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125 relations: Absence seizure, Adverse effect, Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs, Agonist, AKR7A2, Alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Alcoholism, Alexander Mikhaylovich Zaytsev, Aliphatic compound, Alkali hydroxide, Amisulpride, Amnesia, Anesthetic, Baclofen, Benzodiazepine, Bindeez, Blood–brain barrier, Bradycardia, Breathing, Cardiac arrest, Cataplexy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cerebral cortex, Cerebrospinal fluid, Club drug, Cocaine, Commission on Narcotic Drugs, Controlled Substances Act, Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Convulsion, Cross-tolerance, Date rape drug, Death of Samantha Reid, Delirium, Depressant, Diazepam, Dietary supplement, Dizziness, Dynorphin, EMedicine, Empathogen–entactogen, Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome, Erowid, Ethanol, Euphoria, Excessive daytime sleepiness, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Felicia Tang, Fibromyalgia, Food and Drug Administration, ..., Forskolin, GABA receptor, Gamma-Aminobutyric acid, Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid, General anaesthetic, GHB receptor, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Henri Laborit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong dollar, Hypoventilation, Hypoxia (medical), Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Insomnia, Intensive care unit, Intravenous therapy, Italy, Κ-opioid receptor, Kidney, Learning, Liebigs Annalen, Liver, Lorazepam, MDMA, Medical emergency, Memory, Metabolism, Naloxone, Naltrexone, Narcolepsy, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Nausea, Netherlands, Neuron, Neurotransmitter, NMDA receptor, Oxidative stress, Oxytocin, Paint stripper, Phenibut, Prescription drug, Prodrug, Psychoactive drug, Psychomotor agitation, Pulmonary aspiration, Recovery position, Recreational drug use, Rockwood, Michigan, SCH-50911, Sleep disorder, Slow-wave sleep, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium oxybate, Somnolence, Spatial memory, Stimulant, Succinic semialdehyde, Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, Sulpiride, Supraoptic nucleus, Tremor, Tryptophan, UCB (company), Unconsciousness, University of Hawaii, Urine, Valproate, Vinpocetine, Wayback Machine, Withdrawal syndrome, Working memory, 1,4-Butanediol, 1,5-Pentanediol, 4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid. Expand index (75 more) »
Absence seizure
Absence seizures are one of several kinds of generalized seizures.
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Adverse effect
In medicine, an adverse effect is an undesired harmful effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as surgery.
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Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
The Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) is a British statutory advisory non-departmental public body, which was established under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.
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Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.
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AKR7A2
Aflatoxin B1 aldehyde reductase member 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKR7A2 gene.
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Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome is a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in alcohol use after a period of excessive use.
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Alcoholism
Alcoholism, also known as alcohol use disorder (AUD), is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in mental or physical health problems.
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Alexander Mikhaylovich Zaytsev
Aleksander Mikhaylovich Zaytsev (Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович За́йцев), also spelled as Saytzeff and Saytzev (2 July 1841 – 1 September 1910), was a Russian chemist.
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Aliphatic compound
In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (G. aleiphar, fat, oil) also known as non-aromatic compounds.
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Alkali hydroxide
The alkali hydroxides are a class of chemical compounds which are composed of an alkali metal cation and the hydroxide anion (OH−).
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Amisulpride
Amisulpride, sold under the brand name Solian among others, is an antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia.
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Amnesia
Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage, disease, or psychological trauma.
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Anesthetic
An anesthetic (or anaesthetic) is a drug to prevent pain during surgery, completely blocking any feeling as opposed to an analgesic.
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Baclofen
Baclofen, sold under the brand name Lioresal among others, is a medication used to treat spasticity.
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Benzodiazepine
Benzodiazepines (BZD, BZs), sometimes called "benzos", are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring.
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Bindeez
Bindeez (also marketed as Aqua Dots, Beados,Moose Beados Site and PixosPixos Site http://www.pixos.com/) are a children's toy, consisting of small colored plastic beads that can be arranged in designs.
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Blood–brain barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective semipermeable membrane barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system (CNS).
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Bradycardia
Bradycardia is a condition wherein an individual has a very slow heart rate, typically defined as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute (BPM) in adults.
