Gerrymandering

Gerrymandering is a practice intended to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating district boundaries. ^[1]

A Protestant Parliament for a Protestant People

A Protestant parliament for a Protestant people is a term that has been applied to the political institutions in Northern Ireland between 1921 and 1972.

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Ad hoc

Ad hoc is a Latin phrase meaning literally "for this".

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Addendum

An addendum, in general, is an addition required to be made to a document by its author subsequent to its printing or publication.

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The additional member system (AMS), also known as mixed-member proportional representation (MMP) outside the United Kingdom, is a mixed electoral system with one tier of single-member district representatives, and another tier of "additional members" elected to make the overall election results more proportional.

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Alain Marleix

Alain Marleix born on January 2, 1946, in Paris is a French politician.

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Alberta

Alberta is a western province of Canada.

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Alberta Act

The Alberta Act (Acte de l’Alberta), effective 1 September 1905, was the act of the Parliament of Canada that created the province of Alberta.

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Algorithm

In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is an unambiguous specification of how to solve a class of problems.

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Anti-Federalism

Anti-Federalism refers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution.

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Apportionment (politics)

Apportionment is the process by which seats in a legislative body are distributed among administrative divisions entitled to representation.

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Augusto Pinochet

Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean general, politician and the dictator of Chile between 1973 and 1990 who remained the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army until 1998 and was also President of the Government Junta of Chile between 1973 and 1981.

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Australian Electoral Commission

The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) is the federal independent agency in charge of organising, conducting and supervising federal elections and referendums.

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Australian Labor Party

The Australian Labor Party (ALP, also Labor, was Labour before 1912) is a political party in Australia.

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Éamon de Valera

Éamon de Valera (first registered as George de Valero; changed some time before 1901 to Edward de Valera; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was a prominent statesman and political leader in 20th-century Ireland.

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Baklava

Baklava is a rich, sweet dessert pastry made of layers of filo filled with chopped nuts and sweetened and held together with syrup or honey.

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Balance of power (parliament)

In parliamentary politics, the term balance of power may describe a parliamentary situation in which a member or a number of members of chamber are in a position by their uncommitted vote to enable a party to attain and remain in minority government, and the term may also be applied to the members who hold that position.

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Barisan Nasional

The National Front (Barisan Nasional; abbrev: BN) is a political coalition in Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of right-wing and centre parties.

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Battle Creek, Michigan

Battle Creek is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan, in northwest Calhoun County, at the confluence of the Kalamazoo and Battle Creek rivers.

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Bjelkemander

The Bjelkemander was the term given to a system of malapportionment in the Australian state of Queensland in the 1970s and 1980s.

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Boston Gazette

The Boston Gazette (1719–1798) was a newspaper published in Boston, Massachusetts, in the British North American colonies.

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Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)

The boundary commissions in the United Kingdom are non-departmental public bodies responsible for determining the boundaries of constituencies for elections to the House of Commons, the Scottish Parliament and the National Assembly for Wales.

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Boundary delimitation

Boundary delimitation (or simply delimitation) is the drawing of boundaries, particularly of electoral precincts, states, counties or other municipalities.

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Brookings Institution

The Brookings Institution is a century-old American research group on Think Tank Row in Washington, D.C. It conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and development.

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Bundestag

The Bundestag ("Federal Diet") is the German federal parliament.

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Cabinet (government)

A cabinet is a body of high-ranking state officials, typically consisting of the top leaders of the executive branch.

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California Citizens Redistricting Commission

The California Citizens Redistricting Commission is the redistricting organization for the state of California.

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California Proposition 11 (2008)

Proposition 11 of 2008 (or the Voters FIRST Act) was a law enacted by California voters that placed the power to draw electoral boundaries for State Assembly and State Senate districts in a Citizens Redistricting Commission, as opposed to the State Legislature.

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California Proposition 20 (2010)

A California Congressional Redistricting Initiative, Proposition 20 was on the November 2, 2010 ballot in California.

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California State Senate

The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature.

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California's 11th congressional district

California's 11th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California.

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California's 23rd congressional district

California's 23rd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of California.

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California's 38th congressional district

California's 38th congressional district is congressional district in the U.S. state of California based in suburban eastern Los Angeles County, California.

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Camarines Sur

Camarines Sur (Habagatan na Camarines; Timog Camarines) is a province located in the Bicol Region in Luzon of the Philippines.

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Campaign advertising

In politics, campaign advertising is the use of an advertising campaign through the media to influence a political debate, and ultimately, voters.

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Canada

Canada is a country located in the northern part of North America.

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Catholic Church in Ireland

The Catholic Church in Ireland (Eaglais Chaitliceach na hÉireann) is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See.

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Caucus

A caucus is a meeting of supporters or members of a specific political party or movement.

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CBC.ca

CBC.ca is the English-language online service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.

