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443 relations: 'Allo 'Allo!, A Man Escaped, A Self Made Hero, A. J. Ayer, Abraham Polonski, Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, Action Française, Adolf Hitler, Affiche Rouge, Afrika Korps, Agnès Humbert, Albert Kesselring, Albert Speer, Aleksander Kawałkowski, Alexander Scriabin, Alexandre Parodi, Alfred Heurtaux, Alfred Touny, Algeria, Allies of World War II, Alter Kämpfer, Amédée Dunois, Anarchism, André and Magda Trocmé, André Dewavrin, André Hue, André Philip, Andrée Borrel, Andrews McMeel Publishing, Annecy, Anti-Fascist Underground Patriotic Organization, Antifeminism, Appeal of 18 June, Arbeiter und Soldat, Ardennes, Ariadna Scriabina, Armée Juive, Armée secrète, Armistice of 22 June 1940, Army of Shadows, Arpiar Aslanian, Artur London, Ascq, Ascq massacre, Atlantic Wall, Au revoir les enfants, Augustin Malroux, Auvergne, Auxois, Édouard Daladier, ..., Émile Coulaudon, Étienne Hajdú, Île-de-France, Œuvre de secours aux enfants, Barbès – Rochechouart (Paris Métro), Battle of Bir Hakeim, Battle of France, Battle of Stalingrad, Belgium, Biographical film, Bonneville, Haute-Savoie, Bordeaux, Boris Vildé, Bourges, Breton nationalism and World War II, Brittany, Brutus Network, Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action, Caen, Cajuns, Caluire-et-Cuire, Camp Vernet, Capital punishment, Catholic Church, César Award, Cévennes, Ceux de la Libération, Ceux de la Résistance, Champs-Élysées, Chant des Partisans, Charles Aznavour, Charles de Gaulle, Charles Delestraint, Charles Maurras, Charles Tillon, Chartres, Christian Pineau, Clandestine cell system, Clandestine operation, Claude Autant-Lara, Claude Aveline, Claude Berri, Clermont-Ferrand, Coastal artillery, Collaboration horizontale, Collaborationism, Collateral damage, Collective memory, Collective punishment, Combat, Combat (French Resistance), Combat (newspaper), Commissioner of the Republic (Provisional Government), Communism, Communist International, Compiègne, Confrérie Notre-Dame, Conscription, Corsica, Croix-de-Feu, Crusade in Europe, Daniel Mayer, Défense de la France, De Bezige Bij, Deuxième Bureau, Dietrich von Choltitz, Dimitri Amilakhvari, Double agent, Dovid Knut, Dutch-Paris, Dwight D. 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Casey, Winston Churchill, Women in the military, World War I, World War II, Zionism, 1st Army (France), 2nd Armored Division (France), 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French), 6 February 1934 crisis, 9th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht). Expand index (393 more) »
'Allo 'Allo!
Allo Allo! is a BBC television British sitcom that was first broadcast on BBC One from 1982 to 1992, comprising 85 episodes.
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A Man Escaped
A Man Escaped or: The Wind Bloweth Where It Listeth (Un condamné à mort s'est échappé ou Le vent souffle où il veut) is a 1956 French film directed by Robert Bresson.
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A Self Made Hero
A Self Made Hero (Un héros très discret) is a 1996 French film directed by Jacques Audiard.
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A. J. Ayer
Sir Alfred Jules "Freddie" Ayer, FBA (29 October 1910 – 27 June 1989), usually cited as A. J. Ayer, was a British philosopher known for his promotion of logical positivism, particularly in his books Language, Truth, and Logic (1936) and The Problem of Knowledge (1956).
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Abraham Polonski
Abraham Polonski (aka "Pol" or "Maurice Ferrer") was born in Russia in 1913.
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Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques
The Académie des sciences morales et politiques (Academy of Moral and Political Sciences) is a French learned society.
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Action Française
Action française (AF; French Action) is a French right-wing political movement.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was a German politician, demagogue, and revolutionary, who was the leader of the Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei; NSDAP), Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and Führer ("Leader") of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945.
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Affiche Rouge
The Affiche Rouge ("Red Poster") is a famous propaganda poster, distributed by Vichy France and German authorities in the spring of 1944 in occupied Paris, to discredit 23 French Resistance fighters, members of the Manouchian Group.
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Afrika Korps
The Afrika Korps or German Africa Corps (Deutsches Afrikakorps, DAK) was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African Campaign of World War II.
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Agnès Humbert
Agnès Humbert (12 October 1894 – 19 September 1963) was an art historian, ethnographer and a member of the French Resistance during World War II.
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Albert Kesselring
Albert Kesselring (30 November 1885 – 16 July 1960) was a German Luftwaffe Generalfeldmarschall during World War II.
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Albert Speer
Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer (March 19, 1905 – September 1, 1981) was a German architect who was, for most of World War II, Reich Minister of Armaments and War Production for Nazi Germany.
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Aleksander Kawałkowski
Aleksander Kawałkowski (1899–1965) was a Polish soldier and diplomat.
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Alexander Scriabin
Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Скря́бин; –) was a Russian composer and pianist.
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Alexandre Parodi
Alexandre Parodi (1 June 1901 – 15 March 1979) was a French diplomat and the first ambassador of France to the United Nations.
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Alfred Heurtaux
Alfred Marie-Joseph Heurtaux or Heurteaux (20 May 1893 – 30 December 1985) was a French World War I fighter ace credited with 21 victories.
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Alfred Touny
Alfred Touny (24 October 1886 – April 1944) was a French soldier, lawyer and businessman who became one of the leaders of the French Resistance during World War II (1939–45).
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Algeria
Algeria (الجزائر, familary Algerian Arabic الدزاير; ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ; Dzayer; Algérie), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a sovereign state in North Africa on the Mediterranean coast.
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Allies of World War II
The Allies of World War II, called the United Nations from the 1 January 1942 declaration, were the countries that together opposed the Axis powers during the Second World War (1939–1945).
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Alter Kämpfer
Alter Kämpfer (German for "Old Fighter"; plural: Alte Kämpfer) is a term referring to the earliest members of the Nazi Party, i.e. those who joined it before the Reichstag elections of September 1930, with many belonging to the Party as early as its first foundation in 1919–1923.
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Amédée Dunois
Amédée Dunois (16 December 1878 – March 1945) was a French lawyer, journalist and politician,.
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Anarchism
Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions.
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André and Magda Trocmé
André Trocmé (April 7, 1901, Saint-Quentin-en-Tourmont – June 5, 1971, Geneva) and his wife Magda (née Grilli di Cortona, November 2, 1901, Florence, Italy – October 10, 1996, Paris) are a French couple designated Righteous Among the Nations.
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André Dewavrin
Andre Dewavrin DSO, MC (9 June 1911, Paris – 21 December 1998) was a French officer who served with Free French Forces intelligence services during World War II.
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André Hue
André Hunter Alfred Hue (7 December 1923 – 11 January 2005) was an Anglo-French businessman, soldier and spy best remembered for his work as an operative with the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in France and Burma during World War II.
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André Philip
André Philip (28 June 1902 – 5 July 1970) was a SFIO member who served as an Interior Minister for the Free French during the Second World War.
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Andrée Borrel
Andrée Raymonde Borrel (18 November 1919 – 6 July 1944) was a French heroine of World War II who served in the French Resistance and Britain's Special Operations Executive.
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Andrews McMeel Publishing
Andrews McMeel Publishing, LLC (formerly Andrews, McMeel and Parker (1975–1986) and Andrews and McMeel (1986–1997)) is a company that publishes books, calendars, and related toys.
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Annecy
Annecy (Arpitan: Èneci or Ènneci) is the largest city of Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in southeastern France.
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Anti-Fascist Underground Patriotic Organization
Anti-fascist Underground Patriotic Organization (Антифашистская подпольная патриотическая организация, APPO) was an anti-fascist group of Soviet captives, formed during World War II on the occupied by fascist armies territories of USSR, Poland and France.
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Antifeminism
Antifeminism (also spelt anti-feminism) is broadly defined as opposition to some or all forms of feminism.
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Appeal of 18 June
The Appeal of 18 June (L'Appel du 18 juin) was a famous speech by Charles de Gaulle, the leader of the Free French Forces, in 1940.
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Arbeiter und Soldat
Arbeiter und Soldat (meaning Worker and Soldier in English) was a clandestine magazine produced for German soldiers by the French Trotskyist group Parti Ouvrier Internationaliste during the World War II Nazi occupation of France.
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Ardennes
The Ardennes (L'Ardenne; Ardennen; L'Årdene; Ardennen; also known as the Ardennes Forest or Forest of Ardennes) is a region of extensive forests, rough terrain, rolling hills and ridges formed by the geological features of the Ardennes mountain range and the Moselle and Meuse River basins.
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Ariadna Scriabina
Ariadna Aleksandrovna Scriabina (Ариадна Александровна Скрябина; also Sarah Knut, née Ariadna Alexandrovna Schletzer, pseudonym Régine; 26 October 1905 – 22 July 1944) was a Russian poet and activist of the French Resistance, who co-founded the Zionist resistance group Armée Juive.
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Armée Juive
Armée Juive or Jewish Army, was a Zionist resistance movement in Nazi occupied World War II France which was created during January 1942 in Toulouse.
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Armée secrète
This combat structure is the result of the regrouping of the paramilitary formations of the three most important "Gaullist" resistance movements in the southern zone: Combat, Libération-Sud and Franc-Tireur.
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Armistice of 22 June 1940
The Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36.