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Breathing
Breathing (or respiration, or ventilation) is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly by bringing in oxygen and flushing out carbon dioxide.
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Cardiac arrest
Cardiac arrest is a sudden loss of blood flow resulting from the failure of the heart to effectively pump.
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Cataplexy
Cataplexy is a sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness accompanied by full conscious awareness, typically triggered by emotions such as laughing, crying, or terror.
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is the leading national public health institute of the United States.
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Cerebral cortex
The cerebral cortex is the largest region of the cerebrum in the mammalian brain and plays a key role in memory, attention, perception, cognition, awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.
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Cerebrospinal fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord.
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Club drug
Club drugs, also called rave drugs, or party drugs are a loosely defined category of recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and nightclubs, dance clubs, electronic dance music parties, and raves in the 1980s to the 2010s.
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Cocaine
Cocaine, also known as coke, is a strong stimulant mostly used as a recreational drug.
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Commission on Narcotic Drugs
The Commission on Narcotic Drugs is one of the functional commissions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and is the central drug policy-making body within the United Nations system.
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Controlled Substances Act
The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) is the statute establishing federal U.S. drug policy under which the manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of certain substances is regulated.
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Convention on Psychotropic Substances
The Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971 is a United Nations treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs such as amphetamine-type stimulants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics signed in Vienna, Austria on 21 February 1971.
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Convulsion
A convulsion is a medical condition where body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body.
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Cross-tolerance
Cross-tolerance is a phenomenon that occurs when tolerance to the effects of a certain drug produces tolerance to another drug.
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Date rape drug
A date rape drug, also referred to as a predator drug, is any drug that is an incapacitating agent which, when administered to another person, incapacitates the person and renders them vulnerable to a drug facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), including rape.
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Death of Samantha Reid
Samantha Reid (January 4, 1984 – January 17, 1999) was an American manslaughter victim.
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Delirium
Delirium, also known as acute confusional state, is an organically caused decline from a previously baseline level of mental function.
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Depressant
A depressant, or central depressant, is a drug that lowers neurotransmission levels, which is to depress or reduce arousal or stimulation, in various areas of the brain.
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Diazepam
Diazepam, first marketed as Valium, is a medicine of the benzodiazepine family that typically produces a calming effect.
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Dietary supplement
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.
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Dizziness
Dizziness is an impairment in spatial perception and stability.
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Dynorphin
Dynorphins (Dyn) are a class of opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin.
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EMedicine
eMedicine.com, Incorporated is an online clinical medical knowledge base founded in 1996 by two medical doctors, Scott Plantz and Jonathan Adler, and by Jeffrey Berezin, a computer engineer.
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Empathogen–entactogen
Empathogens or entactogens are a class of psychoactive drugs that produce experiences of emotional communion, oneness, relatedness, emotional openness—that is, empathy or sympathy—as particularly observed and reported for experiences with 3,4- Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA).
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Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome
Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome (EMS) is an incurable and sometimes fatal flu-like neurological condition linked to the ingestion of the dietary supplement L-tryptophan.
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Erowid
Erowid, also called Erowid Center, is a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational organization that provides information about psychoactive plants and chemicals as well as activities and technologies that can produce altered states of consciousness such as meditation, lucid dreaming, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and electroceuticals.
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Ethanol
Ethanol, also called alcohol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, and drinking alcohol, is a chemical compound, a simple alcohol with the chemical formula.
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Euphoria
Euphoria is an affective state in which a person experiences pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness.
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Excessive daytime sleepiness
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is characterized by persistent sleepiness and often a general lack of energy, even during the day after apparently adequate or even prolonged nighttime sleep.
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Excitatory postsynaptic potential
In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is a postsynaptic potential that makes the postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire an action potential.
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Felicia Tang
Felicia Tang (born Felicia Lee on October 22, 1977 — September 11, 2009) was the stage name of an American actress and model known for her work with Playboy TV, calendars, internet sites, and import car shows.
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Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a medical condition characterised by chronic widespread pain and a heightened pain response to pressure.