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Census

A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population.

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Chamber of Deputies of Chile

The Honourable Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Chile (Cámara de Diputados) is the lower house of Chile's bicameral Congress.

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Channel NewsAsia

Channel NewsAsia (abbreviated CNA) is a 24-hour television news channel and news agency based in Singapore, broadcasting free-to-air domestically and by cable television and satellite television to 28 territories in Asia, the Middle East and Australia.

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Charles Pasqua

Charles Pasqua (18 April 1927 – 29 June 2015) was a French businessman and Gaullist politician.

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Cheng San Group Representation Constituency

Cheng San Group Representation Constituency (Simplified Chinese: 静山集选区;Traditional Chinese: 靜山集選區) is a now defunct Group Representation Constituency in the North-eastern region in Singapore.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

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Chilean national plebiscite, 1988

The 1988 Chilean national plebiscite was a national referendum held on 5 October 1988 to determine whether Chile's de facto leader, Augusto Pinochet, should extend his rule for another eight years.

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Clann na Poblachta

Clann na Poblachta (– "Family/Children of the Republic") was an Irish republican political party founded in 1946 by Seán MacBride, a former Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army.

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Colorado

Colorado is a state of the United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains.

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Committee

A committee (or "commission") is a body of one or more persons that is subordinate to a deliberative assembly.

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Communes of Chile

A commune (comuna) is the smallest administrative subdivision in Chile.

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Congress of the Philippines

The Congress of the Philippines (Kongreso ng Pilipinas), is the national legislature of the Philippines.

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Congressional Research Service

The Congressional Research Service (CRS), known as Congress's think tank, is a public policy research arm of the United States Congress.

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Consensus decision-making

Consensus decision-making is a group decision-making process in which group members develop, and agree to support a decision in the best interest of the whole.

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Conservative Party (UK)

The Conservative Party, officially the Conservative and Unionist Party, is a centre-right political party in the United Kingdom.

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Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement

The Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement (officially known as The Coalition: Our Programme for Government) was a policy document drawn up following the 2010 general election in the United Kingdom.

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Constitution of the Philippines

The Constitution of the Philippines (Filipino: Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas or Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas) is the constitution or supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines.

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Constitutional Council (France)

The Constitutional Council (Conseil constitutionnel) is the highest constitutional authority in France.

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Convex hull

In mathematics, the convex hull or convex envelope or convex closure of a set X of points in the Euclidean plane or in a Euclidean space (or, more generally, in an affine space over the reals) is the smallest convex set that contains X. For instance, when X is a bounded subset of the plane, the convex hull may be visualized as the shape enclosed by a rubber band stretched around X., p. 3.

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Convex polygon

A convex polygon is a simple polygon (not self-intersecting) in which no line segment between two points on the boundary ever goes outside the polygon.

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County Antrim

County Antrim (named after the town of Antrim)) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland. Adjoined to the north-east shore of Lough Neagh, the county covers an area of and has a population of about 618,000. County Antrim has a population density of 203 people per square kilometre or 526 people per square mile. It is also one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland, as well as part of the historic province of Ulster. The Glens of Antrim offer isolated rugged landscapes, the Giant's Causeway is a unique landscape and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Bushmills produces whiskey, and Portrush is a popular seaside resort and night-life area. The majority of Belfast, the capital city of Northern Ireland, is in County Antrim, with the remainder being in County Down. It is currently one of only two counties of Ireland to have a majority of the population from a Protestant background, according to the 2001 census. The other is County Down to the south.

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County Armagh

County Armagh (named after its county town, Armagh) is one of six counties that form Northern Ireland.

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County Tyrone

County Tyrone is one of the six historic counties of Northern Ireland.

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Cumulative voting

Cumulative voting (also accumulation voting, weighted voting or multi-voting) is a multiple-winner voting method intended to promote more proportional representation than winner-take-all elections.

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Dakota Territory

The Territory of Dakota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1861, until November 2, 1889, when the final extent of the reduced territory was split and admitted to the Union as the states of North and South Dakota.

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Dáil Éireann

Dáil Éireann (lit. Assembly of Ireland) is the lower house, and principal chamber, of the Oireachtas (Irish legislature), which also includes the President of Ireland and Seanad Éireann (the upper house).

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Decatur, Illinois

Decatur is the largest city and the county seat of Macon County in the U.S. state of Illinois.

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Deindustrialization

Deindustrialization or deindustrialisation is a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a country or region, especially heavy industry or manufacturing industry.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party (nicknamed the GOP for Grand Old Party).

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Democratic Unity Roundtable

The Democratic Unity Roundtable (Mesa de la Unidad Democrática, MUD) is a catch-all electoral coalition of Venezuelan political parties formed in January 2008 to unify the opposition to President Hugo Chávez's United Socialist Party of Venezuela in the Venezuelan parliamentary election, 2010.

