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232 relations: Abundance of elements in Earth's crust, Acid, Alkali, Alkali metal, Alkane, Alkyl, Allotropy, Alloy, Alternative medicine, American Cancer Society, Antimony, Argentium sterling silver, Argyrodite, Arsenic, Asymptotic giant branch, Atomic battery, Atomic number, Bacteria, Bar (unit), Barium, Beamline, Beta decay, Binary phase, Bismuth, Bismuth germanate, Briartite, Carbene, Carbon, Carbon group, Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc ore deposits, Carbyne, Catalysis, Celestial mechanics, Chalcogen, Chemical element, Chloride, Chlorine, Clemens Winkler, Coherence time, Copper, Cryptand, Crystal monochromator, Dark fibre, Dark matter, Detroit, Diamond, Diamond cubic, Diamond-like carbon, Dietary supplement, Diethylzinc, ..., Diode, Dislocation, Dispersion (optics), Distortion (music), Dmitri Mendeleev, Dopant, Double beta decay, DVD recordable, Effects unit, Electromagnetic field, Electron capture, Electronics, Endogeny (biology), Ethylenediamine, Evidence-based medicine, Fairchild Semiconductor, Fatty liver, Firescale, Fluorescent lamp, Fluoride, Fly ash, Food and Drug Administration, Freezing, Freiberg, Fuzz Face, Gallium, Gallium arsenide, Gamma spectroscopy, Gas chromatography, German Empire, Germanate, Germane, Germanite, Germanium dioxide, Germanium disulfide, Germanium monosulfide, Germanium monoxide, Germanium tetrachloride, GeSbTe, Half-life, Halide, Halogen, Harriet Dinerstein, Hartley, Northumberland, Hazard, High-energy X-rays, Hydrogen, III-Vs Review, Infrared, Infrared photography, Infrared vision, Inner Mongolia, Integrated circuit, Ion, Isobutylgermane, Isotope, James Challis, John Couch Adams, Kidney, Latin, Lead, Leukemia, Light-emitting diode, Lignite, Lincang, Lung cancer, Mammal, Mars Exploration Rover, Mendeleev's predicted elements, Metal, Metalloid, Methane, Micrometre, Microscopy, Mineral, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Multi-junction solar cell, Nanowire, Natural abundance, Neopentane, Nephrotoxicity, Neptune, Neptunium, Neutron, Neutron emission, Neutron scattering, Night vision, Niobium, Nuclear physics, Optical fiber, Optical spectrometer, Ore, Organogermanium compound, Organometallic chemistry, Oxidation state, Oxide, Oxygen, Ozonide, Parts-per notation, Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, P–n junction, Periodic table, Periodic Videos, Peripheral neuropathy, Phase-change material, Phosphor, Polyethylene terephthalate, Polymerization, Positron emission, Propagermanium, Proton emission, Quantum computing, Quartz, Radar, Radical (chemistry), Radionuclide, Radon, Reactive intermediate, Rectifier, Red giant, Refractive index, Refractory, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Relative atomic mass, Renierite, Roasting (metallurgy), Rock and roll, S-process, Sakhalin, Schottky diode, Scintillator, Selenide, Semiconductor, Short ton, Shunt (electrical), Silicon, Silicon-germanium, Silver, Single crystal, Solar cell, Solar panel, Solid-state electronics, Spectrum, Sphalerite, Spintronics, Standard conditions for temperature and pressure, Stellar nucleosynthesis, Sterling silver, Substituent, Sulfide, Sulfur, Superconductivity, Synchrotron radiation, Tantalum, Telluride (chemistry), Tetraethylgermanium, Thermographic camera, Tin, Titanium dioxide, Tonne, Toxicity, Transistor, United States, United States dollar, University of Cambridge, Uranium, Uranium rhodium germanium, Uranus, Urbain Le Verrier, Victor Goldschmidt, Vitrain, Vladivostok, Waelz process, Water, Whisker (metallurgy), Wide-angle lens, World War II, Xilinhot, Yunnan, Zinc, Zintl phase, Zone melting. Expand index (182 more) »
Abundance of elements in Earth's crust
The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as either percentage or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm.
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Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of donating a hydron (proton or hydrogen ion H+), or, alternatively, capable of forming a covalent bond with an electron pair (a Lewis acid).
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Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: al-qaly “ashes of the saltwort”) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal chemical element.