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Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
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Forskolin
Forskolin (coleonol) is a labdane diterpene that is produced by the Indian Coleus plant (Plectranthus barbatus).
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GABA receptor
The GABA receptors are a class of receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the chief inhibitory compound in the mature vertebrate central nervous system.
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Gamma-Aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric acid, or γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system.
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Gamma-Hydroxyvaleric acid
γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid (GHV), also known as 4-methyl-GHB, is a designer drug related to γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).
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General anaesthetic
General anaesthetics (or anesthetics, see spelling differences) are often defined as compounds that induce a reversible loss of consciousness in humans or loss of righting reflex in animals.
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GHB receptor
The γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) receptor (GHBR), originally identified as GPR172A, is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that binds the neurotransmitter and psychoactive drug γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB).
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
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Henri Laborit
Henri Laborit (21 November 1914 – 18 May 1995) was a French surgeon, writer and philosopher.
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Hong Kong
Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory of China on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in East Asia.
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Hong Kong dollar
The Hong Kong dollar (sign: HK$; code: HKD) is the official currency of Hong Kong.
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Hypoventilation
Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning "below") to perform needed gas exchange.
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Hypoxia (medical)
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.
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Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential.
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Insomnia
Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.
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Intensive care unit
Intensive care unit An intensive care unit (ICU), also known as an intensive therapy unit or intensive treatment unit (ITU) or critical care unit (CCU), is a special department of a hospital or health care facility that provides intensive treatment medicine.
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Intravenous therapy
Intravenous therapy (IV) is a therapy that delivers liquid substances directly into a vein (intra- + ven- + -ous).
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Κ-opioid receptor
The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the OPRK1 gene.
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Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
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Learning
Learning is the process of acquiring new or modifying existing knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences.
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Liebigs Annalen
Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (often cited as just Liebigs Annalen) was one of the oldest and historically most important journals in the field of organic chemistry worldwide.
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Liver
The liver, an organ only found in vertebrates, detoxifies various metabolites, synthesizes proteins, and produces biochemicals necessary for digestion.
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Lorazepam
Lorazepam, sold under the brand name Ativan among others, is a benzodiazepine medication.
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MDMA
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy (E), is a psychoactive drug used primarily as a recreational drug.
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Medical emergency
A medical emergency is an acute injury or illness that poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long-term health.
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Memory
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Naloxone
Naloxone, sold under the brandname Narcan among others, is a medication used to block the effects of opioids, especially in overdose.
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Naltrexone
Naltrexone, sold under the brand names ReVia and Vivitrol among others, is a medication primarily used to manage alcohol or opioid dependence.
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Narcolepsy
Narcolepsy is a long-term neurological disorder that involves a decreased ability to regulate sleep-wake cycles.
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National Institute on Drug Abuse
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is a United States federal-government research institute whose mission is to "lead the Nation in bringing the power of science to bear on drug abuse and addiction." The institute has conducted an in-depth study of addiction according to its biological, behavioral and social components.
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Nausea
Nausea or queasiness is an unpleasant sense of unease, discomfort, and revulsion towards food.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.
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Neuron
A neuron, also known as a neurone (British spelling) and nerve cell, is an electrically excitable cell that receives, processes, and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.
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NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells.
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Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
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Oxytocin
Oxytocin (Oxt) is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide.
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Paint stripper
Paint stripper, or paint remover, is a product designed to remove paint and other finishes and also to clean the underlying surface.
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Phenibut
Phenibut, sold under the brand names Anvifen, Fenibut, and Noofen among others, is a central nervous system depressant with anxiolytic and sedative effects which is used in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and for a variety of other indications.
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Prescription drug
A prescription drug (also prescription medication or prescription medicine) is a pharmaceutical drug that legally requires a medical prescription to be dispensed.
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Prodrug
A prodrug is a medication or compound that, after administration, is metabolized (i.e., converted within the body) into a pharmacologically active drug.
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Psychoactive drug
A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.
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Psychomotor agitation
Psychomotor agitation is a set of signs and symptoms that stem from mental tension and anxiety.