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Army of Shadows
Army of Shadows (L'armée des ombres) is a 1969 French film directed by Jean-Pierre Melville.
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Arpiar Aslanian
Arpiar Aslanian (Արփիար Ասլանյան, December 16, 1895 — February 15, 1945) — French anti-fascist of Armenian descent, communist, husband of the writer Louise Aslanian, and a prominent figure in the French Resistance.
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Artur London
Artur London (1 February 1915 – 8 November 1986) was a Czechoslovak communist politician and co-defendant in the Slánský Trial.
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Ascq
Ascq is a village on the Marque river in the Nord department in northern France, at seven kilometers from Belgium.
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Ascq massacre
The Ascq massacre is a massacre of 86 men on 1 April 1944 in Ascq, France, by the Waffen-SS during the Second World War.
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Atlantic Wall
The Atlantic Wall (Atlantikwall) was an extensive system of coastal defence and fortifications built by Nazi Germany between 1942 and 1944 along the coast of continental Europe and Scandinavia as a defence against an anticipated Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe from the United Kingdom during World War II.
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Au revoir les enfants
Au revoir les enfants (meaning "Goodbye, Children") is an autobiographical 1987 film written, produced and directed by Louis Malle.
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Augustin Malroux
Augustin Malroux (5 April 1900 – 10 April 1945) was a French socialist politician and member of the French Resistance, a teacher by profession.
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Auvergne
Auvergne (Auvergnat (occitan): Auvèrnhe / Auvèrnha) is a former administrative region of France.
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Auxois
The Auxois is a horse breed from eastern France.
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Édouard Daladier
Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French "radical" (i.e. centre-left) politician and the Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World War.
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Émile Coulaudon
Émile Coulaudon (29 December 1907 - 1 June 1977), known as Colonel Gaspard, was one of the principal leaders of the French Resistance in Auvergne during the Second World War.
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Étienne Hajdú
Étienne Hajdú (born István Hajdú; 12 August 1907 – 24 March 1996) was a Hungarian-born French sculptor of Jewish descent.
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Île-de-France
Île-de-France ("Island of France"), also known as the région parisienne ("Parisian Region"), is one of the 18 regions of France and includes the city of Paris.
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Œuvre de secours aux enfants
Œuvre de Secours aux Enfants (Children's Aid Society), abbreviated OSE, is a French Jewish humanitarian organization that saved and aided many hundreds of mainly Jewish refugee children, both from France and from other Western European countries.
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Barbès – Rochechouart (Paris Métro)
Barbès – Rochechouart is a station on Paris Métro Line 2 and Line 4 at the point where the 9th, 10th, and 18th arrondissements all share a single point.
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Battle of Bir Hakeim
The Battle of Bir Hakeim took place at Bir Hakeim, an oasis in the Libyan desert south and west of Tobruk, during the Battle of Gazala (26 May – 21 June 1942).
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Battle of France
The Battle of France, also known as the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries during the Second World War.
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Battle of Stalingrad
The Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) was the largest confrontation of World War II, in which Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in Southern Russia.
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Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg.
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Biographical film
A biographical film, or biopic (abbreviation for biographical motion picture), is a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional or historically-based person or people.
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Bonneville, Haute-Savoie
Bonneville is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
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Bordeaux
Bordeaux (Gascon Occitan: Bordèu) is a port city on the Garonne in the Gironde department in Southwestern France.
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Boris Vildé
Boris Vildé (25 June Old Style/8 July 1908 – 23 February 1942) was a linguist and ethnographer at the Musée de l'Homme, in Paris, France.
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Bourges
Bourges is a city in central France on the Yèvre river.
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Breton nationalism and World War II
Before and during World War II, the Breton nationalist movements were generally associated with anti-French and the political right-wing.
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Brittany
Brittany (Bretagne; Breizh, pronounced or; Gallo: Bertaèyn, pronounced) is a cultural region in the northwest of France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation.
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Brutus Network
The Brutus Network (Réseau Brutus) was a French Resistant movement during World War II.
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Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action
The Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action (Central Bureau of Intelligence and Operations), abbreviated BCRA, was the World War II-era forerunner of the SDECE, the French intelligence service.
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Caen
Caen (Norman: Kaem) is a commune in northwestern France.
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Cajuns
The Cajuns (Louisiana les Cadiens), also known as Acadians (Louisiana les Acadiens) are an ethnic group mainly living in the U.S. state of Louisiana, and in The Maritimes as well as Québec consisting in part of the descendants of the original Acadian exiles—French-speakers from Acadia (L'Acadie) in what are now the Maritimes of Eastern Canada.
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Caluire-et-Cuire
Caluire et Cuire is a commune in the Metropolis of Lyon in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France.
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Camp Vernet
Le Vernet Internment Camp, or Camp Vernet, was a concentration camp in Le Vernet, Ariège, near Pamiers, in the French Pyrenees.
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Capital punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is a government-sanctioned practice whereby a person is put to death by the state as a punishment for a crime.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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César Award
The César Award is the national film award of France.
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Cévennes
The Cévennes (Cevenas) are a range of mountains in south-central France, covering parts of the départements of Ardèche, Gard, Hérault and Lozère.
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Ceux de la Libération
"Ceux de la Libération" (CDLL) was a French resistance movement during the German occupation of France in World War II.
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Ceux de la Résistance
Ceux de la Résistance" (CDLR) was a French resistance movement during the German occupation of France in World War II.
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Champs-Élysées
The Avenue des Champs-Élysées is an avenue in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, long and wide, running between the Place de la Concorde and the Place Charles de Gaulle, where the Arc de Triomphe is located.
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Chant des Partisans
The Chant des Partisans was the most popular song of the Free French and French Resistance during World War II.
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Charles Aznavour
Charles Aznavour (born Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavourian, Շահնուր Վաղինակ Ազնավուրեան; 22 May 1924) is a French, later naturalised Armenian, singer, lyricist, actor, public activist and diplomat.
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Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the French Resistance against Nazi Germany in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to reestablish democracy in France.
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Charles Delestraint
Charles Delestraint (12 March 1879 - 19 April 1945) was a French Army lieutenant general and member of the French Resistance during World War II.
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Charles Maurras
Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (20 April 1868 – 16 November 1952) was a French author, politician, poet, and critic.
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Charles Tillon
Charles Joseph Tillon (3 July 1897 – 13 January 1993) was a French metal worker, Communist, trade union leader, politician and leader of the French Resistance during World War II (1939–45).
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Chartres
Chartres is a commune and capital of the Eure-et-Loir department in France.
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Christian Pineau
Christian Pineau (14 October 1904, in Chaumont-en-Bassigny, Haute-Marne, France – 5 April 1995, in Paris) was a noted French Resistance fighter, who later served an important term as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the late 1950s.
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Clandestine cell system
A clandestine cell system is a method for organizing a group of people such as resistance fighters, sleeper agents, or terrorists so that such people can more effectively resist penetration by an opposing organization (such as law enforcement).
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Clandestine operation
A clandestine operation is an intelligence or military operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population or specific enemy forces.
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Claude Autant-Lara
Claude Autant-Lara (5 August 1901 – 5 February 2000) was a French film director and later Member of the European Parliament (MEP).
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Claude Aveline
Claude Aveline, pen name of Evgen Avtsine (19 July 1901 – 4 November 1992), was a writer, publisher, editor, poet and member of the French Resistance.
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Claude Berri
Claude Berri (1 July 1934 – 12 January 2009) was a French film director, writer, producer, actor and distributor.
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Clermont-Ferrand
Clermont-Ferrand (Auvergnat Clharmou, Augustonemetum) is a city and commune of France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, with a population of 141,569 (2012).
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Coastal artillery
Coastal artillery is the branch of the armed forces concerned with operating anti-ship artillery or fixed gun batteries in coastal fortifications.
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Collaboration horizontale
Collaboration horizontale, collaboration féminine or collaboration sentimentale (the French adjective sentimentale can be translated as "pertaining to a romantic relationship") was the (supposed) sexual intercourse that some French women had with members of the German invasion force after the Battle of France in 1940.
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Collaborationism
Collaborationism is cooperation with the enemy against one's country in wartime.
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Collateral damage
Collateral damage is a general term for deaths, injuries, or other damage inflicted on an unintended target.
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Collective memory
Collective memory is the shared pool of knowledge and information in the memories of two or more members of a social group.
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Collective punishment
Collective punishment is a form of retaliation whereby a suspected perpetrator's family members, friends, acquaintances, sect, neighbors or entire ethnic group is targeted.
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Combat
Combat (French for fight) is a purposeful violent conflict meant to weaken, establish dominance over, or kill the opposition, or to drive the opposition away from a location where it is not wanted or needed.
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Combat (French Resistance)
Combat was a large movement in the French Resistance created in the non-occupied zone of France during the Second World War (1939–1945).
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Combat (newspaper)
Combat was a French newspaper created during the Second World War.
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Commissioner of the Republic (Provisional Government)
The Commissioners of the Republic (commissaires de la République) or Regional Commissioners of the Republic (CRR) were government officials appointed as representatives of Charles de Gaulle by the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF) between 1944 and 1946.
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Communism
In political and social sciences, communism (from Latin communis, "common, universal") is the philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money and the state.
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Communist International
The Communist International (Comintern), known also as the Third International (1919–1943), was an international communist organization that advocated world communism.
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Compiègne
Compiègne is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
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Confrérie Notre-Dame
The Confrérie Notre-Dame (CND), later called the CND-Castille, was a French resistance group founded by Colonel Rémy.