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Alkali metal
The alkali metals are a group (column) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K),The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, natrium and kalium; these are still the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.
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Alkane
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon.
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Alkyl
In organic chemistry, an alkyl substituent is an alkane missing one hydrogen.
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Allotropy
Allotropy or allotropism is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of these elements.
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Alloy
An alloy is a combination of metals or of a metal and another element.
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Alternative medicine
Alternative medicine, fringe medicine, pseudomedicine or simply questionable medicine is the use and promotion of practices which are unproven, disproven, impossible to prove, or excessively harmful in relation to their effect — in the attempt to achieve the healing effects of medicine.--> --> --> They differ from experimental medicine in that the latter employs responsible investigation, and accepts results that show it to be ineffective. The scientific consensus is that alternative therapies either do not, or cannot, work. In some cases laws of nature are violated by their basic claims; in some the treatment is so much worse that its use is unethical. Alternative practices, products, and therapies range from only ineffective to having known harmful and toxic effects.--> Alternative therapies may be credited for perceived improvement through placebo effects, decreased use or effect of medical treatment (and therefore either decreased side effects; or nocebo effects towards standard treatment),--> or the natural course of the condition or disease. Alternative treatment is not the same as experimental treatment or traditional medicine, although both can be misused in ways that are alternative. Alternative or complementary medicine is dangerous because it may discourage people from getting the best possible treatment, and may lead to a false understanding of the body and of science.-->---> Alternative medicine is used by a significant number of people, though its popularity is often overstated.--> Large amounts of funding go to testing alternative medicine, with more than US$2.5 billion spent by the United States government alone.--> Almost none show any effect beyond that of false treatment,--> and most studies showing any effect have been statistical flukes. Alternative medicine is a highly profitable industry, with a strong lobby. This fact is often overlooked by media or intentionally kept hidden, with alternative practice being portrayed positively when compared to "big pharma". --> The lobby has successfully pushed for alternative therapies to be subject to far less regulation than conventional medicine.--> Alternative therapies may even be allowed to promote use when there is demonstrably no effect, only a tradition of use. Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine and health care providers varies between and within countries. Despite laws making it illegal to market or promote alternative therapies for use in cancer treatment, many practitioners promote them.--> Alternative medicine is criticized for taking advantage of the weakest members of society.--! Terminology has shifted over time, reflecting the preferred branding of practitioners.. Science Based Medicine--> For example, the United States National Institutes of Health department studying alternative medicine, currently named National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, was established as the Office of Alternative Medicine and was renamed the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine before obtaining its current name. Therapies are often framed as "natural" or "holistic", in apparent opposition to conventional medicine which is "artificial" and "narrow in scope", statements which are intentionally misleading. --> When used together with functional medical treatment, alternative therapies do not "complement" (improve the effect of, or mitigate the side effects of) treatment.--> Significant drug interactions caused by alternative therapies may instead negatively impact functional treatment, making it less effective, notably in cancer.--> Alternative diagnoses and treatments are not part of medicine, or of science-based curricula in medical schools, nor are they used in any practice based on scientific knowledge or experience.--> Alternative therapies are often based on religious belief, tradition, superstition, belief in supernatural energies, pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, or lies.--> Alternative medicine is based on misleading statements, quackery, pseudoscience, antiscience, fraud, and poor scientific methodology. Promoting alternative medicine has been called dangerous and unethical.--> Testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis has been called a waste of scarce research resources.--> Critics state that "there is really no such thing as alternative medicine, just medicine that works and medicine that doesn't",--> that the very idea of "alternative" treatments is paradoxical, as any treatment proven to work is by definition "medicine".-->.
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American Cancer Society
The American Cancer Society (ACS) is a nationwide voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer.
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Antimony
Antimony is a chemical element with symbol Sb (from stibium) and atomic number 51.
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Argentium sterling silver
Argentium silver 935 is a modern sterling silver alloy, containing 93.5% silver.
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Argyrodite
Argyrodite is an uncommon silver germanium sulfide mineral with formula Ag8GeS6.
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Arsenic
Arsenic is a chemical element with symbol As and atomic number 33.
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Asymptotic giant branch
The asymptotic giant branch (AGB) is a region of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram populated by evolved cool luminous stars.
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Atomic battery
The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity.
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Atomic number
The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bar (unit)
The bar is a metric unit of pressure, but is not approved as part of the International System of Units (SI).