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Pulmonary aspiration
Pulmonary aspiration is the entry of material (such as pharyngeal secretions, food or drink, or stomach contents) from the oropharynx or gastrointestinal tract into the larynx (voice box) and lower respiratory tract (the portions of the respiratory system from the trachea—i.e., windpipe—to the lungs).
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Recovery position
The recovery position refers to one of a series of variations on a lateral recumbent or three-quarters prone position of the body, in to which an unconscious but breathing casualty can be placed as part of first aid treatment.
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Recreational drug use
Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered state of consciousness for pleasure, by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user.
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Rockwood, Michigan
Rockwood is a city in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan.
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SCH-50911
SCH-50911 is a selective GABAB antagonist.
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Sleep disorder
A sleep disorder, or somnipathy, is a medical disorder of the sleep patterns of a person or animal.
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Slow-wave sleep
Slow-wave sleep (SWS), often referred to as deep sleep, consists of stage three (combined stages 3 and 4) of non-rapid eye movement sleep.
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Sodium hydroxide
Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations and hydroxide anions. Sodium hydroxide is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. It is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·n. The monohydrate NaOH· crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound. As one of the simplest hydroxides, it is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students. Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tonnes, while demand was 51 million tonnes.
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Sodium oxybate
Sodium oxybate is a prescription medication used to treat two symptoms of narcolepsy: sudden muscle weakness and excessive daytime sleepiness.
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Somnolence
Somnolence (alternatively "sleepiness" or "drowsiness") is a state of strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods (compare hypersomnia).
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Spatial memory
In cognitive psychology and neuroscience, spatial memory is that part of the memory responsible for the recording of information about one's environment and spatial orientation.
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Stimulant
Stimulants (also often referred to as psychostimulants or colloquially as uppers) is an overarching term that covers many drugs including those that increase activity of the central nervous system and the body, drugs that are pleasurable and invigorating, or drugs that have sympathomimetic effects.
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Succinic semialdehyde
Succinic semialdehyde (SSA) is a GABA metabolite.
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Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency
Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD), also known as 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria or gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of the degradation pathway of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA.
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Sulpiride
Sulpiride, sold under the brand name Dogmatil among others, is an atypical antipsychotic (although some texts have referred to it as a typical antipsychotic) medication of the benzamide class which is used mainly in the treatment of psychosis associated with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, and sometimes used in low dosage to treat anxiety and mild depression.
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Supraoptic nucleus
The supraoptic nucleus (SON) is a nucleus of magnocellular neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the mammalian brain.
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Tremor
A tremor is an involuntary, somewhat rhythmic, muscle contraction and relaxation involving oscillations or twitching movements of one or more body parts.
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Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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UCB (company)
UCB (Union Chimique Belge) is a multinational biopharmaceutical company headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.
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Unconsciousness
Unconsciousness is a state which occurs when the ability to maintain an awareness of self and environment is lost.
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University of Hawaii
The University of Hawaiʻi system (formally the University of Hawaiʻi and popularly known as UH) is a public, co-educational college and university system that confers associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees through three university campuses, seven community college campuses, an employment training center, three university centers, four education centers and various other research facilities distributed across six islands throughout the State of Hawaii in the United States.
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Urine
Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many animals.
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Valproate
Valproate (VPA), and its valproic acid, sodium valproate, and valproate semisodium forms, are medications primarily used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder and to prevent migraine headaches.
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Vinpocetine
Vinpocetine (brand names: Cavinton, Intelectol; chemical name: ethyl apovincaminate) is a synthetic derivative of the vinca alkaloid vincamine (sometimes described as "a synthetic ethyl ester of apovincamine"), an extract from the lesser periwinkle plant.
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Wayback Machine
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web and other information on the Internet.
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Withdrawal syndrome
A withdrawal syndrome (also called a discontinuation syndrome) is a set of symptoms occurring in discontinuation or dosage reduction of some types of medications and recreational drugs.
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Working memory
Working memory is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that is responsible for temporarily holding information available for processing.
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1,4-Butanediol
1,4-Butanediol, colloquially known as BD, is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
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1,5-Pentanediol
1,5-Pentanediol is the organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH.
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4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid
4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid (UMB68) is a tertiary alcohol, similar in structure to the drug GHB.
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Redirects here:
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid