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Conscription
Conscription, sometimes called the draft, is the compulsory enlistment of people in a national service, most often a military service.
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Corsica
Corsica (Corse; Corsica in Corsican and Italian, pronounced and respectively) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 18 regions of France.
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Croix-de-Feu
The Croix-de-Feu (Cross of Fire) was a nationalist French league of the Interwar period, led by Colonel François de la Rocque (1885–1946).
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Crusade in Europe
Crusade in Europe is a book of wartime memoirs by General Dwight D. Eisenhower published by Doubleday in 1948.
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Daniel Mayer
Daniel Raphaël Mayer (29 April 1909 – 29 December 1996) was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO), a socialist party in France, president of the Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH, Human Rights League) from 1958 to 1975.
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Défense de la France
Défense de la France was an underground newspaper produced by a group of the French Resistance during World War II.
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De Bezige Bij
De Bezige Bij ("the busy bee") is one of the most important literary publishing companies in the Netherlands.
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Deuxième Bureau
The Deuxième Bureau de l'État-major général ("Second Bureau of the General Staff") was France's external military intelligence agency from 1871 to 1940.
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Dietrich von Choltitz
Dietrich Hugo Hermann von Choltitz (9 November 1894 – 4 November 1966) was a German General who served in the Royal Saxon Army during World War I and the German Army during World War II.
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Dimitri Amilakhvari
Prince Dimitri Zedginidze-Amilakhvari, more commonly known as Dimitri Amilakhvari (დიმიტრი ამილახვარი, Dimitri Amilakvari) (October 31, 1906 – October 24, 1942) was a French military officer and Lieutenant Colonel of the French Foreign Legion, of Georgian origin who played an influential role in the French Resistance against Nazi occupation in World War II, and became an iconic figure of the Free French Forces.
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Double agent
In the field of counterintelligence, a double agent (also double secret agent) is an employee of a secret intelligence service for one country, whose primary purpose is to spy on a target organization of another country, but who, in fact, has been discovered by the target organization and is now spying on their own country's organization for the target organization.
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Dovid Knut
Dovid Knut or Knout (До́вид Кнут) (–15 February 1955), real name Duvid Meerovich (later David Mironovich) Fiksman (Ду́вид Ме́ерович Фи́ксман), was a Russian Jewish poet and member of the French Resistance.
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Dutch-Paris
Dutch-Paris was an underground network of the Dutch, Belgian and French Resistance with the objective to save people and smuggle documents during World War II.
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Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American army general and statesman who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
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Eastern Front (World War II)
The Eastern Front of World War II was a theatre of conflict between the European Axis powers and co-belligerent Finland against the Soviet Union, Poland and other Allies, which encompassed Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northeast Europe (Baltics), and Southeast Europe (Balkans) from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945.
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Eclaireuses et Eclaireurs israélites de France
The Éclaireuses et Éclaireurs israélites de France (EEIF, Jewish Guides and Scouts of France) is a Jewish Scouting and Guiding organization in France.
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Eddy Palacci
Edmond Vita Palacci (February 9, 1931 – October 29, 2016), generally known as "Eddy Palacci," was a French-Israeli chemical engineer and author, whose memoir recounts his survival in Occupied France during World War II and help for the French Resistance.
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Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie
Emmanuel d'Astier de La Vigerie (6 January 190012 June 1969) was a French journalist, politician and member of the French Resistance.
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English Channel
The English Channel (la Manche, "The Sleeve"; Ärmelkanal, "Sleeve Channel"; Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; Mor Bretannek, "Sea of Brittany"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.
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Erwin Rommel
Erwin Rommel (15 November 1891 – 14 October 1944) was a German general and military theorist.
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Espionage
Espionage or spying, is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information without the permission of the holder of the information.
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Eugène Chavant
Eugène Chavant was the founder of the French resistance organisation France Combat in 1942 and a prominent member of the French resistance.
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Eure-et-Loir
Eure-et-Loir is a French department, named after the Eure and Loir rivers.
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Félix Gouin
Félix Gouin (4 October 1884 – 25 October 1977) was a French Socialist politician who was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).
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Feldgendarmerie
The Feldgendarmerie were the gendarmerie; a type of military police units of the armies of the Kingdom of Saxony (from 1810), the German Empire and the Third Reich until the conclusion of World War II.
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Forced labour under German rule during World War II
The use of forced labour and slavery in Nazi Germany and throughout German-occupied Europe during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale.
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Fort Mont-Valérien
The Fort Mont-Valérien (French: Forteresse du Mont-Valérien) is a fortress in Suresnes, a western Paris suburb, built in 1841 as part of the city's ring of modern fortifications.
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François de La Rocque
François de La Rocque (6 October 1885 – 28 April 1946) was the leader of the French right-wing league named the Croix de Feu from 1930 to 1936 before he formed the more moderate nationalist Parti Social Français (1936–1940), which can be seen as a precursor of Gaullism.
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François de Menthon
Count François de Menthon (8 January 1900 – 2 June 1984) was a French politician and professor of law.
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François Mitterrand
François Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand (26 October 1916 – 8 January 1996) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1981 to 1995, the longest time in office of any French president.
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François Tanguy-Prigent
François Marie Tanguy Prigent (11 October 1909 – 20 January 1970) was a French Socialist politician who became a resistance fighter during World War II (1939–45).
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François Truffaut
François Roland Truffaut (6 February 1932 – 21 October 1984) was a French film director, screenwriter, producer, actor, and film critic, as well as one of the founders of the French New Wave.
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France Bloch-Sérazin
France Bloch-Sérazin (1913–1943) (February 21, 1913 – February 12, 1943) was a militant communist who fought in the French resistance during World War II.
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Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who ruled over Spain as a military dictator from 1939, after the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War, until his death in 1975.
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Francs-tireurs
Francs-tireurs (French for "free shooters") was a term for irregular military applied to formations deployed by France during the early stages of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71).
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Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
The Francs-Tireurs et Partisans Français (FTPF), or commonly the Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP), was an armed resistance organization created by leaders of the French Communist Party during World War II (1939–45).
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Free France
Free France and its Free French Forces (French: France Libre and Forces françaises libres) were the government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during the Second World War and its military forces, that continued to fight against the Axis powers as one of the Allies after the fall of France.
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French Committee of National Liberation
The French Committee of National Liberation (Comité français de Libération nationale) was a provisional government of Free France formed by the French generals Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle to provide united leadership, organize and coordinate the campaign to liberate France from Nazi Germany during World War II.
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French Communist Party
The French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, PCF) is a communist party in France.
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French Forces of the Interior
The French Forces of the Interior (Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur) refers to French resistance fighters in the later stages of World War II.
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French Foreign Legion
The French Foreign Legion (Légion étrangère) (FFL; Légion étrangère, L.É.) is a military service branch of the French Army established in 1831.
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French franc
The franc (sign: F or Fr), also commonly distinguished as the (FF), was a currency of France.
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French Section of the Workers' International
The French Section of the Workers' International (Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière, SFIO) was a French socialist political party founded in 1905 and replaced in 1969 by the current Socialist Party (PS).
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French Third Republic
The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.
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Fritz Sauckel
Ernst Friedrich Christoph "Fritz" Sauckel (27 October 1894 – 16 October 1946) was a German Nazi politician, Gauleiter of Thuringia and the General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment from March 1942 until the end of the Second World War.
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FTP-MOI
The Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée (FTP-MOI) were a sub-group of the Francs-tireurs et partisans (FTP) organization, a component of the French Resistance.
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Gabriel Jeantet
Gabriel Jeantet (1906–1978) was a French far right activist, journalist and polemicist.
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Gascony
Gascony (Gascogne; Gascon: Gasconha; Gaskoinia) is an area of southwest France that was part of the "Province of Guyenne and Gascony" prior to the French Revolution.
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Gaston Defferre
Gaston Defferre (14 September 1910 – 7 May 1986) was a French Socialist politician.
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Gaullism
Gaullism (Gaullisme) is a French political stance based on the thought and action of World War II French Resistance leader General Charles de Gaulle, who would become the founding President of the Fifth French Republic.
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Günther von Kluge
Günther von Kluge (30 October 1882 – 19 August 1944) was a German field marshal during World War II.
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George S. Patton
General George Smith Patton Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a senior officer of the United States Army who commanded the U.S. Seventh Army in the Mediterranean theater of World War II, but is best known for his leadership of the U.S. Third Army in France and Germany following the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944.
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Georges Bégué
Georges Pierre André Bégué (22 November 1911 – 18 December 1993)Social Security Death Index was a French engineer and agent in the Special Operations Executive.
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Georges Guingouin
Georges Guingouin (2 February 1913, Magnac-Laval in Haute-Vienne, France – 27 October 2005, Troyes, France) was a French Communist Party (PCF) militant who played a leading role in the French resistance as head of the Maquis du Limousin.
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Georges Loustaunau-Lacau
Georges Loustaunau-Lacau (17 April 1894 – 11 February 1955) was a French army officer, anti-communist conspirator, resistant, and politician.
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Georges Politzer
Georges Politzer (3 May 1903 – 23 May 1942) was a French philosopher and Marxist theoretician of Hungarian Jewish origin, affectionately referred to by some as the "red-headed philosopher" (philosophe roux).
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Gerd von Rundstedt
Karl Rudolf Gerd von Rundstedt (12 December 1875 – 24 February 1953) was a Field Marshal in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany during World War II.
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Germaine Tillion
Germaine Tillion (30 May 1907 – 18 April 2008) was a French ethnologist, best known for her work in Algeria in the 1950s on behalf of the French government.