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Barium
Barium is a chemical element with symbol Ba and atomic number 56.
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Beamline
In accelerator physics, a beamline refers to the trajectory of the beam of accelerated particles, including the overall construction of the path segment (vacuum tube, magnets, diagnostic devices) along a specific path of an accelerator facility.
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Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta ray (fast energetic electron or positron) and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.
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Binary phase
In materials chemistry, a binary phase is chemical compound containing two different elements.
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Bismuth
Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83.
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Bismuth germanate
Bismuth germanium oxide or bismuth germanate is an inorganic chemical compound of bismuth, germanium and oxygen.
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Briartite
Briartite is an opaque iron-grey metallic sulfide mineral, Cu2(Zn,Fe)GeS4 with traces of Ga and Sn, found as inclusions in other germanium-gallium-bearing sulfides.
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Carbene
In chemistry, a carbene is a molecule containing a neutral carbon atom with a valence of two and two unshared valence electrons.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carbon group
The carbon group is a periodic table group consisting of carbon (C), silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), and flerovium (Fl).
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Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc ore deposits
Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc ore deposits are important and highly valuable concentrations of lead and zinc sulfide ores hosted within carbonate (limestone, marl, dolomite) formations and which share a common genetic origin.
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Carbyne
In organic chemistry, a carbyne is a general term for any compound whose molecular structure includes an electrically neutral carbon atom with three non-bonded electrons, connected to another atom by a single bond.
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Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of an additional substance called a catalysthttp://goldbook.iupac.org/C00876.html, which is not consumed in the catalyzed reaction and can continue to act repeatedly.
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Celestial mechanics
Celestial mechanics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the motions of celestial objects.
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Chalcogen
The chalcogens are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table.
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Chemical element
A chemical element is a species of atoms having the same number of protons in their atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z).
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Chloride
The chloride ion is the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−.
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Chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
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Clemens Winkler
Clemens Alexander Winkler (December 26, 1838 – October 8, 1904) was a German chemist who discovered the element germanium in 1886, solidifying Dmitri Mendeleev's theory of periodicity.
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Coherence time
For an electromagnetic wave, the coherence time is the time over which a propagating wave (especially a laser or maser beam) may be considered coherent.
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Copper
Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.
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Cryptand
Cryptands are a family of synthetic bi- and polycyclic multidentate ligands for a variety of cations.
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Crystal monochromator
A crystal monochromator is a device in neutron and X-ray optics to select a defined wavelength of the radiation for further purpose on a dedicated instrument or beamline.
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Dark fibre
A dark fibre or unlit fibre is an unused optical fibre, available for use in fibre-optic communication.
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Dark matter
Dark matter is a theorized form of matter that is thought to account for approximately 80% of the matter in the universe, and about a quarter of its total energy density.
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Detroit
Detroit is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the largest city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of Wayne County.
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Diamond
Diamond is a solid form of carbon with a diamond cubic crystal structure.
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Diamond cubic
The diamond cubic crystal structure is a repeating pattern of 8 atoms that certain materials may adopt as they solidify.
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Diamond-like carbon
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is a class of amorphous carbon material that displays some of the typical properties of diamond.
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Dietary supplement
A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement the diet when taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid.
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Diethylzinc
Diethylzinc (C2H5)2Zn, or DEZ, is a highly pyrophoric and reactive organozinc compound consisting of a zinc center bound to two ethyl groups.
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Diode
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction (asymmetric conductance); it has low (ideally zero) resistance in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.
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Dislocation
In materials science, a dislocation or Taylor's dislocation is a crystallographic defect or irregularity within a crystal structure.
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Dispersion (optics)
In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency.
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Distortion (music)
Distortion and overdrive are forms of audio signal processing used to alter the sound of amplified electric musical instruments, usually by increasing their gain, producing a "fuzzy", "growling", or "gritty" tone.
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Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (a; 8 February 18342 February 1907 O.S. 27 January 183420 January 1907) was a Russian chemist and inventor.
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Dopant
A dopant, also called a doping agent, is a trace impurity element that is inserted into a substance (in very low concentrations) to alter the electrical or optical properties of the substance.
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Double beta decay
In nuclear physics, double beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which two protons are simultaneously transformed into two neutrons, or vice versa, inside an atomic nucleus.
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DVD recordable
DVD recordable and DVD rewritable refer to part of optical disc recording technologies.
