Faster access than browser!
150 relations: Acetylcysteine, Adenosine triphosphate, Adenylyl-sulfate reductase, Agglutination, Alpha-Linolenic acid, Amino acid, AMPA receptor, Amyloid beta, Antioxidant, Apoptosis, Astrocyte, Bacillithiol, Bacterial glutathione transferase, Bile, Bimane, Bioavailability, Biotransformation, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, Bromobimane, Buffer solution, Cachexia, Cadmium, Caftaric acid, Calcifediol, Calcitriol, Calcium, Carboxylic acid, Cell (biology), Cell cycle, Cell death, Cellular differentiation, Chelation, Cholecalciferol, Citrulline, Cofactor (biochemistry), Confocal microscopy, Copper, Cyanobacteria, Cysteine, Cytochrome P450, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Diethyl ether, Disulfide, Dithiothreitol, Dopachrome, Electrochemical gradient, Electron, Electrophile, Ellman's reagent, ..., Endogeny (biology), Endoplasmic reticulum, Entamoeba, Fabaceae, Food browning, Gamma-Aminobutyric acid, Gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine, Giardia, Glutamate receptor, Glutamate–cysteine ligase, Glutamic acid, Glutaredoxin, Glutathione disulfide, Glutathione peroxidase, Glutathione reductase, Glutathione S-transferase, Glutathione synthetase, Glutathione synthetase deficiency, Glutathione-ascorbate cycle, Glycine, Glyoxalase system, Grape reaction product, Haloarchaea, Heavy metals, High-performance liquid chromatography, Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydrophile, Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase, Hyperpigmentation, In vivo, Knockout mouse, L-DOPA, L-Dopaquinone, Lactic acid, Lactoylglutathione lyase, Leukotriene, Ligand-gated ion channel, Lipid peroxidation, Lipoic acid, Lipophilicity, Melanin, Melanocyte, Merck Index, Metabolite, Methanol, Methylglyoxal, Microglia, Microsome, Mitochondrion, Molar concentration, Muller glia, Must, Mycothiol, NAPQI, Necrosis, Neurofibrillary tangle, Neuromodulation, Neurotransmitter, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, Nitric oxide, NMDA receptor, Nutrient, Ophthalmic acid, Oxidative stress, Oxidoreductase, P2X purinoreceptor, Paracetamol, Peroxide, Phytochelatin, Phytophthora, Plastid, Protease, Protein, Protein Data Bank, Protein dimer, Proteobacteria, Pseudomonas syringae, Purinergic receptor, Radical (chemistry), Reactive oxygen species, Redox, Reducing equivalent, Reductive stress, Retina, RoGFP, S-Adenosyl methionine, S-Nitrosoglutathione, Salicylic acid, Sepsis, Side chain, Substrate (chemistry), Sulfur assimilation, Thiol, Thioredoxin, Transport protein, Tripeptide, Tyrosinase, Vitamin C, White wine. Expand index (100 more) »
Acetylcysteine
Acetylcysteine, also known as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is a medication that is used to treat paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose, and to loosen thick mucus in individuals with cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
New!!: Glutathione and Acetylcysteine · See more »
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
New!!: Glutathione and Adenosine triphosphate · See more »
Adenylyl-sulfate reductase
Adenylyl-sulfate reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are AMP, sulfite, and an acceptor, whereas its two products are adenylyl sulfate and a reduced acceptor.
New!!: Glutathione and Adenylyl-sulfate reductase · See more »
Agglutination
Agglutination is a linguistic process pertaining to derivational morphology in which complex words are formed by stringing together morphemes without changing them in spelling or phonetics.
New!!: Glutathione and Agglutination · See more »
Alpha-Linolenic acid
α-Linolenic acid (ALA) is an n−3 fatty acid.
New!!: Glutathione and Alpha-Linolenic acid · See more »
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
New!!: Glutathione and Amino acid · See more »
AMPA receptor
The α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (also known as AMPA receptor, AMPAR, or quisqualate receptor) is an ionotropic transmembrane receptor for glutamate that mediates fast synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS).
