Table of Contents
435 relations: Aachen, Aedui, Aesti, Agilulf, Alans, Alaric I, Alboin, Alcis (gods), Alemanni, Alliterative verse, Amal dynasty, Ambrones, Ancient Greek, Andreas Heusler, Angles (tribe), Anglo-Saxon mission, Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, Anglo-Saxons, Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe, Antonine Plague, Archaeology of Northern Europe, Ardaric, Arianism, Ariovistus, Arminius, Athanaric, Athanaric's Wall, Atharvaveda, Attila, Augustus, Austrasia, Auxilia, Æsir, Łysogóry, Baiuvarii, Baldr, Baltic Finnic peoples, Baltic languages, Balto-Slavic languages, Balts, Barbarian kingdoms, Bastarnae, Batavi (Germanic tribe), Battle of Abritus, Battle of Adrianople, Battle of Magetobriga, Battle of Nedao, Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, Battle of Vosges (58 BC), ... Expand index (385 more) »
- 2nd-millennium BC establishments
- Indo-European peoples
Aachen
Aachen (French: Aix-la-Chapelle; Oche; Aquae Granni or Aquisgranum) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 261,000 inhabitants.
See Germanic peoples and Aachen
Aedui
The Aedui or Haedui (Gaulish: *Aiduoi, 'the Ardent'; Aἴδουοι) were a Gallic tribe dwelling in what is now the region of Burgundy during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
See Germanic peoples and Aedui
Aesti
The Aesti (also Aestii, Astui or Aests) were an ancient people first described by the Roman historian Tacitus in his treatise Germania (circa 98 AD).
See Germanic peoples and Aesti
Agilulf
Agilulf (555 – April 616), called the Thuringian and nicknamed Ago, was a duke of Turin and king of the Lombards from 591 until his death.
See Germanic peoples and Agilulf
Alans
The Alans (Latin: Alani) were an ancient and medieval Iranic nomadic pastoral people who migrated to what is today North Caucasus – while some continued on to Europe and later North-Africa.
See Germanic peoples and Alans
Alaric I
Alaric I (𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃, Alarīks, "ruler of all"; c. 370 – 411 AD) was the first king of the Visigoths, from 395 to 410.
See Germanic peoples and Alaric I
Alboin
Alboin (530s – 28 June 572) was king of the Lombards from about 560 until 572.
See Germanic peoples and Alboin
Alcis (gods)
The Alcis or Alci (Proto-Germanic alhiz ~ algiz) were a pair of divine young brothers worshipped by the Naharvali, an ancient Germanic tribe from Central Europe.
See Germanic peoples and Alcis (gods)
Alemanni
The Alemanni or Alamanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes.
See Germanic peoples and Alemanni
Alliterative verse
In prosody, alliterative verse is a form of verse that uses alliteration as the principal device to indicate the underlying metrical structure, as opposed to other devices such as rhyme.
See Germanic peoples and Alliterative verse
Amal dynasty
The Amali – also called Amals, Amalings or Amalungs – were a leading dynasty of the Goths, a Germanic people who confronted the Roman Empire during the decline of the Western Roman Empire.
See Germanic peoples and Amal dynasty
Ambrones
The Ambrones (Ἄμβρωνες) were an ancient tribe mentioned by Roman authors.
See Germanic peoples and Ambrones
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
See Germanic peoples and Ancient Greek
Andreas Heusler
Andreas Heusler (10 August 1865 – 28 February 1940) was a Swiss philologist who specialized in Germanic studies.
See Germanic peoples and Andreas Heusler
Angles (tribe)
The Angles were one of the main Germanic peoples who settled in Great Britain in the post-Roman period.
See Germanic peoples and Angles (tribe)
Anglo-Saxon mission
Anglo-Saxon missionaries were instrumental in the spread of Christianity in the Frankish Empire during the 8th century, continuing the work of Hiberno-Scottish missionaries which had been spreading Celtic Christianity across the Frankish Empire as well as in Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England itself during the 6th century (see Anglo-Saxon Christianity).
See Germanic peoples and Anglo-Saxon mission
Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
The settlement of Great Britain by diverse Germanic peoples led to the development of a new Anglo-Saxon cultural identity and shared Germanic language, Old English, which was most closely related to Old Frisian on the other side of the North Sea.
See Germanic peoples and Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
Anglo-Saxons
The Anglo-Saxons, the English or Saxons of Britain, were a cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.
See Germanic peoples and Anglo-Saxons
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines, sometimes called pole gods, have been found at many archaeological sites in Central and Northern Europe.
See Germanic peoples and Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
Antonine Plague
The Antonine Plague of AD 165 to 180, also known as the Plague of Galen (after Galen, the Greek physician who described it), was a prolonged and destructive epidemic, which impacted the Roman Empire.
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Archaeology of Northern Europe
The archaeology of Northern Europe studies the prehistory of Scandinavia and the adjacent North European Plain, roughly corresponding to the territories of modern Sweden, Norway, Denmark, northern Germany, Poland and the Netherlands.
See Germanic peoples and Archaeology of Northern Europe
Ardaric
Ardaric (Ardaricus; c. 450 AD) was the king of the Gepids, a Germanic tribe closely related to the Goths.
See Germanic peoples and Ardaric
Arianism
Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.
See Germanic peoples and Arianism
Ariovistus
Ariovistus was a leader of the Suebi and other allied Germanic peoples in the second quarter of the 1st century BC.
See Germanic peoples and Ariovistus
Arminius
Arminius (18/17 BC–AD 21) was a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci tribe who is best known for commanding an alliance of Germanic tribes at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9, in which three Roman legions under the command of general and governor Publius Quinctilius Varus were destroyed.
See Germanic peoples and Arminius
Athanaric
Athanaric or Atanaric (Athanaricus; died 381) was king of several branches of the Thervingian Goths for at least two decades in the 4th century.
See Germanic peoples and Athanaric
Athanaric's Wall
Athanaric's Wall, also called Lower Trajan's Wall or Southern Trajan's Wall, was a fortification line probably erected by Athanaric (the king of the Thervingi), between the banks of river Gerasius (modern Prut) and the Danube to the land of Taifali (modern Oltenia).
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Atharvaveda
The Atharvaveda or Atharva Veda (अथर्ववेद,, from अथर्वन्, and वेद, "knowledge") or Atharvana Veda (अथर्वणवेद) is the "knowledge storehouse of atharvāṇas, the procedures for everyday life".
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Attila
Attila, frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death, in early 453.
See Germanic peoples and Attila
Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.
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Austrasia
Austrasia was the northeastern kingdom within the core of the Frankish empire during the Early Middle Ages, centring on the Meuse, Middle Rhine and the Moselle rivers.
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Auxilia
The auxilia were introduced as non-citizen troops attached to the citizen legions by Augustus after his reorganisation of the Imperial Roman army from 27 BC.
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Æsir
Æsir (Old Norse; singular: áss) or ēse (Old English; singular: ōs) are gods in Germanic paganism.
Łysogóry
Łysogóry is the largest mountain range in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains of central Poland.
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Baiuvarii
The Baiuvarii, Bavarii, or Bavarians (Bajuwaren) were a Germanic people who lived in or near modern-day Bavaria (which is named after them), Austria, and South Tyrol.
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Baldr
Baldr (Old Norse also Balder, Baldur) is a god in Germanic mythology.
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Baltic Finnic peoples
The Baltic Finnic peoples, often simply referred to as the Finnic peoples, are the peoples inhabiting the Baltic Sea region in Northern and Eastern Europe who speak Finnic languages.
See Germanic peoples and Baltic Finnic peoples
Baltic languages
The Baltic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively or as a second language by a population of about 6.5–7.0 million people mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Sea in Europe.
See Germanic peoples and Baltic languages
Balto-Slavic languages
The Balto-Slavic languages form a branch of the Indo-European family of languages, traditionally comprising the Baltic and Slavic languages.
See Germanic peoples and Balto-Slavic languages
Balts
The Balts or Baltic peoples (baltai, balti) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages. Germanic peoples and balts are indo-European peoples.
See Germanic peoples and Balts
Barbarian kingdoms
The barbarian kingdoms were states founded by various non-Roman, primarily Germanic, peoples in Western Europe and North Africa following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century.
See Germanic peoples and Barbarian kingdoms
Bastarnae
The Bastarnae (Latin variants: Bastarni or Basternae; Βαστάρναι or Βαστέρναι), sometimes called the Peuci or Peucini (Πευκῖνοι), were an ancient people who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited areas north of the Roman frontier on the Lower Danube.
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Batavi (Germanic tribe)
The Batavi were an ancient Germanic tribe that lived around the modern Dutch Rhine delta in the area that the Romans called Batavia, from the second half of the first century BC to the third century AD.
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Battle of Abritus
The Battle of Abritus, also known as the Battle of Forum Terebronii, occurred near Abritus (modern Razgrad) in the Roman province of Moesia Inferior in the summer of 251.