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Effects unit
An effects unit or effects pedal is an electronic or digital device that alters the sound of a musical instrument or other audio source.
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Electromagnetic field
An electromagnetic field (also EMF or EM field) is a physical field produced by electrically charged objects.
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Electron capture
Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shell.
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Electronics
Electronics is the discipline dealing with the development and application of devices and systems involving the flow of electrons in a vacuum, in gaseous media, and in semiconductors.
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Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell.
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Ethylenediamine
Ethylenediamine (abbreviated as en when a ligand) is the organic compound with the formula C2H4(NH2)2.
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Evidence-based medicine
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is an approach to medical practice intended to optimize decision-making by emphasizing the use of evidence from well-designed and well-conducted research.
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Fairchild Semiconductor
Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. was an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California.
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Fatty liver
Fatty liver is a reversible condition wherein large vacuoles of triglyceride fat accumulate in liver cells via the process of steatosis (i.e., abnormal retention of lipids within a cell).
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Firescale
Firescale, also known as firestain, is a layer of oxides that is visible on the surface of objects made of metal alloys containing copper when the object is heated, as by a jeweler heating a ring to apply solder during a repair.
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Fluorescent lamp
A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light.
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Fluoride
Fluoride.
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Fly ash
Fly ash, also known as "pulverised fuel ash" in the United Kingdom, is a coal combustion product that is composed of the particulates (fine particles of burned fuel) that are driven out of coal-fired boilers together with the flue gases.
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Food and Drug Administration
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA or USFDA) is a federal agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, one of the United States federal executive departments.
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Freezing
Freezing, or solidification, is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.
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Freiberg
Freiberg is a university and mining town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.
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Fuzz Face
The Fuzz Face is an effects pedal used mainly by electric guitarists and by some bass players.
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Gallium
Gallium is a chemical element with symbol Ga and atomic number 31.
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Gallium arsenide
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a compound of the elements gallium and arsenic.
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Gamma spectroscopy
Gamma-ray spectroscopy is the quantitative study of the energy spectra of gamma-ray sources, in such as the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics.
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Gas chromatography
Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.
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German Empire
The German Empire (Deutsches Kaiserreich, officially Deutsches Reich),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people.
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Germanate
In chemistry germanate is a compound containing an oxyanion of germanium.
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Germane
Germane is the chemical compound with the formula GeH4, and the germanium analogue of methane.
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Germanite
Germanite is a rare copper iron germanium sulfide mineral, Cu26Fe4Ge4S32.
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Germanium dioxide
Germanium dioxide, also called germanium oxide and germania, is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula GeO2.
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Germanium disulfide
Germanium disulfide or Germanium(IV) sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula GeS2.
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Germanium monosulfide
Germanium monosulfide or Germanium(II) sulfide is the chemical compound with the formula GeS.
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Germanium monoxide
Germanium monoxide, GeO, is a chemical compound of germanium and oxygen.
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Germanium tetrachloride
Germanium tetrachloride is a colourless, fuming liquid with a peculiar, acidic odour.
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GeSbTe
GeSbTe (germanium-antimony-tellurium or GST) is a phase-change material from the group of chalcogenide glasses used in rewritable optical discs and phase-change memory applications.
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Half-life
Half-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half its initial value.
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Halide
A halide is a binary phase, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less electronegative (or more electropositive) than the halogen, to make a fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, astatide, or theoretically tennesside compound.
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Halogen
The halogens are a group in the periodic table consisting of five chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).
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Harriet Dinerstein
Harriet Dinerstein is an American astronomer.
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Hartley, Northumberland
Hartley is a historic village in Northumberland, England.
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Hazard
A hazard is an agent which has the potential to cause harm to a vulnerable target.
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High-energy X-rays
High-energy X-rays or HEX-rays are very hard X-rays, with typical energies of 80–1000 keV (1 MeV), about one order of magnitude higher than conventional X-rays (and well into gamma-ray energies over 120 keV).
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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III-Vs Review
III-Vs Review was a magazine published in Northampton, UK.
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Infrared
Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light.
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Infrared photography
Top: tree photographed in the near infrared range.
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Infrared vision
Infrared vision is the capability of biological or artificial systems to detect infrared radiation.
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Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region or Nei Mongol Autonomous Region (Ѳвѳр Монголын Ѳѳртѳѳ Засах Орон in Mongolian Cyrillic), is one of the autonomous regions of China, located in the north of the country.