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German Army (Wehrmacht)
The German Army (Heer) was the land forces component of the Wehrmacht, the regular German Armed Forces, from 1935 until it was demobilized and later dissolved in August 1946.
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German military administration in occupied France during World War II
The Military Administration in France (Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France.
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Gestapo
The Gestapo, abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei (Secret State Police), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe.
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Gilbert Renault
Gilbert Renault (August 6, 1904 – July 29, 1984) was known during the French Resistance under the name Colonel Rémy.
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Glières Plateau
The Glières Plateau is a limestone plateau in the Bornes Massif.
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Goniometer
A goniometer is an instrument that either measures an angle or allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position.
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Good faith
Good faith (bona fides), in human interactions, is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction.
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Grenoble
Grenoble is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère.
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Groupe mobile de réserve
The Groupes mobiles de réserve (French: mobile reserve groups), often referred to as GMR, were paramilitary units created by the Vichy regime during the Second World War.
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Guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants, such as paramilitary personnel, armed civilians, or irregulars, use military tactics including ambushes, sabotage, raids, petty warfare, hit-and-run tactics, and mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.
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Gurs internment camp
Gurs Internment Camp was a internment camp and prisoner of war camp constructed in 1939 in Gurs, a site in southwestern France, not far from Pau.
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Guy Mollet
Guy Mollet (31 December 1905 – 3 October 1975) was a French politician.
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Hamburg
Hamburg (locally), Hamborg, officially the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg (Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, Friee un Hansestadt Hamborg),Constitution of Hamburg), is the second-largest city of Germany as well as one of the country's 16 constituent states, with a population of roughly 1.8 million people. The city lies at the core of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region which spreads across four German federal states and is home to more than five million people. The official name reflects Hamburg's history as a member of the medieval Hanseatic League, a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire, a city-state and one of the 16 states of Germany. Before the 1871 Unification of Germany, it was a fully sovereign state. Prior to the constitutional changes in 1919 it formed a civic republic headed constitutionally by a class of hereditary grand burghers or Hanseaten. The city has repeatedly been beset by disasters such as the Great Fire of Hamburg, exceptional coastal flooding and military conflicts including World War II bombing raids. Historians remark that the city has managed to recover and emerge wealthier after each catastrophe. Situated on the river Elbe, Hamburg is home to Europe's second-largest port and a broad corporate base. In media, the major regional broadcasting firm NDR, the printing and publishing firm italic and the newspapers italic and italic are based in the city. Hamburg remains an important financial center, the seat of Germany's oldest stock exchange and the world's oldest merchant bank, Berenberg Bank. Media, commercial, logistical, and industrial firms with significant locations in the city include multinationals Airbus, italic, italic, italic, and Unilever. The city is a forum for and has specialists in world economics and international law with such consular and diplomatic missions as the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the EU-LAC Foundation, and the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning. In recent years, the city has played host to multipartite international political conferences and summits such as Europe and China and the G20. Former German Chancellor italic, who governed Germany for eight years, and Angela Merkel, German chancellor since 2005, come from Hamburg. The city is a major international and domestic tourist destination. It ranked 18th in the world for livability in 2016. The Speicherstadt and Kontorhausviertel were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 2015. Hamburg is a major European science, research, and education hub, with several universities and institutions. Among its most notable cultural venues are the italic and italic concert halls. It gave birth to movements like Hamburger Schule and paved the way for bands including The Beatles. Hamburg is also known for several theatres and a variety of musical shows. St. Pauli's italic is among the best-known European entertainment districts.
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Harry Rée
Harry Alfred Rée, DSO, OBE (15 October 1914 – 17 May 1991) was a British educationist and wartime member of the Special Operations Executive.
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Haute-Savoie
Haute-Savoie (Savouè d’Amont or Hiôta-Savouè; Upper Savoy; Obersavoyen or Hochsavoyen; Alta Savoia) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of south-eastern France, bordering both Switzerland and Italy.
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Henri Amouroux
Henri Amouroux (1 July 1920 in Périgueux, Dordogne – 5 August 2007 in Le Mesnil-Mauger) was a French historian and journalist.
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Henri Frenay
Henri Frenay Sandoval (1905–1988) was a French military officer and French Resistance member.
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Henri Giraud
Henri Honoré Giraud (18 January 1879 – 11 March 1949) was a French general who was captured in both World Wars, but escaped both times.
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Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves
The count Henri Honoré d'Estienne d'Orves (3 June 1901 – 29 August 1941) was a French Navy officer, reputed "first martyr of Free France" and one of the major heroes of the French Resistance.
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Henri Rol-Tanguy
Henri Rol-Tanguy (12 June 1908 – 8 September 2002) was a French communist and a leader in the French Resistance during World War II.
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Henry Rousso
Henry Rousso (born 1954 in Cairo) is an Egyptian-born French historian specializing in World War II France.
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Holocaust Memorial Center (Budapest)
The Holocaust Memorial Center (Holokauszt Emlékközpont) is a renovated synagogue that dates back to the 1920s and serves as a memorial and museum for and about Hungarian Jews that were killed in The Holocaust.
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Hugo Bleicher
Hugo Ernst Bleicher (9 August 1899 - August 1982) was a senior non-commissioned officer of Nazi Germany's Abwehr who worked against French Resistance in German-occupied France.
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Hugo Sperrle
Hugo Sperrle (7 February 1885 – 2 April 1953) was a German field marshal of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
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Ian Ousby
Ian Vaughan Kenneth Ousby (26 June 1947 – 6 August 2001) was a British historian, author and editor.
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International Brigades
The International Brigades (Brigadas Internacionales) were paramilitary units set up by the Communist International to assist the Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War.
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Internment
Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges, and thus no trial.
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Internment camps in France
There were internment camps and concentration camps in France before, during and after World War II.
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Invasion of Normandy
The Western Allies of World War II launched the largest amphibious invasion in history when they assaulted Normandy, located on the northern coast of France, on 6 June 1944.
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Iran
Iran (ایران), also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (جمهوری اسلامی ایران), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. With over 81 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th-most-populous country. Comprising a land area of, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East and the 17th-largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. The country's central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the country's capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, reaching its greatest territorial size in the sixth century BCE, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, becoming one of the largest empires in history. The Iranian realm fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion culminated in the establishment of the Parthian Empire, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries. Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, displacing the indigenous faiths of Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism with Islam. Iran made major contributions to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential figures in art and science. After two centuries, a period of various native Muslim dynasties began, which were later conquered by the Turks and the Mongols. The rise of the Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history. Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses. Popular unrest led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocracy and growing anti-Western resentment. Subsequent unrest against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution and the establishment of an Islamic republic, a political system that includes elements of a parliamentary democracy vetted and supervised by a theocracy governed by an autocratic "Supreme Leader". During the 1980s, the country was engaged in a war with Iraq, which lasted for almost nine years and resulted in a high number of casualties and economic losses for both sides. According to international reports, Iran's human rights record is exceptionally poor. The regime in Iran is undemocratic, and has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government and its Supreme Leader. Women's rights in Iran are described as seriously inadequate, and children's rights have been severely violated, with more child offenders being executed in Iran than in any other country in the world. Since the 2000s, Iran's controversial nuclear program has raised concerns, which is part of the basis of the international sanctions against the country. The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, an agreement reached between Iran and the P5+1, was created on 14 July 2015, aimed to loosen the nuclear sanctions in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing enriched uranium. Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels – which include the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth-largest proven oil reserves – exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and eleventh-largest in the world. Iran is a multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, the largest being Persians (61%), Azeris (16%), Kurds (10%), and Lurs (6%).
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Is Paris Burning? (film)
Is Paris Burning? (Paris brûle-t-il ?) is a 1966 French-American epic historical war film directed by René Clément, starring an ensemble cast, about the liberation of Paris in August 1944 by the French Resistance and the Free French Forces during World War II.
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Isère
Isère (Arpitan: Isera, Occitan: Isèra) is a department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France named after the river Isère.
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Italian Campaign (World War II)
The Italian Campaign of World War II consisted of the Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war in Europe.
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Italian Communist Party
The Italian Communist Party (Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) was a communist political party in Italy.
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Italian Socialist Party
The Italian Socialist Party (PSI) was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy.
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Jacques Arthuys
Jacques Arthuys (15 February 1894 – 9 September 1943) was a French industrialist, a right-wing intellectual and early leader of the French Fascist movement.
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Jacques Audiard
Jacques Audiard (born 30 April 1952) is a French film director and screenwriter.
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Jacques Bonsergent (Paris Métro)
Jacques Bonsergent is a station of the Paris Métro, serving line 5.
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Jacques Chaban-Delmas
Jacques Chaban-Delmas (7 March 1915 – 10 November 2000) was a French Gaullist politician.
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Jacques Decour
Jacques Decour, real name Daniel Decourdemanche (born 21 February 1910 in Paris, died 30 May 1942 in Fort Mont-Valérien), was a French writer and resistant, killed by the Nazis.
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Jacques Le Roy Ladurie
Jacques Jules Marie Joseph Le Roy Ladurie (28 March 1902 – 6 June 1988) was a French agriculturalist and politician.
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Jacques Renouvin
Jacques Renouvin (6 October 1905 – 24 January 1944) was a royalist militant in France during the Second World War and hero of the French resistance.
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Janet Teissier du Cros
Janet Teissier du Cros née Janet Sinclair Craigie Grierson (1905–1990) was a writer, translator, broadcaster and pianist who was brought up in Scotland and then lived in France for sixty years.