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Battle of Adrianople
The Battle of Adrianople (9 August 378), sometimes known as the Battle of Hadrianopolis, was fought between an Eastern Roman army led by the Eastern Roman Emperor Valens and Gothic rebels (largely Thervings as well as Greutungs, non-Gothic Alans, and various local rebels) led by Fritigern.
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Battle of Magetobriga
The Battle of Magetobriga (Amagetobria, Magetobria, Mageto'Bria, Admageto'Bria) was fought in 63 BC between rival tribes in Gaul.
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Battle of Nedao
The Battle of Nedao was fought in Pannonia in 454 CE between the Huns and their former Germanic vassals.
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Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains (or Fields), also called the Battle of the Campus Mauriacus, Battle of Châlons, Battle of Troyes or the Battle of Maurica, took place on June 20, 451 AD, between a coalition, led by the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I, against the Huns and their vassals, commanded by their king, Attila.
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Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, described as the Varus Disaster or Varian Disaster (Clades Variana) by Roman historians, was a major battle between Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire that took place somewhere near modern Kalkriese from September 8–11, 9 AD, when an alliance of Germanic peoples ambushed three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus and their auxiliaries.
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Battle of Vosges (58 BC)
The Battle of Vosges, also referred to as the Battle of Vesontio, was fought on September 14, 58 BC between the Germanic tribe of the Suebi, under the leadership of Ariovistus, and six Roman legions under the command of Gaius Julius Caesar.
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Bellum Batonianum
The Bellum Batonianum (Latin for 'War of the Batos') was a military conflict fought in the Roman province of Illyricum in the 1st century AD, in which an alliance of native peoples of the two regions of Illyricum, Dalmatia and Pannonia, revolted against the Romans.
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Besançon
Besançon (archaic Bisanz; Vesontio) is the prefecture of the department of Doubs in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.
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Bohemia
Bohemia (Čechy; Böhmen; Čěska; Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic.
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Bracteate
A bracteate (from the Latin bractea, a thin piece of metal) is a flat, thin, single-sided gold medal worn as jewelry that was produced in Northern Europe predominantly during the Migration Period of the Germanic Iron Age (including the Vendel era in Sweden).
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Bratislava
Bratislava (German: Pressburg or Preßburg,; Hungarian: Pozsony; Slovak: Prešporok), is the capital and largest city of Slovakia and the fourth largest of all cities on Danube river.
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Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.
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Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
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Brothers Grimm
The Brothers Grimm (die Brüder Grimm or die Gebrüder Grimm), Jacob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm (1786–1859), were German academics who together collected and published folklore.
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Burgundians
The Burgundians were an early Germanic tribe or group of tribes.
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Cannabaudes
Cannabaudes or Cannabas (died 271) was a third-century leader of the Gothic tribe of the Tervings, who died in a battle against the Roman emperor Aurelian.
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Carolingian dynasty
The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.
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Carthage
Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia.
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Celtic languages
The Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family, descended from Proto-Celtic.
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Celts
The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples. Germanic peoples and Celts are indo-European peoples.
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Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.
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Chain mail
Chain mail (also known as chain-mail, mail or maille) is a type of armour consisting of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh.
See Germanic peoples and Chain mail
Chalon-sur-Saône
Chalon-sur-Saône (literally Chalon on Saône) is a city in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.
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Charles Martel
Charles Martel (– 22 October 741), Martel being a sobriquet in Old French for "The Hammer", was a Frankish political and military leader who, as Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace, was the de facto ruler of the Franks from 718 until his death.
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Chatti
The Chatti (also Chatthi or Catti) were an ancient Germanic tribe whose homeland was near the upper Weser (Visurgis) river.
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Chauci
The Chauci were an ancient Germanic tribe living in the low-lying region between the Rivers Ems and Elbe, on both sides of the Weser and ranging as far inland as the upper Weser.
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Cherusci
The Cherusci were a Germanic tribe that inhabited parts of the plains and forests of northwestern Germany in the area of the Weser River and present-day Hanover during the first centuries BC and AD.
See Germanic peoples and Cherusci
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
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Cimbri
The Cimbri (Κίμβροι,; Cimbri) were an ancient tribe in Europe.
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Cimbrian War
The Cimbrian or Cimbric War (113–101 BC) was fought between the Roman Republic and the Germanic and Celtic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons, Ambrones and Tigurini, who migrated from the Jutland peninsula into Roman-controlled territory, and clashed with Rome and her allies.
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Client state
In the field of international relations, a client state, is a state that is economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful controlling state.
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Cloisonné
Cloisonné is an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects with colored material held in place or separated by metal strips or wire, normally of gold.
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Clovis I
Clovis (Chlodovechus; reconstructed Frankish: *Hlōdowig; – 27 November 511) was the first king of the Franks to unite all of the Franks under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of petty kings to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.
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Cniva
Cniva (mid-3rd century AD) was a Gothic king who invaded the Roman Empire.
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Coenwulf of Mercia
Coenwulf (also spelled Cenwulf, Kenulf, or Kenwulph; Coenulfus) was the King of Mercia from December 796 until his death in 821.
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Cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in a common parent language.
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Cologne
Cologne (Köln; Kölle) is the largest city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the Cologne Bonn urban region.
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Column of Marcus Aurelius
The Column of Marcus Aurelius (Columna Centenaria Divorum Marci et Faustinae, Colonna di Marco Aurelio) is a Roman victory column in Piazza Colonna, Rome, Italy.
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Comitatus
In ancient times, comitatus was an armed escort or retinue, especially in the context of Germanic warrior culture for a warband tied to a leader by an oath of fealty.
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Commodus
Commodus (31 August 161 – 31 December 192) was a Roman emperor who ruled from 177 until his assassination in 192.
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Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.
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Comparative method
In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor and then extrapolating backwards to infer the properties of that ancestor.
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Compound (linguistics)
In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (less precisely, a word or sign) that consists of more than one stem.
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Constantius III
Constantius III (died 2 September 421) was briefly Western Roman emperor in 421, having earned the throne through his capability as a general under Honorius.
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Corded Ware culture
The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between – 2350 BC, thus from the late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age.
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Crimean Gothic
Crimean Gothic was a Germanic, probably East Germanic, language spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea until the late 18th century.
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Crimean Goths
The Crimean Goths were Greuthungi-Gothic tribes or Western Germanic tribes who bore the name Gothi, a title applied to various Germanic tribes who remained in the lands around the Black Sea, especially in Crimea.
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Crisis of the Third Century
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration.
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Crossing of the Rhine
The crossing of the Rhine River by a mixed group of barbarians which included Vandals, Alans and Suebi is traditionally considered to have occurred on the last day of the year 406 (December 31, 406).
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Danube
The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.
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Decius
Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius (201June 251), known as Trajan Decius or simply Decius, was Roman emperor from 249 to 251.
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Deer
A deer (deer) or true deer is a hoofed ruminant ungulate of the family Cervidae (informally the deer family).
Dialect
Dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word, 'discourse', from, 'through' and, 'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of linguistic relationships.
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Dialect continuum
A dialect continuum or dialect chain is a series of language varieties spoken across some geographical area such that neighboring varieties are mutually intelligible, but the differences accumulate over distance so that widely separated varieties may not be.
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Distaff
A distaff (also called a rock"Rock." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.) is a tool used in spinning.
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Dniester
The Dniester is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe.
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Domitian
Domitian (Domitianus; 24 October 51 – 18 September 96) was Roman emperor from 81 to 96.
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Dwarf (folklore)
A dwarf is a type of supernatural being in Germanic folklore.
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Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.
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Early Slavs
The early Slavs were speakers of Indo-European dialects who lived during the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages (approximately from the 5th to the 10th centuries AD) in Central, Eastern and Southeast Europe and established the foundations for the Slavic nations through the Slavic states of the Early and High Middle Ages.
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East Francia
East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of Charlemagne's empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.
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East Germanic languages
The East Germanic languages, also called the Oder-Vistula Germanic languages, are a group of extinct Germanic languages that were spoken by East Germanic peoples.
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Edward James (historian)
Edward Frederick James (born 14 May 1947) is a British scholar of medieval history and science fiction.
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Einkorn wheat
Einkorn wheat (from German Einkorn, literally "single grain") can refer either to a wild species of wheat (Triticum) or to its domesticated form.
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Elbe
The Elbe (Labe; Ilv or Elv; Upper and Łobjo) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe.
Elder Futhark
The Elder Futhark (or Fuþark), also known as the Older Futhark, Old Futhark, or Germanic Futhark, is the oldest form of the runic alphabets.
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Elf
An elf (elves) is a type of humanoid supernatural being in Germanic folklore.
Emmer
Emmer wheat or hulled wheat is a type of awned wheat.
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English Channel
The English Channel, also known as the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France.
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Epirus
Epirus is a geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now shared between Greece and Albania.
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Ermanaric
Ermanaric (died 376) was a Greuthungian Gothic king who before the Hunnic invasion evidently ruled a sizable portion of Oium, the part of Scythia inhabited by the Goths at the time.
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Etruscan alphabet
The Etruscan alphabet was used by the Etruscans, an ancient civilization of central and northern Italy, to write their language, from about 700 BC to sometime around 100 AD.