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Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Isobutylgermane
Isobutylgermane (IBGe, Chemical formula: (CH3)2CHCH2GeH3), is an organogermanium compound.
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Isotope
Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.
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James Challis
James Challis FRS (12 December 1803 – 3 December 1882) was an English clergyman, physicist and astronomer.
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John Couch Adams
John Couch Adams (5 June 1819 – 21 January 1892) was a British mathematician and astronomer.
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Kidney
The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs present in left and right sides of the body in vertebrates.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Lead
Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
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Leukemia
Leukemia, also spelled leukaemia, is a group of cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and result in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells.
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Light-emitting diode
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.
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Lignite
Lignite, often referred to as brown coal, is a soft, brown, combustible, sedimentary rock formed from naturally compressed peat.
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Lincang
Lincang is a prefecture-level city located in the southwest of Yunnan province, People's Republic of China.
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Lung cancer
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.
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Mammal
Mammals are the vertebrates within the class Mammalia (from Latin mamma "breast"), a clade of endothermic amniotes distinguished from reptiles (including birds) by the possession of a neocortex (a region of the brain), hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands.
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Mars Exploration Rover
NASA's Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission is an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, exploring the planet Mars.
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Mendeleev's predicted elements
Dmitri Mendeleev published a periodic table of the chemical elements in 1869 based on properties that appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements from lightest to heaviest.
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Metal
A metal (from Greek μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element, compound, or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity.
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Metalloid
A metalloid is any chemical element which has properties in between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them.
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Methane
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen).
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Micrometre
The micrometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is an SI derived unit of length equaling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
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Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).
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Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.
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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in astronomy and astrophysics.
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Multi-junction solar cell
Multi-junction (MJ) solar cells are solar cells with multiple p–n junctions made of different semiconductor materials.
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Nanowire
A nanowire is a nanostructure, with the diameter of the order of a nanometer (10−9 meters).
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Natural abundance
In physics, natural abundance (NA) refers to the abundance of isotopes of a chemical element as naturally found on a planet.
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Neopentane
Neopentane, also called 2,2-dimethylpropane, is a double-branched-chain alkane with five carbon atoms.
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Nephrotoxicity
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys.
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Neptune
Neptune is the eighth and farthest known planet from the Sun in the Solar System.
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Neptunium
Neptunium is a chemical element with symbol Np and atomic number 93.
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Neutron
| magnetic_moment.
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Neutron emission
Neutron emission is a mode of radioactive decay in which one or more neutrons are ejected from a nucleus.
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Neutron scattering
Neutron scattering, the irregular dispersal of free neutrons by matter, can refer to either the naturally occurring physical process itself or to the man-made experimental techniques that use the natural process for investigating materials.
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Night vision
Night vision is the ability to see in low-light conditions.
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Niobium
Niobium, formerly known as columbium, is a chemical element with symbol Nb (formerly Cb) and atomic number 41.
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Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions.
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Optical fiber
An optical fiber or optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair.
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Optical spectrometer
An optical spectrometer (spectrophotometer, spectrograph or spectroscope) is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials.
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Ore
An ore is an occurrence of rock or sediment that contains sufficient minerals with economically important elements, typically metals, that can be economically extracted from the deposit.
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Organogermanium compound
Organogermanium compounds are organometallic compounds containing a carbon to germanium or hydrogen to germanium chemical bond.
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Organometallic chemistry
Organometallic chemistry is the study of organometallic compounds, chemical compounds containing at least one chemical bond between a carbon atom of an organic molecule and a metal, including alkaline, alkaline earth, and transition metals, and sometimes broadened to include metalloids like boron, silicon, and tin, as well.
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Oxidation state
The oxidation state, sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound.
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Oxide
An oxide is a chemical compound that contains at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Ozonide
Ozonide is the unstable, reactive polyatomic anion analog of ozone or any of several classes of organic organic peroxide compounds similar formed by the reaction of ozone with an unsaturated compound.
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Parts-per notation
In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction.
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Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran
Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran, also called François Lecoq de Boisbaudran (18 April 1838 – 28 May 1912), was a French chemist known for his discoveries of the chemical elements gallium, samarium and dysprosium.
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P–n junction
A p–n junction is a boundary or interface between two types of semiconductor materials, p-type and n-type, inside a single crystal of semiconductor.