New!!: Glutathione and AMPA receptor · See more »
Amyloid beta
Amyloid beta (Aβ or Abeta) denotes peptides of 36–43 amino acids that are crucially involved in Alzheimer's disease as the main component of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of Alzheimer patients.
New!!: Glutathione and Amyloid beta · See more »
Antioxidant
Antioxidants are molecules that inhibit the oxidation of other molecules.
New!!: Glutathione and Antioxidant · See more »
Apoptosis
Apoptosis (from Ancient Greek ἀπόπτωσις "falling off") is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.
New!!: Glutathione and Apoptosis · See more »
Astrocyte
Astrocytes (Astro from Greek astron.
New!!: Glutathione and Astrocyte · See more »
Bacillithiol
Bacillithiol (BSH or Cys-GlcN-mal) is a thiol compound found in Bacillus species.
New!!: Glutathione and Bacillithiol · See more »
Bacterial glutathione transferase
Bacterial glutathione transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) are part of a superfamily of enzymes that play a crucial role in cellular detoxification.
New!!: Glutathione and Bacterial glutathione transferase · See more »
Bile
Bile or gall is a dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver of most vertebrates, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
New!!: Glutathione and Bile · See more »
Bimane
Bimane is a heterocyclic chemical compound.
New!!: Glutathione and Bimane · See more »
Bioavailability
In pharmacology, bioavailability (BA or F) is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs.
New!!: Glutathione and Bioavailability · See more »
Biotransformation
Biotransformation is the chemical modification (or modifications) made by an organism on a chemical compound.
New!!: Glutathione and Biotransformation · See more »
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
The Brønsted–Lowry theory is an acid–base reaction theory which was proposed independently by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry in 1923.
New!!: Glutathione and Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory · See more »
Bromobimane
Bromobimane (or monobromobimane) is a heterocyclic compound and bimane dye that is used as a reagent in biochemistry.
New!!: Glutathione and Bromobimane · See more »
Buffer solution
A buffer solution (more precisely, pH buffer or hydrogen ion buffer) is an aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or vice versa.
New!!: Glutathione and Buffer solution · See more »
Cachexia
Cachexia, or wasting syndrome, is loss of weight, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness and significant loss of appetite in someone who is not actively trying to lose weight.
New!!: Glutathione and Cachexia · See more »
Cadmium
Cadmium is a chemical element with symbol Cd and atomic number 48.
New!!: Glutathione and Cadmium · See more »
Caftaric acid
Caftaric acid is a non-flavanoid phenolic compound.
New!!: Glutathione and Caftaric acid · See more »
Calcifediol
Calcifediol (INN), also known as calcidiol, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D (abbreviated 25(OH)D), is a prehormone that is produced in the liver by hydroxylation of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) by the enzyme cholecalciferol 25-hydroxylase which was isolated by Michael F. Holick.
New!!: Glutathione and Calcifediol · See more »
Calcitriol
Calcitriol (INN), also called 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, or 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and other variants, is the hormonally active metabolite of vitamin D which has three hydroxyl groups.
New!!: Glutathione and Calcitriol · See more »
Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
New!!: Glutathione and Calcium · See more »
Carboxylic acid
A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(.
New!!: Glutathione and Carboxylic acid · See more »
Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
New!!: Glutathione and Cell (biology) · See more »
Cell cycle
The cell cycle or cell-division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) to produce two daughter cells.
New!!: Glutathione and Cell cycle · See more »
Cell death
Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions.
New!!: Glutathione and Cell death · See more »
Cellular differentiation
In developmental biology, cellular differentiation is the process where a cell changes from one cell type to another.
New!!: Glutathione and Cellular differentiation · See more »
Chelation
Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions.
New!!: Glutathione and Chelation · See more »
Cholecalciferol
Cholecalciferol, also known as vitamin D3 and colecalciferol, is a type of vitamin D which is made by the skin, found in some foods, and taken as a dietary supplement.