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Democratic-Republican Party

The Democratic-Republican Party was an American political party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison around 1792 to oppose the centralizing policies of the new Federalist Party run by Alexander Hamilton, who was secretary of the treasury and chief architect of George Washington's administration.

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Demography

Demography (from prefix demo- from Ancient Greek δῆμος dēmos meaning "the people", and -graphy from γράφω graphō, implies "writing, description or measurement") is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings.

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Derry City Council

Derry City Council (Comhairle Cathrach Dhoire; Ulster-Scots: Derry Cittie Cooncil) was the local government authority for the city of Derry in Northern Ireland.

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Devolution in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, devolution (fèin-riaghlaidh, datganoli; Irish: Dílárú) refers to the statutory granting of powers from the Parliament of the United Kingdom to the Scottish Parliament, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly and the London Assembly and to their associated executive bodies the Scottish Government, the Welsh Government, the Northern Ireland Executive and in England, the Greater London Authority and combined authorities.

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Diosdado Macapagal Arroyo

Diosdado Ignacio "Dato" Macapagal Arroyo (born September 4, 1974) is the son of former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.

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Disfranchisement

Disfranchisement (also called disenfranchisement) is the revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or through practices, prevention of a person exercising the right to vote.

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District Councils of Hong Kong

The District Councils, formerly District Boards until 1999, are the local councils for the 18 Districts of Hong Kong.

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Duverger's law

In political science, Duverger's law holds that plurality-rule elections (such as first past the post) structured within single-member districts tend to favor a two-party system, whereas "the double ballot majority system and proportional representation tend to favor multipartism".

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East Lansing, Michigan

East Lansing is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan directly east of Lansing, the state capital.

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Editorial cartoon

An editorial cartoon, also known as a political cartoon, is a drawing containing a commentary expressing the artist's opinion.

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Elbridge Gerry

Elbridge Gerry (July 17, 1744 (O.S. July 6, 1744) – November 23, 1814) was an American statesman and diplomat.

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Elections Canada

Elections Canada (Élections Canada) is an independent, non-partisan agency reporting directly to the Parliament of Canada.

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Elections Department

The Elections Department (ELD) is a department of the government of Singapore under the Prime Minister's Office that oversees the procedure for elections in Singapore, including parliamentary elections and presidential elections.

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Electoral (Amendment) Act 1947

The Electoral (Amendment) Act, 1947 (No. 31/1947) was a law in Ireland which provided for parliamentary constituencies in the 13th Dáil Éireann.

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Electoral (Amendment) Act 1974

The Electoral (Amendment) Act 1974 (No. 7/1974) was a law in Ireland which provided for parliamentary constituencies for the 21st Dáil Éireann.

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Electoral College (United States)

The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives, electors, from each state and the District of Columbia.

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Electoral district

An electoral district, (election) precinct, election district, or legislative district, called a voting district by the US Census (also known as a constituency, riding, ward, division, electoral area, or electorate) is a territorial subdivision for electing members to a legislative body.

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Electoral divisions of Chile

Chile has two distinct electoral division systems.

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Electoral fraud

Electoral fraud, election manipulation, or vote rigging is illegal interference with the process of an election, whether by increasing the vote share of the favored candidate, depressing the vote share of the rival candidates, or both.

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Electoral system

An electoral system is a set of rules that determines how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined.

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Electoral system of Australia

The Australian electoral system comprises the laws and processes used for the election of members of the Australian Parliament.

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Elkanah Tisdale

Elkanah Tisdale (1768-1835) was an American engraver, miniature painter and cartoonist.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Eunos Group Representation Constituency

Eunos Group Representation Constituency (Simplified Chinese: 友诺士集选区;Traditional Chinese: 友諾士集選區) is a defunct Group Representation Constituency (GRC) in the north-eastern region of Singapore.

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Fatherland for All

Fatherland for All (Patria Para Todos, PPT) is a leftist political party in Venezuela.

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Federal Constitutional Court

The Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht; abbreviated: BVerfG) is the supreme constitutional court for the Federal Republic of Germany, established by the constitution or Basic Law of Germany.

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Federalist

The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world.

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Fianna Fáil

Fianna Fáil (meaning 'Soldiers of Destiny' or 'Warriors of Fál'), officially Fianna Fáil – The Republican Party (Fianna Fáil – An Páirtí Poblachtánach), is a political party in Ireland.

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Fidesz

Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance (in full, Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség) is a national-conservative and right-wing populist political party in Hungary.

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Fine Gael

Fine Gael (English: Family or Tribe of the Irish) is a liberal-conservative and Christian democratic political party in Ireland.

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First-past-the-post voting

A first-past-the-post (FPTP) voting method is one in which voters indicate on a ballot the candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins.