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Periodic table
The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties, whose structure shows periodic trends.
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Periodic Videos
The Periodic Table of Videos (usually shortened to Periodic Videos) is a series of videos about chemical elements and the periodic table.
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Peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is damage to or disease affecting nerves, which may impair sensation, movement, gland or organ function, or other aspects of health, depending on the type of nerve affected.
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Phase-change material
A phase change material (PCM) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy.
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Phosphor
A phosphor, most generally, is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence.
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Polyethylene terephthalate
Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes written poly(ethylene terephthalate)), commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P, is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foods, thermoforming for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre for engineering resins.
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Polymerization
In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.
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Positron emission
Positron emission or beta plus decay (β+ decay) is a subtype of radioactive decay called beta decay, in which a proton inside a radionuclide nucleus is converted into a neutron while releasing a positron and an electron neutrino (νe).
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Propagermanium
Propagermanium (INN), also known by a variety of other names including bis(2-carboxyethylgermanium) sesquioxide and 2-carboxyethylgermasesquioxane, is an organometallic compound of germanium that is sold as an alternative medicine.
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Proton emission
Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity) is a rare type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus.
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Quantum computing
Quantum computing is computing using quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement.
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Quartz
Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2.
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Radar
Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects.
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Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
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Radionuclide
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.
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Radon
Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86.
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Reactive intermediate
In chemistry, a reactive intermediate or an intermediate is a short-lived, high-energy, highly reactive molecule.
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Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.
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Red giant
A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 solar masses) in a late phase of stellar evolution.
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Refractive index
In optics, the refractive index or index of refraction of a material is a dimensionless number that describes how light propagates through that medium.
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Refractory
A refractory mineral is a mineral that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack.
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Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers legal aspects of toxicological and pharmacological regulations.
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Relative atomic mass
Relative atomic mass (symbol: A) or atomic weight is a dimensionless physical quantity defined as the ratio of the average mass of atoms of a chemical element in a given sample to one unified atomic mass unit.
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Renierite
Renierite, (Cu,Zn)11(Ge,As)2Fe4S16 is a rare copper zinc germanium bearing sulfide mineral.
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Roasting (metallurgy)
Roasting is a process of heating of sulfide ore to a high temperature in presence of air.
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Rock and roll
Rock and roll (often written as rock & roll or rock 'n' roll) is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950sJim Dawson and Steve Propes, What Was the First Rock'n'Roll Record (1992),.
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S-process
The slow neutron-capture process or s-process is a series of reactions in nuclear astrophysics that occur in stars, particularly AGB stars.
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Sakhalin
Sakhalin (Сахалин), previously also known as Kuye Dao (Traditional Chinese:庫頁島, Simplified Chinese:库页岛) in Chinese and in Japanese, is a large Russian island in the North Pacific Ocean, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N.
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Schottky diode
The Schottky diode (named after the German physicist Walter H. Schottky), also known as Schottky barrier diode or hot-carrier diode, is a semiconductor diode formed by the junction of a semiconductor with a metal.
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Scintillator
A scintillator is a material that exhibits scintillation—the property of luminescence, when excited by ionizing radiation.
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Selenide
A selenide is a chemical compound containing a selenium anion with oxidation number of −2 (Se2&minus), much as sulfur does in a sulfide.
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Semiconductor
A semiconductor material has an electrical conductivity value falling between that of a conductor – such as copper, gold etc.
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Short ton
The short ton is a unit of weight equal to.
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Shunt (electrical)
In electronics, a shunt is a device which allows electric current to pass around another point in the circuit by creating a low resistance path.
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.
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Silicon-germanium
SiGe, or silicon-germanium, is an alloy with any molar ratio of silicon and germanium, i.e. with a molecular formula of the form Si1−xGex.
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Silver
Silver is a chemical element with symbol Ag (from the Latin argentum, derived from the Proto-Indo-European ''h₂erǵ'': "shiny" or "white") and atomic number 47.
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Single crystal
A single crystal or monocrystalline solid is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries.
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Solar cell
A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect, which is a physical and chemical phenomenon.
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Solar panel
Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity.
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Solid-state electronics
Solid-state electronics means semiconductor electronics; electronic equipment using semiconductor devices such as semiconductor diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits (ICs).
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Spectrum
A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without steps, across a continuum.
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Sphalerite
Sphalerite ((Zn, Fe)S) is a mineral that is the chief ore of zinc.