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Jean Biondi
Jean Dominique Biondi (9 May 1900 – 10 November 1950) was a French politician.
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Jean Bruller
Jean Marcel Adolphe Bruller (26 February 1902 – 10 June 1991) was a French writer and illustrator who co-founded Les Éditions de Minuit with Pierre de Lescure.
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Jean Cassou
Jean Cassou (9 July 1897 – 16 January 1986) was a French writer, art critic, poet, member of the French Resistance during World War II and the first Director of the Musée national d'Art moderne in Paris.
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Jean Cavaillès
Jean Cavaillès (May 15, 1903 – February 17, 1944) was a French philosopher and logician who specialized in philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of science.
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Jean de Lattre de Tassigny
Jean Joseph Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny, GCB, MC (2 February 1889 – 11 January 1952) was a French military commander in World War II and the First Indochina War.
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Jean Moulin
Jean Moulin (20 June 1899 – 8 July 1943) was a high-profile member of the Resistance in France during World War II.
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Jean Pierre-Bloch
Jean Pierre-Bloch (born Jean-Pierre Bloch) (14 April 1905 – 17 March 1999) was a French Resistant of the Second World War as an activist, being a former president of the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism.
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Jean Prévost
Jean Prévost (13 June 1901 – 1 August 1944) was a French writer, journalist, and Resistance fighter.
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Jean Renoir
Jean Renoir (15 September 1894 – 12 February 1979) was a French film director, screenwriter, actor, producer and author.
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Jean-Baptiste Lebas
Jean-Baptiste Lebas (24 October 1898 – 10 March 1944) was a French Socialist politician, deputy to the National Assembly of France during the Third Republic, who served twice as minister under Léon Blum’s governments.
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Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, political activist, biographer, and literary critic.
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Jean-Pierre Azéma
Jean-Pierre Azéma (born 1937) is a French historian.
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Jean-Pierre Melville
Jean-Pierre Melville (born Jean-Pierre Grumbach; 20 October 1917 – 2 August 1973) was a French filmmaker.
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Joseph Darnand
Joseph Darnand (19 March 1897 – 10 October 1945) was a French soldier, leader of the Vichy French collaborators with Nazi Germany and a Waffen-SS officer.
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Joseph Epstein
Joseph Epstein (October 16, 1911 – April 11, 1944 in Fort Mont-Valérien, France), also known as Colonel Gilles and as Joseph Andrej, was a Polish-born Jewish communist activist and a French Resistance leader during World War II.
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Joseph Kessel
Joseph Kessel (10 February 1898 – 23 July 1979) was a French journalist and novelist.
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Jules Moch
Jules Salvador Moch (15 March 1893 in Paris – 1 August 1985 in Cabris of Alpes-Maritimes) was a French politician.
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Jules-Géraud Saliège
Jules-Géraud Saliège (24 February 1870 – 5 November 1956) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Kégham Atmadjian
Kegham Mihran Atmadjian (Գեղամ Միհրանի Աթմաճյան, literary pseudonym Sema, November 18, 1910, Bafra, Ottoman Empire - May 19, 1940, France) was a French-Armenian poet and editor.
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Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state which existed from 1861—when King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy—until 1946—when a constitutional referendum led civil discontent to abandon the monarchy and form the modern Italian Republic.
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Klaus Barbie
Nikolaus "Klaus" Barbie (26 October 1913 – 25 September 1991) was an SS and Gestapo functionary during the Nazi era.
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L'affiche rouge
"L'Affiche rouge" is a song from the album Les Chansons d'Aragon (1961) by Léo Ferré.
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L'Humanité
L'Humanité ("Humanity"), is a French daily newspaper.
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La Cagoule
La Cagoule (The Cowl, press nickname coined by the Action Française nationalist Maurice Pujo), officially called Comité secret d'action révolutionnaire (Secret Committee of Revolutionary Action), was a French fascist-leaning and anti-communist terrorist group that used violence to promote its activities from 1935 to 1941.
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La Grande Vadrouille
La Grande Vadrouille (literally "The Great Stroll"; originally released in the United States as Don't Look Now... We're Being Shot At!) is a 1966 French comedy film about two ordinary Frenchmen helping the crew of a Royal Air Force bomber shot down over Paris make their way through German-occupied France to escape arrest.
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La Marseillaise
"La Marseillaise" is the national anthem of France.
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La Résistance (disambiguation)
La Résistance, literally "The Resistance", typically refers to the French Resistance against German occupation in World War II.
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Lacombe, Lucien
Lacombe Lucien (in English, Lacombe, Lucien) is a 1974 French war drama film about a French teenage boy during the German occupation of France in World War II.
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Lausanne
Lausanne (Lausanne Losanna, Losanna) is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and the capital and biggest city of the canton of Vaud.
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Law enforcement in France
Law enforcement in France has a long history dating back to AD 570, when night watch systems were commonplace.
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Léon Blum
André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French politician, identified with the moderate left, and three times Prime Minister of France.
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Le Chambon-sur-Lignon
Le Chambon-sur-Lignon (Auvergnat: Lo Chambon) is a commune in the Haute-Loire department in south-central France.
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Le Populaire (French newspaper)
Le Populaire was a socialist daily newspaper published in France.
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Le Silence de la mer
Le Silence de la mer (The Silence of the Sea) is a French novel written during the summer of 1941 and published in early 1942 by Jean Bruller under the pseudonym "Vercors".
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Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism
The Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism (Légion des volontaires français contre le bolchévisme, or simply Légion des volontaires français, LVF) was a collaborationist militia of Vichy France founded on 8 July 1941.
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Legion of Honour
The Legion of Honour, with its full name National Order of the Legion of Honour (Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur), is the highest French order of merit for military and civil merits, established in 1802 by Napoléon Bonaparte and retained by all the divergent governments and regimes later holding power in France, up to the present.
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Les Éditions de Minuit
Les Éditions de Minuit (Midnight Press) is a French publishing house which has its origins in the French Resistance of World War II and still publishes books today.
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Libération-Nord
Libération-Nord was one of the principal resistance movements in the northern occupied zone of France during the Second World War.
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Libération-sud
Libération-sud (French for "Liberation-South") was a resistance group active between 1940-1944 and created in the Free Zone of France during the Second World War in order to fight against the Nazi occupation through coordinated sabotage and propaganda operations.
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on liberty and equality.
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Liberation of Paris
The Liberation of Paris (also known as the Battle for Paris and Belgium; Libération de Paris) was a military action that took place during World War II from 19 August 1944 until the German garrison surrendered the French capital on 25 August 1944.
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Lieutenant colonel
Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel.
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Lille
Lille (Rijsel; Rysel) is a city at the northern tip of France, in French Flanders.
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Limousin
Limousin (Lemosin) is a former administrative region of France.
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List of networks and movements of the French Resistance
It is customary to distinguish the various organisations of the French Resistance between movements and networks.
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London
London is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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Louis Aragon
Louis Aragon (3 October 1897 – 24 December 1982) was a French poet, who was one of the leading voices of the surrealist movement in France, who co-founded with André Breton and Philippe Soupault the surrealist review Littérature.
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Louis Darquier de Pellepoix
Louis Darquier, better known under his assumed name Louis Darquier de Pellepoix (19 December 1897, Cahors – 29 August 1980, near Málaga, Spain) was Commissioner for Jewish Affairs under the Vichy Régime.
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Louis Malle
Louis Marie Malle (30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French film director, screenwriter, and producer.
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Louise Aslanian
Louise Aslanian (pseudonym LAS; Louise Aslanian, Lass, Լուիզա Ասլանյան, May 5, 1906 — 1945) — French anti-fascist of Armenian descent, communist, writer, novelist, poet and a prominent figure in the French Resistance.
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Lozère
Lozère (Losera) is a department in the region of Occitanie in southern France near the Massif Central.
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Lucie Aubrac
Lucie Samuel (29 June 1912 – 14 March 2007), born Lucie Bernard, and better known as Lucie Aubrac, was a French history teacher and member of the French Resistance during World War II.
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Lucie Aubrac (film)
Lucie Aubrac is a 1997 French biopic of the World War II French Resistance member Lucie Aubrac.
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Lucien Hervé
Lucien Hervé (born László Elkán on 7 August 1910 in Hungary, died 26 June 2007 in Paris) was a Hungarian photographer.
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Lucien Lublin
Lucien Lublin, born 1909 in Brest-Litovsk and employed as electrical engineer.
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Luxembourg
Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxembourg, Luxemburg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in western Europe.
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Lyon
Lyon (Liyon), is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France.
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Maquis (World War II)
The Maquis were rural guerrilla bands of French Resistance fighters, called maquisards, during the Occupation of France in World War II.
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Maquis des Glières
The Maquis des Glières was a Free French Resistance group, which fought against the 1940–1944 German occupation of France in World War II.
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Maquis du Limousin
The Maquis du Limousin was one of the largest Maquis groups of French resistance fighters.
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Maquis du Mont Mouchet
The Maquis du Mont Mouchet were a group of French resistance fighters during the Second World War.
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Maquis du Vercors
The Maquis du Vercors was a rural group of the French Forces of the Interior resistance (maquis) that fought the 1940–1944 German occupation of France in World War II.
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Marc Bloch
Marc Léopold Benjamin Bloch (6 July 1886 – 16 June 1944) was a French historian who cofounded the highly influential Annales School of French social history.
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Marc Boegner
Marc Boegner, commonly known as pasteur Boegner (21 February 1881 – 18 December 1970), was a theologist, influential pastor, notable member of the French Resistance, and a French essayist, and a notable voice in the ecumenical movement.