New!!: Glutathione and Cholecalciferol · See more »
Citrulline
The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid.
New!!: Glutathione and Citrulline · See more »
Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.
New!!: Glutathione and Cofactor (biochemistry) · See more »
Confocal microscopy
Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser confocal scanning microscopy (LCSM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation.
New!!: Glutathione and Confocal microscopy · See more »
Copper
Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu (from cuprum) and atomic number 29.
New!!: Glutathione and Copper · See more »
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen.
New!!: Glutathione and Cyanobacteria · See more »
Cysteine
Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.
New!!: Glutathione and Cysteine · See more »
Cytochrome P450
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are proteins of the superfamily containing heme as a cofactor and, therefore, are hemoproteins.
New!!: Glutathione and Cytochrome P450 · See more »
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is the material within a living cell, excluding the cell nucleus.
New!!: Glutathione and Cytoplasm · See more »
Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.
New!!: Glutathione and Cytosol · See more »
Diethyl ether
Diethyl ether, or simply ether, is an organic compound in the ether class with the formula, sometimes abbreviated as (see Pseudoelement symbols).
New!!: Glutathione and Diethyl ether · See more »
Disulfide
In chemistry, a disulfide refers to a functional group with the structure R−S−S−R′.
New!!: Glutathione and Disulfide · See more »
Dithiothreitol
Dithiothreitol (DTT) is the common name for a small-molecule redox reagent also known as Cleland's reagent.
New!!: Glutathione and Dithiothreitol · See more »
Dopachrome
Dopachrome is a cyclization product of L-DOPA and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of melanin.
New!!: Glutathione and Dopachrome · See more »
Electrochemical gradient
An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane.
New!!: Glutathione and Electrochemical gradient · See more »
Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
New!!: Glutathione and Electron · See more »
Electrophile
In organic chemistry, an electrophile is a reagent attracted to electrons.
New!!: Glutathione and Electrophile · See more »
Ellman's reagent
Ellman's reagent (5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or DTNB) is a chemical used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups in a sample.
New!!: Glutathione and Ellman's reagent · See more »
Endogeny (biology)
Endogenous substances and processes are those that originate from within an organism, tissue, or cell.
New!!: Glutathione and Endogeny (biology) · See more »
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae.
New!!: Glutathione and Endoplasmic reticulum · See more »
Entamoeba
Entamoeba is a genus of Amoebozoa found as internal parasites or commensals of animals.
New!!: Glutathione and Entamoeba · See more »
Fabaceae
The Fabaceae or Leguminosae, Article 18.5 states: "The following names, of long usage, are treated as validly published:....Leguminosae (nom. alt.: Fabaceae; type: Faba Mill.);...
New!!: Glutathione and Fabaceae · See more »
Food browning
Browning is the process of food turning brown due to the chemical reactions that take place within.
New!!: Glutathione and Food browning · See more »
Gamma-Aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric acid, or γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA, is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system.
New!!: Glutathione and Gamma-Aminobutyric acid · See more »
Gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine
γ-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine (also known as γ-glutamylcysteine) is a precursor of glutathione.
New!!: Glutathione and Gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteine · See more »
Giardia
Giardia is a genus of anaerobic flagellated protozoan parasites of the phylum Sarcomastigophora that colonise and reproduce in the small intestines of several vertebrates, causing giardiasis.