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French Fifth Republic

The Fifth Republic, France's current republican system of government, was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958.

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French legislative election, 1993

French legislative elections took place on 21 and 28 March 1993 to elect the tenth National Assembly of the Fifth Republic.

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French legislative election, 1997

A French legislative election took place on 25 May and 1 June 1997 to elect the 11th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 1870 when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War until 1940 when France's defeat by Nazi Germany in World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government in France.

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Gilbert Stuart

Gilbert Charles Stuart (born Stewart; December 3, 1755 – July 9, 1828) was an American painter from Rhode Island who is widely considered one of America's foremost portraitists.

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Government of the 20th Dáil

The 20th Dáil was elected at the 1973 general election on 28 February 1973 and first met on 14 March when the 14th Government of Ireland was appointed.

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Grace Napolitano

Graciela Flores "Grace" Napolitano (born December 4, 1936) is the U.S. Representative for, serving in Congress since 1999.

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Grand Rapids, Michigan

Grand Rapids is the second-largest city in Michigan, and the largest city in West Michigan.

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Greece

No description.

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Greek Civil War

Τhe Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, o Emfýlios, "the Civil War") was fought in Greece from 1946 to 1949 between the Greek government army—backed by the United Kingdom and the United States—and the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE)—the military branch of the Greek Communist Party (KKE).

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Greek legislative election, 1956

Parliamentary elections were held in Greece on 19 February 1956.

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Griffith Law School

The Griffith Law School is a school of Griffith University.

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Group Representation Constituency

A Group Representation Constituency (GRC) is a type of electoral division or constituency in Singapore in which teams of candidates, instead of individual candidates, compete to be elected into Parliament as the Members of Parliament (MPs) for the constituency.

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History of 19th-century congressional redistricting in Ohio

The redistricting of United States congressional districts is made by the legislatures of the states every 10 years, immediately following the official announcement of the federal census that serves as the basis of the apportionment.

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Homes for votes scandal

The Homes for votes scandal was a political scandal in the United Kingdom which involved the selling off of council housing to potential Conservative voters by Westminster City Council.

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Homogeneity and heterogeneity

Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts often used in the sciences and statistics relating to the uniformity in a substance or organism.

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Hong Kong

Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory of China on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in East Asia.

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House of Commons of the United Kingdom

The House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Hugo Chávez

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (28 July 1954 – 5 March 2013) was a Venezuelan politician who was President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013.

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Illinois's 17th congressional district

The 17th Congressional District of Illinois is represented by Democrat Cheri Bustos.

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Illinois's 4th congressional district

The 4th Congressional District of Illinois includes part of Cook County, and has been represented by Democrat Luis Gutiérrez since January 1993.

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Incumbent

The incumbent is the current holder of a political office.

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Independent politician

An independent or nonpartisan politician is an individual politician not affiliated with any political party.

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Independent Unionist

Independent Unionist has been a label sometimes used by candidates in elections in the United Kingdom, indicating a support for Unionism.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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Interstate 294

Interstate 294 (I-294) is a tolled Interstate Highway in northeastern Illinois.

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Iowa

Iowa is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States, bordered by the Mississippi River to the east and the Missouri and Big Sioux rivers to the west.

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Irish general election, 1948

The Irish general election of 1948 was held on 4 February 1948.

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Irish general election, 1977

The Irish general election of 1977 was held on 16 June 1977 and is regarded as a pivotal point in twentieth-century Irish politics.

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Irish Home Rule movement

The Irish Home Rule movement was a movement that campaigned for self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Irish nationalism

Irish nationalism is an ideology which asserts that the Irish people are a nation.

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Isoperimetric inequality

In mathematics, the isoperimetric inequality is a geometric inequality involving the surface area of a set and its volume.

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Jackson, Michigan

Jackson is a city in the south central area of the U.S. state of Michigan, about west of Ann Arbor and south of Lansing.

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James Madison

James Madison Jr. (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836) was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817.

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James Tully (Irish politician)

James "Jim" Tully (18 September 1915 – 20 May 1992) was an Irish trade unionist, politician and Deputy leader of the Labour Party who served as a minister in a series of Fine Gael-Labour Party coalition governments.

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János Lázár

János Lázár (born 19 February 1975) is a Hungarian politician and Member of Parliament.

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Jerry Brown

Edmund Gerald "Jerry" Brown Jr. (born April 7, 1938) is an American politician, author and lawyer serving as the 39th and current Governor of California since 2011, previously holding the position from 1975 to 1983, making him the state's longest-serving Governor.

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Jim Matheson

James David Matheson (born March 21, 1960) is an American politician who served as a United States Representative from Utah from 2001 to 2015.

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Jim Raussen

Jim Raussen is a former Republican member of the Ohio House of Representatives, representing the 29th District from 2003 to 2008.