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Marcel Ophüls
Marcel Ophuls (born 1 November 1927) is a documentary film maker and former actor, best known for his films The Sorrow and the Pity and Hôtel Terminus: The Life and Times of Klaus Barbie.
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Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux
Marie-Hélène Lefaucheux (26 February 1904 – 25 February 1964) was a French women's and human rights activist.
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Marie-Madeleine Fourcade
Marie-Madeleine Fourcade (1909, Marseille - 1989) was the leader of the French Resistance network "Alliance", under the code name "Hérisson" ("Hedgehog") after the arrest of its former leader, Georges Loustaunau-Lacau, during the occupation of France in the Second World War.
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Marie-Pierre Kœnig
Marie-Pierre Kœnig (10 October 1898 – 2 September 1970) was a French army officer and politician.
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Marseille
Marseille (Provençal: Marselha), is the second-largest city of France and the largest city of the Provence historical region.
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Marx Dormoy
René Marx Dormoy (1 August 1888 – 26 July 1941) was a French socialist politician, noted for his opposition to the far right.
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Materiel
Materiel, more commonly matériel in US English and also listed as the only spelling in some UK dictionaries (both pronounced, from French matériel meaning equipment or hardware), refers to military technology and supplies in military and commercial supply chain management.
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Mathilde Carré
Mathilde Carré (30 June 1908 – 1970), known as "La Chatte", was a French Resistance agent during World War II who turned double agent.
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Maurice Buckmaster
Colonel Maurice James Buckmaster OBE (11 January 1902 – 17 April 1992) was the leader of the French section of Special Operations Executive and was awarded the Croix de Guerre.
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Maurice Papon
Maurice Papon (3 September 1910 – 17 February 2007) was a French civil servant from the 1930s.
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Maurice Thorez
A Soviet stamp depicting Maurice Thorez. Maurice Thorez (28 April 1900 – 11 July 1964) was a French politician and longtime leader of the French Communist Party (PCF) from 1930 until his death.
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Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex
The Mauthausen–Gusen concentration camp complex consisted of the Mauthausen concentration camp on a hill above the market town of Mauthausen (roughly east of Linz, Upper Austria) plus a group of nearly 100 further subcamps located throughout Austria and southern Germany.
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May 1968 events in France
The volatile period of civil unrest in France during May 1968 was punctuated by demonstrations and massive general strikes as well as the occupation of universities and factories across France.
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Mâcon
Mâcon, historically anglicized as Mascon, is a small city in east-central France.
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Member of parliament
A member of parliament (MP) is the representative of the voters to a parliament.
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Metz
Metz (Lorraine Franconian pronunciation) is a city in northeast France located at the confluence of the Moselle and the Seille rivers.
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Milice
The Milice française (French Militia), generally called the Milice, was a political paramilitary organization created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to help fight against the French Resistance during World War II.
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Milieu (organized crime in France)
Primarily, organized crime in France is based in its urban, major cities such as Marseille, Grenoble, Paris, and Lyon.
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Military history of France during World War II
The military history of France during World War II covers three periods.
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Military intelligence
Military intelligence is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to assist commanders in their decisions.
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Missak Manouchian
Missak Manouchian (Western Միսաք Մանուշեան;, 1 September 1906 – 21 February 1944) was a French-Armenian poet and communist activist.
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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, also known as the Nazi–Soviet Pact,Charles Peters (2005), Five Days in Philadelphia: The Amazing "We Want Willkie!" Convention of 1940 and How It Freed FDR to Save the Western World, New York: PublicAffairs, Ch.
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Mont Mouchet
Mont Mouchet is a 1,497-metre high mountain located on the border of the French départements of Cantal, Haute-Loire and Lozère.
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Moselle
The Moselle (la Moselle,; Mosel; Musel) is a river flowing through France, Luxembourg, and Germany.
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Mouvements Unis de la Résistance
Mouvements Unis de la Résistance (lit. "Unified Movements of the Resistance") was a French Resistance organisation, resulting from the regrouping of three major Resistance movements ("Combat", "Franc-Tireur" and "Libération-Sud") in January 1943 and also the merger of the military arms of these movements within the Armée secrète (Secret Army).
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Musée national des Arts et Traditions Populaires (France)
The Musée national des Arts et Traditions Populaires was a museum of the popular arts and traditions of France.
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Nacht und Nebel
Nacht und Nebel was a directive issued by Adolf Hitler on 7 December 1941 targeting political activists and resistance "helpers" in World War II to be imprisoned or killed, while the family and the population remained uncertain as to the fate or whereabouts of the Nazi state's alleged offender.
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Nancy Wake
Nancy Grace Augusta Wake, (30 August 1912 – 7 August 2011) was a secret agent during the Second World War.
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Nantes
Nantes (Gallo: Naunnt or Nantt) is a city in western France on the Loire River, from the Atlantic coast.
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Napoleon
Napoléon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.
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Nation
A nation is a stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, ethnicity or psychological make-up manifested in a common culture.
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National Council of the Resistance
The National Council of the Resistance, in French Conseil National de la Résistance (CNR), was the body that directed and coordinated the different movements of the French Resistance - the press, trade unions, and members of political parties hostile to the Vichy regime, starting from mid-1943.
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National Gendarmerie
The National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) is one of two national police forces of France, along with the National Police.
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Nazi concentration camps
Nazi Germany maintained concentration camps (Konzentrationslager, KZ or KL) throughout the territories it controlled before and during the Second World War.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler through the Nazi Party (NSDAP).
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Nîmes
Nîmes (Provençal Occitan: Nimes) is a city in the Occitanie region of southern France.
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Nice
Nice (Niçard Niça, classical norm, or Nissa, nonstandard,; Nizza; Νίκαια; Nicaea) is the fifth most populous city in France and the capital of the Alpes-Maritimes département.
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Nobility
Nobility is a social class in aristocracy, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in a society and with membership thereof typically being hereditary.
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Nord-Pas-de-Calais
Nord-Pas-de-Calais (is a former administrative region of France. Since 1 January 2016, it is part of the new region Hauts-de-France. It consisted of the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais. Nord-Pas-de-Calais borders the English Channel (west), the North Sea (northwest), Belgium (north and east) and Picardy (south). The majority of the region was once part of the historical (Southern) Netherlands, but gradually became part of France between 1477 and 1678, particularly during the reign of king Louis XIV. The historical French provinces that preceded Nord-Pas-de-Calais are Artois, French Flanders, French Hainaut and (partially) Picardy. These provincial designations are still frequently used by the inhabitants. With its 330.8 people per km2 on just over 12,414 km2, it is a densely populated region, having some 4.1 million inhabitants, 7% of France's total population, making it the fourth most populous region in the country, 83% of whom live in urban communities. Its administrative centre and largest city is Lille. The second largest city is Calais, which serves as a major continental economic/transportation hub with Dover of Great Britain away; this makes Nord-Pas-de-Calais the closest continental European connection to the Great Britain. Other major towns include Valenciennes, Lens, Douai, Béthune, Dunkirk, Maubeuge, Boulogne, Arras, Cambrai and Saint-Omer. Numerous films, like Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis.
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Normandy
Normandy (Normandie,, Norman: Normaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normant, originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is one of the 18 regions of France, roughly referring to the historical Duchy of Normandy.
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Normandy landings
The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II.
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Norwegian Campaign
The Norwegian Campaign (9 April to 10 June 1940) was fought in Norway between Norway, the Allies and Germany in World War II after the latter's invasion of the country.
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Ochlocracy
Ochlocracy (ὀχλοκρατία, okhlokratía; ochlocratia) or mob rule is the rule of government by mob or a mass of people, or, the intimidation of legitimate authorities.
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Odette Hallowes
Odette Sansom Hallowes (28 April 1912 – 13 March 1995), also known as Odette Sansom and Odette Churchill, was an Allied intelligence officer during the Second World War.
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Operation Cobra
Operation Cobra was the codename for an offensive launched by the First United States Army (Lieutenant General Omar Bradley) seven weeks after the D-Day landings, during the Normandy Campaign of World War II.
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Operation Dragoon
Operation Dragoon (initially Operation Anvil) was the code name for the Allied invasion of Southern France on 15August 1944.
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Operation Jedburgh
Operation Jedburgh was a clandestine operation during World War II, in which personnel of the British Special Operations Executive, the U.S. Office of Strategic Services, the Free French Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action ("Intelligence and operations central bureau") and the Dutch and Belgian Armies were dropped by parachute into occupied France, the Netherlands and Belgium to conduct sabotage and guerrilla warfare, and to lead the local resistance forces in actions against the Germans.
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Operation Lüttich
Operation Lüttich was a codename given to a German counter-attack during the Battle of Normandy, which took place around the American positions near Mortain from 7 August to 13 August 1944.
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Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II.
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Operation Sea Lion
Operation Sea Lion, also written as Operation Sealion (Unternehmen Seelöwe), was Nazi Germany's code name for the plan for an invasion of the United Kingdom during the Battle of Britain in the Second World War.
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Oradour-sur-Glane
Oradour-sur-Glane (Orador de Glana) is a commune in the Haute-Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in west-central France, and the name of main village within the commune.
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Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
On 10 June 1944, the village of Oradour-sur-Glane in Haute-Vienne in Nazi-occupied France was destroyed, when 642 of its inhabitants, including women and children, were massacred by a German Waffen-SS company.
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Order of battle
In modern use, the order of battle of an armed force participating in a military operation or campaign shows the hierarchical organization, command structure, strength, disposition of personnel, and equipment of units and formations of the armed force.