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Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.
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Feud
A feud, also known in more extreme cases as a blood feud, vendetta, faida, clan war, gang war, private war, or mob war, is a long-running argument or fight, often between social groups of people, especially families or clans.
Filigree
Filigree (also less commonly spelled filagree, and formerly written filigrann or filigrene) is a form of intricate metalwork used in jewellery and other small forms of metalwork.
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Finnic languages
The Finnic or Baltic Finnic languages constitute a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by the Baltic Finnic peoples.
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Finno-Permic languages
The Finno-Permic or Finno-Permian languages, sometimes just Finnic or Fennic languages, are a proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprise the Balto-Finnic languages, Sámi languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages and likely a number of extinct languages.
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Finno-Samic languages
The Finno-Samic languages are a hypothetical subgroup of the Uralic family, and are made up of 22 languages classified into either the Sami languages, which are spoken by the Sami people who inhabit the Sápmi region of northern Fennoscandia, or Finnic languages, which include the major languages Finnish and Estonian.
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Flavian dynasty
The Flavian dynasty, lasting from AD 69 to 96, was the second dynastic line of emperors to rule the Roman Empire following the Julio-Claudians, encompassing the reigns of Vespasian and his two sons, Titus and Domitian.
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Flavius Aetius
Flavius Aetius (also spelled Aëtius;; 390 – 454) was a Roman general and statesman of the closing period of the Western Roman Empire.
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Flax
Flax, also known as common flax or linseed, is a flowering plant, Linum usitatissimum, in the family Linaceae.
Francia
The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.
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Frankish language
Frankish (reconstructed endonym: *italic), also known as Old Franconian or Old Frankish, was the West Germanic language spoken by the Franks from the 5th to 9th century.
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Franks
Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.
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Frigg
Frigg (Old Norse) is a goddess, one of the Æsir, in Germanic mythology.
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Frisians
The Frisians are an ethnic group indigenous to the coastal regions of the Netherlands, north-western Germany and southern Denmark, and during the Early Middle Ages in the north-western coastal zone of Flanders, Belgium.
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Fulla
Fulla (Old Norse:, possibly 'bountiful') or Volla (Old High German, 'plenitude') is a goddess in Germanic mythology.
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Funen
Funen (Fyn), with an area of, is the third-largest island of Denmark, after Zealand and Vendsyssel-Thy.
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Funnelbeaker culture
The Funnel(-neck-)beaker culture, in short TRB or TBK (Trichter(-rand-)becherkultur, Trechterbekercultuur; Tragtbægerkultur), was an archaeological culture in north-central Europe.
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Gaiseric
Gaiseric (– 25 January 477), also known as Geiseric or Genseric (Gaisericus, Geisericus; reconstructed Vandalic: *Gaisarīx) was king of the Vandals and Alans from 428 to 477.
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Gaius Julius Civilis
Gaius Julius Civilis (AD 25 –) was the leader of the Batavian rebellion against the Romans in 69 AD.
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Gaul
Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.
Gaulish
Gaulish is an extinct Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire.
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Gauls
The Gauls (Galli; Γαλάται, Galátai) were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD).
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Geats
The Geats (gēatas; gautar; götar), sometimes called Goths, were a large North Germanic tribe who inhabited italic ("land of the Geats") in modern southern Sweden from antiquity until the Late Middle Ages.
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Gepids
The Gepids (Gepidae, Gipedae; Gḗpaides) were an East Germanic tribe who lived in the area of modern Romania, Hungary, and Serbia, roughly between the Tisza, Sava, and Carpathian Mountains.
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German History (journal)
German History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of German history.
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Germani cisrhenani
The Germani cisrhenani (Latin cis-rhenanus "on this side of the Rhine", referring to the Roman or western side), or "Left bank Germani", were a group of Germanic peoples who lived west of the Lower Rhine at the time of the Gallic Wars in the mid-1st century BC.
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Germania
Germania, also called Magna Germania (English: Great Germania), Germania Libera (English: Free Germania), or Germanic Barbaricum to distinguish it from the Roman province of the same name, was a historical region in north-central Europe during the Roman era, which was associated by Roman authors with the Germanic people.
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Germania Antiqua
Germania (also sometimes called Germania Antiqua) was a short-lived Roman province for the duration of 16 years under Augustus, from 7 BC to AD 9.
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Germania Inferior
Germania Inferior ("Lower Germania") was a Roman province from AD 85 until the province was renamed Germania Secunda in the 4th century AD, on the west bank of the Rhine bordering the North Sea.
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Germania Superior
Germania Superior ("Upper Germania") was an imperial province of the Roman Empire.
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Germanic heroic legend
Germanic heroic legend (germanische Heldensage) is the heroic literary tradition of the Germanic-speaking peoples, most of which originates or is set in the Migration Period (4th-6th centuries AD).
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Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.
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Germanic law
Germanic law is a scholarly term used to describe a series of commonalities between the various law codes (the Leges Barbarorum, 'laws of the barbarians', also called Leges) of the early Germanic peoples.
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Germanic mythology
Germanic mythology consists of the body of myths native to the Germanic peoples, including Norse mythology, Anglo-Saxon mythology, and Continental Germanic mythology.
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Germanic paganism
Germanic paganism or Germanic religion refers to the traditional, culturally significant religion of the Germanic peoples.
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Germanic parent language
The Germanic parent language (GPL), also known as Pre-Germanic Indo-European (PreGmc) or Pre-Proto-Germanic (PPG), is the stage of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family that was spoken, after the branch had diverged from Proto-Indo-European but before it evolved into Proto-Germanic during the First Germanic Sound Shift.
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Germanic philology
Germanic philology is the philological study of the Germanic languages, particularly from a comparative or historical perspective.
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Germanic strong verb
In the Germanic languages, a strong verb is a verb that marks its past tense by means of changes to the stem vowel.
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Germanic substrate hypothesis
The Germanic substrate hypothesis attempts to explain the purportedly distinctive nature of the Germanic languages within the context of the Indo-European languages.
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Germanic umlaut
The Germanic umlaut (sometimes called i-umlaut or i-mutation) is a type of linguistic umlaut in which a back vowel changes to the associated front vowel (fronting) or a front vowel becomes closer to (raising) when the following syllable contains,, or.
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Germanic verbs
The Germanic language family is one of the language groups that resulted from the breakup of Proto-Indo-European (PIE).
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Germans
Germans are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language.
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Getae
The Getae or Gets (Γέται, singular Γέτης) were a Thracian-related tribe that once inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania.
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Getica
De origine actibusque Getarum (The Origin and Deeds of the Getae), commonly abbreviated Getica, written in Late Latin by Jordanes in or shortly after 551 AD, claims to be a summary of a voluminous account by Cassiodorus of the origin and history of the Gothic people, which is now lost.
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Gildas
Gildas (English pronunciation:, Breton: Gweltaz) — also known as Gildas Badonicus, Gildas fab Caw (in Middle Welsh texts and antiquarian works) and Gildas Sapiens (Gildas the Wise) — was a 6th-century British monk best known for his scathing religious polemic, which recounts the history of the Britons before and during the coming of the Saxons.
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Gothic Bible
The Gothic Bible or Wulfila Bible is the Christian Bible in the Gothic language spoken by the Eastern Germanic (Gothic) tribes in the Early Middle Ages.
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Gothic language
Gothic is an extinct East Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths.
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Gothic runic inscriptions
Very few Elder Futhark inscriptions in the Gothic language have been found in the territory historically settled by the Goths (Wielbark culture, Chernyakhov culture).
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Gothic War (376–382)
Between 376 and 382 the Goths fought against the Eastern Roman Empire, one of several Gothic Wars in Roman history.
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Gothicism
Gothicism or Gothism (Göticism; Gothicismus) was a dacianistic cultural movement in Sweden, which took honor in being a Swede, who were related to the illustrious Goths as the Goths originated from Götaland.
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Goths
The Goths (translit; Gothi, Gótthoi) were Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe.
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Gotini
The Gotini (in Tacitus), who are generally equated to the Cotini in other sources, were a Gaulish tribe living during Roman times in the mountains approximately near the modern borders of the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia.
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Grímnismál
Grímnismál (Old Norse:; 'The Lay of Grímnir') is one of the mythological poems of the Poetic Edda.
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Greco-Roman world
The Greco-Roman civilization (also Greco-Roman culture or Greco-Latin culture; spelled Graeco-Roman in the Commonwealth), as understood by modern scholars and writers, includes the geographical regions and countries that culturally—and so historically—were directly and intimately influenced by the language, culture, government and religion of the Greeks and Romans.
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Greuthungi
The Greuthungi (also spelled Greutungi) were a Gothic people who lived on the Pontic steppe between the Dniester and Don rivers in what is now Ukraine, in the 3rd and the 4th centuries.
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Grimm's law
Grimm's law, also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift, is a set of sound laws describing the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) stop consonants as they developed in Proto-Germanic in the first millennium BC, first discovered by Rasmus Rask but systematically put forward by Jacob Grimm.