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Joh Bjelke-Petersen

Sir Johannes Bjelke-Petersen, (13 January 191123 April 2005) was an Australian politician.

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John Delaney (Maryland politician)

John Kevin Delaney (born April 16, 1963) is an American politician and businessman who has been the United States Representative for Maryland's 6th congressional district since 2013 and is running for President of the United States in 2020.

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John Henry Whyte

John Henry Whyte (30 April 1928 in Penang, Malaya – 16 May 1990 in New York, United States) was an Irish historian, political scientist and author of books on Northern Ireland, divided societies and on church-state affairs in Ireland.

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Jury selection

Jury selection is the selection of the people who will serve on a jury during a jury trial.

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Kajang

Kajang (p; Jawi: كاجڠ) is a mukim and the largest city of Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia.

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Kalamazoo, Michigan

Kalamazoo is a city in the southwest region of the U.S. state of Michigan.

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Labour Party (Ireland)

The Labour Party (Páirtí an Lucht Oibre) is a social-democratic political party in the Republic of Ireland.

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Labour Party (UK)

The Labour Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom.

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Landslide victory

A landslide victory is an electoral victory in a political system, when one candidate or party receives an overwhelming supermajority of the votes or seats in the elected body, thus utterly eliminating the opponents.

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Lansing, Michigan

Lansing is the capital of the U.S. state of Michigan.

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Legislative districts of the Philippines

The legislative districts of the Philippines are the divisions of the Philippines' provinces and cities for representation in the various legislative bodies.

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Liberal Democrats (UK)

The Liberal Democrats (often referred to as Lib Dems) are a liberal British political party, formed in 1988 as a merger of the Liberal Party and the Social Democratic Party (SDP), a splinter group from the Labour Party, which had formed the SDP–Liberal Alliance from 1981.

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Liberal Party of Canada

The Liberal Party of Canada (Parti libéral du Canada), colloquially known as the Grits, is the oldest federal political party in Canada.

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Library of Congress

The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States.

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List of majority-minority United States congressional districts

A majority-minority district is an electoral district, such as a United States congressional district, in which the majority of the constituents in the district are nonwhite or racial or ethnic minorities (as opposed to white non-Hispanics).

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List of United Kingdom Parliament constituencies

There are 650 constituencies in the United Kingdom, each electing a single Member of Parliament to the House of Commons ordinarily every five years.

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List of United States congressional districts

Congressional districts for the United States House of Representatives are electoral divisions for the purpose of electing members of the House of Representatives.

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Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898

The Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 (61 & 62 Vict. c. 37) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that established a system of local government in Ireland similar to that already created for England, Wales and Scotland by legislation in 1888 and 1889.

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Local government in Sri Lanka

Local government is the third and lowest level of government in Sri Lanka – after the central government and provincial councils.

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Londonderry County Borough Council election, 1920

An election to Londonderry County Borough Council took place in January 1920 as part of that year's Irish local elections.

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Malaysian general election, 2013

General elections were held in Malaysia on Sunday, 5 May 2013 for members of the 13th Parliament.

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Malaysian general election, 2018

The 2018 Malaysian general election (formally the 14th Malaysian general election) was held on 9 May 2018 to elect members to the Dewan Rakyat of the 14th Parliament of Malaysia.

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Manitoba

Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada.

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Maryland's 3rd congressional district

Maryland's 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the state of Maryland.

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Massachusetts

Massachusetts, officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Member of the Legislative Assembly

A Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), or a Member of the Legislature (ML), is a representative elected by the voters of a constituency to the legislature or legislative assembly of a sub-national jurisdiction.

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Michel Balinski

Michel Louis Balinski (born October 6, 1933) is an applied mathematician, economist, operations research analyst and political scientist.

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Michigan

Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States.

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Missouri

Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States.

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Modifiable areal unit problem

The modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) is a source of statistical bias that can significantly impact the results of statistical hypothesis tests.

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Nathan Hale (journalist)

Nathan Hale (16 August 1784 – 9 February 1863) was an American journalist and newspaper publisher who introduced regular editorial comment as a newspaper feature.

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National Assembly (Venezuela)

The National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional) is a de jure legislature for Venezuela that was first elected in 2000.

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National Party of Australia

The National Party of Australia (also known as The Nationals or simply, The Nats) is an Australian political party.

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National Radical Union

The National Radical Union (Ἐθνικὴ Ῥιζοσπαστικὴ Ἕνωσις (ΕΡΕ), Ethnikī́ Rizospastikī́ Énōsis (ERE)) was a Greek political party formed in 1956 by Konstantinos Karamanlis, mostly out of the Greek Rally party.

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Nepali Congress

The Nepali Congress (नेपाली कांग्रेस; NC) is a social-democratic political party in Nepal.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands (Nederland), often referred to as Holland, is a country located mostly in Western Europe with a population of seventeen million.