New!!: Glutathione and Giardia · See more »
Glutamate receptor
Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutamate receptor · See more »
Glutamate–cysteine ligase
Glutamate Cysteine Ligase (GCL), previously known as gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), is the first enzyme of the cellular glutathione (GSH) biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-glutamate + L-cysteine + ATP \rightleftharpoons gamma-glutamyl cysteine + ADP + Pi GSH, and by extension GCL, is critical to cell survival.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutamate–cysteine ligase · See more »
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutamic acid · See more »
Glutaredoxin
Glutaredoxins are small redox enzymes of approximately one hundred amino-acid residues that use glutathione as a cofactor.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutaredoxin · See more »
Glutathione disulfide
Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is a disulfide derived from two glutathione molecules.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutathione disulfide · See more »
Glutathione peroxidase
Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) is the general name of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity whose main biological role is to protect the organism from oxidative damage.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutathione peroxidase · See more »
Glutathione reductase
Glutathione reductase (GR) also known as glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSR gene.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutathione reductase · See more »
Glutathione S-transferase
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutathione S-transferase · See more »
Glutathione synthetase
Glutathione synthetase (GSS) (EC 6.3.2.3) is the second enzyme in the glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis pathway.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutathione synthetase · See more »
Glutathione synthetase deficiency
Glutathione synthetase deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that prevents the production of glutathione.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutathione synthetase deficiency · See more »
Glutathione-ascorbate cycle
The glutathione-ascorbate cycle is a metabolic pathway that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is a reactive oxygen species that is produced as a waste product in metabolism.
New!!: Glutathione and Glutathione-ascorbate cycle · See more »
Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is the amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
New!!: Glutathione and Glycine · See more »
Glyoxalase system
The glyoxalase system is a set of enzymes that carry out the detoxification of methylglyoxal and the other reactive aldehydes that are produced as a normal part of metabolism.
New!!: Glutathione and Glyoxalase system · See more »
Grape reaction product
The grape reaction product (GRP, GRP1 or 2-S-glutathionyl caftaric acid) is a phenolic compound explaining the disappearance of caftaric acid from grape must during processing.
New!!: Glutathione and Grape reaction product · See more »
Haloarchaea
Haloarchaea (halophilic archaea, halophilic archaebacteria, halobacteria) are a class of the Euryarchaeota, found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt.
New!!: Glutathione and Haloarchaea · See more »
Heavy metals
Heavy metals are generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or atomic numbers.
New!!: Glutathione and Heavy metals · See more »
High-performance liquid chromatography
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; formerly referred to as high-pressure liquid chromatography), is a technique in analytical chemistry used to separate, identify, and quantify each component in a mixture.
New!!: Glutathione and High-performance liquid chromatography · See more »
Hydrogen chloride
The compound hydrogen chloride has the chemical formula and as such is a hydrogen halide.
New!!: Glutathione and Hydrogen chloride · See more »
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
New!!: Glutathione and Hydrogen peroxide · See more »
Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
New!!: Glutathione and Hydrophile · See more »
Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase
In enzymology, a Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has two substrates, (R)-S-lactoylglutathione and water, and two products, glutathione and a 2-hydroxy carboxylate.
New!!: Glutathione and Hydroxyacylglutathione hydrolase · See more »
Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation is the darkening of an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin.
New!!: Glutathione and Hyperpigmentation · See more »
In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
New!!: Glutathione and In vivo · See more »
Knockout mouse
A knockout mouse or knock-out mouse is a genetically modified mouse (Mus musculus) in which researchers have inactivated, or "knocked out", an existing gene by replacing it or disrupting it with an artificial piece of DNA.
New!!: Glutathione and Knockout mouse · See more »
L-DOPA
L-DOPA, also known as levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans, as well as some animals and plants.
New!!: Glutathione and L-DOPA · See more »
L-Dopaquinone
L-Dopaquinone also known as o-dopaquinone is a metabolite of L-DOPA and a precursor of melanin.
New!!: Glutathione and L-Dopaquinone · See more »
Lactic acid
Lactic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(OH)COOH.
New!!: Glutathione and Lactic acid · See more »
Lactoylglutathione lyase
In enzymology, a lactoylglutathione lyase (also known as glyoxalase I) is an enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization of hemithioacetal adducts, which are formed in a spontaneous reaction between a glutathionyl group and aldehydes such as methylglyoxal.
New!!: Glutathione and Lactoylglutathione lyase · See more »
Leukotriene
Leukotrienes are a family of eicosanoid inflammatory mediators produced in leukocytes by the oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) and the essential fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by the enzyme arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.