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Gudme
Gudme is a town in central Denmark with a population of 925 (1 January 2024), The Mobile Database from Statistics Denmark located in Svendborg municipality on the island of Funen in Region of Southern Denmark.
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Gullgubber
Gullgubber (Norwegian) or guldgubber (Danish), guldgubbar (Swedish), are art-objects, amulets, or offerings found in Scandinavia and dating to the Nordic Iron Age.
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Gustaf Kossinna
Gustaf Kossinna (28 September 1858 – 20 December 1931) was a German philologist and archaeologist who was Professor of German Archaeology at the University of Berlin.
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Guy Halsall
Guy Halsall (born 1964) is an English historian and academic, specialising in Early Medieval Europe.
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Haplogroup I-M253
Haplogroup I-M253, also known as I1, is a Y chromosome haplogroup.
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Heiko Steuer
Heiko Steuer (born 30 October 1939) is a German archaeologist, notable for his research into social and economic history in early Europe.
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Heinrich Beck (philologist)
Heinrich Beck (born 2 April 1929 – 5 June 2019) was a German philologist who specialized in Germanic studies.
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Hercynian Forest
The Hercynian Forest was an ancient and dense forest that stretched across Western Central Europe, from Northeastern France to the Carpathian Mountains, including most of Southern Germany, though its boundaries are a matter of debate.
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Herwig Wolfram
Herwig Wolfram (born 14 February 1934) is an Austrian historian who is Professor Emeritus of Medieval History and Auxiliary Sciences of History at the University of Vienna and the former Director of the.
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Hispania
Hispania (Hispanía; Hispānia) was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula.
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Historical Vedic religion
The historical Vedic religion, also known as Vedicism and Vedism, sometimes called "Ancient Hinduism", constituted the religious ideas and practices prevalent amongst the Indo-Aryan peoples of the northwest Indian subcontinent (Punjab and the western Ganges plain) during the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE).
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History of the Lombards
The History of the Lombards or the History of the Langobards (Historia Langobardorum) is the chief work by Paul the Deacon, written in the late 8th century.
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Histria (ancient city)
Histria or Istros (Ἰστρίη) was founded as a Greek colony or polis (πόλις, city) on the western coast of the Black Sea near the mouth of the Danube (known as Ister in Ancient Greek) whose banks are today about 70 km away.
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Holy Roman Emperor
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Imperator Romanorum, Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (Imperator Germanorum, Roman-German emperor), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
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Honorius (emperor)
Honorius (9 September 384 – 15 August 423) was Roman emperor from 393 to 423.
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Humanism
Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and agency of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.
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Huns
The Huns were a nomadic people who lived in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and Eastern Europe between the 4th and 6th centuries AD.
Hygelac
Hygelac (Hygelāc; Hugleikr; Hugilaikaz; Ch(l)ochilaicus or Hugilaicus; died 516 or 521) was a king of the Geats according to the poem Beowulf.
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Illyrian language
The Illyrian language was an Indo-European language or group of languages spoken by the Illyrians in Southeast Europe during antiquity.
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Indo-European ablaut
In linguistics, the Indo-European ablaut (from German Ablaut) is a system of apophony (regular vowel variations) in the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE).
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Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
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Iranian peoples
The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.
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Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age. Germanic peoples and Iron Age are 2nd-millennium BC establishments.
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Istaby Runestone
The Istaby Runestone, listed in the Rundata catalog as DR 359, is a runestone with an inscription in Proto-Norse which was raised in Istaby, Blekinge, Sweden, during the Vendel era (–790).
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Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana), also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula or Italian Boot, is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south, which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.
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Italic languages
The Italic languages form a branch of the Indo-European language family, whose earliest known members were spoken on the Italian Peninsula in the first millennium BC.
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Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
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Jacob Grimm
Jacob Ludwig Karl Grimm (4 January 1785 – 20 September 1863), also known as Ludwig Karl, was a German author, linguist, philologist, jurist, and folklorist.
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Jastorf culture
The Jastorf culture was an Iron Age material culture in what is now northern Germany and the southern Scandinavian Peninsula, spanning the 6th to 1st centuries BC, forming the southern part of the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
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Joinery
Joinery is a part of woodworking that involves joining pieces of wood, engineered lumber, or synthetic substitutes (such as laminate), to produce more complex items.
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Jordanes
Jordanes (Greek: Ιορδάνης), also written as Jordanis or Jornandes, was a 6th-century Eastern Roman bureaucrat, widely believed to be of Gothic descent, who became a historian later in life.
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Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.
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Justinian I
Justinian I (Iūstīniānus,; Ioustinianós,; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.
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Jutes
The Jutes were one of the Germanic tribes who settled in Great Britain after the departure of the Romans.
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Jutland
Jutland (Jylland, Jyske Halvø or Cimbriske Halvø; Jütland, Kimbrische Halbinsel or Jütische Halbinsel) is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein).
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Kathryn Welch
Kathryn Welch is an honorary associate professor in the Department of Classics and Ancient History at the University of Sydney, and a specialist in Roman Republican and early Imperial History.
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Kingdom of Burgundy
Kingdom of Burgundy was a name given to various states located in Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
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Konrad Peutinger
Konrad Peutinger (14 October 1465 – 28 December 1547) was a German humanist, jurist, diplomat, politician, economist and archaeologist, serving as Emperor Maximilian I's chief archaeological adviser.
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La Tène culture
The La Tène culture was a European Iron Age culture.
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Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.
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Latin script
The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia.
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Lead
Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
Leonard Neidorf
Leonard Neidorf (born) is an American philologist who is Professor of English at Nanjing University.
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Lexical innovation
In linguistics, specifically the sub-field of lexical semantics, the concept of lexical innovation includes the use of neologism or new meanings (so-called semantic augmentation) in order to introduce new terms into a language's lexicon.
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Lexicon
A lexicon (plural: lexicons, rarely lexica) is the vocabulary of a language or branch of knowledge (such as nautical or medical).
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Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.
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Limes (Roman Empire)
Limes (Latin;,: limites) is a term used primarily for the Germanic border defence or delimiting system of Ancient Rome marking the borders of the Roman Empire.
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Limes Germanicus
The Limes Germanicus (Latin for Germanic frontier), or 'Germanic Limes', is the name given in modern times to a line of frontier (limes) fortifications that bounded the ancient Roman provinces of Germania Inferior, Germania Superior and Raetia, dividing the Roman Empire and the unsubdued Germanic tribes from the years 83 to about 260 AD.
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Lindisfarne
Lindisfarne, also called Holy Island, is a tidal island off the northeast coast of England, which constitutes the civil parish of Holy Island in Northumberland.
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Linguistic homeland
In historical linguistics, the homeland or Urheimat (from German ur- "original" and Heimat, home) of a proto-language is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different daughter languages.
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List of early Germanic peoples
The list of early Germanic peoples is a register of ancient Germanic cultures, tribal groups, and other alliances of Germanic tribes and civilisations in ancient times.
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List of Germanic deities
In Germanic paganism, the indigenous religion of the ancient Germanic peoples who inhabit Germanic Europe, there were a number of different gods and goddesses.
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Literary topos
In classical Greek rhetoric, topos, pl. topoi, (from τόπος "place", elliptical for τόπος κοινός tópos koinós, 'common place'), in Latin locus (from locus communis), refers to a method for developing arguments.
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Liutprand, King of the Lombards
Liutprand was the king of the Lombards from 712 to 744 and is chiefly remembered for his multiple phases of law-giving, in fifteen separate sessions from 713 to 735 inclusive, and his long reign, which brought him into a series of conflicts, mostly successful, with most of Italy.
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Liuvigild
Liuvigild, Leuvigild, Leovigild, or Leovigildo (Spanish and Portuguese), (519 – 586) was a Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania from 568 to 586.
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Lombardic language
Lombardic or Langobardic (Langobardisch) is an extinct West Germanic language that was spoken by the Lombards (Langobardi), the Germanic people who settled in Italy in the sixth century.
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Lombards
The Lombards or Longobards (Longobardi) were a Germanic people who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774.
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Loom
A loom is a device used to weave cloth and tapestry.
Lower Rhine
Lower Rhine (Niederrhein,; kilometres 660 to 1,033 of the Rhine) refers to the section of the Rhine between Bonn in Germany and the North Sea at Hook of Holland in the Netherlands, including the Nederrijn (Nether Rhine) within the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta; alternatively, Lower Rhine may also refer to just the part upstream of Pannerdens Kop (km 660–865.5), excluding the Nederrijn.
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Mannus
Mannus, according to the Roman writer Tacitus, was a figure in the creation myths of the Germanic tribes.
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Marcianopolis
Marcianopolis or Marcianople (Greek: Μαρκιανούπολις), also known as Parthenopolis was an ancient Greek, then Roman capital city and archbishopric in Moesia Inferior.
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Marcomanni
The Marcomanni were a Germanic people.
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Marcomannic Wars
The Marcomannic Wars (Latin: bellum Germanicum et Sarmaticum, "German and Sarmatian War") were a series of wars lasting from about 166 until 180 AD.
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Marcus Aurelius
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (English:; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher.