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New Jersey Redistricting Commission

The New Jersey Redistricting Commission is a constitutional body of the government of New Jersey tasked with redrawing the state's Congressional election districts after each decade's census.

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Newburyport Herald

The Newburyport Herald (1797–1915) was a newspaper published in Newburyport, Massachusetts in the 19th century.

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Norman Ornstein

Norman J. Ornstein (born October 14, 1948) is a Canadian-American political scientist and resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), a Washington D.C. conservative think tank.

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North Carolina's 4th congressional district

The Fourth Congressional district of North Carolina is located in the central region of the state.

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Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann; Ulster-Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland, variously described as a country, province or region.

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Northern Ireland Assembly

The Northern Ireland Assembly (Tionól Thuaisceart Éireann, Ulster-Scots: Norlin Airlan Assemblie) is the devolved legislature of Northern Ireland.

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Northern Ireland Labour Party

The Northern Ireland Labour Party (NILP) was a political party in Northern Ireland which operated from 1924 until 1987.

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Nueva Camarines

Nueva Camarines is the name of a proposed new province of the Philippines to be created out of Camarines Sur in the Bicol region of the island of Luzon.

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Ohio

Ohio is a Midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States.

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One man, one vote

One man, one vote (or one person, one vote) is a slogan used by advocates of political equality through various electoral reforms such as universal suffrage, proportional representation, or the elimination of plurality voting, malapportionment, or gerrymandering.

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Open Our Democracy Act

The Open Our Democracy Act is a bill introduced in the United States House of Representatives by U.S. Representative John Delaney.

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Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is the world's largest security-oriented intergovernmental organization.

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Overhang seat

Overhang seats can arise in elections under the traditional (i.e. as it originated in Germany) mixed member proportional (MMP) system, when a party is entitled to fewer seats as a result of party votes than it has won constituencies.

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Oxford English Dictionary

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the main historical dictionary of the English language, published by the Oxford University Press.

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Pakatan Harapan

The Alliance of Hope (Pakatan Harapan; abbrev: PH) is a political coalition in Malaysia.

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Parliament of Northern Ireland

The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the Home Rule legislature of Northern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which sat from 7 June 1921 to 30 March 1972, when it was suspended with the introduction of Direct Rule.

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Parliament of Singapore

The Parliament of the Republic of Singapore and the President jointly make up the legislature of Singapore, which is based on the Westminster system.

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Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Parliament of the United Kingdom, commonly known as the UK Parliament or British Parliament, is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, the Crown dependencies and overseas territories.

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Pat Binns

Patrick George Binns (born October 8, 1948), is a Canadian diplomat who was named Ambassador to Ireland on August 30, 2007; serving in that post until November 19, 2010.

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Patrick Henry

Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736June 6, 1799) was an American attorney, planter, and orator well known for his declaration to the Second Virginia Convention (1775): "Give me liberty, or give me death!" A Founding Father, he served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virginia, from 1776 to 1779 and from 1784 to 1786.

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People's Action Party

The People's Action Party (abbreviation: PAP) is a major right-wingPartido de Ação Popular political party in Singapore.

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Playmander

The Playmander was a pro-rural electoral malapportionment in the Australian state of South Australia, introduced by the incumbent Liberal and Country League (LCL) government, and in place for 32 years from 1936 to 1968.

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Plurality-at-large voting

Plurality-at-large voting, also known as block vote or multiple non-transferable vote (MNTV), is a non-proportional voting system for electing several representatives from a single multimember electoral district using a series of check boxes and tallying votes similar to a plurality election.

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Political Geography (journal)

Political Geography is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier covering spatial dimensions of politics.

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Polygon

In elementary geometry, a polygon is a plane figure that is bounded by a finite chain of straight line segments closing in a loop to form a closed polygonal chain or circuit.

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Portmanteau

A portmanteau or portmanteau word is a linguistic blend of words,, p. 644 in which parts of multiple words or their phones (sounds) are combined into a new word, as in smog, coined by blending smoke and fog, or motel, from motor and hotel.

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Prefecture

A prefecture (from the Latin Praefectura) is an administrative jurisdiction or subdivision in any of various countries and within some international church structures, and in antiquity a Roman district governed by an appointed prefect.

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Premiers of the Australian states

The Premiers of the Australian states are the heads of the executive governments in the six states of the Commonwealth of Australia.

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Prime Minister's Office (Singapore)

The Prime Minister's Office (Abbreviation: PMO) is a ministerial level executive agency within the Government of Singapore that handles the ministries and other political matters that are of great importance to the nation, such as corruption and elections.

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Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; Île-du-Prince-Édouard) is a province of Canada consisting of the island of the same name, and several much smaller islands.

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Prince Edward Island general election, 2007

The 2007 Prince Edward Island general election was held on May 28, 2007.