New!!: Glutathione and Leukotriene · See more »
Ligand-gated ion channel
Ligand-gated ion channels (LICs, LGIC), also commonly referred as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and/or Cl− to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger (i.e. a ligand), such as a neurotransmitter.
New!!: Glutathione and Ligand-gated ion channel · See more »
Lipid peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation is the oxidative degradation of lipids.
New!!: Glutathione and Lipid peroxidation · See more »
Lipoic acid
Lipoic acid (LA), also known as α-lipoic acid and alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and thioctic acid is an organosulfur compound derived from caprylic acid (octanoic acid).
New!!: Glutathione and Lipoic acid · See more »
Lipophilicity
Lipophilicity (from Greek λίπος "fat" and φίλος "friendly"), refers to the ability of a chemical compound to dissolve in fats, oils, lipids, and non-polar solvents such as hexane or toluene.
New!!: Glutathione and Lipophilicity · See more »
Melanin
Melanin (from μέλας melas, "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms.
New!!: Glutathione and Melanin · See more »
Melanocyte
Melanocytes are melanin-producing neural crest-derived cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis, the middle layer of the eye (the uvea), the inner ear, vaginal epithelium, meninges, bones, and heart.
New!!: Glutathione and Melanocyte · See more »
Merck Index
The Merck Index is an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related compounds.
New!!: Glutathione and Merck Index · See more »
Metabolite
A metabolite is the intermediate end product of metabolism.
New!!: Glutathione and Metabolite · See more »
Methanol
Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol among others, is a chemical with the formula CH3OH (a methyl group linked to a hydroxyl group, often abbreviated MeOH).
New!!: Glutathione and Methanol · See more »
Methylglyoxal
Methylglyoxal, also called pyruvaldehyde or 2-oxopropanal, is the organic compound with the formula CH3C(O)CHO.
New!!: Glutathione and Methylglyoxal · See more »
Microglia
Microglia are a type of neuroglia (glial cell) located throughout the brain and spinal cord.
New!!: Glutathione and Microglia · See more »
Microsome
In cell biology, microsomes are vesicle-like artifacts re-formed from pieces of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) when eukaryotic cells are broken-up in the laboratory; microsomes are not present in healthy, living cells.
New!!: Glutathione and Microsome · See more »
Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
New!!: Glutathione and Mitochondrion · See more »
Molar concentration
Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution.
New!!: Glutathione and Molar concentration · See more »
Muller glia
Müller glia, or Müller cells, are a type of retinal glial cells, first recognized and described by Heinrich Müller.
New!!: Glutathione and Muller glia · See more »
Must
Must (from the Latin vinum mustum, "young wine") is freshly crushed fruit juice (usually grape juice) that contains the skins, seeds, and stems of the fruit.
New!!: Glutathione and Must · See more »
Mycothiol
Mycothiol (MSH or AcCys-GlcN-Ins) is an unusual thiol compound found in the Actinobacteria.
New!!: Glutathione and Mycothiol · See more »
NAPQI
NAPBQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) is a toxic byproduct produced during the xenobiotic metabolism of the analgesic paracetamol (acetaminophen).
New!!: Glutathione and NAPQI · See more »
Necrosis
Necrosis (from the Greek νέκρωσις "death, the stage of dying, the act of killing" from νεκρός "dead") is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis.
New!!: Glutathione and Necrosis · See more »
Neurofibrillary tangle
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein that are most commonly known as a primary marker of Alzheimer's disease.
New!!: Glutathione and Neurofibrillary tangle · See more »
Neuromodulation
Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons.
New!!: Glutathione and Neuromodulation · See more »
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.
New!!: Glutathione and Neurotransmitter · See more »
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, abbreviated NADP or, in older notation, TPN (triphosphopyridine nucleotide), is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.
New!!: Glutathione and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate · See more »
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula NO.
New!!: Glutathione and Nitric oxide · See more »
NMDA receptor
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (also known as the NMDA receptor or NMDAR), is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells.
New!!: Glutathione and NMDA receptor · See more »
Nutrient
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce.
