from 1899), the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan (from 1898 until 1945), and the Vietnamese regions of Tonkin in the north, Annam in the centre, and Cochinchina in the south. The capital for most of its history (1902–1945) was Hanoi; Saigon was the capital from 1887 to 1902 and again from 1945 to 1946. The Second French Empire annexed Cochinchina in 1862 and established a protectorate in Cambodia in 1863. After the French Third Republic took over northern Vietnam through the Tonkin campaign, the various protectorates were consolidated into one union in 1887. Two more entities were incorporated into the union: the Laotian protectorate and the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan. The French exploited the resources in the region during their rule, but also contributed to improvements of the health and education system in the region. Nevertheless, deep divides remained between the native population and the colonists, leading to sporadic rebellions by the former. After the Fall of France during World War II, the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945, when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime. After the Japanese surrender, the Viet Minh, led by Hồ Chí Minh, declared Vietnamese independence, but France subsequently took back control of French Indochina with the help of the British. An all-out independence war, known as the First Indochina War, broke out in late 1946 between French and Viet Minh forces. To counter the Viet Minh, the State of Vietnam, led by former Emperor Bảo Đại, was proclaimed by the French in 1949. French efforts to retake Vietnam were unsuccessful, culminating in defeat at the Battle of Điện Biên Phủ. On 22 October and 9 November 1953, the Kingdom of Laos and Kingdom of Cambodia proclaimed their respective independences. Following the Geneva Accord of 1954, the French were forced to withdraw from Vietnam, which had been split into the two countries (until 1976), and French Indochina was no more. Thành Thái (泰; 14 March 1879 – 20 March 1954) born Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Lân (阮福寶嶙), was the son of Emperor Dục Đức and Empress Dowager Từ Minh.

Annam (French protectorate)

Annam (alternate spelling: Anam), or Trung Kỳ, was a French protectorate encompassing the territory of the Empire of Đại Nam in Central Vietnam.

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Cao Xuân Dục

Cao Xuân Dục (高春育; 1843–1923) was a scholar, historian-mandarin, and court adviser in the Nguyễn dynasty, Vietnam.

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Cần Vương movement

The Cần Vương (chữ Hán) movement was a large-scale Vietnamese insurgency between 1885 and 1889 against French colonial rule.

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Confucianism

Confucianism, also known as Ruism or Ru classicism, is a system of thought and behavior originating in ancient China, and is variously described as a tradition, philosophy (humanistic or rationalistic), religion, theory of government, or way of life.

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Duy Tân

Emperor Duy Tân (維新, lit. "renovation"; 19 September 1900 – 26 December 1945), born Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh San, was the 11th emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam, who reigned for nine years between 1907 and 1916.

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French Indochinese piastre

The piastre de commerce ("trade piastre") was the currency of French Indochina between 1885 and 1954.

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Hàm Nghi

Emperor Hàm Nghi (宜 lit. "entirely right", هامنغي; 3 August 1871 – 14 January 1944), personal name Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch, also Nguyễn Phúc Minh, was the eighth emperor of the Vietnamese Nguyễn dynasty.

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Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC; Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh), commonly referred to by its former name Saigon (Sài Gòn), is the most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of around 10 million in 2023.

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Hoàng Hoa Thám

Hoàng Hoa Thám (1858 – 1913) also known as Commander Thám (Ông Đề-Thám), was a Vietnamese feudal lord of Yên Thế, the leader of the Yên Thế Insurrection that held out against French protectorate in Tonkin for 30 years.

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Khải Định

Khải Định (chữ Hán: 啓定; born Nguyễn Phúc Bửu Đảo; 8 October 1885 – 6 November 1925) was the 12th emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty in Vietnam, reigning from 1916 to 1925.

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List of monarchs of Vietnam

This article lists the monarchs of Vietnam.

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Mandarin (bureaucrat)

A mandarin was a bureaucrat scholar in the history of China, Korea and Vietnam.

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Nguyễn dynasty

The Nguyễn dynasty (chữ Nôm: 茹阮, Nhà Nguyễn; chữ Hán: 朝阮, triều Nguyễn) was the last Vietnamese dynasty, which was preceded by the Nguyễn lords and ruled the unified Vietnamese state independently from 1802 to 1883 before being a French protectorate.

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Phan Đình Phùng

Phan Đình Phùng (1847January 21, 1896) was a Vietnamese revolutionary who led rebel armies against French colonial forces in Vietnam.

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Réunion

La Réunion, "La Reunion"; La Réunion; Reunionese Creole; previously known as Île Bourbon.

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State of Vietnam

The State of Vietnam (Quốc gia Việt Nam; Chữ Hán: 國家越南; État du Viêt-Nam) was a governmental entity in Southeast Asia that existed from 1949 until 1955, first as a member of the French Union and later as a country (from 22 July 1954 to 26 October 1955).

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Tonkin (French protectorate)

Tonkin, or Bắc Kỳ, was a French protectorate encompassing modern Northern Vietnam.

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country.

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