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Proportional representation

Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems by which divisions into an electorate are reflected proportionately into the elected body.

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ProPublica

ProPublica is an American nonprofit organization based in New York City.

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Queen's University Belfast

Queen's University Belfast (informally Queen's or QUB) is a public research university in Belfast, Northern Ireland.

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Queensland

Queensland (abbreviated as Qld) is the second-largest and third-most populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia.

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Queensland state election, 1986

Elections were held in the Australian state of Queensland on 1 November 1986 to elect the 89 members of the state's Legislative Assembly.

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Radical Party (France)

The Radical Party (Parti radical, also Parti radical valoisien, abbreviated to Rad.) was a liberal and social-liberal political party in France.

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Range voting

Range voting or score voting is an electoral system for single-seat elections, in which voters give each candidate a score, the scores are added (or, equivalently, averaged), and the candidate with the highest total is elected.

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Redistricting

Redistricting is the process of drawing electoral district boundaries in the United States.

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Redistricting commission

A redistricting commission is a body, other than the usual state legislative bodies, designated to draw electoral district lines.

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Redistricting in Arizona

The U.S. state of Arizona, in common with the other U.S. states, must redraw its congressional and legislative districts every ten years to reflect changes in the state and national populations.

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Redistricting in California

Redistricting in California has historically been highly controversial.

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Regions of Chile

Chile is divided into 15 regions (in Spanish, regiones; singular región), which are the country's first-level administrative division.

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Representation (politics)

In the common view, political representation is assumed to refer only to the political activities undertaken, in representative democracies, by citizens elected to political office on behalf of their fellow citizens who do not hold political office.

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Republic of Ireland

Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

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Republican Party (United States)

The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party.

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Reynolds v. Sims

Reynolds v. Sims, was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled that unlike in the election of the United States Senate, in the election of any chamber of a state legislature the electoral districts must be roughly equal in population (thus negating the traditional function of a State Senate, which was to allow rural counties to counterbalance large towns and cities).

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Rick Perry

James Richard Perry (born March 4, 1950) is an American politician who is the 14th and current United States Secretary of Energy, serving in the Cabinet of Donald Trump.

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Rotten and pocket boroughs

A rotten or pocket borough, more formally known as a nomination borough or proprietorial borough, was a parliamentary borough or constituency in England, Great Britain, or the United Kingdom before the Reform Act 1832, which had a very small electorate and could be used by a patron to gain unrepresentative influence within the unreformed House of Commons.

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Salamanders in folklore

The salamander is an amphibian of the order Urodela which, as with many real creatures, often has been ascribed fantastic and sometimes occult qualities by pre-modern authors (as in the allegorical descriptions of animals in medieval bestiaries) not possessed by the real organism.

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Salt Lake City

Salt Lake City (often shortened to Salt Lake and abbreviated as SLC) is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Utah.

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Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada, the only province without natural borders.

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Saskatchewan Act

The Saskatchewan Act, S. C. 1905, c. 42. (the Act) is an Act of the Parliament of Canada which established the new province of Saskatchewan, effective September 1, 1905.

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Scotland

Scotland (Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain.

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Seine (department)

Seine was a department of France encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs.

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Seine-et-Oise

Seine-et-Oise was a département of France encompassing the western, northern, and southern parts of the metropolitan area of Paris.

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Selangor

Selangor, also known by its Arabic honorific Darul Ehsan, or "Abode of Sincerity", is one of the 13 states of Malaysia.

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Senate of Chile

The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile.

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Simpson's paradox

Simpson's paradox, or the Yule–Simpson effect, is a phenomenon in probability and statistics, in which a trend appears in several different groups of data but disappears or reverses when these groups are combined.

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Singapore

Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia.

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Single non-transferable vote

Single non-transferable vote or SNTV is an electoral system used in multi-member constituency elections.

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Single transferable vote

The single transferable vote (STV) is a voting system designed to achieve proportional representation through ranked voting in multi-seat organizations or constituencies (voting districts).

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Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies

The Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, also known as the 2013 Review, 2018 Review, or just boundary changes, is the process by which constituencies of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom (since 1955 all being single seats) are being reviewed and redistributed.

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Social Democratic Party of Germany

The Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD) is a social-democratic political party in Germany.

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Solifugae

Solifugae is an order of animals in the class Arachnida known variously as camel spiders, wind scorpions, sun spiders, or solifuges.

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South Australia

South Australia (abbreviated as SA) is a state in the southern central part of Australia.

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Stephen Gwynn

Stephen Lucius Gwynn (13 February 1864 – 11 June 1950) was an Irish journalist, biographer, author, poet and Protestant Nationalist politician.

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Sudan

The Sudan or Sudan (السودان as-Sūdān) also known as North Sudan since South Sudan's independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan (جمهورية السودان Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa.