New!!: Glutathione and Nutrient · See more »
Ophthalmic acid
Ophthalmic acid, also known as ophthalmate (chemically L-γ-glutamyl-L-α-aminobutyrylglycine), is a tripeptide analog of glutathione in which the cysteine group is replaced by L-2-aminobutyrate.
New!!: Glutathione and Ophthalmic acid · See more »
Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
New!!: Glutathione and Oxidative stress · See more »
Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor.
New!!: Glutathione and Oxidoreductase · See more »
P2X purinoreceptor
The ATP-gated P2X receptor cation channel family, or simply P2X receptor family, consists of cation-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that open in response to the binding of extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP).
New!!: Glutathione and P2X purinoreceptor · See more »
Paracetamol
--> Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886. But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives. Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesised paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of ''p''-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877, but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans. In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative. Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company. Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate. Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right. However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses. Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol. In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia. In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor. They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol. This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol. It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings. Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine. Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected. Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers. In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories. In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents. Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity. In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994. Available without a prescription since 1959, it has since become a common household drug. Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.
New!!: Glutathione and Paracetamol · See more »
Peroxide
Peroxide is a compound with the structure R-O-O-R. The O−O group in a peroxide is called the peroxide group or peroxo group.
New!!: Glutathione and Peroxide · See more »
Phytochelatin
Phytochelatins are oligomers of glutathione, produced by the enzyme phytochelatin synthase.
New!!: Glutathione and Phytochelatin · See more »
Phytophthora
Phytophthora (from Greek (phytón), "plant" and (phthorá), "destruction"; "the plant-destroyer") is a genus of plant-damaging oomycetes (water molds), whose member species are capable of causing enormous economic losses on crops worldwide, as well as environmental damage in natural ecosystems.
New!!: Glutathione and Phytophthora · See more »
Plastid
The plastid (Greek: πλαστός; plastós: formed, molded – plural plastids) is a double-membrane organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.
New!!: Glutathione and Plastid · See more »
Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
New!!: Glutathione and Protease · See more »
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
New!!: Glutathione and Protein · See more »
Protein Data Bank
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a crystallographic database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
New!!: Glutathione and Protein Data Bank · See more »
Protein dimer
In biochemistry, a protein dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two protein monomers, or single proteins, which are usually non-covalently bound.
New!!: Glutathione and Protein dimer · See more »
Proteobacteria
Proteobacteria is a major phylum of gram-negative bacteria. They include a wide variety of pathogens, such as Escherichia, Salmonella, Vibrio, Helicobacter, Yersinia, Legionellales, and many other notable genera. Others are free-living (non-parasitic), and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. Carl Woese established this grouping in 1987, calling it informally the "purple bacteria and their relatives". Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, it was named after Proteus, a Greek god of the sea capable of assuming many different shapes and is not named after the genus Proteus. Some Alphaproteobacteria can grow at very low levels of nutrients and have unusual morphology such as stalks and buds. Others include agriculturally important bacteria capable of inducing nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with plants. The type order is the Caulobacterales, comprising stalk-forming bacteria such as Caulobacter. The Betaproteobacteria are highly metabolically diverse and contain chemolithoautotrophs, photoautotrophs, and generalist heterotrophs. The type order is the Burkholderiales, comprising an enormous range of metabolic diversity, including opportunistic pathogens. The Hydrogenophilalia are obligate thermophiles and include heterotrophs and autotrophs. The type order is the Hydrogenophilales. The Gammaproteobacteria are the largest class in terms of species with validly published names. The type order is the Pseudomonadales, which include the genera Pseudomonas and the nitrogen-fixing Azotobacter. The Acidithiobacillia contain only sulfur, iron and uranium-oxidising autotrophs. The type order is the Acidithiobacillales, which includes economically important organisms used in the mining industry such as Acidithiobacillus spp. The Deltaproteobacteria include bacteria that are predators on other bacteria and are important contributors to the anaerobic side of the sulfur cycle. The type order is the Myxococcales, which includes organisms with self-organising abilities such as Myxococcus spp. The Epsilonproteobacteria are often slender, Gram-negative rods that are helical or curved. The type order is the Campylobacterales, which includes important food pathogens such as Campylobacter spp. The Oligoflexia are filamentous aerobes. The type order is the Oligoflexales, which contains the genus Oligoflexus.