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Mare (folklore)
A mare (mære, mare,; mara in Old High German, Old Norse, and Swedish) is a malicious entity in Germanic and Slavic folklore that walks on people's chests while they sleep, bringing on nightmares.
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Maroboduus
Maroboduus (d. AD 37), also known as Marbod, was a king of the Marcomanni, who were a Germanic Suebian people.
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Matres and Matronae
The Matres (Latin for "mothers") and Matronae (Latin for "matrons") were female deities venerated in Northwestern Europe, of whom relics are found dating from the first to the fifth century AD.
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Mayor of the palace
Under the Merovingian dynasty, the mayor of the palace or majordomo.
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Mercia
Mercia (Miercna rīċe, "kingdom of the border people"; Merciorum regnum) was one of the three main Anglic kingdoms founded after Sub-Roman Britain was settled by Anglo-Saxons in an era called the Heptarchy.
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Merseburg charms
The Merseburg charms, Merseburg spells, or Merseburg incantations (die Merseburger Zaubersprüche) are two medieval magic spells, charms or incantations, written in Old High German.
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Meuse
The Meuse (Moûze) or Maas (Maos or Maas) is a major European river, rising in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands before draining into the North Sea from the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
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Migration Period
The Migration Period (circa 300 to 600 AD), also known as the Barbarian Invasions, was a period in European history marked by large-scale migrations that saw the fall of the Western Roman Empire and subsequent settlement of its former territories by various tribes, and the establishment of the post-Roman kingdoms.
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Migration Period art
Migration Period art denotes the artwork of the Germanic peoples during the Migration period (c. 300 – 900).
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Migration Period spear
The spear or lance, together with the bow, the sword, the seax and the shield, was the main equipment of the Germanic warriors during the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages.
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Moesia
Moesia (Latin: Moesia; Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River.
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Monophthongization
Monophthongization is a sound change by which a diphthong becomes a monophthong, a type of vowel shift.
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Moorland
Moorland or moor is a type of habitat found in upland areas in temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands and montane grasslands and shrublands biomes, characterised by low-growing vegetation on acidic soils.
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Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, also known as the Arab conquest of Spain, by the Umayyad Caliphate occurred between approximately 711 and the 720s.
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Mutual intelligibility
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.
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Nahanarvali
The Nahanarvali, also known as the Nahavali, Naha-Narvali, and Nahanavali, were a Germanic tribe mentioned by the Roman scholar Tacitus in his Germania.
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National Museum of Denmark
The National Museum of Denmark (Nationalmuseet) in Copenhagen is Denmark's largest museum of cultural history, comprising the histories of Danish and foreign cultures, alike.
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Nationalism
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.
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Nazi Party
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism.
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Negau helmets
The Negau helmets are 26 bronze helmets (23 of which are preserved) dating to –350 BC, found in 1812 in a cache in Ženjak, near Negau, Duchy of Styria (now Negova, Slovenia).
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Neolithic
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.
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Nero
Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68.
Nerthus
In Germanic paganism, Nerthus is a goddess associated with a ceremonial wagon procession.
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Neustria
Neustria was the western part of the Kingdom of the Franks during the Early Middle Ages, in contrast to the eastern Frankish kingdom, Austrasia.
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Nicene Creed
The Nicene Creed (Sýmvolon tis Nikéas), also called the Creed of Constantinople, is the defining statement of belief of mainstream Christianity and in those Christian denominations that adhere to it.
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Nijmegen
Nijmegen (Nijmeegs: italics) is the largest city in the Dutch province of Gelderland and the tenth largest of the Netherlands as a whole.
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Nine Herbs Charm
The Nine Herbs Charm, Nigon Wyrta Galdor, Lay of the Nine Healing Herbs, or Nine Wort Spell (among other names) is an Old English charm recorded in the tenth century CE.
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Non-ferrous metal
In metallurgy, non-ferrous metals are metals or alloys that do not contain iron (allotropes of iron, ferrite, and so on) in appreciable amounts.
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Nordic Bronze Age
The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age, or Scandinavian Bronze Age) is a period of Scandinavian prehistory from. Germanic peoples and Nordic Bronze Age are 2nd-millennium BC establishments.
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Norse mythology
Norse, Nordic, or Scandinavian mythology, is the body of myths belonging to the North Germanic peoples, stemming from Old Norse religion and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia, and into the Nordic folklore of the modern period.
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North Germanic languages
The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages—a sub-family of the Indo-European languages—along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages.
See Germanic peoples and North Germanic languages
Northumbria
Northumbria (Norþanhymbra rīċe; Regnum Northanhymbrorum) was an early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now Northern England and south-east Scotland.
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Northwest Germanic
Northwest Germanic is a proposed grouping of the Germanic languages, representing the current consensus among Germanic historical linguists.
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Numerus Batavorum
The Numerus Batavorum, also called the cohors Germanorum,Suetonius, Galba.
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Odin
Odin (from Óðinn) is a widely revered god in Germanic paganism.
Odoacer
Odoacer (– 15 March 493 AD), also spelled Odovacer or Odovacar, was a barbarian soldier and statesman from the Middle Danube who deposed the Western Roman child emperor Romulus Augustulus and became the ruler of Italy (476–493).
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Old English
Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.
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Old Frisian
Old Frisian was a West Germanic language spoken between the 8th and 16th centuries along the North Sea coast, roughly between the mouths of the Rhine and Weser rivers.
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Old High German
Old High German (OHG; Althochdeutsch (Ahdt., Ahd.)) is the earliest stage of the German language, conventionally identified as the period from around 500/750 to 1050.
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Old Irish
Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic (Goídelc, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; Sean-Ghaeilge; Seann-Ghàidhlig; Shenn Yernish or Shenn Ghaelg), is the oldest form of the Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive written texts.
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Old Norse
Old Norse, Old Nordic, or Old Scandinavian is a stage of development of North Germanic dialects before their final divergence into separate Nordic languages.
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Old Norse religion
Old Norse religion, also known as Norse paganism, is a branch of Germanic religion which developed during the Proto-Norse period, when the North Germanic peoples separated into a distinct branch of the Germanic peoples.
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Old Saxon
Old Saxon (altsächsische Sprache), also known as Old Low German (altniederdeutsche Sprache), was a Germanic language and the earliest recorded form of Low German (spoken nowadays in Northern Germany, the northeastern Netherlands, southern Denmark, the Americas and parts of Eastern Europe).
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Old Saxon Baptismal Vow
The Old Saxon Baptismal Vow, also called the Old Saxon Catechism, Utrecht Baptismal Vow and Abrenuntiatio Diaboli, is a baptismal vow that was found in a ninth-century manuscript in a monastery library in Mainz, Germany.
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Oral tradition
Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication in which knowledge, art, ideas and culture are received, preserved, and transmitted orally from one generation to another.
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Orality
Orality is thought and verbal expression in societies where the technologies of literacy (especially writing and print) are unfamiliar to most of the population.
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Origo gentis
In medieval studies, an origo gentis is the origin story of a gens (people).
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Origo Gentis Langobardorum
The Origo Gentis Langobardorum (Latin for "Origin of the tribe of the Lombards") is a short, 7th-century AD Latin account offering a founding myth of the Longobard people.
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Osi (tribe)
The Osi or Osii were an ancient tribe dwelling north of the Marcomanni and Quadi, in a woody and mountainous country.
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Ostrogoths
The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Roman-era Germanic people.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
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Pannonian Avars
The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.
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Pannonian Basin
The Pannonian Basin, or Carpathian Basin, is a large sedimentary basin situated in southeast Central Europe.
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Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city of France.
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Paul the Deacon
Paul the Deacon (720s 13 April in 796, 797, 798, or 799 AD), also known as Paulus Diaconus, Warnefridus, Barnefridus, or Winfridus, and sometimes suffixed Cassinensis (i.e. "of Monte Cassino"), was a Benedictine monk, scribe, and historian of the Lombards.
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Pepin the Short
Pepin the Short (Pépin le Bref; – 24 September 768), was King of the Franks from 751 until his death in 768.
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Philippopolis (Thrace)
Philippopolis (Φιλιππούπολις, Φιλιππόπολις) is one of the names of the ancient city (amongst which are Thracian Eumolpia/Pulpudeva, Roman Trimontium) situated where Plovdiv is today.
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Philology
Philology is the study of language in oral and written historical sources.
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Phoenician alphabet
The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) used across the Mediterranean civilization of Phoenicia for most of the 1st millennium BC.
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Phonology
Phonology is the branch of linguistics that studies how languages systematically organize their phones or, for sign languages, their constituent parts of signs.
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Picts
The Picts were a group of peoples in what is now Scotland north of the Firth of Forth, in the Early Middle Ages.
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Pippinids
The Pippinids and the Arnulfings were two Frankish aristocratic families from Austrasia during the Merovingian period.
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Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.
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Poetic Edda
The Poetic Edda is the modern name for an untitled collection of Old Norse anonymous narrative poems in alliterative verse.
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Pomponius Mela
Pomponius Mela, who wrote around AD 43, was the earliest known Roman geographer.