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Order of Liberation
The Order of Liberation ("Ordre de la Libération") is a French Order which was awarded to heroes of the Liberation of France during World War II.
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Organisation civile et militaire
The Organisation civile et militaire (OCM, "Civil and military organization") was one of the great movements of the French Resistance in the zone occupée, the northern German-occupied region of France, during the Second World War.
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Organisation Todt
The Todt Organisation (Organisation Todt, OT) was a civil and military engineering group in the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945, named after its founder, Fritz Todt, an engineer and senior Nazi figure.
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Ostlegionen
Ostlegionen ("eastern legions"), Ost-Bataillone ("eastern battalions"), Osttruppen ("eastern troops"), Osteinheiten ("eastern units") were military units in the Heer (army) of Nazi Germany, during World War II that were made up of personnel from countries comprising the Soviet Union.
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Otakar Hromádko
Otakar Hromádko (30 August 1909 in Kněž, district Čáslav, Czechoslovakia – 14 April 1983 in Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland) was a Czechoslovak journalist and army officer.
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Otto Abetz
Heinrich Otto Abetz (26 March 1903 – 5 May 1958) was the German ambassador to Vichy France during the Nazi era and a convicted war criminal.
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Otto Kühne
Otto Kühne (12 May 1893 in Berlin – 8 December 1955 in Brandenburg an der Havel) was a German communist militant, who led a maquis group of German antifascist fighters in the French region of Lozère in 1943 and 1944 during World War II.
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Otto von Stülpnagel
Otto von Stülpnagel (16 June 1878 – 6 February 1948) was a German military commander of occupied France during the Second World War.
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Pablo Picasso
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France.
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Paris Métro
The Paris Métro, short for Métropolitain (Métro de Paris), is a rapid transit system in the Paris metropolitan area.
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Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament.
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Paul Faure (politician)
Paul Faure (3 February 1878 in Périgueux, Dordogne – 16 November 1960) was a French politician and one of the leaders of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) between the two world wars.
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Paul Rivet
Paul Rivet (7 May 1876, Wasigny, Ardennes – 21 March 1958) was a French ethnologist; he founded the Musée de l'Homme in 1937.
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Peter Churchill
Peter Morland Churchill, (14 January 1909 – 1 May 1972) was a British Special Operations Executive (SOE) officer in France during the Second World War.
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Philippe Henriot
Philippe Henriot (7 January 1889, Reims – 28 June 1944, Paris) was a French poet, journalist, politician, and Minister in the French government at Vichy, where he directed propaganda broadcasts.
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Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque
Philippe François Marie Leclerc de Hauteclocque (22 November 1902 – 28 November 1947) was a French general during the Second World War.
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Philippe Pétain
Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain (Maréchal Pétain), was a French general officer who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World War I, during which he became known as The Lion of Verdun, and in World War II served as the Chief of State of Vichy France from 1940 to 1944.
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Pierre Brossolette
Pierre Brossolette (25 June 1903 – 22 March 1944) was a French journalist, a leading left-wing politician, and a major hero of the French Resistance.
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Pierre Cot
Pierre Cot (20 November 1895, in Grenoble, Isère – 21 August 1977), was a French politician and leading figure in the Popular Front government of the 1930s.
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Pierre Georges
Pierre Georges (January 21, 1919 – December 27, 1944), better known as Colonel Fabien, was one of the two members of the French Communist Party who perpetrated the first assassinations of German personnel during the Occupation of France during the Second World War.
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Pierre Laval
Pierre Jean-Marie Laval (28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician.
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Pierre-Marie Gerlier
Pierre-Marie Gerlier (January 14, 1880 – January 17, 1965) was a French Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Polish Underground State
The Polish Underground State (Polskie Państwo Podziemne, also known as the Polish Secret State) is a collective term for the underground resistance organizations in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian, that were loyal to the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile in London.
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Prefect
Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, substantive adjectival form of praeficere: "put in front", i.e., in charge) is a magisterial title of varying definition, but which, basically, refers to the leader of an administrative area.
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Prisoner of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person, whether combatant or non-combatant, who is held in custody by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.
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Propaganda
Propaganda is information that is not objective and is used primarily to influence an audience and further an agenda, often by presenting facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is presented.
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Provisional Government of the French Republic
The Provisional Government of the French Republic (gouvernement provisoire de la République française or GPRF) was an interim government of Free France between 1944 and 1946 following the liberation of continental France after Operations ''Overlord'' and ''Dragoon'', and lasted until the establishment of the French Fourth Republic.
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Pyrenees
The Pyrenees (Pirineos, Pyrénées, Pirineus, Pirineus, Pirenèus, Pirinioak) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France.
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Radio Londres
Radio Londres (French for Radio London) was a radio station broadcast from 1940 to 1944 by the BBC in London to Nazi occupied France.
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Ralph Ingersoll (PM publisher)
Ralph McAllister Ingersoll (December 8, 1900 in New Haven, Connecticut – March 8, 1985 in Miami Beach, Florida) was an American writer, editor, and publisher.
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Raoul Nordling
Raoul Nordling (11 November 1882 – 1 October 1962) was a Swedish businessman and diplomat.
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Résistance-Fer
Résistance-Fer (French; "Resistance-Rail" or "Resistance-Iron") was a French Resistance group against the German occupation of France during the Second World War.
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Résistancialisme
"Résistancialisme" (literally, "Resistance-ism") is a neologism, created in 1987 by the French historian Henry Rousso, to describe the myth which exaggerated the magnitude and importance of the armed resistance in German-occupied France during the Second World War.
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Révolution nationale
The Révolution nationale (National Revolution) was the official ideological program promoted by the Vichy regime (the “French State”) which had been established in July 1940 and led by Marshal Philippe Pétain.
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Regime
In politics, a regime (also known as "régime", from the original French spelling) is the form of government or the set of rules, cultural or social norms, etc.
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Reichsmark
The Reichsmark (sign: ℛℳ) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until 20 June 1948 in West Germany, where it was replaced with the Deutsche Mark, and until 23 June in East Germany when it was replaced by the East German mark.
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Reichstag (Weimar Republic)
The Reichstag (English: Diet of the Realm) was the Lower house of the Weimar Republic's Legislature from 1919, with the creation of the Weimar constitution, to 1933, with the Reichstag fire.
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René Bousquet
René Bousquet (11 May 1909 – 8 June 1993) was a high-ranking French political appointee who served as secretary general to the Vichy regime police from May 1942 to 31 December 1943.
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René Hardy
René Hardy (31 October 1911 – 12 April 1987) was a member of the French Resistance during World War II.
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Resistance (TV series)
Resistance is a French television period drama series in six 52-minute episodes, first broadcast (as Résistance) on TF1 in France in May 2014 and on More4 in the United Kingdom in August 2015.
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Resistance during World War II
Resistance movements during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda, to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns.
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Resistance movement
A resistance movement is an organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to withstand the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability.
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Rhine
--> The Rhine (Rhenus, Rein, Rhein, le Rhin,, Italiano: Reno, Rijn) is a European river that begins in the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southeastern Swiss Alps, forms part of the Swiss-Liechtenstein, Swiss-Austrian, Swiss-German and then the Franco-German border, then flows through the German Rhineland and the Netherlands and eventually empties into the North Sea.
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Riom
Riom (Auvergnat Riam) is a commune town in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.
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Robert Bresson
Robert Bresson (25 September 1901 – 18 December 1999) was a French film director.
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Robert Desnos
Robert Desnos (4 July 1900 – 8 June 1945) was a French surrealist poet who played a key role in the Surrealist movement of his day.
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Robert Paxton
Robert Owen Paxton (born 1932) is an American political scientist and historian specializing in Vichy France, fascism, and Europe during the World War II era.
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Roger Landes
Roger Landes, MC & Bar (16 December 1916 – 16 July 2008) was an agent and radio operator in the Special Operations Executive (SOE), F section.
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Roman Czerniawski
Roman Garby-Czerniawski (6 February 1910 – 26 April 1985) was a Polish Air Force Captain and Allied double agent during World War II, using the codename Brutus.
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Rouben Melik
Rouben Melik (Ռուբեն Մելիք, 14 November 1921 – 21 May 2007) was a French-Armenian poet and a member of the French Resistance.
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Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's aerial warfare force.
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Sabotage
Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening a polity, effort or organization through subversion, obstruction, disruption or destruction.
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Saint-Amand-Montrond
Saint-Amand-Montrond is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France and le Berry.
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Saint-Étienne-Vallée-Française
Saint-Étienne-Vallée-Française is a commune in the Lozère department in southern France.
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Saint-Marcel, Morbihan
Saint-Marcel is a commune in the Morbihan department of Brittany in north-western France.
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Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte
Saint-Nizier-du-Moucherotte is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.
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Second Battle of El Alamein
The Second Battle of El Alamein (23 October – 11 November 1942) was a battle of the Second World War that took place near the Egyptian railway halt of El Alamein. With the Allies victorious, it was the watershed of the Western Desert Campaign. The First Battle of El Alamein had prevented the Axis from advancing further into Egypt. In August 1942, Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard Law Montgomery took command of the Eighth Army following the sacking of General Claude Auchinleck and the death of his replacement Lieutenant-General William Gott in an air crash. The Allied victory turned the tide in the North African Campaign and ended the Axis threat to Egypt, the Suez Canal and the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields via North Africa. The Second Battle of El Alamein revived the morale of the Allies, being the first big success against the Axis since Operation Crusader in late 1941. The battle coincided with the Allied invasion of French North Africa in Operation Torch, which started on 8 November, the Battle of Stalingrad and the Guadalcanal Campaign.