New!!: Glutathione and Proteobacteria · See more »
Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringae is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacterium with polar flagella.
New!!: Glutathione and Pseudomonas syringae · See more »
Purinergic receptor
Purinergic receptors, also known as purinoceptors, are a family of plasma membrane molecules that are found in almost all mammalian tissues.
New!!: Glutathione and Purinergic receptor · See more »
Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
New!!: Glutathione and Radical (chemistry) · See more »
Reactive oxygen species
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen.
New!!: Glutathione and Reactive oxygen species · See more »
Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
New!!: Glutathione and Redox · See more »
Reducing equivalent
In biochemistry, the term reducing equivalent refers to any of a number of chemical species which transfer the equivalent of one electron in redox reactions.
New!!: Glutathione and Reducing equivalent · See more »
Reductive stress
Reductive stress is the counterpart to oxidative stress, where electron acceptors are expected to be mostly reduced.
New!!: Glutathione and Reductive stress · See more »
Retina
The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive "coat", or layer, of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs.
New!!: Glutathione and Retina · See more »
RoGFP
The reduction-oxidation sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) is a redox sensitive biosensor.
New!!: Glutathione and RoGFP · See more »
S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosyl methionineSAM-e, SAMe, SAM, S-Adenosyl-L-methionine, AdoMet, ademetionine is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation.
New!!: Glutathione and S-Adenosyl methionine · See more »
S-Nitrosoglutathione
S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) is an endogenous ''S''-nitrosothiol (SNO) that plays a critical role in nitric oxide (NO) signaling and is a source of bioavailable NO.
New!!: Glutathione and S-Nitrosoglutathione · See more »
Salicylic acid
Salicylic acid (from Latin salix, willow tree) is a lipophilic monohydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid, and a beta hydroxy acid (BHA).
New!!: Glutathione and Salicylic acid · See more »
Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
New!!: Glutathione and Sepsis · See more »
Side chain
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a side chain is a chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called "main chain" or backbone.
New!!: Glutathione and Side chain · See more »
Substrate (chemistry)
In chemistry, a substrate is typically the chemical species being observed in a chemical reaction, which reacts with a reagent to generate a product.
New!!: Glutathione and Substrate (chemistry) · See more »
Sulfur assimilation
Sulfur is an essential element for growth and physiological functioning of plants.
New!!: Glutathione and Sulfur assimilation · See more »
Thiol
Thiol is an organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl (R–SH) group (where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent).
New!!: Glutathione and Thiol · See more »
Thioredoxin
Thioredoxin is a class of small redox proteins known to be present in all organisms.
New!!: Glutathione and Thioredoxin · See more »
Transport protein
A transport protein (variously referred to as a transmembrane pump, transporter, escort protein, acid transport protein, cation transport protein, or anion transport protein) is a protein that serves the function of moving other materials within an organism.
New!!: Glutathione and Transport protein · See more »
Tripeptide
A tripeptide is a peptide consisting of three amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
New!!: Glutathione and Tripeptide · See more »
Tyrosinase
Tyrosinase is an oxidase that is the rate-limiting enzyme for controlling the production of melanin.
New!!: Glutathione and Tyrosinase · See more »
Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.
New!!: Glutathione and Vitamin C · See more »
White wine
White wine is a wine whose colour can be straw-yellow, yellow-green, or yellow-gold.
New!!: Glutathione and White wine · See more »
Redirects here:
ATC code V03AB32, ATCvet code QV03AB32, Bioavailable glutathione, C10H17N3O6S, Copren, Glutathion, Glutathione metabolism, Glutathione supplements, Glutathionyl, Gluthathione, Gluthathione metabolism, Isethion, Ledac, Neuthion, Reduced glutathione, Tathion.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione