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Pontic Olbia
Pontic Olbia (Ὀλβία Ποντική; Olviia) or simply Olbia is an archaeological site of an ancient Greek city on the shore of the Southern Bug estuary (Hypanis or Ὕπανις) in Ukraine, near the village of Parutyne.
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Pontic–Caspian steppe
The Pontic–Caspian Steppe is a steppe extending across Eastern Europe to Central Asia, formed by the Caspian and Pontic steppes.
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Pope Gregory I
Pope Gregory I (Gregorius I; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the 64th Bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death.
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Pope Pius II
Pope Pius II (Pius PP., Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August 1458 to his death.
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Potter's wheel
In pottery, a potter's wheel is a machine used in the shaping (known as throwing) of clay into round ceramic ware.
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Procopius
Procopius of Caesarea (Προκόπιος ὁ Καισαρεύς Prokópios ho Kaisareús; Procopius Caesariensis; –565) was a prominent late antique Greek scholar and historian from Caesarea Maritima.
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Prose Edda
The Prose Edda, also known as the Younger Edda, Snorri's Edda (Snorra Edda) or, historically, simply as Edda, is an Old Norse textbook written in Iceland during the early 13th century.
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Proto-Germanic folklore
Proto-Germanic paganism was the beliefs of the speakers of Proto-Germanic and includes topics such as the Germanic mythology, legendry, and folk beliefs of early Germanic culture.
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Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
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Proto-Indo-European mythology
Proto-Indo-European mythology is the body of myths and deities associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans, speakers of the hypothesized Proto-Indo-European language.
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Proto-Indo-European society
Proto-Indo-European society is the reconstructed culture of Proto-Indo-Europeans, the ancient speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, ancestor of all modern Indo-European languages.
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Proto-language
In the tree model of historical linguistics, a proto-language is a postulated ancestral language from which a number of attested languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family.
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Proto-Norse language
Proto-Norse (also called Ancient Nordic, Ancient Scandinavian, Ancient Norse, Primitive Norse, Proto-Nordic, Proto-Scandinavian and Proto-North Germanic) was an Indo-European language spoken in Scandinavia that is thought to have evolved as a northern dialect of Proto-Germanic in the first centuries CE.
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Przeworsk culture
The Przeworsk culture was an Iron Age material culture in the region of what is now Poland, that dates from the 3rd century BC to the 5th century AD.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.
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Publius Quinctilius Varus
Publius Quinctilius Varus (Cremona, 46 BC – near Kalkriese, AD 9) was a Roman general and politician under the first Roman emperor Augustus.
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Quadi
The Quadi were a Germanic.
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Raalte
Raalte is a municipality and a town in the heart of the region of Salland in the Dutch province of Overijssel.
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Radagaisus
Radagaisus (died 23 August 406) was a Gothic king who led an invasion of Roman Italy in late 405 and the first half of 406.
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Reccared I
Reccared I (or Recared; Flavius Reccaredus; Flavio Recaredo; 559 – December 601; reigned 586–601) was Visigothic King of Hispania and Septimania.
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Renaissance humanism
Renaissance humanism was a worldview centered on the nature and importance of humanity that emerged from the study of Classical antiquity.
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Revolt of the Batavi
The Revolt of the Batavi took place in the Roman province of Germania Inferior ("Lower Germania") between AD 69 and 70.
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Rhine
--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.
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Rhineland
The Rhineland (Rheinland; Rhénanie; Rijnland; Rhingland; Latinised name: Rhenania) is a loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine, chiefly its middle section.
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Ribe
Ribe is a town in south-west Jutland, Denmark, with a population of 8,295 (2024).
Ring of Pietroassa
The Ring of Pietroassa or Buzău torc is a gold torc-like necklace found in a ring barrow in Pietroassa (now Pietroasele), Buzău County, southern Romania (formerly Wallachia), in 1837.
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Roman emperor
The Roman emperor was the ruler and monarchical head of state of the Roman Empire, starting with the granting of the title augustus to Octavian in 27 BC.
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Roman law
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.
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Roman people
The Roman people was the body of Roman citizens (Rōmānī; Ῥωμαῖοι) during the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
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Romano-British culture
The Romano-British culture arose in Britain under the Roman Empire following the Roman conquest in AD 43 and the creation of the province of Britannia.
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Romantic nationalism
Romantic nationalism (also national romanticism, organic nationalism, identity nationalism) is the form of nationalism in which the state claims its political legitimacy as an organic consequence of the unity of those it governs.
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Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.
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Romulus Augustulus
Romulus Augustus (after 511), nicknamed Augustulus, was Roman emperor of the West from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476.
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Rune
A rune is a letter in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets native to the Germanic peoples.
Runic inscriptions
A runic inscription is an inscription made in one of the various runic alphabets.
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Sack of Rome (410)
The Sack of Rome on 24 August 410 AD was undertaken by the Visigoths led by their king, Alaric.
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Sack of Rome (455)
The Sack of Rome in 455 AD marked a pivotal moment in European history when the Vandals, a Germanic tribe led by King Genseric, invaded the city.
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Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology
Trees hold a particular role in Germanic paganism and Germanic mythology, both as individuals (sacred trees) and in groups (sacred groves).
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Saint Boniface
Boniface (born Wynfreth; 675 – 5 June 754) was an English Benedictine monk and leading figure in the Anglo-Saxon mission to the Germanic parts of Francia during the eighth century.
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Sapaudia
Sapaudia or Sabaudia was an Alpine territory of Late antiquity and the Dark Ages.
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Sarmatians
The Sarmatians (Sarmatai; Latin: Sarmatae) were a large confederation of ancient Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples who dominated the Pontic steppe from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD.
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Saxon Shore
The Saxon Shore (litus Saxonicum) was a military command of the Late Roman Empire, consisting of a series of fortifications on both sides of the Channel.
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Saxon Wars
The Saxon Wars were the campaigns and insurrections of the thirty-three years from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer, to 804, when the last rebellion of tribesmen was defeated.
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Saxons
The Saxons, sometimes called the Old Saxons, were the Germanic people of "Old" Saxony (Antiqua Saxonia) which became a Carolingian "stem duchy" in 804, in what is now northern Germany.
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Sámi languages
Sámi languages, in English also rendered as Sami and Saami, are a group of Uralic languages spoken by the Indigenous Sámi people in Northern Europe (in parts of northern Finland, Norway, Sweden, and extreme northwestern Russia).
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Sól (Germanic mythology)
Sól (Old Norse:, "Sun")Orchard (1997:152).
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Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples.
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Scandinavism
Scandinavism (skandinavisme; skandinavisme; skandinavism), also called Scandinavianism or pan-Scandinavianism,.
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Sciri
The Sciri, or Scirians, were a Germanic people.
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Scythians
The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.
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Sebastian Brather
Sebastian Brather (born 28 June 1964) is a German medieval archaeologist and co-editor of Germanische Altertumskunde Online.
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Seeress (Germanic)
In Germanic paganism, a seeress is a woman said to have the ability to foretell future events and perform sorcery.
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Semnones
The Semnones were a Germanic and specifically a Suebi people, who were settled between the Elbe and the Oder in the 1st century when they were described by Tacitus in Germania: "The Semnones give themselves out to be the most ancient and renowned branch of the Suebi.
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Sequani
The Sequani were a Gallic tribe dwelling in the upper river basin of the Arar river (Saône), the valley of the Doubs and the Jura Mountains during the Iron Age and the Roman period.
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Siegerland
The Siegerland is a region of Germany covering the old district of Siegen (now part of the district of Siegen-Wittgenstein in North Rhine-Westphalia) and the upper part of the district of Altenkirchen, belonging to the Rhineland-Palatinate adjoining it to the west.
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Single Grave culture
The Single Grave culture (Einzelgrabkultur) was a Chalcolithic culture which flourished on the western North European Plain from ca.
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Sinthgunt
Sinthgunt is a figure in Germanic mythology, attested solely in the Old High German 9th- or 10th-century "horse cure" Merseburg Incantation.
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Sippe
Sippe is German for "clan, kindred, extended family" (Frisian Sibbe, Norse Sifjar).
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Slavic languages
The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.
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Slavs
The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages. Germanic peoples and Slavs are indo-European peoples.
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Soap
Soap is a salt of a fatty acid (sometimes other carboxylic acids) used for cleaning and lubricating products as well as other applications.
Soest, Germany
Soest (as if it were 'Sohst'; Westphalian: Saust) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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Speyer
Speyer (older spelling Speier; Schbaija; Spire), historically known in English as Spires, is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany with approximately 50,000 inhabitants.
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Spindle (textiles)
A spindle is a straight spike, usually made from wood, used for spinning, twisting fibers such as wool, flax, hemp, cotton into yarn.
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Steffen Patzold
Steffen Patzold (born 1 September 1972) is a German historian.
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Stilicho
Stilicho (– 22 August 408) was a military commander in the Roman army who, for a time, became the most powerful man in the Western Roman Empire.
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Stone Age
The Stone Age was a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used to make stone tools with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface.