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Supreme Court of the Philippines

The Supreme Court of the Philippines (Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas; colloquially referred to as Korte Suprema) is the highest court in the Philippines.

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The Left (Germany)

The Left (Die Linke), also commonly referred to as the Left Party (die Linkspartei), is a democratic socialist political party in Germany.

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The Philippine Star

The Philippine Star (self-styled The Philippine STAR) is a print and digital newspaper in the Philippines and the flagship brand of the PhilStar Media Group.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post is a major American daily newspaper founded on December 6, 1877.

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Thomas E. Mann

Thomas E. Mann (born September 10, 1944) is the W. Averell Harriman Chair and a senior fellow in Governance Studies at the Brookings Institution, a non-partisan think tank based in Washington, D.C. He primarily studies and speaks on elections in the United States, campaign finance reform, Senate and filibuster reform, Congress, redistricting, and political polarization.

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Thomas Playford IV

Sir Thomas Playford (5 July 1896 – 16 June 1981) was a South Australian politician.

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Tim Pat Coogan

Timothy Patrick "Tim Pat" Coogan (born 22 April 1935) is an Irish historian, writer, broadcaster and newspaper columnist.

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Tom DeLay

Thomas Dale DeLay (born April 8, 1947) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Texas's 22nd congressional district from 1985 until 2006.

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Ulster Unionist Party

The Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) is a unionist political party in Northern Ireland.

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Unionism in Ireland

Unionism in Ireland is a political ideology that favours the continuation of some form of political union between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain,Usage is mixed with some organisations, including the and preferring to use Britain as shorthand for Great Britain is a sovereign country in western Europe.

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United Kingdom constituencies

In the United Kingdom (UK), each of the electoral areas or divisions called constituencies elect one member to a parliament or assembly, with the exception of European Parliament and Northern Ireland Assembly constituencies which are multi member constituencies.

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United Socialist Party of Venezuela

The United Socialist Party of Venezuela (Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela, PSUV) is a socialist political party in Venezuela which resulted from the fusion of some of the political and social forces that support the Bolivarian Revolution led by the late President Hugo Chávez.

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United States Constitution

The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.

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United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, the Senate being the upper chamber.

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United States House of Representatives elections, 2004

Elections to the United States House of Representatives for the 109th Congress were held on November 2, 2004.

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United States presidential election, 2004

The United States presidential election of 2004, the 55th quadrennial presidential election, was held on Tuesday, November 2, 2004.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprise the legislature of the United States.

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Utah County, Utah

Utah County is a county in the U.S. state of Utah.

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Utah's 2nd congressional district

Utah's 2nd Congressional District currently serves Salt Lake City and the largely rural western and southern portions of Utah, including Saint George and Tooele.

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Venezuelan parliamentary election, 2010

The 2010 parliamentary election in Venezuela took place on 26 September 2010 to elect the 165 deputies to the National Assembly.

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Virginia House of Delegates

The Virginia House of Delegates is one of two parts in the Virginia General Assembly, the other being the Senate of Virginia.

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Virginia's 5th congressional district

Virginia’s fifth congressional district is a United States congressional district in the commonwealth of Virginia.

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Voter database

A voter database is a database containing information on voters for the purpose of assisting a political party or an individual politician, in their Get out the vote (GOTV) efforts and other areas of the campaign.

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Voter suppression

Voter suppression is a strategy to influence the outcome of an election by discouraging or preventing specific groups of people from voting.

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Voting bloc

A voting bloc is a group of voters that are strongly motivated by a specific common concern or group of concerns to the point that such specific concerns tend to dominate their voting patterns, causing them to vote together in elections.

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Voting Rights Act of 1965

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

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Wales

Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain.

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Washington Redistricting Commission

The Washington Redistricting Commission is a decennial body charged with redrawing congressional and legislative districts in the state of Washington after each census.

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Wasted vote

In electoral systems, a wasted vote is any vote which is not for an elected candidate or, more broadly, a vote that does not help to elect a candidate.

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WCPO-TV

WCPO-TV, virtual channel 9 (UHF digital channel 22), is an ABC-affiliated television station licensed to Cincinnati, Ohio, United States.

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White flight

White flight is a term that originated in the United States, starting in the 1950s and 1960s, and applied to the large-scale migration of people of various European ancestries from racially mixed urban regions to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions.

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Word play

Word play or wordplay (also: play-on-words) is a literary technique and a form of wit in which words used become the main subject of the work, primarily for the purpose of intended effect or amusement.

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1st United States Congress

The First United States Congress, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791, during the first two years of George Washington's presidency, first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia.

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2003 Texas redistricting

The 2003 Texas redistricting refers to a controversial mid-decade state plan that defined new Congressional districts.

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2010 United States Census

The 2010 United States Census (commonly referred to as the 2010 Census) is the twenty-third and most recent United States national census.

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Redirects here:

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrymandering

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