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Spintronics
Spintronics (a portmanteau meaning spin transport electronics), also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices.
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Standard conditions for temperature and pressure
Standard conditions for temperature and pressure are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data.
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Stellar nucleosynthesis
Stellar nucleosynthesis is the theory explaining the creation (nucleosynthesis) of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions between atoms within the stars.
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Sterling silver
Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by weight of silver and 7.5% by weight of other metals, usually copper.
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Substituent
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a substituent is an atom or group of atoms which replaces one or more hydrogen atoms on the parent chain of a hydrocarbon, becoming a moiety of the resultant new molecule.
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Sulfide
Sulfide (systematically named sulfanediide, and sulfide(2−)) (British English sulphide) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a phenomenon of exactly zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields occurring in certain materials, called superconductors, when cooled below a characteristic critical temperature.
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Synchrotron radiation
Synchrotron radiation (also known as magnetobremsstrahlung radiation) is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when charged particles are accelerated radially, i.e., when they are subject to an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity.
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Tantalum
Tantalum is a chemical element with symbol Ta and atomic number 73.
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Telluride (chemistry)
The telluride ion is the anion Te2− and its derivatives.
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Tetraethylgermanium
Tetraethylgermanium (common name tetraethyl germanium), abbreviated TEG, is an organogermanium compound with the formula (CH3CH2)4Ge.
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Thermographic camera
A thermographic camera (also called an infrared camera or thermal imaging camera) is a device that forms an image using infrared radiation, similar to a common camera that forms an image using visible light.
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Tin
Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from stannum) and atomic number 50.
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Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring oxide of titanium, chemical formula.
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Tonne
The tonne (Non-SI unit, symbol: t), commonly referred to as the metric ton in the United States, is a non-SI metric unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms;.
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Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
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Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power.
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United States
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.
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United States dollar
The United States dollar (sign: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ and referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, or American dollar) is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution since 1792.
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University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge (informally Cambridge University)The corporate title of the university is The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge.
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Uranium
Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92.
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Uranium rhodium germanium
Grenoble High Magnetic Field Laboratory, published in August 2005's issue of Science, that uranium rhodium germanium (URhGe) is the first discovered metal that becomes superconducting in the presence of an extremely strong electromagnetic field.
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Uranus
Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun.
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Urbain Le Verrier
Urbain Jean Joseph Le Verrier (11 March 1811 – 23 September 1877) was a French mathematician who specialized in celestial mechanics and is best known for predicting the existence and position of Neptune using only mathematics.
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Victor Goldschmidt
Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (Zürich, January 27, 1888 – March 20, 1947, Oslo) was a Norwegian mineralogist considered (together with Vladimir Vernadsky) to be the founder of modern geochemistry and crystal chemistry, developer of the Goldschmidt Classification of elements.
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Vitrain
Vitrain is a type of coal.
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Vladivostok
Vladivostok (p, literally ruler of the east) is a city and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai, Russia, located around the Golden Horn Bay, not far from Russia's borders with China and North Korea.
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Waelz process
The Waelz process is a method of recovering zinc and other relatively low boiling point metals from metallurgical waste (typically EAF flue dust) and other recycled materials using a rotary kiln (waelz kiln).
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Whisker (metallurgy)
Metal whiskering is a phenomenon which occurs in electrical devices when metals form long whisker-like projections over time.
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Wide-angle lens
In photography and cinematography, a wide-angle lens refers to a lens whose focal length is substantially smaller than the focal length of a normal lens for a given film plane.
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World War II
World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.
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Xilinhot
Xilinhot (Шилийн хот,, Sili-yin hota) is a county-level city which serves as the seat of government for the Xilin Gol league in Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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Yunnan
Yunnan is a province of the People's Republic of China, located in the far southwest of the country.
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Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
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Zintl phase
In chemistry, a Zintl phase is the product of a reaction between a group 1 (alkali metal) or group 2 (alkaline earth) and any post-transition metal or metalloid (i.e. from group 13, 14, 15 or 16).
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Zone melting
Zone melting (or zone refining or floating zone process or travelling melting zone) is a group of similar methods of purifying crystals, in which a narrow region of a crystal is melted, and this molten zone is moved along the crystal.
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Redirects here:
Basic parameters of germanium, Eka-silicon, Ekasilicon, Element 32, Ge (element), Ge diodes, Germanium whisker.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium