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Serge Reggiani
Serge Reggiani (2 May 1922 – 23 July 2004) was an Italian-born French singer and actor.
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Service du travail obligatoire
The Service du travail obligatoire (Compulsory Work Service; STO) was the forced enlistment and deportation of hundreds of thousands of French workers to Nazi Germany to work as forced labour for the German war effort during World War II.
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Shame
Shame is a painful, social emotion that can be seen as resulting "...from comparison of the self's action with the self's standards...". but which may equally stem from comparison of the self's state of being with the ideal social context's standard.
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Shapour Bakhtiar
Shapour Bakhtiar (شاپور بختیار; 26 June 19146 August 1991) was an Iranian politician who served as the last Prime Minister of Iran under the Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi.
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Sheed and Ward
Sheed and Ward was a publishing house founded in London in 1926 by Catholic activists Frank Sheed and Maisie Ward.
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Shelburne Escape Line
The Shelburne Escape Line was the only World War II Underground escape line that successfully evaded infiltration by the Gestapo.
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Simone de Beauvoir
Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir (or;; 9 January 1908 – 14 April 1986) was a French writer, intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political activist, feminist and social theorist.
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SNCF
The Société nationale des chemins de fer français (SNCF, "French National Railway Company") is France's national state-owned railway company.
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Sochaux
Sochaux is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.
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Socialism
Socialism is a range of economic and social systems characterised by social ownership and democratic control of the means of production as well as the political theories and movements associated with them.
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Sorbonne
The Sorbonne is an edifice of the Latin Quarter, in Paris, France, which was the historical house of the former University of Paris.
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Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War (Guerra Civil Española),Also known as The Crusade (La Cruzada) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War (Cuarta Guerra Carlista) among Carlists, and The Rebellion (La Rebelión) or Uprising (Sublevación) among Republicans.
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Spanish Maquis
The Spanish Maquis were Spanish guerrillas exiled in France after the Spanish Civil War who continued to fight against the Spanish State until the early 1960s, carrying out sabotage, robberies (to help fund guerrilla activity), occupations of the Spanish Embassy in France and assassinations of Francoists, as well as contributing to the fight against Nazi Germany and the Vichy regime in France during World War II.
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Special Air Service
The Special Air Service (SAS) is a special forces unit of the British Army.
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Special Operations Executive
The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a British World War II organisation.
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Summary execution
A summary execution is an execution in which a person is accused of a crime and immediately killed without benefit of a full and fair trial.
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Suzanne Hiltermann-Souloumiac
Suzanne Hiltermann-Souloumiac, née Hiltermann, alias Touty, (17 January 1919 - 2 October 2001) was a member of the French Resistance.
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Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)
The Symphony No.
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The Battle of the Rails
The Battle of the Rails (La Bataille du rail) is a 1946 war movie directed by René Clément which depicts the efforts by French railway workers to sabotage German troop transport trains.
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The Last Metro
The Last Metro (Le Dernier Métro) is a 1980 historical drama, written and directed by François Truffaut, that stars Catherine Deneuve and Gérard Depardieu.
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The Sorrow and the Pity
The Sorrow and the Pity (Le Chagrin et la Pitié) is a two-part 1969 documentary film by Marcel Ophüls about the collaboration between the Vichy government and Nazi Germany during World War II.
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Theodor Dannecker
Theodor Dannecker (27 March 1913 – 10 December 1945) was an SS Hauptsturmführer (Captain), and an associate of Adolf Eichmann.
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This Land Is Mine (film)
This Land Is Mine is a 1943 American drama film directed by Jean Renoir and starring Charles Laughton, Maureen O'Hara and George Sanders.
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Time (magazine)
Time is an American weekly news magazine and news website published in New York City.
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Tom Morel
Théodose Morel, known as Tom Morel (1 August 1915, in Lyon – 10 March 1944, in Entremont) was a career military officer and French Resistance fighter.
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Tommy Macpherson
Colonel Sir Ronald Thomas Stewart Macpherson & Two Bars, (4 October 1920 – 6 November 2014) was a highly decorated Scottish British Army officer during and after the Second World War.
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Tomorrow Is My Turn (film)
Le Passage du Rhin is a 1960 French film directed by André Cayatte.
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Tony Halik
Tony Halik, born Mieczysław Antoni Sędzimir Halik (January 24, 1921 – May 23, 1998) was a Polish-Argentinian film operator, documentary film-maker, author of travel books, traveller, explorer, and polyglot (speaking Spanish, English, French, Portuguese, Italian, German, Guarani and Xavante).
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Torture
Torture (from the Latin tortus, "twisted") is the act of deliberately inflicting physical or psychological pain in order to fulfill some desire of the torturer or compel some action from the victim.
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Toulouse
Toulouse (Tolosa, Tolosa) is the capital of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the region of Occitanie.
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Tulle
Tulle is a commune in central France.
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Underclass
The underclass is the segment of the population that occupies the lowest possible position in a class hierarchy, below the core body of the working class.
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Underground press
The terms underground press or clandestine press refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant (governmental, religious, or institutional) group.
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Union of Russian Patriots
The Union of Russian Patriots (Russian: Союз русских патриотов) was an organization of Russian (White) emigres living in France.
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United States Armed Forces
The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States of America.
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United States Army Central
The United States Army Central, formerly the Third United States Army, commonly referred to as the Third Army and as ARCENT is a military formation of the United States Army, which saw service in World War I and World War II, in the 1991 Gulf War, and in the coalition occupation of Iraq.
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Valentin Feldman
Valentin Feldman (23 June 1909 – 27 July 1942) was a French philosopher and Marxist of Jewish-Russian origin.
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Věra Waldes
Věra Waldes - Hromádková (3 June 1914 - 24 November 1995) was a prominent fighter in communist anti-nazi resistance in Paris during World War II.
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Vercors Massif
The Vercors Massif is a range in France consisting of rugged plateaux and mountains straddling the départements of Isère and Drôme in the French Prealps.
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Vichy anti-Jewish legislation
Anti-Jewish laws were enacted by the Vichy France government in 1940 and 1941 affecting metropolitan France and its overseas territories during World War II.
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Vichy France
Vichy France (Régime de Vichy) is the common name of the French State (État français) headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
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Victor Basch
Basch Viktor Vilém, or Victor-Guillaume Basch (18 August 1863/1865, Budapest – 10 January 1944) was a French politician and professor of germanistics and philosophy at the Sorbonne descending from Hungary.
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Victory in Europe Day
Victory in Europe Day, generally known as V-E Day, VE Day or simply V Day, celebrated on May 8, 1945 to mark the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces.
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Vittorio Culpo
Vittorio Culpo(1904-1955) was an Italo-French resistance soldier.
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Voiron
Voiron is a commune, (French municipality) in the ninth district of the Isère department in southeastern France.
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Waffen-SS
The Waffen-SS (Armed SS) was the armed wing of the Nazi Party's SS organisation.
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War Cross (Norway)
The War Cross with Sword (Norwegian Bokmål: Krigskorset med Sverd, Norwegian Nynorsk: Krigskrossen med Sverd) is the highest ranking Norwegian gallantry decoration.
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Wehrmacht
The Wehrmacht (lit. "defence force")From wehren, "to defend" and Macht., "power, force".
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Westland Lysander
The Westland Lysander (nickname the "Lizzie") is a British army co-operation and liaison aircraft produced by Westland Aircraft used immediately before and during the Second World War.
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White émigré
A white émigré was a Russian subject who emigrated from Imperial Russia in the wake of the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War, and who was in opposition to the contemporary Russian political climate.
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William J. Casey
William Joseph "Bill" Casey (March 13, 1913 – May 6, 1987) was the Director of Central Intelligence from 1981 to 1987.
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Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955.
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Women in the military
Since 1914, the role of women in the military has been controversial, particularly their role in combat.
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World War I
World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Zionism
Zionism (צִיּוֹנוּת Tsiyyonut after Zion) is the national movement of the Jewish people that supports the re-establishment of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the historic Land of Israel (roughly corresponding to Canaan, the Holy Land, or the region of Palestine).
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1st Army (France)
The First Army (1re Armée) was a field army of France that fought during World War I and World War II.
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2nd Armored Division (France)
The French 2nd Armored Division (2e Division Blindée, 2e DB), commanded by General Philippe Leclerc, fought during the final phases of World War II in the Western Front.
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33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)
The 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French) (33. and Charlemagne Regiment are collective names used for units of French volunteers in the Wehrmacht and later Waffen-SS during World War II. From estimates of 7,340 to 11,000 at its peak in 1944, the strength of the division fell to just sixty men in May 1945. They were one of the last Axis units to see action during World War II, when they participated in the defence of central Berlin and in the area of the Führerbunker. They were among the last to surrender during the final days of the Battle in Berlin.
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6 February 1934 crisis
The 6 February 1934 crisis was an anti-parliamentarist street demonstration in Paris organized by multiple far-right leagues that culminated in a riot on the Place de la Concorde, near the seat of the French National Assembly.
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9th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
The 9th Panzer Division was a panzer division of the Wehrmacht Army during World War II.
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Redirects here:
French Liberation Movement, French Resistance during World War II, French Résistance, French Underground Resistance, French communist resistance, French resistance, French resistance movement, La Resistance, La Rèsistance, La Résistance, La Résistance française, Resistance (France), Résistance.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Resistance