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Suebi
The Suebi (also spelled Suevi) or Suebians were a large group of Germanic peoples originally from the Elbe river region in what is now Germany and the Czech Republic.
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Tacitus
Publius Cornelius Tacitus, known simply as Tacitus (–), was a Roman historian and politician.
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Taifals
The Taifals or Tayfals (Taifali, Taifalae or Theifali; Taïfales) were a people group of Germanic or Sarmatian origin, first documented north of the lower Danube in the mid third century AD.
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Temple at Uppsala
The Temple at Uppsala was a religious center in the ancient Norse religion once located at what is now Gamla Uppsala (Swedish "Old Uppsala"), Sweden attested in Adam of Bremen's 11th-century work Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum and in Heimskringla, written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century.
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Tencteri
The Tencteri or Tenchteri or Tenctheri (in Plutarch's Greek, Tenteritē and possibly the same as the Tenkeroi mentioned by Claudius Ptolemy if these were not the Tungri) were an ancient tribe, who moved into the area on the right bank (the northern or eastern bank) of the lower Rhine in the 1st century BC.
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Tetradrachm
The tetradrachm (tetrádrachmon) was a large silver coin that originated in Ancient Greece.
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Teutons
The Teutons (Teutones, Teutoni, Τεύτονες) were an ancient northern European tribe mentioned by Roman authors.
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Theodoric I
Theodoric I (Þiudarīks; Theodericus; 390 or 393 20 or 24 June 451) was the King of the Visigoths from 418 to 451.
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Theodoric the Great
Theodoric (or Theoderic) the Great (454 – 30 August 526), also called Theodoric the Amal, was king of the Ostrogoths (475–526), and ruler of the independent Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy between 493 and 526, regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a patrician of the Eastern Roman Empire.
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Theonym
A theonym (from Greek theos (Θεός), "god", attached to onoma (ὄνομα), "name") is a proper name of a deity.
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Thervingi
The Thervingi, Tervingi, or Teruingi (sometimes pluralised Tervings or Thervings) were a Gothic people of the plains north of the Lower Danube and west of the Dniester River in the 3rd and the 4th centuries.
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Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), also known as Thessalonica, Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece, with slightly over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.
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Thing (assembly)
A thing, also known as a folkmoot, assembly, tribal council, and by other names, was a governing assembly in early Germanic society, made up of the free people of the community presided over by a lawspeaker.
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Thor
Thor (from Þórr) is a prominent god in Germanic paganism.
Thrace
Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.
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Thracia
Thracia or Thrace (Thrakē) is the ancient name given to the southeastern Balkan region, the land inhabited by the Thracians.
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Three-field system
The three-field system is a regime of crop rotation in which a field is planted with one set of crops one year, a different set in the second year, and left fallow in the third year.
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Torc
A torc, also spelled torq or torque, is a large rigid or stiff neck ring in metal, made either as a single piece or from strands twisted together.
Trajan
Trajan (born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, adopted name Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.
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Trajan's Column
Trajan's Column (Colonna Traiana, Columna Traiani) is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy, that commemorates Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars.
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Tuisto
According to Tacitus's Germania (AD 98), Tuisto (or Tuisco) is the legendary divine ancestor of the Germanic peoples.
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Tungri
The Tungri (or Tongri, or Tungrians) were a tribe, or group of tribes, who lived in the Belgic part of Gaul, during the times of the Roman Empire.
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Tunic
A tunic is a garment for the body, usually simple in style, reaching from the shoulders to a length somewhere between the hips and the ankles.
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Ulfilas
Ulfilas (Greek: Ουλφίλας; – 383), known also as Wulfila(s) or Urphilas, was a 4th century Gothic preacher of Cappadocian Greek descent.
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Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
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Usipetes
The Usipetes or Usipii (in Plutarch's Greek, Ousipai, and possibly the same as the Ouispoi of Ptolemy) were an ancient tribe who moved into the area on the right bank (the northern or eastern bank) of the lower Rhine in the first century BC, putting them in contact with Gaul and the Roman empire.
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Valamir
Valamir or Valamer (– c. 465) was an Ostrogothic king in the former Roman province of Pannonia from AD 447 until his death.
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Valens
Valens (Ouálēs; 328 – 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378.
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Valentinian III
Valentinian III (Placidus Valentinianus; 2 July 41916 March 455) was Roman emperor in the West from 425 to 455.
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Vandal Kingdom
The Vandal Kingdom (Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was a confederation of Vandals and Alans, which is one of the barbarian kingdoms established under Gaiseric, a Vandal warrior.
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Vandalic language
Vandalic was the Germanic language spoken by the Vandals during roughly the 3rd to 6th centuries.
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Vandals
The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland.
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Vé (shrine)
In Germanic paganism, a vé (Old Norse) or wēoh (Old English) is a type of shrine, sacred enclosure or other place with religious significance.
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Völkisch movement
The Völkisch movement (Völkische Bewegung, Folkist movement, also called Völkism) was a German ethnic nationalist movement active from the late 19th century through the dissolution of the German Reich in 1945, with remnants in the Federal Republic of Germany afterwards.
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Vedic period
The Vedic period, or the Vedic age, is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedic literature, including the Vedas (–900 BCE), was composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation, which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain BCE.
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Vendel Period
In Swedish prehistory, the Vendel Period (Vendeltiden) appears between the Migration Period and the Viking Age.
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Verner's law
Verner's law describes a historical sound change in the Proto-Germanic language whereby consonants that would usually have been the voiceless fricatives *f, *þ, *s, *h, *hʷ, following an unstressed syllable, became the voiced fricatives *β, *ð, *z, *ɣ, *ɣʷ.
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Vespasian
Vespasian (Vespasianus; 17 November AD 9 – 23 June 79) was Roman emperor from 69 to 79.
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Viking Age
The Viking Age (about) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonising, conquest, and trading throughout Europe and reached North America.
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Vikings
Vikings were seafaring people originally from Scandinavia (present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden), who from the late 8th to the late 11th centuries raided, pirated, traded, and settled throughout parts of Europe.
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Villa rustica
Villa rustica was the term used by the ancient Romans to denote a farmhouse or villa set in the countryside and with an agricultural section, which applies to the vast majority of Roman villas.
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Visigothic Kingdom
The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths (Regnum Gothorum) occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries.
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Visigoths
The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, Wisi) were a Germanic people united under the rule of a king and living within the Roman Empire during late antiquity.
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Vistula
The Vistula (Wisła,, Weichsel) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest in Europe, at in length.
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Wallia
Wallia, Walha or Vallia (Spanish: Walia, Portuguese Vália), (385 – 418) was king of the Visigoths from 415 to 418, earning a reputation as a great warrior and prudent ruler.
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Walter Goffart
Walter Andre Goffart (born February 22, 1934) is a German-born American historian who specializes in Late Antiquity and the European Middle Ages.
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Walter of Aquitaine
Walter or Walther of Aquitaine is a king of the Visigoths in Germanic heroic legend.
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Walter Pohl
Walter Pohl (born 27 December 1953) is an Austrian historian who is Professor of Auxiliary Sciences of History and Medieval History at the University of Vienna.
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Weregild
Weregild (also spelled wergild, wergeld (in archaic/historical usage of English), weregeld, etc.), also known as man price (blood money), was a precept in some historical legal codes whereby a monetary value was established for a person's life, to be paid as a fine or as compensatory damages to the person's family if that person was killed or injured by another.
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Weser
The Weser is a river of Lower Saxony in north-west Germany.
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Wessex
The Kingdom of the West Saxons, also known as the Kingdom of Wessex, was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the south of Great Britain, from around 519 until Alfred the Great declared himself as King of the Anglo-Saxons in 886.
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West Germanic gemination
West Germanic gemination was a sound change that took place in all West Germanic languages around the 3rd or 4th century AD.
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West Germanic languages
The West Germanic languages constitute the largest of the three branches of the Germanic family of languages (the others being the North Germanic and the extinct East Germanic languages).
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Wilhelm Grimm
Wilhelm Carl Grimm (also Karl; 24 February 178616 December 1859) was a German author and anthropologist.
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Wilhelm Heizmann
Wilhelm Heizmann (born 5 September 1953) is a German philologist who is Professor and Chair of the Institute for Nordic Philology at the University of Munich.
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Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist)
Wolfgang Pfeifer (3 December 1922 in Leipzig - 9 July 2020 in Berlin) was a German scholar and linguist.
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Wool
Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other mammals, especially goats, rabbits, and camelids.
Worms, Germany
Worms is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main.
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Wulfhere of Mercia
Wulfhere or Wulfar (died 675) was King of Mercia from 658 until 675 AD.
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Y chromosome
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms.
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Year of the Four Emperors
The Year of the Four Emperors, AD 69, was the first civil war of the Roman Empire, during which four emperors ruled in succession: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian.
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Younger Futhark
The Younger Futhark, also called Scandinavian runes, is a runic alphabet and a reduced form of the Elder Futhark, with only 16 characters, in use from about the 9th century, after a "transitional period" during the 7th and 8th centuries.
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Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur
The Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur (commonly abbreviated ZfdA) is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal in the field of German studies with emphasis on the older periods.
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Zeno (emperor)
Zeno (Zénōn; – 9 April 491) was Eastern Roman emperor from 474 to 475 and again from 476 to 491.
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See also
2nd-millennium BC establishments
- Ain Dara (archaeological site)
- Arkadiko Bridge
- Atlantic Bronze Age
- Babylonia
- Bizerte
- Breeny More Stone Circle
- Bregenz
- Fenghao
- Germanic peoples
- Grave Circle A, Mycenae
- Holzbrücke Rapperswil-Hurden
- Iron Age
- Kabul
- Karim Shahi
- Lacobriga
- Lisbon
- Maya civilization
- Mumun pottery period
- Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Nordic Bronze Age
- Rapiqum
- Royal Palace of Mari
- Tlatilco
- Urnfield culture
- Vedic Sanskrit
- Xinglonggou
- Yamhad
Indo-European peoples
- Adriatic Veneti
- Albanians
- Anatolian peoples
- Ancient Greeks
- Armenians
- Balts
- Celts
- Cimmerians
- Dardani
- Dardanians
- Germanic peoples
- Greeks
- Illyrians
- Indo-Iranian peoples
- Indo-Iranians
- Italic peoples
- Kangju
- Ligures
- List of ancient Armeno-Phrygian peoples and tribes
- List of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes
- Lusitanians
- Luwians
- Ordos culture
- Paeonians
- Phrygians
- Proto-Indo-Europeans
- Serica
- Slavs
- Thracians
- Tocharians
- Vahumpura
- Vistula Veneti
- Wusun
- Yuezhi
References
Also known as Ancient Germanic, Ancient Germanic culture, Ancient Germans, East Germanic Tribes, East Germanic peoples, East Germanic tribe, East Germanics, Genetic studies on Germanic peoples, German clan, Germani, Germanians, Germanic People, Germanic Tribes, Germanic clan, Germanic cuisine, Germanic cultures, Germanic folk, Germanic history, Germanic literature, Germanic music, Germanic peopels, Germanic philosophy, Germanic society, Germanic world, Germanicity, Germanics, Germanii, Gothonic, History of the Germanic peoples, Prehistory of the Germanic peoples, Teutonic peoples.
, Bellum Batonianum, Besançon, Bohemia, Bracteate, Bratislava, Brill Publishers, Bronze Age, Brothers Grimm, Burgundians, Cannabaudes, Carolingian dynasty, Carthage, Celtic languages, Celts, Central Europe, Chain mail, Chalon-sur-Saône, Charlemagne, Charles Martel, Chatti, Chauci, Cherusci, Christianity, Cimbri, Cimbrian War, Client state, Cloisonné, Clovis I, Cniva, Coenwulf of Mercia, Cognate, Cologne, Column of Marcus Aurelius, Comitatus, Commodus, Common Era, Comparative method, Compound (linguistics), Constantius III, Corded Ware culture, Crimean Gothic, Crimean Goths, Crisis of the Third Century, Crossing of the Rhine, Danube, Decius, Deer, Dialect, Dialect continuum, Distaff, Dniester, Domitian, Dwarf (folklore), Early Middle Ages, Early Slavs, East Francia, East Germanic languages, Edward James (historian), Einkorn wheat, Elbe, Elder Futhark, Elf, Emmer, English Channel, Epirus, Ermanaric, Etruscan alphabet, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Feud, Filigree, Finnic languages, Finno-Permic languages, Finno-Samic languages, Flavian dynasty, Flavius Aetius, Flax, Francia, Frankish language, Franks, Frigg, Frisians, Fulla, Funen, Funnelbeaker culture, Gaiseric, Gaius Julius Civilis, Gaul, Gaulish, Gauls, Geats, Gepids, German History (journal), Germani cisrhenani, Germania, Germania Antiqua, Germania Inferior, Germania Superior, Germanic heroic legend, Germanic languages, Germanic law, Germanic mythology, Germanic paganism, Germanic parent language, Germanic philology, Germanic strong verb, Germanic substrate hypothesis, Germanic umlaut, Germanic verbs, Germans, Getae, Getica, Gildas, Gothic Bible, Gothic language, Gothic runic inscriptions, Gothic War (376–382), Gothicism, Goths, Gotini, Grímnismál, Greco-Roman world, Greuthungi, Grimm's law, Gudme, Gullgubber, Gustaf Kossinna, Guy Halsall, Haplogroup I-M253, Heiko Steuer, Heinrich Beck (philologist), Hercynian Forest, Herwig Wolfram, Hispania, Historical Vedic religion, History of the Lombards, Histria (ancient city), Holy Roman Emperor, Honorius (emperor), Humanism, Huns, Hygelac, Illyrian language, Indo-European ablaut, Indo-European languages, Iranian peoples, Iron Age, Istaby Runestone, Italian Peninsula, Italic languages, Italy, Jacob Grimm, Jastorf culture, Joinery, Jordanes, Julius Caesar, Justinian I, Jutes, Jutland, Kathryn Welch, Kingdom of Burgundy, Konrad Peutinger, La Tène culture, Late antiquity, Latin script, Lead, Leonard Neidorf, Lexical innovation, Lexicon, Liberalism, Limes (Roman Empire), Limes Germanicus, Lindisfarne, Linguistic homeland, List of early Germanic peoples, List of Germanic deities, Literary topos, Liutprand, King of the Lombards, Liuvigild, Lombardic language, Lombards, Loom, Lower Rhine, Mannus, Marcianopolis, Marcomanni, Marcomannic Wars, Marcus Aurelius, Mare (folklore), Maroboduus, Matres and Matronae, Mayor of the palace, Mercia, Merseburg charms, Meuse, Middle Ages, Migration Period, Migration Period art, Migration Period spear, Moesia, Monophthongization, Moorland, Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, Mutual intelligibility, Nahanarvali, National Museum of Denmark, Nationalism, Nazi Party, Negau helmets, Neolithic, Nero, Nerthus, Neustria, Nicene Creed, Nijmegen, Nine Herbs Charm, Non-ferrous metal, Nordic Bronze Age, Norse mythology, North Germanic languages, Northumbria, Northwest Germanic, Numerus Batavorum, Odin, Odoacer, Old English, Old Frisian, Old High German, Old Irish, Old Norse, Old Norse religion, Old Saxon, Old Saxon Baptismal Vow, Oral tradition, Orality, Origo gentis, Origo Gentis Langobardorum, Osi (tribe), Ostrogoths, Oxford University Press, Pannonian Avars, Pannonian Basin, Paris, Paul the Deacon, Pepin the Short, Philippopolis (Thrace), Philology, Phoenician alphabet, Phonology, Picts, Pippinids, Pliny the Elder, Poetic Edda, Pomponius Mela, Pontic Olbia, Pontic–Caspian steppe, Pope Gregory I, Pope Pius II, Potter's wheel, Procopius, Prose Edda, Proto-Germanic folklore, Proto-Germanic language, Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European mythology, Proto-Indo-European society, Proto-language, Proto-Norse language, Przeworsk culture, Ptolemy, Publius Quinctilius Varus, Quadi, Raalte, Radagaisus, Reccared I, Renaissance humanism, Revolt of the Batavi, Rhine, Rhineland, Ribe, Ring of Pietroassa, Roman emperor, Roman law, Roman people, Romano-British culture, Romantic nationalism, Romanticism, Romulus Augustulus, Rune, Runic inscriptions, Sack of Rome (410), Sack of Rome (455), Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology, Saint Boniface, Sapaudia, Sarmatians, Saxon Shore, Saxon Wars, Saxons, Sámi languages, Sól (Germanic mythology), Scandinavia, Scandinavism, Sciri, Scythians, Sebastian Brather, Seeress (Germanic), Semnones, Sequani, Siegerland, Single Grave culture, Sinthgunt, Sippe, Slavic languages, Slavs, Soap, Soest, Germany, Speyer, Spindle (textiles), Steffen Patzold, Stilicho, Stone Age, Suebi, Tacitus, Taifals, Temple at Uppsala, Tencteri, Tetradrachm, Teutons, Theodoric I, Theodoric the Great, Theonym, Thervingi, Thessaloniki, Thing (assembly), Thor, Thrace, Thracia, Three-field system, Torc, Trajan, Trajan's Column, Tuisto, Tungri, Tunic, Ulfilas, Umayyad Caliphate, Usipetes, Valamir, Valens, Valentinian III, Vandal Kingdom, Vandalic language, Vandals, Vé (shrine), Völkisch movement, Vedic period, Vendel Period, Verner's law, Vespasian, Viking Age, Vikings, Villa rustica, Visigothic Kingdom, Visigoths, Vistula, Wallia, Walter Goffart, Walter of Aquitaine, Walter Pohl, Weregild, Weser, Wessex, West Germanic gemination, West Germanic languages, Wilhelm Grimm, Wilhelm Heizmann, Wolfgang Pfeifer (etymologist), Wool, Worms, Germany, Wulfhere of Mercia, Y chromosome, Year of the Four Emperors, Younger Futhark, Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur, Zeno (emperor).